|
The Prime Minister serves as the chief executive of the Central Council of Ministers.
While being the foremost leader of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister is considered equal to other ministers.
Article 75 states that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.
The Prime Minister holds decision-making authority over significant policy issues and ministries not specifically assigned to other ministers.
Additionally, the Prime Minister heads the Cabinet Secretariat, overseeing day-to-day government administration and inter-ministerial coordination. The Prime Minister also leads the NITI Aayog and the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.
Cabinet ministers are senior members of the council, ranking directly below the Prime Minister. They oversee crucial ministries such as Home Affairs, Finance, and Defence, and are empowered to schedule and attend meetings and make pivotal policy decisions.
Ministers of State are junior members of the Council of Ministers. A Minister of State (Independent Charge) heads their ministry independently, without oversight from other cabinet ministers or the Union government.
Ministers of State assist cabinet ministers in their duties and are responsible for specific tasks delegated to them by their superiors. They do not have primary administrative authority over a ministry but support the cabinet minister in managing it
Other Points to Consider
Council of Ministers in recent Lok Sabha
Election Commission
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (2023) 2. Explain the constitutional provisions under which Legislative Councils are established. Review the working and current status of Legislative Councils with suitable illustrations. (2021) |
What is the Belt and Road Initiative?
Atolls in news in Maldives
Previous Year Questions 1.Discuss the political developments in Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause of concern to India? (2013) 2.Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. (2017) |
Ulgulan movement
Other tribal movements
Previous Year Questions 1.How did the colonial rule affect the tribals in India and what was the tribal response to the colonial oppression? (2023) |
Non-Cooperation Movement
Quit India Movement
Previous Year Questions
1.What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism? (2023) 2.Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (2021) |
Alzheimer
United States Food and Drug Administration (USFDA)
Previous Year Questions 1.Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023) 2.What is the basic principle behind vaccine development? How do vaccines work? What approaches were adopted by the Indian vaccine manufacturers to produce COVID-19 vaccines? (2022) |
Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) involves planting rice seeds directly into the field rather than transplanting seedlings from a nursery. This method is also known as the ‘tar-wattar’ technique.
Traditionally, rice farmers start by sowing seeds in nurseries. After 25–35 days, these seedlings are transplanted into the main, flooded field. Although this method is labor-intensive and water-demanding, it generally results in higher yields and healthier crops.
In DSR, seeds are sown directly into the field approximately 20-30 days before they would traditionally be transplanted. The field is first irrigated and leveled with a laser before using a seed drill or fortunate seeder for planting. Seed preparation is crucial, with seeds soaked in a fungicide solution for eight hours and then dried for half a day before planting.
The first irrigation occurs 21 days post-sowing, followed by 14-17 more irrigation cycles at intervals of 7-10 days, depending on soil type and monsoon conditions. The final irrigation happens 10 days before harvesting, with the overall process requiring around 25-27 irrigations.
Achieving comparable yields with DSR is possible through several cultural strategies, such as selecting suitable cultivars, timing the sowing process appropriately, using the correct seeding rates, and managing weeds and water effectively. Encouraging farmers to adopt DSR can be facilitated by developing better short-duration and high-yielding varieties, as well as improving nutrient management and weed control strategies
Other Points to Consider
Subsidies in DSR
Importance of soil for DSR
Previous Year Questions 1.What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (2022) 2.What are the major factors responsible for making the rice-wheat system a success? In spite of this success how has this system become bane in India? (2020) |
India’s engagement with Western countries
India’s involvement in the South-Asian region
Previous Year Questions 1.Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (2023) 2.‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) 3.Indian Diaspora has an important role to play in South East Asian countries economy and society. Appraise the role of Indian Diaspora in South-East Asia in this context. (2017) |
In the newly elected Lok Sabha, the Speaker is chosen by a simple majority vote. Until this selection is complete, a pro-tem Speaker is appointed to perform necessary duties temporarily. The term 'pro-tem' denotes a temporary assignment.
Article 94 of the Indian Constitution clarifies that following the dissolution of the House of the People, the sitting Speaker remains in office until just before the first session of the newly elected House. Although the Constitution does not explicitly mention the role of a pro-tem Speaker, the official ‘Handbook on the Working of Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs’ provides guidelines for the ‘Appointment and Swearing in of Speaker pro tem’.
The handbook indicates that when the Speaker’s position is vacant before the establishment of a new Lok Sabha, the President appoints a Member of the House to temporarily carry out the Speaker’s duties as the pro-tem Speaker. Typically, three additional elected members are also appointed by the President to witness the oath-taking of the new MPs.
The handbook notes that usually, the most senior members, in terms of their tenure in the House, are chosen for this role, though there can be exceptions. After the new government is formed, the Legislative I Section of the Government of India prepares a list of the senior-most Lok Sabha members, which is then submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs or the Prime Minister. They then appoint an MP as the pro-tem Speaker and three more members for administering oaths.
The primary duty of the pro-tem Speaker is to administer the oaths to the newly elected MPs. According to Article 99 of the Constitution, each Member of the House must take an oath or affirmation before the President or an appointed representative before they can assume their seat, following the form set out in the Third Schedule of the Constitution.
The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs sends a note to the President requesting approval for the appointment of the pro-tem Speaker and the three additional members, including the date and time for the swearing-in ceremony.
At Rashtrapati Bhawan, the President administers the oath to the pro-tem Speaker, who then administers the oath to the three appointed members. With the help of these three members, the pro-tem Speaker administers the oath/affirmation to the newly elected members of the Lok Sabha
Other Points to Consider
Duties of Speaker of the Lok Sabha
Articles related to Speaker of the Lok Sabha and chairman of the Rajya Sabha
Previous Year Questions 1.Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (2020) 2.Simultaneous election to the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies will limit the amount of time and money spent in electioneering but it will reduce the government’s accountability to the people’ Discuss. (2017) |
How Sangam literature has evolved? Discuss the contribution of Thiruvalluvar during the Sangam age.
Dravidian literature primarily comprises four languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. Among these, Tamil stands out as the oldest language that has preserved its Dravidian essence. Kannada, considered a cultural language, shares antiquity with Tamil. Classical Tamil literature, known as Sangam literature, is divided into two categories: aham (subjective love poetry) and puram (objective, public poetry, and heroic tales). The Pandyan Kingdom emerged during the Sangam period, marking the genesis of organized governance.
The Sangam classics, consisting of 18 works including anthologies of lyrics and lengthy poems, are celebrated for their straightforward language. To facilitate comprehension of early Tamil poetry, scholars compiled the Tolkappiyam, a foundational Tamil grammar book.
The twin epics, Silappadhikaram (the tale of the anklet) by Ilango-Adigal and Manimekalai (the narrative of Manimekalai) by Chattanar, were crafted between A.D. 200 and 300. These epics offer vivid depictions of Tamil culture during that era.
Thiruvalluvar's Contribution During the Sangam Age
Thiruvalluvar remains a vital pillar for Tamilians in reconnecting with their cultural origins. They are instructed to memorize his couplets meticulously and incorporate his teachings into their daily lives. Recent excavations conducted near Madurai at Keeladi by the Tamil Nadu State Archaeological Department have uncovered evidence that extends the historical timeline of the Sangam Era.
Other Points to Consider
What makes Thiruvalluvar significant today?
Silappadhikaram
Manimekalai
Previous Year Questions 1. Evaluate the nature of Bhakti Literature and its contribution to Indian culture. (2021) 2. Though not very useful from the point of view of a connected political history of South India, the Sangam literature portrays the social and economic conditions of its time with remarkable vividness. Comment. (2013) |
Investments in energy transition, digital public infrastructure, and female empowerment are propelling the country towards a greener, more sustainable future. Discuss.
The energy transition refers to the global shift from traditional, fossil fuel-based energy sources to cleaner, more sustainable alternatives. This transformation is driven by a combination of environmental, economic, and technological factors, with the primary goal of mitigating climate change and reducing dependence on finite resources.
