Objectives of NCAP
Mitigation Measures: Implementing stringent measures for the prevention, control, and abatement of air pollution. This includes adopting advanced technologies, enforcing regulations on emissions from industries and vehicles, and promoting cleaner fuels.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring: Establishing and enhancing an efficient ambient air quality monitoring network across the country. This network ensures a robust and reliable database on air quality parameters, helping in assessing pollution levels, identifying hotspots, and formulating targeted interventions.
Public Awareness and Capacity Building: Conducting public awareness campaigns and capacity-building initiatives. These efforts aim to educate the public about the health impacts of air pollution, promote sustainable practices, and foster community participation in pollution control measures. Training programs are also conducted to build expertise and infrastructure for air quality management.
The NCAP's primary goal is to achieve a substantial reduction in particulate matter concentrations, especially PM10 and PM2.5, by 20% to 30% by 2024 and now further aiming for a 40% reduction by 2026. These targets are crucial for improving ambient air quality and safeguarding public health. Additionally, the NCAP emphasizes collaborative efforts involving central ministries, state governments, local bodies, and various stakeholders to ensure a coordinated approach in combating air pollution across all sources and sectors. Through city-specific action plans and continuous monitoring, the NCAP strives to create cleaner and healthier environments for all citizens.
Other Points to Ponder
What are Non Attainment Cities?
Central Pollution Control Board
Implementation of NCAP
Previous Year Questions 1. India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate. (2019) 2. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (2023) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
India's relationship with Russia has been enduring and dependable, forming a crucial aspect of India's foreign policy.
The partnership between India and Russia has evolved significantly, marked by enhanced collaboration across various sectors including politics, security, defense, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, and people-to-people exchanges.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
During a visit to Moscow by External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, it was emphasized that the Indo-Russian relationship has remained remarkably steady amidst fluctuations in ties with other major nations.
India and Russia have maintained a remarkably stable relationship since the mid-20th century, marked by minimal bilateral disagreements and frequent alignment of their geopolitical interests, contributing to a stable power balance in Asia.
The absence of annual summits does not signify a decline in the relationship; on the contrary, bilateral economic cooperation has witnessed growth over the past couple of years.
India and Russia are not merely reverting to their previous dynamics; the context of their bilateral ties has fundamentally transformed. In 1991, India's GDP was half that of Russia's, but today, India's economy surpasses Russia's significantly.
A significant development in bilateral cooperation occurred in December 2021 with the inaugural 2+2 Dialogue, involving the Foreign and Defense Ministers of both countries, held alongside summit-level talks.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
India and Russia collaborate closely on various multilateral platforms such as the UN, G20, BRICS, and SCO. India's Presidency of the G20 and SCO in 2023 facilitated interactions between officials and ministers of both countries during events in India.
Maintaining a pragmatic bilateral relationship will afford India and Russia greater adaptability in an increasingly polarized global landscape
Other Points to Consider
Trade & Economic relations
Defence & Security Cooperation
Science & Technology Cooperation
Previous Year Questions Virus of Conflict is affecting the functioning of the SCO’ In the light of the above statement point out the role of India in mitigating the problems. (2023) India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
Large Language Models (LLMs), as defined by Google, are expansive general-purpose models capable of being pre-trained and subsequently fine-tuned for specific tasks.
These models are equipped to tackle common language challenges including text classification, question answering, cross-industry text production, document summarization, and more.
LLMs can also be customized to address specific issues across various domains such as finance, retail, entertainment, etc., often utilizing relatively small sets of field-specific datasets.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Types of LLMs
LLMs can be classified in several ways:
(i) Architecturally, they fall into three categories: autoregressive, transformer-based, and encoder-decoder models.
(ii) In terms of training data, there are three types: pretrained and fine-tuned, multilingual models capable of understanding and generating text in multiple languages, and domain-specific models trained on data relevant to particular fields such as legal, finance, or healthcare.
(iii) They can also be categorized as open-source or closed-source based on availability; while some are publicly accessible, others remain proprietary. Examples of open-source LLMs include LLaMA2, BlOOM, Google BERT, Falcon 180B, and OPT-175 B, whereas proprietary LLMs include Claude 2, Bard, and GPT-4.
How LLMs Operate?
LLMs operate on the principle of "deep learning", involving the construction of artificial neural networks inspired by the structure and functioning of the human brain.
These neural networks are trained to predict the probability of a word or sequence of words given the preceding words in a sentence for LLMs.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
LLMs excel in predicting the most probable next word or sequence of words based on input prompts.
With their versatility, LLMs find applications across diverse domains, generating text for various purposes such as articles, songs, poems, and stories, while also serving as virtual assistants or engaging in conversations
Other Points to Consider
ChatGPT
Gemini
What are the advantages of LLMs?
Previous Year Questions Introduce the concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI). How does AI help clinical diagnosis? Do you perceive any threat to privacy of the individual in the use of AI in healthcare? (2023) What do you understand by nanotechnology and how is it helping in health sector? (2020) |
The rise in the average global temperature since 1850, by at least 1.1 degrees Celsius, has significantly impacted extreme weather events worldwide.
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the consequence of Climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (2023) 2. How do the melting of the Arctic ice and glaciers of the Antarctic differently affect the weather patterns and human activities on the Earth? Explain. (2021) |
Introduction:
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The Fair and Remunerative Price (FRP) for sugarcane is determined by the Cabinet Committee on Economic Affairs (CCEA) at the central level.
This price is calculated based on the sugar recovery rate from the cane, which represents the percentage of sugar extracted relative to the amount of cane crushed. A higher recovery rate translates to a higher FRP, reflecting increased sugar production from the cane.
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Sugar mills are legally obligated to pay the FRP to sugarcane farmers for their produce. Failure to settle FRP dues within 14 days of cane sale may lead to enforcement action by cane commissioners. Non-payment could result in the seizure of mill assets as outstanding land tax liabilities.
How does FRP differ from the Minimum Support Price (MSP)?
MSPs serve as a safety net for farmers, ensuring a minimum guaranteed payment to mitigate risks associated with agriculture, such as adverse weather conditions.
They provide stability in market prices, preventing fluctuations that could impact both farmers' incomes and consumers' access to essential food items.
The government announces MSPs annually for specific crops, indicating the price at which it will procure the produce from farmers if market prices fall below the set MSP.
MSPs are determined based on various factors including production costs, demand-supply dynamics, market trends, and ensuring a minimum profit margin for farmers, typically set at 50% over production costs.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The central government introduced MSP for sugar in 2018 as part of measures to stabilize sugar prices and maintain a balanced demand-supply ratio.
Additionally, the government has established mill-specific sales quotas. Non-compliance with these regulations could lead to punitive measures under the Essential Commodities Act of 1955, including fines, imprisonment, or both, as a means to regulate the sugar industry effectively
Other Points to Consider
Why does sugarcane have both the FRP and MSP?
Previous Year Questions What do you mean by Minimum Support Price (MSP)? How will MSP rescue the farmers from the low income trap? (2018) What are the challenges and opportunities of the food processing sector in the country? How can the income of the farmers be substantially increased by encouraging food processing? (2020) |
Introduction:
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The Raisina Dialogue is an annual gathering focused on discussions about global geopolitics and geoeconomics, aimed at tackling the world's most pressing issues.
Held in New Delhi, the conference draws participants from diverse backgrounds including politics, business, media, and civil society.
It serves as a platform for a wide-ranging dialogue involving heads of state, cabinet ministers, local government officials, as well as leaders from the private sector, media, and academia.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
The theme for the 2024 edition, as announced by the Ministry of External Affairs, is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create.”
Participants engage in discussions revolving around six key thematic pillars:
(i) Advancing Tech Frontiers: Regulation & Reality;
(ii) Promoting Peace with the Planet: Investment & Innovation;
(iii) Navigating War & Peace: Armaments & Asymmetry;
(iv) Reshaping Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusivity;
(v) Charting the Post-2030 Agenda: People & Progress; and
(vi) Safeguarding Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The 9th edition of the Raisina Dialogue saw a diverse representation from over 100 countries, including Ministers, former Heads of State and Government, Military Leaders, Industry Captains, Technology Pioneers, Scholars, Journalists, and Youth, reflecting its broad appeal and significance as a global forum for dialogue and exchange of ideas
Other Points to Consider
Who was the chief guest for the conference?
Observer Research Foundation
Previous Year Questions Discuss the role of the Competition Commission of India in containing the abuse of dominant position by the Multi-National Corporations in India. Refer to the recent decisions. (2023) |
The introduction of railways in the Himalayas and the North Eastern Region of India has brought about significant socio-economic effects. The Mountain Railways of India, including the Darjeeling Himalayan Railway, the Nilgiri Mountain Railway, and the Kalka Shimla Railway, were remarkable engineering feats built between 1881 and 1908. They not only provided a means of transportation but also contributed to various socio-economic developments in these regions.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Socio-economic Effects in the Himalayas
Railway Development in North Eastern India
Conclusion:
Your Conclusion should be balanced
The introduction of railways in the Himalayas and the North Eastern Region of India has had far-reaching socio-economic impacts. These include improved connectivity, boost to trade and tourism, development of remote areas, and integration with neighboring countries. Continued investment in railway infrastructure and connectivity projects is crucial for sustaining and enhancing these socio-economic benefits in the future.
Other points to consider
Previous Year Questions 1. Bring out the socio-economic effects of the introduction of railways in different countries of the world. (2023) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
The Rajya Sabha, a permanent House under the Indian Constitution, operates with a system ensuring continuity through staggered retirements of one-third of its members every two years. These vacancies are filled through biennial elections, maintaining the House's composition of 245 members. While 233 members represent states and union territories, the President nominates the remaining 12. Vacancies due to resignation, demise, or disqualification are filled through by-elections, with the elected members serving the remainder of their predecessors' terms. Article 80(3) mandates that nominated members possess specialized knowledge or practical experience in various fields and allows them to join a political party within six months of assuming office.
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Voting Mechanism:
The election of Rajya Sabha MPs involves an indirect electoral process wherein Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect them. As per Article 80(4), state Assembly members elect Rajya Sabha members through a proportional representation system using a single transferable vote method. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution determines the allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to states and Union Territories based on their population.
Vote Counting Process:
The calculation of required votes for a candidate depends on the number of vacancies and the House's strength. For a single vacancy, the Election Commission's Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, dictates that a candidate needs the majority of votes polled, divided by two, plus one. For instance, if 100 votes are cast, the candidate requires 51 votes.
In cases of multiple vacancies, each first-preference vote carries a value of 100. The total value of votes cast for all candidates is divided by one more than the number of vacancies, and one is added to the quotient. For example, if 100 members vote for three vacancies, the required quota for any candidate would be (100 × 100)/(3 + 1) + 1 = 2501.
If no candidate secures the specified number of votes, second-preference votes are considered, albeit with reduced value, to determine the winner
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The Rajya Sabha, functioning as a crucial pillar of India's parliamentary democracy, ensures representation from states and Union Territories through a nuanced electoral process. The indirect election of its members by MLAs, utilizing proportional representation and single transferable vote methods, upholds the constitutional mandate. The meticulous calculation of required votes, governed by the Election Commission's rules, guarantees a fair and transparent electoral process. Through this mechanism, the Rajya Sabha maintains its role as a vital forum for deliberation and decision-making, contributing significantly to India's legislative landscape and democratic ethos
Other Points to Ponder
Why do Rajya Sabha numbers matter?
How often are Rajya Sabha elections held?
Previous Year Questions Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (2023) Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022) Rajya Sabha has been transformed from a ‘useless stepney tyre’ to the most useful supporting organ in past few decades. Highlight the factors as well as the areas in which this transformation could be visible. (2019) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
The Uruguay Round global trade negotiations, formally endorsed in Marrakesh, Morocco, in April 1994, ushered in various agreements, including the WTO Agreement on Agriculture, which commenced implementation from January 1, 1995. This agreement delineated specific reduction obligations for different categories of countries, emphasizing market access, domestic support, and export subsidies.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
Market Access:
Provisions concerning market access encompassed tariffication, tariff reductions, and access opportunities. Industrialized nations were mandated to reduce their ordinary tariffs by an average of 36% over a six-year period, with each tariff item subjected to a minimum reduction of 15%. Conversely, developing nations, still grappling with quantitative restrictions due to balance-of-payments concerns, were permitted to offer ceiling bindings instead of tariffs.
Domestic Support:
Regarding domestic support measures, which were subject to reduction commitments, affluent nations were required to curtail overall support provided during 1986-88 by 20%, while developing countries faced a reduction of 13.3%. Certain policies falling under domestic support categories, constituting less than 5% of the value of production for developed countries and less than 10% for developing nations, were exempt from reduction commitments.
Export Subsidies:
The Agreement mandated reductions in export subsidies, with developed countries tasked with slashing export subsidy expenditure by 36% and volume by 21% over six years, based on 1986-1990 levels. Similarly, developing countries were required to make cuts of 24% and 14%, respectively, over a decade. Furthermore, the Agreement prohibited future subsidies for products not subject to export subsidy reduction agreements.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
Although the WTO’s ministerial conference concluded without resolving crucial issues pertinent to India's interests, such as devising a permanent solution for the public food Public Stockholding (PSH) program and curbing fisheries subsidies contributing to overcapacity and overfishing, members agreed to extend the moratorium on imposing import duties on e-commerce trade for an additional two years. These deliberations underscore the ongoing challenges and negotiations within the WTO framework
Other Points to Consider
13th ministerial conference (MC)
India’s commitment
India’s PSH (Public Stockholding) programme
Previous Year Questions What are the direct and indirect subsidies provided to farm sector in India? Discuss the issues raised by the World Trade Organization (WTO) in relation to agricultural subsidies. (2023) How would the recent phenomena of protectionism and currency manipulations in world trade affect macroeconomic stability of India? (2018) |
The 299-member Constituent Assembly had a bright set of 15 women who came from diverse backgrounds. Discuss the role of women who wrote the Constitution of India.
Introduction:
The Constituent Assembly of India was the body that drafted and adopted the Constitution of India. It was elected by the provincial assemblies that had been elected in 1946. The Constituent Assembly held its first meeting on December 9, 1946, and its last meeting on November 26, 1949.
The Assembly consisted of 299 members, of whom 284 were elected and 15 were nominated. The members were elected by the provincial assemblies that had been elected in 1946. The Constituent Assembly was chaired by Dr. Rajendra Prasad.
Body:
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
Role of Women in Drafting the Constitution of India
The 15 women members of the 299-member Constituent Assembly played a pivotal role in shaping the Constitution of India. Here's a detailed look at their contributions:
Conclusion:
Your Conclusion Should be balanced
These women fought against patriarchy, caste oppression, and gender discrimination, and their diverse perspectives enriched the debates and discussions in the Constituent Assembly. Their contributions were instrumental in ensuring that the Constitution of India reflected the values of equality, justice, and social reform.
Other Points to Ponder
Vijaya Laxmi Pandit
Previous Year Questions 1. How the Indian concept of secularism is different from the western model of secularism? Discuss. (2018) 2. Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (2018) |
Introduction:
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The Indian leopard (Panthera pardus fusca) is found across diverse forested habitats spanning India, Nepal, Bhutan, and certain regions of Pakistan. Classified as "Vulnerable" by the IUCN Red List and listed in Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, this species faces conservation challenges.
According to recent findings, India's leopard population increased from 12,852 in 2018 to 13,874 in 2022.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
Methodology:
The fifth cycle of leopard population assessment in India (2022) focused on forested habitats across 18 tiger states, encompassing four significant tiger conservation landscapes. Utilizing a likelihood-based spatially explicit capture mark-recapture (SECR) covariate model, researchers combined photo-captures with geographical data on prey, habitat, and human-induced factors to estimate leopard abundance.
Phase 1:
Systematic sampling of wooded regions within each landscape was conducted using M-STrIPES Android apps and desktop applications.
Phase 2:
Remote sensing and secondary data were employed to model leopard occupancy and abundance in response to habitat factors and human influences.
Phase 3:
SECR models were utilized to predict leopard density through camera trap data, with individuals identified using image and pattern processing applications such as CaTRACT and ExtractCompare.
Outcomes:
Madhya Pradesh boasts the highest leopard count in the country, with 3,907 individuals (up from 3,421 in 2018). Central India harbors the most significant population, comprising 8,820 leopards, followed by the Western Ghats with 3,596, and the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains with 1,109 individuals. Population growth rates varied across regions, with a decline observed in the Shivalik Hills and Gangetic Plains, while other regions experienced moderate increases.
In Central India, a substantial proportion (68%) of leopards reside in human-use forests outside Protected Areas, heightening vulnerability to poaching and human-leopard conflicts. Similarly, in the Western Ghats, although leopard populations remain stable, a significant portion (65%) inhabits areas outside Protected Areas.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
Conservation efforts for the Indian leopard necessitate a multifaceted approach, including habitat restoration initiatives, protection measures beyond Protected Areas, and the implementation of strategies to mitigate human-leopard conflicts. Records maintained by the Wildlife Protection Society of India (WPSI) underscore the urgency of addressing poaching threats, with over 5,500 leopards poached since 1994. Efforts aimed at safeguarding this species are imperative to ensure its long-term survival and ecological balance
Other Points to Ponder
Benefits from tiger conservation efforts
Leopard-human conflict remains a worry
Previous Year Questions How does the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, 2020 differ from the existing EIA Notification, 2006? (2020) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has predicted a global sea level rise of about one metre by AD 2100. What would be its impact in India and the other countries in the Indian Ocean region? (2023) |
Discuss the impact of the climate change on the Indian coastline.
Introduction
A simple introduction about India's Coastline
India's vast coastline, stretching over 7,500 kilometres, is a national treasure. However, climate change casts a long shadow, threatening this precious resource. While global predictions suggest a slightly lower sea-level rise for India compared to other regions, the potential consequences are far from negligible.
Body
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.
Impact of Climate Change on the Indian Coastline
The impact of climate change on India's coastline is a growing concern due to the vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea levels, stronger waves, and changing weather patterns.
Conclusion
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach.
As climate change continues to manifest in various environmental changes, including those affecting coastlines, it is crucial to conduct comprehensive studies and utilize advanced climate models for better assessment and prediction of future impacts. Additionally, strict enforcement of regulations such as the Coastal Regulation Zone rules is essential to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change on India's coastline and coastal communities. Collaboration between scientific institutions, policymakers, and local communities is vital to develop resilient strategies and adaptation measures for coastal areas in the face of climate change challenges.
Other Points to Ponder
Important places on Indian coasts
Climate change
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the consequence of Climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (2023) 2. What are the forces that influence ocean currents? Describe their role in fishing industry of the world. (2022) 3. How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? (2020) |
Introduction:
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India and Mauritius jointly unveiled an airstrip and a jetty constructed by India on Agaléga, a pair of islands situated in the western Indian Ocean, alongside various community development initiatives.
The Mauritian dependency of Agaléga comprises two islands: the larger North Island and the smaller South Island, positioned approximately 1,100 kilometers north of Mauritius’ capital, Port Louis, and 2,500 kilometers southwest of Malé, the capital of the Maldives.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
Significance of Agaléga Airstrip:
The upgraded airstrip and jetty represent pivotal strategic endeavors aimed at expanding India's presence in the Indian Ocean region and bolstering its surveillance capabilities along the east coast of Africa. These initiatives are particularly pertinent in countering the escalating Chinese influence in the region, including within the Maldives.