India's Progress in Renewable Energy
India has made remarkable strides in its energy transition journey, with renewable energy sources accounting for 42% of its total power generation capacity. As the world's fourth-largest renewables market, India boasts 3% of the global solar manufacturing capacity. The country invests approximately $10 billion annually in renewables, positioning it among the top five emerging and middle-income economies with substantial public investment in renewable energy. Additionally, India has incentivized the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the production of renewable hydrogen.
Digital Transformation for Inclusivity
India's digital public infrastructure (DPI) initiative has revolutionized inclusivity by leveraging technology. Through digitally verifiable identity proofs, millions can access social safety net payments, banking services, and government assistance without enduring long queues or paperwork hassles. Digital payments have also streamlined maternal health conditional cash transfers, reducing delays by 43%. Despite challenges in affordable access, digital innovation is transforming rural communities, enabling online health consultations, remote learning, e-commerce, and fintech solutions.
Addressing Gender Disparities
While India faces challenges in female labor force participation, efforts to provide safe urban housing and enhance access to finance have bolstered female representation in the industrial workforce to 43% of the national total. Initiatives like the National Rural Livelihoods Mission, supported by the World Bank, have empowered millions of rural women through self-help organizations. Over $4 billion in commercial credit has been allocated to promote women-led cooperatives and rural enterprises.
India's progress across these diverse areas serves as a testament to its commitment towards a sustainable, inclusive, and equitable future for all its citizens. By addressing climate change, promoting digital equality, and empowering women, India is charting a course for a brighter future.
Other Points to Consider
What is DPI?
Women participation in workforce
Renewable energy
Previous Year Questions 1. Elucidate the relationship between globalization and new technology in a world of scarce resources, with special reference to India. (2022) 2. How have digital initiatives in India contributed to the functioning of the education system in the country? Elaborate your answer. (2020) |
India’s charging infrastructure requires a major boost to alleviate range anxiety and drive widespread adoption. Discuss
India's transition towards electric mobility is predominantly centred on the adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) as a replacement for internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Among the various alternatives, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are perceived as the most promising solution in the current scenario.
As of February 2023, India has a meagre 12,146 public EV charging stations catering to over 3.3 million (33 lakh) registered EVs. This translates to a dismal vehicle-to-station ratio of 270:1. This is a far cry from countries like China, which boasts a significantly better ratio of 7 EVs per charging station.
Meeting Future Demand
Industry body Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) estimates that India needs to install over 1.3 million (13 lakh) chargers by 2030 to keep pace with the anticipated growth in EVs. Bridging this infrastructure gap is crucial for India's aspirations of transitioning towards cleaner mobility solutions.
Challenges Beyond Infrastructure:
The Indian EV push faces hurdles beyond the immediate need for charging stations:
Subsidy Dependence: The success stories of EV adoption in countries like Norway, the United States, and China all highlight the critical role of state subsidies in incentivizing EV purchases.
Charging Infrastructure vs. Subsidies: A World Bank report suggests that investing in charging infrastructure yields a 4-7 times greater impact on EV adoption compared to upfront purchase subsidies.
Renewable Energy Integration: Many leading EV nations, like Norway with its 99% hydroelectric power, have a strong foundation of renewable energy sources powering their electricity grids. India, however, still relies heavily on coal-fired thermal plants for electricity generation.
Li-ion Battery Dependence: As India grapples with securing a foothold in the global lithium value chain, discussions are emerging regarding the need to explore alternatives to Li-ion batteries for a more diverse EV battery mix.
India's e-mobility ambitions require a multi-pronged approach. While localizing battery manufacturing is crucial, it must be accompanied by a large-scale rollout of charging infrastructure. Additionally, exploring alternative battery technologies and integrating more renewable energy sources into the power grid can pave the way for a more sustainable and successful EV revolution in India.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (2023) 2. Do you think India will meet 50 percent of its energy needs from renewable energy by 2030? Justify your answer. How will the shift of subsidies from fossil fuels to renewables help achieve the above objective? Explain. (2022) |
Cruise missiles are self-guided, unmanned vehicles that rely on jet engines and aerodynamic lift to deliver their payloads with precision. They travel through the atmosphere, unlike ballistic missiles that follow a high, arcing trajectory. Cruise missiles can be launched from various platforms, including land, air, ships, and submarines. These missiles are categorized based on factors like size, speed, range, and launch platform. One key distinction lies in their speed. Supersonic Cruise Missiles travel at extremely high speeds, typically between 2 and 3 times the speed of sound (Mach 2-3). Their supersonic speed combined with their warhead payload creates a devastating impact on targets.
The Strategic Importance of Supersonic Cruise Missiles
Supersonic cruise missiles, exemplified by the formidable BrahMos, hold significant strategic relevance owing to their advanced features and operational capabilities:
The BrahMos deployment and ongoing advancements solidify India's defence posture. The strategic triad deployment, commitment to modernization, and burgeoning international partnerships position India as a major player in the field of supersonic cruise missile technology.
Other Points to Consider
Other classifications of cruise missiles
Difference between solid propulsion and liquid propulsion
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) 2. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (2017) |
What is the law on abortions in India? Discuss the recent changes made with reference to the abortions so far.
The Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act (MTP Act) provides a legal framework for terminating pregnancies in India, delineating procedures and conditions under which abortions are permissible. Here's a breakdown of the key provisions:
Three Stages of Pregnancy Termination
The MTP Act allows termination of pregnancy in three distinct stages:
Recent Changes in Abortion Laws in India
In recent years, India has witnessed significant developments in its abortion laws, particularly concerning the termination of pregnancies beyond the traditional gestational limits. Here are the key updates:
1. Supreme Court Interventions
The Supreme Court of India has played a crucial role in allowing abortions beyond the previously established gestational limits in certain exceptional cases:
14-Year-Old Sexual Assault Victim: In a landmark decision, a Bench led by Chief Justice of India (CJI) D Y Chandrachud permitted a 14-year-old victim of sexual assault to terminate her nearly 30-week pregnancy. The court deemed this case as "very very exceptional" and emphasized the need to protect the rights and well-being of the girl.
Rape Survivor's Pregnancy at 27 Weeks: Another Bench, led by Justice Nagarathna, held a special sitting to grant permission for the termination of pregnancy of a rape survivor, whose pregnancy had advanced to 27 weeks and three days.
Recognition of Transformative Constitutionalism: In September 2022, a Bench led by Justice Chandrachud allowed abortion for an unmarried woman who was 24 weeks pregnant and in a consensual relationship. The court invoked the principle of "transformative constitutionalism," highlighting the evolving societal norms and family structures.
2. Revisions to Gestational Limits
India revised its upper gestational limit for legal abortion in 2021, extending it to 24 weeks for specific categories of "vulnerable women." Moreover, the amendments removed gestational limits altogether in cases of substantial fetal abnormalities diagnosed by a medical board.
Implications and Societal Changes
These legal amendments and court interventions reflect a growing recognition of the complexities surrounding abortion laws and the need to adapt to evolving societal norms. By prioritizing the rights and well-being of women, especially in cases of sexual assault or medical complications, India's legal framework aims to ensure greater access to safe and timely abortion services while upholding the principles of justice and dignity for all individuals involved.
The WHO's guidelines on abortion care reflect a commitment to advancing reproductive rights and promoting equitable access to healthcare services. By advocating for full decriminalization and the removal of restrictive policies, the WHO aims to empower individuals to make informed decisions about their reproductive health while upholding principles of non-discrimination and equality. These recommendations serve as a call to action for policymakers to prioritize the health and well-being of all individuals, regardless of their circumstances or background.
Other Points to Consider
What is ‘foetal viability’ in abortion?
Medical Termination of Pregnancy Act, 1971
Previous Year Questions 1. Does the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 ensure effective mechanism for empowerment and inclusion of the intended beneficiaries in the society? Discuss. (2017) 2. The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (2022) |
The amendment to the India-Mauritius treaty signals the keenness to plug the well-known loophole. Discuss.