While the pre-existing airstrip on North Agaléga Island accommodated operations of the Indian Navy’s Dornier aircraft, the enhanced airstrip enables operations of larger P8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft as well. Consequently, India's naval aircraft will be able to conduct extensive surveillance along the eastern and southern coasts of Africa, as well as across the western and southern Indian Ocean from Agaléga. This development significantly enhances India's maritime domain awareness and operational capacity in the region, crucial for conducting diverse maritime missions.
The heightened tensions in the Red Sea region have prompted numerous commercial vessels on east-west routes to divert their course to the Cape of Good Hope, thereby intensifying maritime traffic and transits in the area.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
India and Mauritius have fostered robust cooperation in maritime security and various other domains. Indian defense personnel are actively engaged with the Mauritian Defence Forces, facilitating close collaboration in defense affairs.
India's assistance to Mauritius encompasses the provision of six out of seven helicopters in service, in addition to five ships, three aircraft, and 10 Fast Interceptor boats, along with the establishment of a Coastal Surveillance Radar System.
Beyond Mauritius, India has been steadfast in augmenting diplomatic and military ties with other nations in the region, including the Seychelles and African nations such as Madagascar, underscoring its commitment to bolstering regional security and cooperation
Other Points to Consider
Location of Madagascar and Seychelles
Agaléga airstrip
Port Louis
Previous Year Questions ‘India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) The USA is facing an existential threat in the form of China, that is much more challenging than the erstwhile Soviet Union.” Explain. (2021) |
Introduction:
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The enactment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, marked India's commitment to the principles outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2006 and came into force in 2008. India ratified the convention in 2007. The 2016 Act, replacing The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, was implemented in April 2017. It mandated the central government to establish guidelines and standards for public buildings, subject to periodic review based on the latest scientific knowledge and technology.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
Implications for Public Buildings:
Rule 15 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules, 2017, derived from the PwD Act, addresses the accessibility of physical environments, transportation, and information and communication technology. All establishments are required to adhere to the Act's standards, particularly concerning public buildings, which must comply with the 2016 harmonized criteria. In 2023, an amendment to Rule 15 made it obligatory to comply with the 2021 harmonized guidelines, encompassing aspects ranging from project planning and tendering to specifications for accessibility features such as ramps, grab rails, lifts, and toilets. These guidelines advocate for the integration of universal accessibility into site planning and detailed architectural drawings, emphasizing implementation, evaluation, and maintenance stages. Existing buildings are mandated to become accessible within five years in accordance with the prescribed norms and requirements.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The Central Public Works Department (CPWD), India's premier agency responsible for infrastructure construction and maintenance, has instructed its regional offices to ensure that all public buildings are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Specific provisions include lifts equipped with both audio announcements and visual displays, as well as the appropriate display of emergency evacuation routes for persons with disabilities, including signage in Braille
Other Points to Ponder
Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Previous Year Questions The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act, 2009 remains inadequate in promoting incentive-based system for children’s education without generating awareness about the importance of schooling. Analyse. (2022) National Education Policy 2020 is in conformity with the Sustainable Development Goal-4 (2030). It intends to restructure and reorient education system in India. Critically examine the statement. (2019) |
Natural vegetation in India encompasses a variety of plant communities that have evolved undisturbed by human intervention over time. These include Tropical Evergreen Forests, Tropical Deciduous Forests, Tropical Thorn Forests and Scrubs, Montane Forests and Mangrove Forests.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content.
Forest fires, which can be categorized as ground, surface, and crown fires, have been intensifying in the hills, particularly in regions like Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh. Ground fires burn slowly beneath the vegetation, surface fires spread swiftly through dry leaves and branches on the ground, and crown fires move rapidly from treetop to treetop with intense heat.
Causes of Forest Fires
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach.
Addressing the intensification of forest fires in the hills requires a comprehensive approach that addresses both natural and human-induced factors. Effective forest management strategies, including fire prevention, early detection, and prompt suppression efforts, are essential for mitigating the impact of forest fires and safeguarding the biodiversity and ecological integrity of forested landscapes. Additionally, promoting sustainable land-use practices and raising awareness about the importance of fire prevention and conservation are critical for ensuring the long-term resilience of forest ecosystems.
Other Points to Ponder
Forests fires in Uttarakhand
How vulnerable are forests in Uttarakhand and Himachal?
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the consequence of Climate change on the food security in tropical countries. (2023) 2. Identify and discuss the factors responsible for diversity of natural vegetation in India. Assess the significance of wildlife sanctuaries in rain forest regions of India. (2023) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
MethaneSAT, a satellite engineered to track and quantify methane emissions on a global scale, was successfully launched aboard a SpaceX Falcon9 rocket from California. Orbiting the Earth 15 times daily, MethaneSAT will primarily focus on monitoring emissions from the oil and gas sector. It aims to gather extensive data to discern the sources of methane, ascertain responsibility for emissions, and assess whether these emissions are escalating or diminishing over time. The data collected by MethaneSAT will be publicly accessible in near real-time, facilitating prompt action by stakeholders and regulators to mitigate methane emissions.
Body:
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
Key Features of MethaneSAT:
MethaneSAT is outfitted with a sophisticated high-resolution infrared sensor and a spectrometer, enabling it to fulfill crucial data requirements. It possesses the capability to detect minute variations in methane concentrations, reaching as low as three parts per billion in the atmosphere, thereby enabling the identification of smaller emission sources compared to preceding satellites. Additionally, MethaneSAT boasts a wide-camera view, spanning approximately 200 km by 200 km, facilitating the identification of larger emitters, colloquially referred to as "super emitters."
Need to Track and Quantify Methane Emissions:
Methane, despite being invisible, ranks as a potent greenhouse gas and stands as the second-largest contributor to global warming after carbon dioxide, responsible for 30% of global heating since the onset of the Industrial Revolution. With methane being 80 times more potent at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide over a 20-year period, its emissions pose significant environmental challenges. Furthermore, methane contributes to the formation of ground-level ozone, a hazardous gas linked to approximately one million premature deaths annually. Notably, the burning of fossil fuels constitutes a primary source, accounting for roughly 40% of human-induced methane emissions.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach.
In 2021, over 150 nations committed to the Global Methane Pledge, pledging to reduce their collective methane emissions by at least 30% from 2020 levels by 2030. Moreover, more than fifty businesses pledged to substantially curtail routine flaring and methane emissions. MethaneSAT is poised to play a pivotal role in supporting these commitments by providing crucial data to aid in tracking progress and implementing measures to mitigate methane emissions effectively
Other Points to Consider
Why is it significant?
Ozone
Environmental Defense Fund (EDF)
Previous Year Question What is the main task of India’s third moon mission which could not be achieved in its earlier mission? List the countries that have achieved this task. Introduce the subsystems in the spacecraft launched and explain the role of the Virtual Launch Control Centre’ at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre which contributed to the successful launch from Sriharikota. (2023) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
The Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) under the auspices of the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) has been designated as the lead agency for overseeing the program and conceptualizing the aircraft. Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), a state-owned enterprise, will undertake the manufacturing process. This initiative will position India among the select few nations possessing their own fifth-generation fighter aircraft.
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Features of AMCA:
The forthcoming 25-tonne twin-engine aircraft, larger than existing fighters in the Indian Air Force's arsenal, will incorporate advanced stealth capabilities to evade detection by enemy radar systems. Noteworthy features include a concealed internal fuel tank with a capacity of 6.5 tonnes and an internal weapons bay capable of housing an array of weapons, including indigenous armaments, discreetly within its fuselage. The initial variant, AMCA Mk1, will be powered by the US-built GE414 engine with a thrust rating of 90 kilonewtons (kN), while the more advanced AMCA Mk2 will utilize a domestically developed 110kN engine, a collaborative effort between DRDO's Gas Turbine Research Establishment (GTRE) and a foreign defense major. Additionally, the aircraft will incorporate diverterless supersonic inlets for efficient control of airflow into the engines.
Significance:
Originally conceived as a joint development venture with Russia under the Fifth Generation Fighter Aircraft (FGFA) program, India withdrew from the collaboration in 2018, paving the way for the AMCA to emerge as India's indigenous fifth-generation fighter aircraft. While the indigenous Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas represents a 4.5-generation single-engine multirole aircraft, the AMCA will mark a significant leap forward. With its low electromagnetic signature, the AMCA will pose challenges for enemy radar detection, thanks to its stealth features including internal weapons storage and a sizable internal fuel tank. The use of specialized materials on the aircraft's surface will divert radar signatures, enhancing its stealth capabilities and ensuring longer operational durations with reduced maintenance requirements.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The Cabinet Committee on Security (CCS) has approved a project worth Rs 15,000 crore for the development of the Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA), a noteworthy endeavor aimed at establishing India's prowess in the domain of fifth-generation multirole fighter jets. Dr. Krishna Rajendra Neeli, project director of AMCA at ADA, has expressed confidence that the aircraft will rival or surpass other fifth-generation stealth fighter aircraft currently in service worldwide
Other Points to Consider
Cabinet Committee on Security
Aeronautical Development Agency
Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA)
Previous Year Questions How is S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (2021) Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) |
The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued regulations to enforce the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019. In December 2019, Parliament ratified an amendment to The Citizenship Act, 1955, incorporating a clause enabling the granting of citizenship to migrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh who belong to the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian communities and entered India before December 31, 2014.
Discuss Major Provisions of the Law:
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
The Central government has enacted regulations for The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), marking a significant step towards implementing the contentious law more than four years after its passage by Parliament in December 2019. The CAA is designed to extend citizenship benefits to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who arrived in India prior to December 31, 2014, and seek Indian citizenship. Notably, the CAA aims to grant citizenship to this specific migrant group, even in cases where they lack valid travel documents as prescribed in The Citizenship Act, 1955.