India and Mauritius have ratified a protocol in Port Louis, amending their Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA). This updated agreement incorporates the Principal Purpose Test (PPT), aligning with international initiatives to combat treaty abuse, notably within the BEPS (Base Erosion and Profit Shifting) framework. The inclusion of the PPT signifies that tax advantages granted by the treaty will be void if it is determined that obtaining such benefits was the primary objective of any transaction or arrangement.
Evolution of Tax Treaties and the BEPS Project
Tax treaties play a crucial role in facilitating cross-border investment by determining how income earned in one country is taxed for residents of another. The Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project, initiated to curb tax avoidance through the exploitation of low-tax jurisdictions, prompted significant reforms in international tax laws. Led by the OECD, the project identified 15 action points aimed at redesigning tax laws to prevent profit shifting.
Multilateral Instrument (MLI) and Treaty Improvements
One notable outcome of the BEPS project was the introduction of the Multilateral Instrument (MLI), providing governments with the flexibility to modify tax treaties and clauses efficiently. Among the significant improvements introduced was the inclusion of provisions to prevent treaty abuse as a minimum standard and revisions to treaty preambles. These revisions aimed to prevent situations of non-taxation or reduced taxation resulting from tax evasion strategies, including treaty-shopping arrangements benefiting foreign residents.
Prevention of Treaty Misuse
The amended provisions ensure that treaty benefits, such as lower withholding rates, are not granted when obtaining such benefits is determined to be a primary objective of the transaction or arrangement. This provision enables tax administrations to scrutinize the intentions behind financial flows, particularly concerning investments routed through Mauritius. Mauritius has often been used as a conduit for investments by taxpayers from various jurisdictions, posing challenges for tax authorities in addressing treaty abuse.
Other Points to Consider
What is STTR?
What is GAAR?
Places in news in Mauritius
What are base erosion and profit shifting?
Previous Year Questions 1. ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) 2. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2020) |
What is the geological time scale (GTS)? Describe the historical evolution of the geological time scale.
The geological time scale is a framework used by scientists to chronologically divide and categorize Earth's history into distinct intervals based on significant geological, biological, and climatic events. This timeline allows researchers to understand the sequence of events that have shaped the planet over billions of years.
Evolution of the Geological Time Scale
Origins and Early Breakthroughs
The foundation of the geological time scale traces back to the 1500s and 1600s, with a significant milestone occurring in 1669 when Danish scientist Nicolas Steno published the first laws of stratigraphy. Stratigraphy is the science of interpreting the layers of rock, or strata, on Earth's surface.
Steno's Principles:
Steno established two fundamental principles:
Horizontal Deposition: Sedimentary rocks, formed on or near the Earth's surface, are initially laid down horizontally.
Superposition: Successive rock layers are deposited on top of older layers. This principle implies that layers closer to the Earth's surface are younger than those beneath them.
Arduino's Classification:
Italian geologist Giovanni Arduino further advanced geological understanding by classifying the Earth's crust into four main layers:
Challenges and Limitations
Local Descriptions: Rock formations were often described based on local characteristics such as colour, texture, or odour, hindering comparisons between different regions.
Absence of Absolute Time: Unlike tree-ring dating, which provides a direct annual measure, rock layers do not offer precise time intervals. Each layer represents a period of geological time, but the duration of these periods cannot be determined solely from the layers.
The geological time scale continues to evolve as discoveries and advancements in dating techniques emerge. Its significance lies in its ability to provide a chronological framework for studying Earth's history and understanding the processes that have shaped our planet over geological time scales.
Other Points to Consider
Different types of rocks
Soil profile
Difference between categories of GTS
Previous Year Questions 1. Describe the characteristics and types of primary rocks. (2022) |
What are ocean currents? Discuss the ways it influences human behaviour.
The ocean is not a stagnant body of water. Instead, it's constantly on the move, with currents transporting water from place to place. These currents are measured in meters per second or knots (one knot is roughly equal to 1.85 kilometres per hour).
Three key factors influence the movement of ocean currents: wind, water density variations, and tides.
Tides and Tidal Currents: The rise and fall of tides create currents, especially strong near coastlines, bays, and estuaries. These predictable "tidal currents" follow a regular pattern and can be forecast for future dates.
Wind-Driven Currents: Winds have a powerful influence on currents flowing near the ocean's surface. Coastal winds can generate localized currents, such as coastal upwelling where nutrient-rich deep water rises to the surface.
Thermohaline Circulation: This large-scale circulation system is driven by density differences in the ocean. Temperature (thermal) and salinity (haline) variations cause water density to change across different regions. This density contrast creates a slow-moving conveyor belt of deep and shallow currents that are much slower than tidal or surface currents.
Impact of Ocean Currents on Climate and Human Activities
Ocean currents exert a profound influence on climate and human activities, shaping the environmental conditions along coastlines and impacting various socio-economic sectors. Here's an overview of their effects:
Temperature Regulation:
Cool ocean currents along the west coasts of continents in tropical and subtropical latitudes moderate temperatures, resulting in relatively modest average temperatures with limited diurnal and yearly fluctuations. Despite arid landscapes, fog is common in these regions.
Conversely, warm ocean currents bordering the west coastlines of continents at the middle and higher latitudes create distinct marine climates characterized by pleasant summers, generally warm winters, and narrow yearly temperature ranges.
Climate Patterns:
Warm currents moving parallel to the east coasts of continents in tropical and subtropical latitudes contribute to warm and rainy climates, particularly on the western borders of subtropical anticyclones.
Ecological Impact:
Mixing of warm and cold ocean currents facilitates oxygen replenishment and promotes the growth of plankton, the primary food source for fish populations. These mixing zones, often found at the convergence of warm and cold currents, serve as some of the world's best fishing grounds.
Other Points to Consider
What happens if AMOC collapses?
Difference between warm currents and cold currents
Location of important water currents
Previous Year Questions 1. What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in the fishing industry of the world. (2022) 2. Explain the factors responsible for the origin of ocean currents? How do they influence regional climates, fishing and navigation? (2015) |
What are the reasons for the increase in frequency of forest fires in India? Discuss how climate change adds to the risk of forest fire.
Forest fires can be triggered by natural phenomena like lightning strikes, as well as human activities such as campfires, agricultural burning, and arson. These fires have far-reaching environmental impacts, including habitat destruction, loss of biodiversity, soil erosion, and air pollution. They also contribute to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
Causes and Effects of Forest Fires in India
Forest fires are a recurring phenomenon in India, primarily observed during the summer months, lasting from November to June. Dry deciduous forests are particularly susceptible to severe fires, while evergreen, semi-evergreen, and montane temperate forests are comparatively less prone.
These fires result in the loss of valuable forest resources, including carbon stored in biomass, impacting the flow of goods and services from forests. Approximately 4% of the country's forest cover is extremely prone to fire, with an additional 6% classified as very highly fire-prone.
Utilizing satellite-based remote sensing technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) tools has proven effective in preventing and managing forest fires. These tools aid in creating early warnings for fire-prone areas, real-time monitoring of fires, and estimation of burnt scars, facilitating prompt response and mitigation efforts.
Role of Climate Change
While natural factors like temperature, precipitation, and vegetation contribute to forest fires, human activities such as changes in agriculture and unchecked land-use patterns play a significant role. Factors like deliberate fires by locals, carelessness, farming-related activities, and natural causes exacerbate the risk of wildfires.
The increasing temperatures associated with climate change have led to more frequent and intense extreme weather events worldwide, including heat waves, droughts, floods, hurricanes, and wildfires. Patterns of natural climate variability, such as El Niño and La Niña, further contribute to these events, creating conditions conducive to wildfires.
Extreme heat caused by climate change evaporates moisture from the land, creating conditions more prone to wildfires and extending the wildfire season. The longer duration and increased intensity of wildfires pose significant challenges for forest management and conservation efforts.