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Key Provisions:
The CAA introduces an expedited pathway for non-Muslim immigrants from Muslim-majority Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan to obtain Indian citizenship. It grants refugee status to non-Muslim communities from these countries, while Muslims are categorized as "illegal migrants" in India. The primary objective of the CAA is to safeguard individuals who have faced religious persecution in neighboring nations, rather than addressing issues concerning India's own religious minorities. Furthermore, the law reduces the duration of citizenship by naturalization from 11 years to five. Under the regulations accompanying the CAA, migrants from these countries are required to demonstrate their country of origin, religious affiliation, date of entry into India, and proficiency in an Indian language to qualify for Indian citizenship. The CAA Rules specify that various documents such as birth or educational certificates, identity documents, licenses, land records, or any other document issued by these countries proving the applicant's citizenship will serve as evidence of their nationality.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
In addition to arguments about equality, the status of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act of 1955, currently under scrutiny in the Supreme Court, holds significant relevance in the CAA debate. In December 2023, a Constitution Bench comprising five judges led by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud reserved its decision on the validity of Section 6A. This section was incorporated into the Citizenship Act subsequent to the signing of the Assam Accord between the Central government and leaders of the Assam movement in August 1985
Other Points to Consider
National Register of Citizens (NRC)
Article 14
CAA and Assam
Previous Year Questions “The Constitution of India is a living instrument with capabilities of enormous dynamism. It is a constitution made for a progressive society.” Illustrate with special reference to the expanding horizons of the right to life and personal liberty. (2023) Explain the significance of the 101st Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent does it reflect the accommodative spirit of federalism? (2023) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
India has entered into a trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, a significant intergovernmental grouping. This agreement is anticipated to attract $100 billion in investments over a span of 15 years, with the EFTA exploring potential joint ventures to aid India in diversifying its imports, particularly aiming to reduce dependency on China.
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Significance:
The timing of this agreement holds immense importance for India, especially considering that over 64 countries, including India itself, are poised for elections this year. This could potentially lead to a slowdown in the negotiation and execution of free trade agreements (FTAs) between India and its trade partners. Additionally, India is increasingly perceived as an attractive destination for global investors, while nations such as those within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Mexico are also emerging as favorable investment hubs.
Rationale behind India's pursuit of investment commitment in the EFTA deal:
India maintains a trade deficit with most of its major trade partners, except for the United States. Although India's average tariffs have risen to 18%, the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement has facilitated access to intermediate goods. Consequently, the elimination of tariffs under FTAs could provide India's partners with increased access to its market, particularly when compared to the lower average tariffs prevailing in affluent nations, which stand at approximately 5%. The India-EFTA agreement is expected to further widen this trade gap.
Benefits for Indian sectors:
The investment pool from the EFTA region includes Norway's $1.6 trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world's largest such fund, which achieved record profits of $213 billion in 2023, largely due to robust returns from investments in technology firms. This influx of investment is anticipated to benefit sectors such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food processing, and engineering in India. Notably, India's significant imports of chemical and pharmaceutical products from China highlight the potential for redirection of these imports through enhanced trade with EFTA nations.
Challenges in accessing the EFTA market:
Switzerland, India's foremost trade partner within the EFTA, has decided to abolish import duties on all industrial goods for all countries, effective from January 1, 2024. This move raises concerns for India, particularly regarding the impact on its exports to Switzerland, given that industrial goods constitute 98% of India's $1.3 billion merchandise exports to Switzerland in FY2023
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
In conclusion, India's trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) signifies a significant milestone in its quest to bolster economic ties and attract foreign investment. This agreement holds particular importance amidst a global landscape marked by political transitions and economic uncertainties due to upcoming elections in numerous countries. While India's pursuit of investment commitments in the EFTA deal aims to address its trade deficit and diversify imports away from China, it also underscores the nation's growing appeal as an investment destination. However, challenges such as Switzerland's decision to eliminate import duties on industrial goods pose hurdles to accessing the EFTA market, necessitating strategic navigation and adaptation by Indian exporters. Overall, the India-EFTA agreement heralds opportunities for mutual growth and collaboration between India and the EFTA nations, with potential benefits spanning various sectors and fostering deeper economic integration
Other Points to Consider
India-EFTA deal
EFTA Countries
Previous Year Questions How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (2022) Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is transforming itself into a trade bloc from a military alliance, in present times Discuss. (2020) |
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Revolt Against the British
Impact on Women's Rights Movement
Conclusion:
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
Rani Chennamma's revolt against the British in Kittur not only symbolized resistance to colonial rule but also sparked a nationwide struggle for women's rights and empowerment. Her legacy stands as a testament to the strength and determination of women leaders in shaping India's history and inspiring future generations to strive for equality and justice.
Rani Laxmi Bai
Begum Hazrat Mahal
Sarojini Naidu
Previous Year Questions 1. The women’s questions arose in modern India as a part of the 19th century social reform movement. What were the major issues and debates concerning women in that period? (2017) 2. Discuss the role of women in the freedom struggle especially during the Gandhian phase. (2016) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction
Digital lending represents a dynamic landscape where unconventional financial service providers continuously leverage technological advancements to gain an edge over traditional counterparts. These lenders adeptly integrate digital solutions with simplicity, speed, and comprehensive customer service to streamline loan processes, delivering an end-to-end experience.
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Digital lending is propelling the transformation of financial services in India through various means:
Personalized Communication:
Tech-driven digital lenders harness vast data repositories to analyze consumer behavior and implement hyper-personalization strategies. By segmenting their customer base into distinct subsets based on demographics, location, spending patterns, interaction history, and satisfaction levels, businesses identify target groups more effectively, tailoring their services accordingly.
Enhanced Customer Engagement:
Fostering customer loyalty is pivotal for long-term growth. Consequently, lenders prioritize individualized interactions, viewing customers as unique entities rather than mere statistics. By engaging extensively with their target audience, lenders gather insights to refine their offerings and communication, fostering relationships built on trust and mutual benefit.
Proactive Automation in Credit Decisions:
Traditionally, lending processes were labor-intensive and paper-based. However, digital lenders revolutionize this landscape by integrating fundamental technologies such as Optical Character Recognition (OCR), Robotic Process Automation (RPA), Machine Learning (ML), and Automated Document Recognition (ADR). This proactive automation streamlines lending operations and enhances efficiency.
Emphasis on Cybersecurity and Fraud Detection:
Machine Learning techniques empower financial institutions to detect intricate fraud patterns that elude traditional methods. By maintaining real-time fraud detection systems, these lenders continuously evolve their security measures, ensuring robust protection against fraudulent activities.
Effective Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) Delivery Models:
SaaS delivery models offer agile automation across key lending domains, facilitating rapid deployment, even for complex services like mortgages. This scalable approach not only accommodates diverse borrowing needs but also reduces system costs significantly, enabling resource allocation towards high-value consumer engagements
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
In conclusion, the evolution of digital lending is reshaping the financial services landscape in India. By leveraging technology-driven solutions, digital lenders are enhancing customer experiences through personalized communication, proactive automation, and robust cybersecurity measures. This transformation underscores the shift towards a more efficient, customer-centric approach, where the focus is on delivering seamless, end-to-end services tailored to individual needs. As digital lending continues to evolve, it promises to drive further innovation, efficiency, and inclusivity in the financial sector, ultimately contributing to the growth and development of the Indian economy
Other Points to Consider
SaaS (Software-as-a-service)
Cybersecurity and Fraud Detection
Previous Year Questions What is the status of digitalization in the Indian economy? Examine the problems faced in this regard and suggest improvements. (2023) Is inclusive growth possible under market economy? State the significance of financial inclusion in achieving economic growth in India. (2022) |
Introduction:
The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction.
The MIRV (Multiple Independently Targetable Re-entry Vehicle) technology enables a single missile to target multiple locations that may be dispersed by hundreds of kilometers.
The latest variant of the Agni-5 missile incorporates MIRV technology, joining the league of countries possessing such capabilities, which includes the United States, Russia, China, France, and the United Kingdom.
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MIRV technology possesses unique lethality due to several factors:
Unlike traditional missiles, which carry a single warhead, MIRVs have the capacity to carry multiple warheads simultaneously.
These warheads can be released from the missile at varying speeds and trajectories, thereby enhancing their effectiveness in hitting multiple targets.
Developing MIRV technology entails significant challenges, including the requirement for large missiles, compact warheads, precise guidance systems, and sophisticated mechanisms for releasing warheads during flight.
Conclusion:
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach
The capability of MIRV technology, allowing a single missile to carry multiple warheads, remains limited to a select few nations—namely, the United States, Russia, China, the United Kingdom, and France.
India's recent successful test of an advanced Agni-5 ballistic missile equipped with MIRV capabilities signifies a significant upgrade in its missile arsenal. This development substantially enhances India's strike capabilities, including its nuclear deterrence potential
Other Points to Ponder
DRDO
Other Missiles of DRDO
Agni-5
Previous Year Questions 1.How is S-400 air defence system technically superior to any other system presently available in the world? (2021) 2.Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (2016) |
Introduction:
A Simple Introduction regarding "One Nation, One Election"
Simultaneous elections, commonly known as "One Nation, One Election," entail conducting elections for the Lok Sabha, all state Legislative Assemblies, and urban and rural local bodies (municipalities and panchayats) concurrently. The High-Level Committee (HLC) report indicates that currently, the country witnesses five to six elections annually, with the inclusion of municipal and panchayat elections significantly escalating the frequency of electoral processes.
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Key recommendations of the committee:
(i) Constitutional Amendment
The committee suggests amending the Constitution to facilitate simultaneous elections through two phases:
(a) Initially, simultaneous elections will be conducted for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, requiring no ratification by the states for the constitutional amendment.
(b) Subsequently, elections for municipalities and panchayats will align with those for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, ensuring that local body elections occur within 100 days of the national and state elections. This step necessitates ratification by at least half of the states.
(ii) Unified Electoral Roll and Election ID
The committee proposes amending the Constitution to authorize the Election Commission of India to prepare a single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for all three tiers of government elections, in consultation with state election commissions. These amendments mandate ratification by at least half of the states.
(iii) Contingency Measures for Hung House, etc.
In situations involving a hung House, no-confidence motions, or similar circumstances, the committee recommends conducting fresh elections to constitute the new Lok Sabha or state Assembly for the remaining term.
(iv) Logistics Planning
To meet logistical requirements, the committee suggests that the Election Commission of India, in collaboration with State Election Commissions, pre-plan and estimate logistical needs such as manpower, polling personnel, security forces, EVMs/VVPATs deployment, to ensure the conduct of free and fair simultaneous elections across all three tiers of government.
Conclusion:
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
Currently, elections are independently scheduled, adhering to timelines dictated by the terms of each elected body. Although efforts by the central government, state governments, political parties, and the Election Commission of India have been undertaken, the concept of simultaneous elections was first implemented in seven states—Bihar, Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal—in 1957
Other Points to Ponder
Reasons in favour of holding simultaneous elections
Election Commission
Previous Year Questions Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022) In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018) |
Describe the Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat agitation. Discuss the actions that individuals have made in various locations.
Introduction:
A Simple Introduction regarding the Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat agitation
The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in 1920 as a response to British injustices and aimed to achieve self-rule (Swaraj) through nonviolent means. It gained momentum with the support of Mahatma Gandhi, who urged Indians to boycott British institutions and goods.
The Khilafat agitation emerged from the desire of Indian Muslims to support the Turkish Sultan, or Khalifa, who faced punitive actions by the British. Indian Muslims also sought to safeguard Muslim holy sites in the former Ottoman Empire. Leaders like Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali spearheaded the Khilafat movement, which later merged with the Non-Cooperation Movement.
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The Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat agitation were characterized by mass mobilization, nonviolent resistance, and widespread participation across different regions of the country.
Actions Taken by Individuals
Regional Initiatives
Conclusion:
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
The Non-Cooperation Movement and Khilafat agitation galvanized Indian society against British colonial rule, fostering unity across religious and regional lines. These movements demonstrated the power of nonviolent resistance and collective action in the quest for independence.
Other Related Topics
Chauri Chaura Movement
Mahatma Gandhi
Previous Year Questions 1. Bring out the constructive programmes of Mahatma Gandhi during Non-Cooperation Movement and Civil Disobedience Movement. (2021) 2. Throw light on the significance of thoughts of Mahatma Gandhi in the present times. (2018) |
Other Points to Consider
Trade between India and Brazil
Important places in news in Brazil
Previous Year Questions India is an age-old friend of Sri Lanka.’ Discuss India’s role in the recent crisis in Sri Lanka in the light of the preceding statement. (2022) What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (2020) |
Why southern India’s water supplies are rapidly running out? Discuss with examples.
Introduction:
Southern India is facing a rapid depletion of water supplies due to various factors leading to water scarcity in both rural and urban areas. This situation has serious implications for irrigation, drinking water availability, and agricultural practices.
Body:
Reservoir Water Levels: The Central Water Commission (CWC) monitors water levels in key reservoirs across southern states like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Kerala, and Tamil Nadu. Recent reports indicate that water stocks in these reservoirs are significantly lower compared to previous years. For instance, reservoirs in Karnataka are currently holding water at only 26% of their full capacity, which is considerably lower than expected levels for this time of the year.
Monsoon Variability: Southern India heavily relies on the monsoon season for replenishing water sources. However, recent years have seen irregular monsoon patterns and inter-seasonal rainfall variability, leading to inadequate recharge of groundwater and reservoirs. Despite the country as a whole receiving normal rainfall, the south peninsular region experienced below-normal rainfall during critical periods of the monsoon, impacting water availability.
Drinking Water Crisis in Urban Areas: Cities like Bengaluru in Karnataka are facing acute drinking water shortages due to depleted water reserves. This crisis extends beyond Bengaluru and affects other urban areas in southern states as well. Urbanization, population growth, and inefficient water management contribute to the strain on water resources in urban centres.
Impact on Irrigated Farming: Southern states, particularly Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu, heavily rely on irrigated farming practices, including high-water-intensive crops like paddy. Water scarcity directly affects agricultural productivity and livelihoods. Diminishing water supplies also leads to conflicts over water allocation among different sectors like agriculture, industry, and domestic usage.
Aquifer Characteristics: Southern India's rocky aquifer system poses challenges as these aquifers do not hold substantial water and deplete quickly. Additionally, the recharge rates may not keep up with extraction rates, exacerbating water scarcity issues.
Conclusion:
The water crisis in southern India is a complex issue influenced by climatic factors, unsustainable water management practices, population pressures, and the region's unique hydrological characteristics. Addressing these challenges requires sustainable water conservation measures, efficient irrigation practices, promoting rainwater harvesting, and enhancing water governance to ensure water security for both present and future generations. Government policies, public awareness, and community participation are crucial in mitigating the impacts of water scarcity in southern India.
Other Related Topics
Previous Year Questions 1. Drought has been recognized as a disaster in view of its spatial expanse, temporal duration, slow onset and lasting effects on vulnerable sections. With a focus on the September 2010 guidelines from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), discuss the mechanisms for preparedness to deal with likely El Niño and La Niña fallouts in India. (2014) 2. Dam failures are always catastrophic, especially on the downstream side, resulting in a colossal loss of life and property. Analyze the various causes of dam failures. Give two examples of large dam failures. (2023) |
Crop residue burning refers to the practice of intentionally setting fire to the leftover plant material (crop residues) after harvesting crops such as rice, wheat, sugarcane, and other agricultural produce. Crop residue burning has significant negative effects on the environment, soil health, and air quality. It leads to the loss of nutrients, impacts soil properties, and contributes to the emission of greenhouse gases and other harmful pollutants. However, the use of baler machines can be a sustainable solution for managing stubble effectively.
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Effects of Crop Residue Burning
Baler Machines in Stubble Management
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Baler machines play a crucial role in sustainable agriculture by facilitating effective stubble management and reducing the harmful effects of crop residue burning. Encouraging the adoption of baler technology among farmers, along with promoting alternative uses of stubble, can contribute significantly to environmental conservation and agricultural sustainability. Government initiatives such as subsidies and awareness programs can further promote the widespread adoption of baler machines and sustainable crop residue management practices.
Previous Year Questions 1. Each year a large amount of plant material, cellulose, is deposited on the surface of Planet Earth. What are the natural processes this cellulose undergoes before yielding carbon dioxide, water and other end products? (2022)
2. What are the key features of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) initiated by the government of India? (2020)
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The Constitution of India outlines specific provisions regarding the terms of State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, along with guidelines on how house terms and poll schedules are determined.
State Assemblies
Lok Sabha (House of the People)
When determining the election schedule for State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, the Election Commission of India (ECI) considers several crucial factors
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
The Election Commission of India follows a meticulous process considering various practical, logistical, and constitutional aspects while fixing election schedules for State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, ensuring the smooth conduct of democratic processes within the constitutional framework.
Other Related Topics
Election schedule in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim
Previous Year Questions
1. Discuss the role of Presiding Officers of state legislatures in maintaining order and impartiality in conducting legislative work and in facilitating best democratic practices. (2023)
2. Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022)
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A Simple Introduction regarding The Vijayanagara Empire
The Vijayanagara Empire stands as a pivotal chapter in Indian history, particularly in the realm of architecture and cultural development. Founded by Harihara I of the Sangama Dynasty in 1336, the empire's reign lasted until 1646, witnessing remarkable advancements in various aspects.
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Cultural and Architectural Contributions
Legacy and Recognition
Conclusion:
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The Vijayanagara Empire's architectural and cultural contributions endure as a testament to India's rich heritage and artistic ingenuity. Its impact on temple architecture, literary traditions, and the preservation of cultural identity resonates through the centuries, making it a significant epoch in Indian history and architectural evolution.
Other Related Topics
Previous Year Questions
1. Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (2022)
2. Pala period is the most significant phase in the history of Buddhism in India. Enumerate. (2020)
3. Krishnadeva Raya, the King of Vijayanagar, was not only an accomplished scholar himself but was also a great patron of learning and literature. Discuss. (2016)
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India’s coastline zone has abundant coastal and marine ecosystems. Discuss the efforts taken by the government for the conservation of resources of the Indian coastline.
Introduction:
A simple introduction about India's coastline
India's coastline boasts abundant coastal and marine ecosystems, including mangroves, coral reefs, seagrasses, salt marshes, mud flats, estuaries, lagoons, and diverse flora and fauna. Despite their ecological importance and contribution to the national economy, these resources have faced threats due to various human activities. Efforts by the government aim to conserve and sustainably manage these vital coastal and marine resources.
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Efforts undertaken by the government include
Integrated Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project: Supported by the World Bank, the ICZM Project is part of the national coastal zone management program. It seeks to strike a balance between development activities and the protection of sensitive coastal ecosystems.
Legislation and Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) Notification: The CRZ notification (1991 and subsequent editions) restricts development activities and waste disposal in fragile coastal habitats, aiming to preserve coastal ecosystems.
Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)
Vision of New India by 2030
Community Involvement and Livelihood Support
Conclusion:
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
India's efforts in conserving its coastal and marine resources are crucial for ecological sustainability, biodiversity preservation, and the livelihoods of coastal communities. By implementing various initiatives and regulations, the government seeks to ensure the long-term health and resilience of its coastal and marine ecosystems.
Other Related Topics
Previous Year Questions 1. Comment on the resource potentials of the long coastline of India and highlight the status of natural hazard preparedness in these areas. (2023)
2. What are the consequences of spreading of ‘Dead Zones’ on marine ecosystems? (2018)
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Discuss the initiatives taken by India in adopting solar energy.
Introduction:
A Simple introduction about Solar Energy
Solar energy is a renewable and sustainable source of energy derived from the sun's radiation. It is harnessed using various technologies such as photovoltaic (PV) cells, solar panels, concentrated solar power (CSP) systems, and solar thermal collectors. Solar energy has gained significant attention and adoption globally due to its environmental benefits, including reduced greenhouse gas emissions and decreased reliance on fossil fuels. India has been actively pursuing initiatives to harness its vast solar energy potential, recognizing its importance in addressing energy needs, promoting sustainability, and reducing carbon emissions.