Forest fires in India are a complex issue influenced by a combination of natural and human factors, exacerbated by climate change. Implementing proactive measures, utilizing advanced technologies for early detection and response, and addressing the root causes of wildfires are crucial steps in mitigating their adverse impacts and preserving India's rich forest ecosystems.
Other Points to Consider
ISFR 2021
What is a Bambi bucket?
Efforts which can reduce forest fires
Previous Year Questions 1. Explain the mechanism and occurrence of cloudburst in the context of the Indian subcontinent. Discuss two recent examples. (2022) 2. The frequency of urban floods due to high intensity rainfall is increasing over the years. Discussing the reasons for urban floods, highlight the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2016) |
Recent controversies on adding unhealthy amounts of sugar to baby products should lead to tightening rules and plugging regulatory gaps in the food market. Discuss.
Added sugars are sugars and syrups incorporated into foods and beverages during processing or preparation. Unlike naturally occurring sugars found in fruits, vegetables, and dairy, added sugars provide additional sweetness but often without nutritional benefits. Common sources of added sugars include soft drinks, candy, baked goods, and cereals.
Concerns about Added Sugars in Infant Products
Recent reports highlight a concerning trend where Nestle baby products sold in Asia, Africa, and Latin America contain added sugars, whereas those in Europe do not.
While sugar is generally not recommended for infants, guidelines in many developing countries do not explicitly prohibit its use in baby products.
Health Risks Associated with Added Sugars
As incomes increase and global food brands proliferate, low and middle-income countries face growing exposure to free sugars, increasing the risk of non-communicable diseases like diabetes and obesity.
A UNICEF-supported study revealed that nearly half of infant cereals, snacks, and ready-to-eat meals marketed in Southeast Asia contain added sugars and sweeteners.
The prevalence of added sugars in infant products poses significant health risks to children, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Regulatory authorities, food manufacturers, and healthcare professionals must work together to ensure that infant foods adhere to strict guidelines, prioritizing the health and well-being of young children globally.
Other Points to Consider
Examples of added sugars
Difference between natural sugar and added sugar?
Previous Year Questions 1. Elaborate the scope and significance of the food processing industry in India. (2022) 2. What are the impediments in marketing and supply chain management in developing the food processing industry in India? Can e-commerce help in overcoming these bottlenecks? (2015) |
Elections were adjourned in Madhya Pradesh’s Betul Lok Sabha constituency due to the death of a candidate. Regarding the above statement, what can the election commission do if normal polling process is disrupted?
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India at both the national and state levels. Established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution, the ECI ensures that elections are conducted in a free, fair, and transparent manner, safeguarding the democratic process in the world's largest democracy.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
India’s election laws offer a comprehensive framework to address disruptions in the polling process, whether due to damaged electronic voting machines (EVMs), booth capturing, natural disasters, or the death of a candidate. Provisions for repolls, adjournments, and the voiding of polls help maintain the integrity, transparency, and continuity of the democratic process. Recently, elections in Madhya Pradesh's Betul Lok Sabha constituency were adjourned following the death of a candidate.
Provisions for Fresh Polls Under Section 58 of the RPA
Under Section 58 of the Representation of the People Act (RPA), the Election Commission (EC) can declare the poll at a polling station void under the following circumstances:
In such scenarios, the Returning Officer (RO) must promptly inform the EC and the state's Chief Electoral Officer of the relevant facts and circumstances. Following this, the EC may declare the poll void and formally set a new date and time for the poll.
The contesting candidates or their election agents are then notified in writing. To inform voters, a notice is displayed in public areas, and an announcement is made by beating a drum in the polling area. All electors are eligible to vote in the new election. During the repoll, voters' left middle fingers are inked to differentiate from the mark made during the first poll.
India’s election laws ensure that the democratic process remains robust and fair even when unforeseen disruptions occur. By providing clear protocols for repolls and adjournments under Section 58 of the RPA, the Election Commission can effectively manage and mitigate issues, maintaining the integrity of elections.
Other Points to Consider
Booth capturing and natural disaster, other disruptions to polling are defined in which section of RPA?
Election Commission of India
Representation of People Act, 1951
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022) 2. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018) |
How the South China Sea situation unfolds will be critical to India’s security. Discuss.
The South China Sea is a region located south of the Chinese mainland, bordered by countries including Brunei, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Taiwan, and Vietnam. Territorial disputes over the South China Sea have persisted for decades among these nations. However, tensions have intensified in recent years. The South China Sea is strategically significant due to its maritime routes and potential natural resources. Various countries seek control over parts of it to assert their influence in the region.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Importance of the South China Sea for India's Security
The situation in the South China Sea holds critical implications for India's security, and several key factors underscore its significance.
Historical and Economic Significance
Contrary to China's claims, the South China Sea is not exclusively its territory but a vital global commons. It has historically served as a crucial maritime route, facilitating uninterrupted passage for trade and navigation for millennia. India has a rich maritime heritage in these waters, dating back over 1,500 years, with evidence of extensive trade connections from Malaysia to China.
Economic Interests
The South China Sea region plays a pivotal role in global trade, with nearly $200 billion worth of trade passing through its waters. Additionally, thousands of Indian citizens are engaged in studying, working, and investing in ASEAN countries, China, Japan, and South Korea. Thus, ensuring peace, stability, and freedom of navigation in the region is vital for India's economic prosperity and interests.
Support for Regional Peace and Stability
India, like other nations in the region, has a vested interest in maintaining peace and stability in the South China Sea. Freedom of passage and routine activities with friendly countries are essential for fostering economic growth and regional cooperation.
The situation in the South China Sea holds significant implications for India's security and broader regional stability. As a region of historical and economic importance, the South China Sea's role as a global common and vital maritime route underscores the need for maintaining peace and stability. India's engagement in the region is driven by its historical connections, economic interests, and commitment to upholding freedom of navigation. By supporting efforts to ensure peace and stability in the South China Sea, India contributes to a conducive environment for economic growth and cooperation in the Indo-Pacific region.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (2014) 2. “The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (2021) |
How viable are low-carbon renewables in an increasingly hot and arid world?
Low-carbon renewables are energy sources that generate power with minimal greenhouse gas emissions. They are crucial for combating climate change and reducing our reliance on fossil fuels. Here are some of the most common types of low-carbon renewables are Solar energy, Wind energy Hydropower, Geothermal energy and Biomass energy.
India's Climate Goals and Hydropower's Role
Hydropower has long been a dependable and clean energy source, playing a crucial role in global renewable energy production.
The International Energy Agency (IEA) acknowledges that while wind and solar power are likely to overtake hydropower in the long run, hydropower is expected to remain the leading source of renewable electricity generation until at least the 2030s. This suggests hydropower will continue to play a significant role shortly of decarbonization efforts.
Other Points to Consider
Solar and wind energy
Solar installations in India
Hydropower plants in news
Previous Year Questions 1. Examine the potential of wind energy in India and explain the reasons for their limited spatial spread. (2022) 2. India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate. (2019) |
The Battle of Plassey stands as a pivotal moment in history, etched in both cultural and literary narratives, symbolizing the British conquest of the Indian subcontinent. The conflict escalated in 1756 with the accession of Siraj-ud-Daulah, a 23-year-old ruler. Unlike his predecessor Alivardi Khan, whose reign was celebrated as a 'golden age,' Siraj-ud-Daulah faced widespread disdain from the Murshidabad court. The battle gained prominence as it marked the East India Company's initial significant triumph in India.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
The Company's Administrative Evolution in Bengal
Following the Battle of Plassey, Mir Jafar ascended to the Nawab's throne, yet the East India Company remained hesitant to assume direct administrative responsibilities.
The Battle of Plassey opened the door for the British East India Company's transformation from a trading entity to a political and administrative power in Bengal. The Company's initial reluctance to take on administrative burdens gave way to seizing control of Bengal's revenue streams, laying the groundwork for their eventual dominance in India. While Plassey itself may be a singular event, its consequences had a long-lasting impact on the Indian subcontinent.
Other Points to Consider
Battle of Buxar
Conflict between the Company and the Nawabs of Bengal
Previous Year Questions 1. Explain how the upraising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (2016) 2. The third battle of Panipat was fought in 1761. Why were so many empire-shaking battles fought at Panipat? (2014) |
What is balanced fertilisation? Discuss the importance of neem coated urea.
Introduction:
A Simple Introduction about balanced fertilisation
Balanced fertilization involves providing nutrients such as Nitrogen, Phosphate, and Potash in the right ratio according to the specific needs of the soil and crops. Encouraging farmers to adopt balanced fertilization practices is a key policy goal for the government, as it discourages the excessive use of urea, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), or muriate of potash (MOP), which are rich in primary nutrients.
Urea consumption reached a record high of 35.8 million tonnes (mt) in the fiscal year ending March 2024, marking a significant increase of 16.9% from 30.6 mt in 2013-14. The usage of urea, which contains 46% nitrogen (N), actually declined between 2016-17 and 2017-18, mainly due to the compulsory coating of all urea with neem oil introduced in May 2015.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Fertilizers serve as essential nutrients for crops, providing the vital elements necessary for robust plant growth and optimal grain yields. Balanced fertilization entails the judicious supply of primary nutrients (Nitrogen-N, Phosphorus-P, and Potassium-K), secondary nutrients (Sulfur-S, Calcium, Magnesium), and micronutrients (Iron, Zinc, Copper, Manganese, Boron, Molybdenum) in appropriate proportions tailored to soil characteristics and the specific requirements of crops at various growth stages.
Neem-Coated Urea
In 2015, the Government of India embarked on a transformative initiative to introduce 100% neem coating on all subsidized agricultural-grade urea across the nation.
Key Features of Neem-Coated Urea:
The nutrient-based subsidy (NBS) system, launched in April 2010, aimed to improve fertilizer practices. It did this by fixing a per-kg subsidy for key nutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and sulfur (S). This linked fertilizer subsidies directly to their nutrient content.
Other Points to Consider
Nutrient-based subsidy
DAP
Previous Year Questions 1. What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (2023) 2. Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017) |
Coral reefs are among the most biologically diverse marine ecosystems on Earth, with a history spanning approximately 200 million years. These reefs are vital components of the marine ecosystem, providing essential habitats for a wide array of marine vegetation and wildlife.
Ecologically, coral reefs are comparable to tropical rainforests in terms of species richness and biological productivity. They play a crucial role in promoting the establishment of related ecosystems, which support important habitats, fisheries, and livelihoods. Thus, the health and preservation of coral reefs are critical for maintaining marine biodiversity and supporting human communities that rely on these ecosystems.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Coral Bleaching and Its Impact
Causes of Coral Bleaching
Coral bleaching occurs when water temperatures become excessively warm, causing corals to expel the microscopic algae living in their tissues. These algae are crucial for the corals as they provide nourishment through photosynthesis. Without these algae, the corals' tissues become transparent, revealing their white skeletons, a phenomenon known as coral bleaching.
Effects and Risks of Bleaching
Bleached corals are not dead but are at significant risk of malnutrition and disease. Scientists estimate that corals can survive without their algae for around two weeks. Thermal stress, which causes bleaching, occurs when sea surface temperatures exceed 1 degree Celsius above the maximum mean temperature, and this stress intensifies if high temperatures persist.
Measuring Heat Stress
Scientists use the Degree Heating Week (DHW) indicator to measure accumulated heat stress in a given area over the previous 12 weeks. This indicator sums up any temperatures that surpass the bleaching threshold during that period, expressed in Celsius weeks.
Regional Impacts and Case Studies
The western Indian Ocean region has experienced the most significant increase in marine heatwaves, with approximately 1.5 events per decade, followed by the north Bay of Bengal at 0.5 events per decade. An underwater assessment showed that 85% of the corals in the Gulf of Mannar near the Tamil Nadu coast bleached after the marine heatwave in May 2020.
Other Points to Consider
Heat waves
Importance of corals
Previous Year Questions 1. Describe the key points of the revised Global Air Quality Guidelines (AQGs) recently released by the World Health Organisation (WHO). How are these different from its last update in 2005? What changes in India’s National Clean Air Programme are required to achieve revised standards? (2021) 2. Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (2022) |
The eggshell skull rule is a common law principle in civil litigation. It holds that an offender is accountable for all harms exacerbated by the victim’s unique characteristics, even if the offender was unaware of them. For instance, a defendant is liable for the full extent of injury to a person with a delicate skull, even if a "normal person" would not have been as severely impacted. This rule allows for claiming enhanced compensation for damage greater than ordinarily anticipated due to the defendant's actions.
The Jyoti Devi Case
The Supreme Court's recent judgment in the Jyoti Devi case sheds light on the application of the eggshell skull rule in medical negligence claims.
Jyoti Devi underwent an appendectomy in a Himachal Pradesh hospital in 2005. However, she continued to experience abdominal pain after the surgery. Following a series of consultations over four years, doctors at PGIMS Chandigarh discovered a foreign object (a needle) left behind in her abdomen, necessitating further surgery.
Compensation Dispute
Jyoti Devi filed a consumer forum complaint seeking compensation for medical negligence. The district forum awarded Rs. 5 lakh, but the state forum reduced it to Rs. 1 lakh. On appeal, the NCDRC increased it to Rs. 2 lakh.
Supreme Court's Ruling
The Supreme Court reinstated the district forum's initial Rs. 5 lakh compensation, stating that the lower courts awarded "paltry" and "unjust" sums. However, the court clarified that the eggshell skull rule did not apply in this case.
Reasoning Behind Non-Application of Eggshell Rule
The Supreme Court ruled that the eggshell skull rule wouldn't apply in Jyoti Devi's case because the facts presented no evidence of a "pre-existing vulnerability or medical condition" that might have caused her to suffer "unusual damage."
This case emphasizes the importance of considering all aspects when awarding compensation for medical negligence. While the eggshell skull rule protects vulnerable patients, it's not a blanket principle. The specific circumstances of each case determine its applicability.
Other Points to Consider
Origin of the eggshell skull rule
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)
Previous Year Questions 1. The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalisation of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (2022) 2. Whether the Supreme Court Judgment (July 2018) can settle the political tussle between the Lt. Governor and elected government of Delhi? Examine. (2018) |
India and Italy boast a longstanding history of cultural and trade exchanges spanning over 2,000 years, with Italian coastal cities serving as vital trading hubs along the ancient spice route. Following India's independence in 1947, both nations formalized political relations, leading to frequent visits by heads of state and government officials.
Bilateral trade between India and Italy has experienced significant growth, reaching USD 13.229 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22, marking a remarkable increase of over 50% compared to the previous year. Italy stands as India's fourth-largest trading partner within the European Union, showcasing the depth of economic cooperation between the two nations.
Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA): The signing of the Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA) in November 2023 during the visit of India's External Affairs Minister to Italy underscores a new dimension in bilateral relations. This agreement aims to enhance people-to-people connectivity and mobility, facilitating the movement of various categories of individuals, including workers, students, researchers, and artists, in alignment with the respective labor market needs.
Enhancing Job Opportunities and Collaboration: The MMPA is poised to create job opportunities for Indian workers and professionals by streamlining their mobility in Italy. By addressing the identified needs of labor markets, the agreement fosters greater collaboration and synergy between the two countries, contributing to economic growth and development.
Stabilizing the Indo-Pacific Region: The partnership between India and Italy, including the MMPA, contributes to the stability and prosperity of the Indo-Pacific region. A safe and open Indo-Pacific region is essential for fostering future commerce, connectivity, and strategic cooperation, aligning with the shared objectives of both nations.
India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): The inauguration of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) during the G20 conference in Delhi signifies a concerted effort to establish a new trade route between Asia and Europe. This initiative aims to bolster economic integration and connectivity, further strengthening India's engagement with the Middle East and Europe while enhancing regional stability and prosperity.