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Some of the key initiatives taken by India in adopting solar energy include:
Development of Solar Parks and Ultra Mega Solar Power Projects
Grid-Connected Solar Rooftop Programme:
Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthaan Mahabhiyan (KUSUM) scheme:
One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG):
Conclusion:
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
India's proactive measures in adopting solar energy are evident through these initiatives. These efforts not only contribute to clean energy generation but also align with global sustainability goals. With ambitious targets and innovative schemes, India is making significant strides towards a greener and more energy-efficient future.
Other Related Topics
Previous Year Questions 1. Explain the purpose of the Green Grid Initiative launched at World Leaders Summit of the COP26 UN Climate Change Conference in Glasgow in November, 2021. When was this idea first floated in the International Solar Alliance (ISA)? (2021) 2. India has immense potential of solar energy though there are regional variations in its developments. Elaborate. (2019) |
What do you mean by dryland agriculture? List the issues related with dryland agriculture.
Introduction:
A Simple Introduction about dryland agriculture
Dryland agriculture refers to farming practices conducted in regions characterized by limited soil moisture and high rates of evapotranspiration, resulting in a continuous water deficit throughout the year. In India, approximately 65 per cent of the arable land, totalling around 140 million hectares, falls under rainfed or dryland agriculture. Despite its prevalence, dryland farming faces several challenges that impact productivity and sustainability.
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Issues associated with dryland agriculture include:
Soil and Moisture Management
Environmental Changes: Waterlogging and Salinity
A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there
Addressing the challenges of dryland agriculture requires holistic approaches that encompass soil and moisture management, environmental sustainability, and diversification of crops. Watershed-based strategies show promise for conserving water and soil resources. Additionally, the adoption of technologies tailored for dryland farming can mitigate climate change impacts and enhance resilience, ultimately contributing to food security and economic well-being in dryland regions.
Other Related Topics
Contribution of Drylands to Indian Agriculture
Importance of dry land farming
Previous Year Questions
1. What is Integrated Farming System? How is it helpful to small and marginal farmers in India? (2022)
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Introduction:
The term "blue economy" refers simply to economic activities linked to the sea and coasts, commonly assumed to incorporate sustainability principles. As defined by the European Commission, it encompasses all economic endeavors related to oceans, seas, and coasts, spanning various established and emerging sectors. The World Bank interprets the blue economy as the sustainable utilization of ocean resources to foster economic growth, enhance livelihoods, and generate employment while preserving the health of the ocean ecosystem.
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The significance of the blue economy is particularly pronounced for a country like India, characterized by an extensive coastline, diverse marine life, and numerous tourism prospects. Finance Minister Sitharaman emphasized the launch of a comprehensive scheme encompassing restoration, adaptation measures, coastal aquaculture, and mariculture, employing an integrated and multi-sectoral approach. This approach ensures economic activities do not compromise the health of the oceans.
Examining India's blue economy policy, a draft policy framework was initially unveiled in July 2022. The policy document outlined key recommendations covering the National Accounting Framework for Blue Economy, Ocean Governance, Coastal Marine Spatial Planning, Tourism Priority, Marine Fisheries, Aquaculture, Fish Processing, Manufacturing, emerging industries, trade, technology, services, skill development, logistics, infrastructure, shipping, coastal and deep-sea mining, offshore energy, security, strategic dimensions, and international engagement.
Conclusion:
In a recent announcement, the Finance Minister highlighted the establishment of five integrated aquaparks and the expansion of the Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY). The expansion aims to increase aquaculture productivity, double exports to Rs 1 lakh crore, and generate 55 lakh employment opportunities in the near future. These initiatives underscore India's commitment to leveraging its blue economy potential for sustainable economic growth and environmental preservation
Other Related Topics
Coastal aquaculture
Mariculture
Previous Year Questions
Explain the causes and effects of coastal erosion in India. What are the available coastal management techniques for combating the hazard? (2022) Explain various types of revolutions, took place in Agriculture after Independence in India. How these revolutions have helped in poverty alleviation and food security in India? (2017) |
Introduction:
Di-ammonium phosphate, commonly known as DAP, stands as the second most widely utilized fertilizer in India following urea. Recognized for its high phosphorus content, crucial for fostering root establishment and development, DAP plays a vital role in enabling plants to achieve their normal size and timely maturity. Nano DAP, produced by the Indian Farmers Fertiliser Cooperative (IFFCO), differs from conventional DAP in its liquid form, containing 8% Nitrogen and 16% Phosphorus by volume.
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Why is the government inclined to promote its usage?
Nano DAP's distinct advantage lies in its tiny particle size, enhancing its efficiency compared to the conventional granular form. This characteristic enables the fertilizer to permeate the seed surface easily or enter through stomata and other plant openings. The improved assimilation within the plant system results in higher seed vigor, increased chlorophyll, enhanced photosynthetic efficiency, improved crop quality, and a subsequent boost in crop yields.
Given the significant subsidies provided by the government on DAP, the adoption of the more cost-effective Nano DAP is expected to alleviate the government's subsidy burden. Its pocket-friendly nature and enhanced convenience contribute to its appeal.
Benefits:
Conclusion:
Crucially, India currently relies heavily on fertilizer imports to meet domestic demand. The utilization of domestically produced Nano DAP from Kalol, Gujarat, is anticipated to substantially reduce this import burden. This revolutionary step not only propels Indian agriculture forward in foodgrain production but also establishes self-reliance in fertilizer production. The adoption of Nano DAP signifies a significant stride towards achieving self-sufficiency in fertilizers, providing substantial benefits to Indian farmers
Other Related Topics
IFFCO
Nano DAP
Previous Year Questions How do subsidies affect the cropping pattern, crop diversity and economy of farmers? What is the significance of crop insurance, minimum support price and food processing for small and marginal farmers? (2017) |
Introduction:
Traditionally, the measurement of poverty has relied on income levels or, in the absence of income data, expenditure levels. These indicators, known as "poverty lines," represent expenditure levels considered low enough to categorize an individual as impoverished. In India, multidimensional poverty witnessed a decline from 29.17% in 2013-14 to 11.28% in 2022-23, leading to approximately 24.82 crore individuals escaping poverty during this period. Notably, Uttar Pradesh emerged as the state with the highest number of people escaping poverty at 5.94 crore, followed by Bihar at 3.77 crore and Madhya Pradesh at 2.30 crore.
Body:
A divergence exists between the Indian Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) and the Global MPI. Globally, the MPI employs 10 indicators across three primary domains: (i) health, (ii) education, and (iii) standard of living. Each of these dimensions holds equal weight, contributing one-third to the final index. Health indicators encompass child and adolescent mortality, education metrics include years of schooling and attendance, and the standard of living dimension incorporates household-specific indicators like housing, household assets, cooking fuel type, sanitation, drinking water, and electricity.
The Indian MPI, while aligning with global dimensions, incorporates two additional indicators to reflect national priorities. These additional indicators cover maternal health under the health dimension and bank accounts under the standard of living dimension, according to the NITI Aayog.
Conclusion:
The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) value for a given population is the proportion of weighted deprivations faced by individuals experiencing multidimensional poverty divided by the total population. This nuanced approach to measuring poverty, considering multiple dimensions beyond income, provides a comprehensive understanding of the challenges individuals face in different aspects of their lives
Other Related Points
What is the basis for this assessment?
How is MPI calculated?
Previous Year Questions COVID-19 pandemic accelerated class inequalities and poverty in India. Comment. (2020) Despite implementation of various programmes for eradication of poverty by the government in India, poverty is still existing’. Explain by giving reasons. (2018) An essential condition to eradicate poverty is to liberate the poor from the process of deprivation.” Substantiate this statement with suitable examples. (2016) |
Introduction:
The objective of creditisation is to establish academic parity between vocational and general education, fostering seamless transition between these two educational systems, as outlined in the National Education Policy (NEP) of 2020. In line with this, the University Grants Commission (UGC), responsible for overseeing higher education, introduced the National Credit Framework (NCrF) in 2022 to operationalize this vision. NCrF serves as a unified credit framework aimed at integrating training and skill development into both school and higher education, with student credits digitally stored in the Academic Bank of Credits and accessible through linked Digilocker accounts.
Body:
The proposed changes recommended by the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) subcommittee underscore the absence of a formalized credit system in the current standard school curriculum. According to the CBSE plan, an academic year would consist of 1,200 notional learning hours, equating to earning 40 credits. These hours encompass both academic learning within the school setting and non-academic or experiential learning outside the school premises.
To implement this, adjustments have been made to the scheme of studies, outlining teaching hours and credits earned for each subject. The committee advocates the inclusion of multidisciplinary and vocational courses alongside existing disciplines. Consequently, to pass final exams in Classes 9 and 10, students must complete ten subjects, comprising three languages and seven core disciplines.
Furthermore, the proposal suggests that at least two of the three mandatory languages should be Indian, providing flexibility in language choices such as Hindi, Sanskrit, and English. For Classes 11 and 12, the Board recommends students study six subjects, encompassing two languages and four subjects with an optional fifth. At least one of the two languages must be Indian.
Conclusion:
The Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), the largest national school board in the country, is poised to implement substantial modifications to the academic framework for Classes 9, 10, 11, and 12. This initiative aligns with the creditisation approach advocated by the 2020 National Education Policy (NEP), reflecting a commitment to establishing equivalence between vocational and general education
Other Related Points to Consider
National Education Policy
Credit system
National Credit Framework
Previous Year Questions Examine the uniqueness of tribal knowledge systems when compared with mainstream knowledge and cultural systems. (2021) Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (2021) |
Introduction:
Over the years, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been an advocate for the concept of holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assembly polls. The initial practice of simultaneous elections, prevalent from the first elections in 1952 until 1967, gradually shifted due to the possibility of premature dissolution of the Lok Sabha and Assemblies. In response to this, the government has established a committee led by former President of India Ram Nath Kovind to investigate the feasibility of implementing the "one nation, one election" idea.