The agreement between India and Italy strengthens ties in two key areas: education and professional mobility. Indian students in Italy can now gain valuable work experience for up to a year after completing their studies. This aligns with the growing trend of Indian students choosing Italy for education, with numbers rising from 3,008 in 2021 to 5,897 in 2022.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (2023) 2. ‘Indian diaspora has a decisive role to play in the politics and economy of America and European Countries’. Comment with examples. (2020) |
The Nagara architectural style originated in northern India during the fifth century CE, flourishing during the late Gupta dynasty era. In North India, it is customary to build complete temples on stone platforms with ascending steps, contrasting with the South Indian tradition that often incorporates elaborate boundary walls and gates. Nagara temples are further classified into different types according to the design of their shikharas.
Characteristics:
Modes of Nagara Architecture:
Vimanas of Dravida-style temples are generally smaller compared to the grand gatehouses or gopurams, which serve as the most visually striking architectural features within a temple complex. In southern Indian architectural traditions, shikhara are referenced, but they specifically pertain to the dome-shaped crown positioned atop the vimana.
Other Points to Consider
Features of Dravida style temples
Examples of Nagara and Dravida style temples
Previous Year Questions 1. How will you explain that Medieval Indian temple sculptures represent the social life of those days? (2022) 2. Chola architecture represents a high watermark in the evolution of temple architecture. Discuss (2013) |
In 1942, under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the people of India embarked on the decisive final phase of the independence movement. This monumental anti-colonial uprising, unprecedented in scale, conveyed a resolute message: the imminent end of British rule in India. Despite the ruthless suppression by the British, the movement, fueled by the determination of India's masses, left an indelible mark. It became unequivocally clear that nothing less than the complete departure of the British was acceptable to the people of India.
Though the Quit India Movement was ultimately suppressed, it marked a turning point in India's freedom struggle. It was a moment when the masses rose as one, their collective voice demanding an end to British rule with an unprecedented intensity and passion. The movement may have been quelled, but the message resonated – India would no longer tolerate British dominion.
Other Points to Consider
Cripps Mission
Other movements led by Mahatma Gandhi
Previous Year Questions 1. What was the difference between Mahatma Gandhi and Rabindranath Tagore in their approach towards education and nationalism? (2023) 2. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (2021) |
Naxalism is a Maoist-inspired communist insurgency that has been active in India since the mid-1960s. The movement originated in the village of Naxalbari, West Bengal, in 1967, following a peasant uprising against local landlords. Inspired by Mao Zedong's communist ideology, Naxalites believed in armed revolution to establish a socialist state. Naxalites aim to overthrow what they perceive as a corrupt and exploitative government. They advocate for land redistribution and social justice for marginalized communities, particularly Adivasis (indigenous tribes) and Dalits (formerly untouchables).
According to Maoist ideology, the economically oppressed peasants and working class will rise against the capitalist bourgeois class to establish a classless society through armed revolution. However, rapid economic growth, opportunities created by communication and mobility, and aspirational youth act as strong counterforces to economic class-based divisions.
Strategies for Countering Naxalism
Strategic victory over Naxalism requires a clear understanding of the roles and responsibilities of central and state governments, as well as an honest assessment of the capabilities, mindset, and resolve of security forces engaged in anti-Naxalite operations. Additionally, establishing a realistic timeframe is essential to effectively root out this menace.
Tactical Warfare and Local Commando Forces
At the tactical level, successful combat against Naxalism necessitates the deployment of agile, stealthy, enduring, and disciplined commando forces primarily recruited from the local youth. An example of this approach is the Greyhounds of the erstwhile Andhra Pradesh police.
Economic Interests and Resource-Rich Regions
The influence of Maoists thrives in contiguous forested areas across multiple states due to deep-rooted financial interests. These regions are rich in minerals such as bauxite, iron ore, limestone, marble, dolomite, coal, and copper, as well as pristine forests abundant in timber and Minor Forest Produce (MFP).
Exploitation of Natural Resources and Extortion
The value chain associated with these natural resources offers significant profit margins for extractive industries and contractors, creating opportunities for extortion and protection money demanded by Maoist groups. With many state governments enacting the Panchayat (Extension of Scheduled Areas) Act 1996, gram panchayats now auction MFP, including bamboo and tendu leaves, further contributing to these dynamics.
Implications and Solutions
Understanding the economic dynamics behind Naxalism underscores the importance of holistic approaches that address socio-economic grievances, governance issues, and the exploitation of natural resources. Combining security measures with development initiatives aimed at improving the lives of local communities is crucial for effectively countering the insurgency and fostering lasting peace and stability in affected regions.
To effectively combat Naxalism, an integrated approach is imperative, spearheaded by counter-offensive operations conducted by well-trained, disciplined, agile, and stealthy commando forces of the state police. Additionally, expanding road networks from the periphery to the core of liberated zones, facilitated under the security cover of central forces or specially raised engineering units, is crucial. Furthermore, the rapid expansion of mobile communication networks and the commercialization of economic activities represent slow but certain and irreversible pathways to success.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. Naxalism is a social, economic and developmental issue manifesting as a violent internal security threat. In this context, discuss the emerging issues and suggest a multilayered strategy to tackle the menace of Naxalism. (UPSC CSE 2022) |
3D printing is a manufacturing method that utilizes computer-generated designs to produce three-dimensional objects layer by layer. It operates on an additive principle, gradually building up layers of materials such as plastic, composites, or bio-materials to form objects of various shapes, sizes, rigidity, and colours.
3D printing is transforming manufacturing across industries, and even space exploration isn't immune to its potential.
Simplified Printing Process
ISRO's Success Story
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) exemplifies the exciting possibilities of 3D printing in space exploration:
ISRO's achievement demonstrates the immense potential of 3D printing to revolutionize space exploration by streamlining engine design, reducing production times, and minimizing resource requirements.
3D printing finds application across a diverse array of industries, including healthcare, automobile, and aerospace. During the height of the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020, the healthcare sector extensively leveraged 3D printers to manufacture crucial medical equipment such as swabs, face shields, masks, and components for ventilator repairs. Last year saw the inauguration of India’s maiden 3D-printed post office, marking a significant milestone in the adoption of this innovative technology.
Other Points to Consider
Types of 3D printing
Advantages and challenges of 3D printing
Previous Year Questions 1. How does the 3D printing technology work? List out the advantages and disadvantages of the technology. (UPSC CSE Mains 2013) |
Impact of Middle East Tensions on India’s Trade and Energy Prices
While geopolitical tensions in the Middle East may create challenges for India's trade and energy security, the country's diversified trade relations, coupled with its ability to adapt to changing circumstances, position it to navigate through these challenges with resilience.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. In what ways would the ongoing U.S-Iran Nuclear Pact Controversy affect the national interest of India? How should India respond to this situation? (2018) 2. Indian diaspora has scaled new heights in the West. Describe its economic and political benefits for India. (2023) |
India and Nepal enjoy a robust friendship and cooperation founded on an open border and deep-seated familial and cultural ties. Nepal shares a border spanning over 1850 kilometres with five Indian states: Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Extensive defence cooperation is a hallmark of the relationship between India and Nepal. The Government of India's development assistance to Nepal is comprehensive, focusing on grassroots infrastructure development. Projects encompass infrastructure, healthcare, water resources, education, rural, and community development. Cooperation in water resources, particularly involving shared rivers, is a pivotal area of bilateral collaboration. Since 1971, India and Nepal have maintained a Power Exchange Agreement to fulfil their power requirements along the border, leveraging each other’s transmission facilities.
The territorial dispute revolves around a 372-square-kilometer area encompassing Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani at the India-Nepal-China trijunction in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. Nepal asserts historical and evident ownership of these lands.
Resolving this dispute peacefully and through historical evidence is crucial for maintaining the strong relationship between India and Nepal. Their long-standing cooperation in various sectors, including defense, development, water resources, and power exchange, makes a collaborative solution even more important.