Body:
In examining the potential advantages, one key aspect is the reduction in the cost associated with conducting elections. Simultaneous polls could facilitate the smooth operation of government machinery, ensuring continuity in both central and state government policies and programs. Additionally, holding elections less frequently could eliminate the need for the government to continually entice the public with lucrative schemes or develop programs based on caste and religion.
However, there are notable drawbacks to the concept. Logistically, conducting simultaneous polls would necessitate approximately double the number of electronic voting machines and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail machines. Furthermore, while it may benefit nationally dominant parties, regional players could face disadvantages, potentially hindering their ability to effectively address local issues. Additionally, the announcement of results would be delayed if elections were held in a single time frame.
Previous efforts to implement simultaneous elections, also known as "One Nation, One Election," date back to the Election Commission of India's formal proposal in its 1983 report. The commission emphasized that such an approach could reduce the frequency and associated costs of elections. The Law Commission of India also explored the issue, submitting multiple reports suggesting measures to synchronize the terms of state legislatures with those of the Lok Sabha. In 2017, Niti Aayog released a paper titled 'Election Time Table,' discussing the feasibility of simultaneous elections and presenting a practical roadmap for its implementation
Other Related Points to Consider
Has the idea of simultaneous polls been explored before?
What are the arguments around holding simultaneous elections?
Previous year Questions Discuss the role of the Election Commission of India in the light of the evolution of the Model Code of Conduct. (2022) In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machine (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018) |
Introduction:
Access to healthcare is a fundamental right for every individual, and the government has implemented numerous health initiatives and programs aimed at providing essential health services to all residents. Over time, the Indian health system has successfully overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges that were previously considered hopeless.
Body:
In the realm of National Health Accounts Estimates for India: 2019-20, the government's healthcare expenditure has witnessed a consistent upward trajectory. The percentage of GDP allocated to healthcare spending has risen from 1.13% in FY 2015 to 1.35% in FY 2020. Moreover, the government's share in the overall healthcare expenditure has seen a significant increase, surging by 12.4 percentage points from 29% in FY 2015 to 41.4% in FY 2020.
Notably, out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on healthcare has shown a decline, with 47.1% of the total spending in FY 2020 originating from personal funds—a notable drop of 15.5 percentage points from the 62.6% recorded in FY 2015.
Analyzing the distribution of government spending in the healthcare sector, a substantial proportion, 55.9%, was allocated to primary care in FY 2020, while secondary and tertiary care received 29.6% and 6.4%, respectively. This is a noteworthy shift from the FY 2015 distribution, where 51.3% was allocated to primary care, 21.9% to secondary care, and 14% to tertiary care.
Additionally, there has been a consistent increase in the government's social security expenditure, rising from 5.7% of the total health spending in FY 2015 to 9.3% in FY 2020.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the National Health Portal aims to serve as a centralized platform, offering citizens, students, healthcare professionals, and researchers access to authorized health information. The National Health Account (NHA) estimates for India 2019-20 mark the seventh consecutive report prepared by the National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC), designated as the National Health Accounts Technical Secretariat (NHATS) in 2014 by the Union Health Ministry. These estimates adhere to the internationally accepted System of Health Accounts, 2011, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO)
Other Important Points to Consider
Challenges in the Healthcare Sector
Previous Year Questions Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (2018) In order to enhance the prospects of social development, sound and adequate health care policies are needed particularly in the fields of geriatric and maternal health care. Discuss. (2020) |
The 2+2 dialogue represents a meeting format involving the foreign and defence ministers of India and its allied nations, specifically focused on strategic and security matters.
This ministerial format, termed as '2+2', facilitates a deeper comprehension of each other's strategic priorities and sensitivities while considering political aspects on both sides. It aims to foster a more robust and cohesive strategic rapport amidst the swiftly evolving global landscape.
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It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
India engages in 2+2 dialogues with four crucial strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.
The India-U.S 2+2 Ministerial dialogue holds particular significance:
Conclusion
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction
The collaboration between the United States and India has culminated in the signing of three foundational pacts for heightened military cooperation: Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016, Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2018, and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) in 2020.
Amidst an increasingly assertive China posing threats to multiple neighboring nations and established international norms, reinforcing military cooperation mechanisms holds paramount significance. These dialogues aid partners in understanding each other's strategic concerns and sensitivities, paving the way for a more robust and integrated strategic relationship amid rapid global changes.
Other Points To Consider
India-Australia 2+2
India-Japan 2+2
Previous Year Questions 1.How will I2U2 (India, Israel, UAE and USA) grouping transform India’s position in global politics? (2022) 2.The new tri-nation partnership AUKUS is aimed at countering China’s ambitions in the Indo-Pacific region. Is it going to supersede the existing partnerships in the region? Discuss the strength and impact of AUKUS in the present scenario. (2021) |
The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) represents one of the world's most extensive trials in governance focused on achieving tangible outcomes.
ADP, Niti Aayog's flagship initiative, seeks enhancements in health, nutrition, education, and economic outcomes. The program centers on the transformation of 115 districts identified across 28 states in a transparent and timely manner.
Body
It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content
This program is structured around three pivotal elements:
(i) Aligning Central and State Schemes, (ii) Collaboration among Central, State-level 'Prabhari' Officers, and District Collectors, (iii) Fostering healthy competition among districts.
Primarily driven by states, this initiative accentuates the district-specific strengths, sets achievable goals for immediate progress, while continuously monitoring advancements and ranking the designated districts.
A crucial part of the government's drive for 'Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,' the Aspirational Districts Programme aims to elevate living standards and foster comprehensive development for all citizens.
This initiative concentrates on empowering individuals to actively engage in a growing economy, maximizing their potential. It equally prioritizes health, nutrition, education, agriculture, water resources, financial inclusion, skill development, and fundamental infrastructure.
Cocnlusion
The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction
According to a statement from the PMO, the Prime Minister highlighted the country's developmental milestones since June 2022. He cited achievements such as India's Presidency of G20, its position as the fifth-largest global economy, rapid growth in start-up registrations, private sector entry into the space industry, the launch of the National Logistics Policy, and the endorsement of the National Green Hydrogen Mission.
To incentivize government officials, the program implements non-financial rewards for achieving results. It actively promotes collaborations with philanthropic organizations and civil society to amplify impact while optimizing budgetary resources
Other Points to Consider
Aspirational Blocks Programme
Previous Year Questions 1.e-governance, as a critical tool of governance, has ushered in effectiveness, transparency and accountability in governments. What inadequacies hamper the enhancement of these features? (2023) 2.“In the Indian governance system, the role of non-state actors has been only marginal.” Critically examine this statement. (2016) |
A recent study, published in April of this year in the Agronomy Journal, highlights the transformation of India's primary pearl millet (bajra) production areas. Between 1998 and 2017, these zones have shifted to encompass 18 districts located across eastern Rajasthan and Haryana. The research was a collaboration between the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT) and the Indian Council of Agricultural Research – All India Coordinated Research Project on Pearl Millet (ICAR-AICRP).
This alteration in cultivation zones has been attributed to an increase in rainfall induced by human-driven climate change. In India, pearl millet cultivation areas are traditionally classified based on precipitation patterns and soil types:
(i) Zone A1 – Arid Zone of Rajasthan (less than 400 mm rainfall) (ii) Zone A – Semi-arid regions in north and central India (more than 400 mm rainfall) – Rajasthan, Haryana, Gujarat, and Uttar Pradesh (iii) Zone B – Southern and central western India
The study further divides Zone 'A' into three subzones: 'G', 'AE1', and 'AE2'. Zone 'G' witnessed an average increase in rainfall in Gujarat, while Zone 'AE1' experienced a rise in eastern Rajasthan and Haryana. Additionally, Zone 'AE2' covers 12 districts in Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh.
Conclusion
In India, millets are predominantly cultivated during the kharif season. As per Agriculture Ministry data for 2018-19, three millet crops—bajra (3.67%), jowar (2.13%), and ragi (0.48%)—comprised approximately 7 percent of the total cultivated area in the country.
Millets are renowned for being nutritional powerhouses. Buckwheat (kuttu) and amaranth (chaulai), categorized as pseudo millets due to their substantial nutritional value, are now recognized as "Nutri Cereals" for production, consumption, and trade.
On March 3, 2021, the United Nations General Assembly (UNGA) ratified a resolution designating 2023 as the International Year of Millets. Proposed by India, this initiative garnered support from 72 countries.
Other Points to Consider
Millets under PDS
Benefits of Millets
Main millets-producing states
Previous Year Questions Assess the role of National Horticulture Mission (NHM) in boosting the production, productivity and income of horticulture farms. How far has it succeeded in increasing the income of farmers? (2018) How has the emphasis on certain crops brought about changes in cropping patterns in recent past? Elaborate the emphasis on millets production and consumption. (2018) |
A fjord represents an elongated, deep, and narrow body of water that extends deeply inland. Typically, fjords are situated within a U-shaped valley, surrounded by steep rock walls on both sides.
Glacial valleys, shaped like troughs and exhibiting a U-shaped structure, possess wide, relatively smooth floors and steep sides. These valleys might contain scattered debris or moraine-shaped debris with a marshy appearance.
Hanging valleys may exist at elevated positions on one or both sides of the primary glacial valley. The cliff faces of divides or ridges from these hanging valleys, extending into the main glacial valleys, often display a truncated appearance, resembling triangular facets. Fjords or fiords refer to extremely deep glacial troughs filled with seawater, forming coastlines (mostly in high latitudes).
Body
You may incorporate the following into your answer
What makes these regions among the most visually stunning areas globally?
Fjords are predominantly located in Norway, Chile, New Zealand, Canada, Greenland, and the U.S.
Bergen, surrounded by seven mountains and fjords.
Fjords formed due to glacier activity. Glaciers, moving at a slow pace, significantly transform landscapes as they progress through an area, a process known as glaciation.
Several factors contribute to their status as some of the most picturesque areas:
Rich wildlife
Cascading waterfalls
Diverse biodiversity
Stunning landscapes
Towering cliffs
Other Points to Consider
Cirques
Hanging Valley
Moraines
Glacial Till
Previous Year Questions How far do you agree that the behaviour of the Indian monsoon has been changing due to humanizing landscapes? Discuss. (2015) How will the melting of Himalayan glaciers have a far-reaching impact on the water resources of India? |
Puppets stand out as one of humanity's most impressive and inventive creations. It's been suggested that a puppet often surpasses its live counterpart due to the captivating and enduring suggestive elements it embodies.
The term "puppet" stems from the Latin word "Pupa," translating to "doll." While puppetry is believed to have originated in India, the country hasn't fully explored its potential. The earliest mention of puppetry is found in the Tamil classic "Silappadikaaram," dating back to the first or second century B.C.
India boasts various puppetry forms:
— String Puppets
— Shadow Puppets
— Rod Puppets
— Glove Puppets
Across India, puppetry is practiced in 18 distinct traditions, including the 'Chamadyache Bahulya' (leather puppets) of Maharashtra, 'Beni Putul' (glove puppets) of West Bengal, 'Tholu Bommalata' (shadow puppets) of Andhra Pradesh, 'Tholpavakoothu' (shadow puppetry) of Kerala, and the traditional 'Kathputli' of Rajasthan.
Kathputli, Rajasthan
Crafted from a single piece of wood, these puppetry figures resemble large, vividly attired dolls.
Undhei, Odisha
Constructed from lightweight wood, Odisha puppets lack legs but sport long flowing skirts. With more joints, they are more flexible, articulate, and easier to manipulate.
Gombeyatta, Karnataka
Karnataka's string puppets, known as Gombeyatta, mirror the characters from Yakshagana, the region's traditional theater form.
Bommalattam, Tamil Nadu
These wooden puppets in Tamil Nadu have manipulation strings tied to an iron ring worn as a crown by the puppeteer.
Chitrakathi Puppetry – Maharashtra
Shadow Puppeteers – Kerala
Other Points to Consider
Other forms of Art
Different Puppetry Form
Previous Year Questions Early Buddhist Stupa-art, while depicting folk motifs and narratives successfully expounds Buddhist ideals. Elucidate. (2016) Discuss the main contributions of Gupta period and Chola period to Indian heritage and culture. (2022) |
The Speaker of the Lok Sabha or state assemblies embodies the authority and respect of the House they preside over. As per Article 93 (for Lok Sabha) and Article 178 (for state assemblies), these legislative bodies are required to promptly select two of their members to serve as Speaker and Deputy Speaker.
The Speaker holds the position from the moment of election until just before the initial gathering of the Lok Sabha following the dissolution of the preceding one. They can be re-elected. Despite ceasing to be a member of the House after its dissolution, the Speaker retains the position.
The President/Governor schedules the Speaker's election in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures, while it is the Speaker who determines the date for the Deputy Speaker's election.
The Office of the Speaker in India is a living and dynamic institution which deals with the actual needs and problems of Parliament in the performance of its functions.
The Constitution neither sets a time limit nor specifies the process for these elections. It leaves it to the legislatures to decide how to hold these elections. In Lok Sabha and state legislatures, the President/Governor sets a date for the election of the Speaker, and it is the Speaker who decides the date for the election of the Deputy Speaker.
Other Points to Consider
Deputy Speaker
Speaker of State Legislature
Previous Year Questions 1. Discuss the role of the Vice-President of India as the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022) 2.‘Once a Speaker, Always a Speaker’! Do you think this practice should be adopted to impart objectivity to the office of the Speaker of Lok Sabha? What could be its implications for the robust functioning of parliamentary business in India? (2020) |
On October 24, 1945, against the backdrop of turbulent international relations, the United Nations (UN) was established. Its primary mission was to uphold global peace and protect future generations from the horrors of warfare.
The United Nations emerged following the dissolution of another international organization established with the aim of averting conflicts. The League of Nations was created in June 1919 as a component of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. However, with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the League was compelled to disband, leaving its Geneva headquarters vacant for the duration of the conflict.
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In December 1941, the United States entered World War II, marking the first instance where the term 'United Nations' was coined by President Roosevelt to designate the nations allied against the Axis powers, namely Germany, Italy, and Japan. On January 1, 1942, delegates from 26 allied countries convened in Washington DC to endorse the United Nations declaration, outlining the war objectives of the Allied powers.
India, which was under British colonial rule at the time, was among these nations. As stated in a release from the Ministry of External Affairs, "Independent India considered its membership in the United Nations as a crucial assurance for the preservation of global peace and security."
The United Nations was officially established on October 24, 1945, after receiving ratification from 51 nations. This included five permanent members (France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK, and the US), along with 46 other signatory countries. The inaugural meeting of the General Assembly convened on January 10, 1946
Achievements and Failures of UN
— Over the past 75 years, the United Nations has achieved numerous significant milestones and has expanded its scope to encompass a wide array of global issues, including healthcare, the environment, and the advancement of women's rights, among others.
— In 1946, it adopted a resolution committing to the elimination of nuclear weapons. In 1948, the World Health Organization (WHO) was established to address communicable diseases such as smallpox, malaria, and HIV. Presently, the WHO plays a pivotal role in managing the COVID-19 pandemic.
— In 1950, the UN established the High Commissioner for Refugees to provide assistance to the millions displaced by World War II.
— In 2002, the UN instituted the UN Criminal Court to prosecute individuals involved in war crimes, genocide, and other grave offenses.
— Nevertheless, the United Nations has faced criticism. For instance, it failed to prevent the Rwandan genocide in 1994. In 2005, UN peacekeeping missions in the Republic of Congo were accused of sexual misconduct, and similar allegations arose in Cambodia and Haiti. The UN peacekeeping operation in South Sudan was unable to quell the violence stemming from the civil conflict that erupted in 2013.
Conclusion
Ideal Conclusion has to be short and balanced
— A declaration was endorsed during a significant gathering of the UN General Assembly in 2020, marking the celebration of the 75th anniversary of the United Nations and its ambitions for the upcoming decade.
— "The forthcoming ten years, known as the 'decade of action and delivery for sustainable development,' are poised to be the most pivotal in our generation's history."
Other Points to Consider
General Assembly
Security Council
Economic and Social Council
Trusteeship Council
International Court of Justice
Previous Year Questions 1.Do you think that BIMSTEC is a parallel organisation like the SAARC? What are the similarities and dissimilarities between the two? How are Indian foreign policy objectives realized by forming this new organisation? (2022) 2.Critically examine the role of WHO in providing global health security during the Covid-19 pandemic. (2020) 3.What are the main functions of the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC)? Explain different functional commissions attached to it. (2017) |
As per research conducted by "The Global Burden of Disease Study" and published in the Lancet Public Health journal, it was revealed that 63 percent of all suicides recorded in India occurred within the age bracket of 15-39.
The World Health Organization (WHO) reports that in India, approximately 57 million people, constituting nearly 18 percent of the global estimate, grapple with depression. Therefore, it is unsurprising that suicide ranks as one of the leading causes of mortality in the United States.
Body
You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:
The report indicated that a high risk of elevated suicide rates in India is linked to factors such as a concerning level of ignorance and stigmatization, family pressures, career and financial concerns, and the growing impact of social media.
The study identified significant variations in suicide death rates across different Indian states. Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, West Bengal, and Tripura all exhibited high suicide death rates for both men and women.
India's suicide rate in 2019, at 12.9 per 100,000, surpassed the regional average of 10.2 and the global average of 9.0. Notably, suicide has now become the leading cause of death for individuals aged 15–29 in India.
The utilization of specific forms of social media by young people is also exacerbating stress and mental health issues. Social media often hinders in-person connections and reduces participation in meaningful activities, and more critically, it diminishes self-esteem through unfavorable social comparisons.
Mental illness has extensive socioeconomic repercussions and is the primary cause of disability on a global scale. Furthermore, it is intrinsically linked to poverty, creating a detrimental cycle of disadvantage. Individuals living in poverty are more susceptible to mental health issues, and the stigma and discrimination associated with mental illness further erode their social support systems.
The suicide death rate among women in India was found to be 15 per 100,000 women, which is twice the global suicide rate for women (7 per 100,000 women).
One significant factor contributing to the high suicide rates among women in India is attributed to marriage. The study highlighted that a substantial proportion of suicide deaths among women in India involves married women.
Previous Year Questions 1.How does patriarchy impact the position of a middle class working woman in India? (UPSC CSE Mains 2014) 2.Discuss the positive and negative effects of globalization on women in India. (UPSC CSE Mains 2015) 3.Women’s movement in India has not addressed the issues of women of lower social strata.’ Substantiate your view. (UPSC CSE Mains 2018) |
First and foremost, the Arctic Council facilitates scientific cooperation and information-sharing among member states. This collaboration results in a better understanding of the region's environmental challenges, including climate change, biodiversity conservation, and pollution control. It allows for informed policy decisions and the implementation of effective environmental protection measures.
The Council also emphasizes the importance of sustainable development in the Arctic. Through various working groups and initiatives, it encourages responsible economic activities that consider the environmental and social impacts. Sustainable resource management, including fisheries and energy extraction, is a key area of focus, as it ensures that economic growth in the Arctic does not come at the cost of its fragile ecosystems.
Furthermore, the Arctic Council acknowledges the rights and concerns of indigenous communities living in the region. Their traditional knowledge and active participation in the Council's activities contribute to culturally sensitive and environmentally sustainable policies and practices.
Conclusion
A simple and balanced conclusion would be ideal
Arctic Council serves as a significant platform for promoting environmental protection and sustainable development in the Arctic. By fostering international cooperation, scientific research, and indigenous involvement, it plays a critical role in addressing the unique challenges facing this sensitive and rapidly changing region.