Other Points to Consider
Map work: Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani
Treaty of Sugauli
Anglo-Nepalese War
Previous Year Questions 1. India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) 2. The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (2021) |
How did the revolt of 1857 take the form of a popular movement with the participation of peasants in Awadh?
The Revolt of 1857, also known as the Indian Rebellion of 1857 or the First War of Independence, was a significant uprising against British colonial rule in India. It began as a mutiny among Indian soldiers (sepoys) of the British East India Company's army in Meerut on May 10, 1857, and quickly spread to other parts of northern and central India.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.
Mangal Pandey's Role in the Revolt
On September 20, 1857, Delhi succumbed after a fierce struggle. Bahadur Shah, seeking refuge at Humayun’s tomb, was captured, tried, and exiled to Myanmar. The British quelled rebels in various regions. On June 17, 1858, the Rani of Jhansi perished in battle. Despite Nana Saheb's refusal to surrender, he eventually fled to Nepal in early 1859, hoping to resume the conflict. Tantiya Tope, who waged successful guerrilla warfare until April 1859, was betrayed by a zamindar, captured, and executed by the British. Thus concluded the most significant challenge the British had encountered in India.
Other Points to Consider
Other places of revolt in 1857
Who called in the First War of Indian Independence?
Previous Year Questions 1. Why did the armies of the British East India Company – mostly comprising of Indian Soldiers – win consistently against the more numerous and better equipped armies of the then Indian rulers? Give reasons. (2022) 2. Explain how the upraising of 1857 constitutes an important watershed in the evolution of British policies towards colonial India. (2016) |
Auroras are natural lights that appear as bright, swirling curtains in the night sky, displaying a variety of colours such as blue, red, yellow, green, and orange. These lights are typically seen around the poles in both the northern and southern hemispheres throughout the year but can sometimes extend to lower latitudes. The northern lights are called the Aurora Borealis, while the southern lights are known as the Aurora Australis.
Reasons for the Occurance of the Aurora
NASA explains that solar storms erupt when the Sun unleashes powerful explosions called solar flares. These flares hurl intense bursts of energy particles towards Earth. These flares also release a type of high-energy radiation called ionized radiation. When this radiation interacts with Earth's atmosphere, it can create temporary magnetic fields.
Other Points to Consider
Auroras in India
What are the impacts of the northern lights on Earth?
Previous Year Questions 1. How are the fjords formed? Why do they constitute some of the most picturesque areas of the world? (2023) 2. How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain.(2021) |
What are Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs)? What are the National Institute of Nutrition’s (NIN) guidelines for children and mothers?
Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), also referred to as chronic diseases, are long-lasting conditions resulting from a combination of genetic, physiological, environmental, and lifestyle factors. The most prevalent NCDs include cardiovascular diseases (such as heart attacks and strokes), cancers, chronic respiratory diseases (like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma), and diabetes. NCDs are responsible for the deaths of 41 million people annually, making up 74% of all deaths globally.
Micronutrient deficiencies (zinc, iron, and vitamins) affect 13% to 30% of children aged 1 to 19. The recommended diet charts address both these deficiencies and overnutrition disorders. Severe undernutrition like marasmus and kwashiorkor has been eradicated, but anaemia remains prevalent: 40.6% in infants under five, 23.5% in children aged 5 to 9, and 28.4% in children aged 10 to 19.
Other Points to Consider
Previous Year Questions 1. What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (2020)
2. Can overuse and free availability of antibiotics without Doctor’s prescription, be contributors to the emergence of drug-resistant diseases in India? What are the available mechanisms for monitoring and control? Critically discuss the various issues involved. (2014)
|
What is ‘digital arrest’? What steps are taken by the government to counter online fraud and cybercriminals?
Online fraudsters often call potential victims, claiming they have sent or are receiving a parcel with illegal items. Sometimes, they contact the target’s relatives, alleging the target is involved in a crime or accident. Using police images to appear legitimate, criminals demand money for a ‘compromise.’ In some cases, victims are forced to stay visible via Skype until demands are met. Cybercriminals may use studios resembling police stations and wear law enforcement-style outfits.
Steps taken by the government
The National Cyber Crime Reporting Portal (NCRP) has received numerous complaints about intimidation, blackmail, extortion, and digital arrests carried out by cybercriminals impersonating officials from the police, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), the Narcotics Department, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), and the Enforcement Directorate (ED), among others. Intelligence services have determined that these incidents are part of a larger online economic crime racket orchestrated by cross-border crime syndicates.
Other Points to Consider
Indian Cybercrime Coordination Centre
What is cybercrime?
Previous Year Questions 1. What are the internal security challenges being faced by India? Give out the role of Central Intelligence and Investigative Agencies tasked to counter such threats. (2023) 2. What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022) |
The Northeast (NE) monsoon, also known as the retreating monsoon, is a seasonal weather phenomenon that brings rainfall to parts of South Asia, particularly southern India, during the winter months. The Northeast (NE) monsoon plays a crucial role in the climate of southern India, bringing rainfall during the winter months. This seasonal phenomenon is associated with the reversal of surface and lower tropospheric winds, typically beginning in October.
Significance of the Northeast Monsoon
Characteristics of the Northeast Monsoon
Impact and Recent Examples
The NE monsoon, occurring from October to December, contributes significantly to the annual rainfall in southern India. Its variability impacts agricultural output and water resources in the region. Understanding and managing the NE monsoon is crucial for sustainable development and disaster preparedness in southern India.
ITCZ
ENSO
Difference between south-western and north-eastern monsoon
Cyclone Michaung
Previous Year Questions 1. Why is the South-West Monsoon called ‘Purvaiya’ (easterly) in Bhojpur Region? How has this directional seasonal wind system influenced the cultured ethos of the region? (2023)
2. What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the world population residing in Monsoon Asia? (2017)
3. How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. (2015)
|
Union Territories (UTs) in India are administrative divisions that are directly governed by the Central Government of India. Unlike states, which have their own elected governments and legislatures, UTs are administered by an administrator appointed by the President of India. The concept of Indian Union Territories (UTs) emerged as a solution to address the linguistic diversity and regional aspirations within the newly independent nation. The development and implementation of this concept unfolded through various stages, driven by factors such as linguistic movements and administrative considerations.
Indian states during the British Rule
7th amendment of Constitution of India
Previous Year Questions 1. The political and administrative reorganization of states and territories has heen a continuous ongoing process since the mid-nineteenth century. Discuss with examples. (2022) 2. Has the formation of linguistic states strengthened the cause of Indian unity? (2016) |
A tsunami, derived from the Japanese words "tsu" (harbor) and "nami" (wave), refers to a series of long-wavelength waves triggered by various natural phenomena, most commonly earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, or underwater landslides. These waves can propagate across vast distances in the ocean, causing devastation upon reaching coastal areas.
While not all earthquakes or volcanic eruptions lead to tsunami formation, the propensity for tsunamis in island countries and coastal regions is heightened due to their exposure to seismic activity and geological instability. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of tsunami generation and implementing effective early warning systems are crucial steps in mitigating the impact of these natural disasters and safeguarding vulnerable coastal communities.
Pacific Island Countries
Tsunami in India
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss about the vulnerability of India to earthquake related hazards. Give examples including the salient features of major disasters caused by earthquakes in different parts of India during the last three decades. (2021) 2. On December 2004, tsunami brought havoc on fourteen countries including India. Discuss the factors responsible for occurrence of tsunami and its effects on life and economy. In the light of guidelines of NDMA (2010) describe the mechanisms for preparedness to reduce the risk during such events. (2017) |
India's first polarimetry mission, the X-ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat), marks a significant milestone in the country's space exploration endeavours. Designed to delve into the intricate dynamics of bright astronomical X-ray sources, XPoSat stands as a testament to India's growing prowess in space science and technology. With its unique capabilities and cutting-edge payloads, this mission promises to unravel the mysteries of the universe like never before.
With an estimated mission life of five years, XPoSat is poised to make groundbreaking discoveries during its operational tenure. By observing polarised X-rays from a diverse array of celestial sources, this mission will contribute significantly to humanity's quest for knowledge about the cosmos. As XPoSat embarks on its journey of exploration, it reaffirms India's commitment to advancing space science and unlocking the mysteries of the universe for the betterment of humankind.
Other payloads of the Mission
POLIX
XSPECT
Previous Year Questions 1. Launched on 25th December, 2021, James Webb Space Telescope has been much in the news since then. What are its unique features which make it superior to its predecessor Space Telescopes? What are the key goals of this mission? What potential benefits does it hold for the human race? (2022) 2. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space mission. What are the main obstacles to launching a manned space mission, both in terms of technology and logistics? Examine critically. (2017) |
The Election Commission of India (ECI) is a constitutional body responsible for administering elections in India, ensuring that they are free, fair, and conducted impartially. Article 324 of the Constitution of India establishes the Election Commission, comprising the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs), entrusted with the responsibility of overseeing electoral processes across the country.
Appointment Procedure: The appointment procedure for the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners is delineated as follows:
Powers and Functions of the Election Commission of India
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (2023) 2. Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022) |
Key aspects of electoral trusts include:
Supreme Court's Ruling on Electoral Bonds: The Supreme Court of India has addressed the issue of transparency and accountability in political funding through electoral bonds. Key rulings and directives include:
The stance of the Election Commission of India and the Government of India on Electoral Bonds
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the procedures to decide the disputes arising out of the election of a Member of the Parliament or State Legislature under The Representation of the People Act, 1951. What are the grounds on which the election of any returned candidate may be declared void? What remedy is available to the aggrieved party against the decision? Refer to the case laws. (2022) 2. The most significant achievement of modern law in India is the constitutionalization of environmental problems by the Supreme Court.” Discuss this statement with the help of relevant case laws. (2022) |
Black pepper, the king of spices, is a flowering vine in the Piperaceae family, cultivated for its fruit, which is dried and used as a spice and seasoning. The fruit is a drupe, which is a small, fleshy stone fruit. When ripe, the peppercorn is a dark red colour.
Black pepper is the most common type of pepper and is made from unripe peppercorns that have been dried. The drying process causes the peppercorns to shrink and wrinkle, and they turn from green to black. Black pepper has a strong, pungent flavour and a slightly bitter bite. It is a versatile spice that can be used in a variety of dishes, both sweet and savoury.
Pepper's Importance on the Malabar Coast
Pepper Trade and Cultural Exchange
European Influence and Control
Pepper's journey from the Malabar Coast to distant lands epitomizes its role as a catalyst for cultural exchange and interaction. As a prized commodity, pepper not only fueled trade and economic prosperity but also facilitated the exchange of ideas, beliefs, and traditions. Its significance in shaping historical narratives underscores the profound impact of spices on global history and cultural interconnectedness.
Other spices which were traded
What India imports in exchange for pepper.
Previous Year Questions 1. The ancient civilization in Indian sub-continent differed from those of Egypt, Mesopotamia and Greece in that its culture and traditions have been preserved without a breakdown to the present day. Comment. (2015) 2. Assess the importance of the accounts of the Chinese and Arab travellers in the reconstruction of the history of India. (2018) |
The Vijayanagara Empire, established by Harihara I of the Sangama dynasty in 1336, marked a significant era in the architectural history of India. Flourishing between 1336 and 1646, the empire reached its zenith under the reign of Krishna Deva Raya (1509-1529), boasting military superiority over rival kingdoms such as the Bahmani Sultanate, the Golconda Sultanate, and the Gajapatis of Odisha. Spanning from Goa in the west to parts of southern Odisha in the east and the southernmost tip of the subcontinent, the empire left an indelible mark on India's cultural and architectural landscape.
Cultural and Architectural Contributions
Temple Architecture
The architectural legacy of the Vijayanagara Empire, epitomized by sites like Hampi, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, continues to inspire awe and admiration. Amidst the empire's military and political achievements, its commitment to preserving classical Hindu traditions and fostering artistic expression stands out. The temples, fortifications, and urban planning of Vijayanagara serve as enduring symbols of India's rich cultural heritage and architectural prowess, leaving an indelible mark on the country's history and identity.
Temples of Vijayanagara Empire
Rulers of Vijayanagara Empire
Previous Year Questions 1. Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (2016) |
The First Advance Estimates (FAEs) are preliminary projections of economic growth presented by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in early January each year. These estimates provide an initial assessment of the country's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for the ongoing financial year.
Methodology of Estimation
The FAEs are formulated using the benchmark-indicator method, which involves extrapolating the previous year's GDP data based on relevant indicators reflecting sectoral performance. These indicators include data on industrial production, agricultural output, trade, services, and other economic activities.
Significance of FAEs
Key Findings of FAEs
The release of First Advance Estimates marks a significant milestone in assessing the economic outlook for the ongoing financial year. These estimates offer valuable insights into the performance of various sectors and provide policymakers with essential information to formulate appropriate strategies for sustainable economic growth. As India strives to navigate through economic challenges and capitalize on emerging opportunities, the FAEs play a pivotal role in guiding decision-making and shaping policy interventions for fostering inclusive and resilient economic development.
National Statistical Office
Per Capita Income
Real GDP and Nominal GDP
Previous Year Questions 1. Faster economic growth requires increased share of the manufacturing sector in GDP, particularly of MSMEs. Comment on the present policies of the Government in this regard (2023) 2. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (2021) |
Cyber kidnapping is a form of crime where perpetrators manipulate victims into believing that a loved one has been abducted and demand ransom for their release. This nefarious tactic involves coercing victims to hide while contacting their family or friends for ransom. Perpetrators may use fabricated evidence, such as manipulated images or threatening messages, to convince victims of the authenticity of the kidnapping.
Cybercrimes in India
Impact of Cyber Kidnapping
Preventive Measures
Cyber kidnapping represents a grave threat in the digital age, exploiting the vulnerabilities of individuals and exploiting their fears for financial gain. As cybercrimes continue to evolve, law enforcement agencies and cybersecurity experts must collaborate in combatting these threats and safeguarding individuals' online safety and security. Additionally, raising awareness about the tactics employed by cybercriminals and promoting responsible online behaviour can empower individuals to protect themselves and their loved ones from falling victim to cyber kidnapping and other forms of online extortion.
Artificial intelligence
Cognizable and Uncognizable crimes
Previous Year Questions 1. What are the different elements of cyber security? Keeping in view the challenges in cyber security, examine the extent to which India has successfully developed a comprehensive National Cyber Security Strategy. (2022) 2. Discuss different types of cyber crimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (2020) 3. Discuss the potential threats of Cyber attack and the security framework to prevent it. (2017) |
The strain in the India-Maldives relationship has been exacerbated by several recent incidents:
Despite the recent strains in bilateral relations, the ties between India and the Maldives remain significant. Indian tourists continue to be among the top visitors to the Maldives, highlighting the enduring people-to-people connections. However, addressing the diplomatic and economic challenges is crucial to restoring the historical friendship and cooperation between the two nations.
Important places of Maldives and Lakshadweep
Atolls of Maldives
Previous Year Questions 1. India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) 2. The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (2021) |
The recent attacks on shipping vessels in the Red Sea by Yemen's Houthi rebels mark a worrying trend, distinct from the past threats posed by Somali pirates in the region.
Houthi Attacks vs. Somali Piracy
Houthi attacks, on the other hand, are
Impact on India
While the Indian government downplays the immediate impact on its maritime trade, the situation warrants close monitoring:
Israel-Hamas conflict
Red Sea
Previous Year Questions 1. Sea is an important Component of the Cosmos’ Discuss in the light of the above statement the role of the IMO (International Maritime Organisation) in protecting environment and enhancing maritime safety and security. (2023) 2. Increasing cross-border terrorist attacks in India and growing interference in the internal affairs of several member states by Pakistan are not conducive for the future of SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation).” Explain with suitable examples. (2016) |