Body

• Article 74 stipulates that there exists a Council of Ministers with the Prime Minister at its helm to assist and advise the President, who must act in accordance with this advice in the exercise of their functions.
• The Central Council of Ministers, led by the Prime Minister, plays a crucial role in formulating government policies and is the practical executive authority in India's parliamentary system.
• As per the Indian Constitution, the President of India, as the head of the Executive, is obligated to act upon the aid and advice of the Council of Ministers.
• Article 75 specifies that the President appoints the Prime Minister, who in turn recommends other ministers for appointment. The size of this council is mandated not to exceed 15% of the total membership of the Lok Sabha, the House of the People.
• Article 88 empowers ministers to participate in the proceedings of the Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, joint sessions, and parliamentary committees to which they belong, although it does not guarantee them the right to vote.

Role of the Prime Minister in the Council of Ministers:

The Prime Minister serves as the chief executive of the Central Council of Ministers.

While being the foremost leader of the Council of Ministers, the Prime Minister is considered equal to other ministers.

Article 75 states that the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible to the Lok Sabha.

The Prime Minister holds decision-making authority over significant policy issues and ministries not specifically assigned to other ministers.

Additionally, the Prime Minister heads the Cabinet Secretariat, overseeing day-to-day government administration and inter-ministerial coordination. The Prime Minister also leads the NITI Aayog and the Appointments Committee of the Cabinet.

Cabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (Independent Charge):

Cabinet ministers are senior members of the council, ranking directly below the Prime Minister. They oversee crucial ministries such as Home Affairs, Finance, and Defence, and are empowered to schedule and attend meetings and make pivotal policy decisions.

Ministers of State are junior members of the Council of Ministers. A Minister of State (Independent Charge) heads their ministry independently, without oversight from other cabinet ministers or the Union government.

Ministers of State:

Ministers of State assist cabinet ministers in their duties and are responsible for specific tasks delegated to them by their superiors. They do not have primary administrative authority over a ministry but support the cabinet minister in managing it

Other Points to Consider

Council of Ministers in recent Lok Sabha

Election Commission

Introduction

• The Maldives is a crucial partner for India in safeguarding its maritime boundaries and overseeing the broader Indian Ocean region, where China is asserting its influence. The archipelago is situated approximately 300 nautical miles (560 km) from India’s west coast and about 70 nautical miles (130 km) from Minicoy Island in Lakshadweep, intersected by numerous key commercial shipping routes.
• Mohamed Muizzu, President of the Maldives, was among the leaders from India’s neighboring countries who attended Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s swearing-in ceremony at Rashtrapati Bhavan.
• Muizzu’s attendance was noteworthy due to his political stance toward India and the strategic importance of the India-Maldives relationship.

Body

What is the India Out Campaign?

• The India Out campaign started in 2020 as a protest against then-President Ibrahim Solih’s perceived pro-India policies, quickly evolving into a broader movement opposing India’s alleged military presence in the Maldives. Both the Solih administration and India denied these allegations.
• Consequently, in May, the final group of Indian military personnel stationed in the Maldives to operate and maintain donated helicopters and Dornier aircraft were replaced by civilians.

Muizzu’s Pro-China Tilt

• The relationship between the Maldives and India deteriorated due to Muizzu’s alignment with China, India’s geopolitical rival in the Indian Ocean.
• In January, Muizzu broke with Maldivian tradition by selecting Beijing over New Delhi for his first international visit as president. During his trip, he met with President Xi Jinping and signed 20 agreements covering areas such as tourism, social housing, and e-commerce.
• Additionally, Male signed its first-ever military deal with Beijing to receive free “non-lethal” military equipment and training from China.
• Over the past few decades, Chinese influence in the Maldives has grown, with the island nation becoming part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative, resulting in significant Chinese investment and a strengthened bilateral relationship at India’s expense.

Conclusion

• The Maldives heavily depends on Indian imports across nearly all essential sectors, including food, life-saving medicines, and aircraft used for search and rescue missions.
• India has consistently come to the Maldives' aid during various crises, from being the first responder after the 2004 tsunami to airlifting drinking water during a desalination plant failure in 2014. During the COVID-19 pandemic, India supplied medicines, masks, gloves, PPE kits, vaccines, and other necessary items

Introduction

Challenges and Opportunities in India’s Neighborhood

Afghanistan

• Diplomatic relations with Kabul have been minimal since the Taliban took over in August 2021. India maintains a low-level engagement through a technical team for humanitarian aid, with no high-level interactions planned.

Myanmar

• Engaging with Myanmar's junta, which is dealing with internal armed resistance, presents a challenge. Indian strategic circles suggest that India should also consider engaging with opposition groups due to the potential instability of the current government.

Maldives

• The election of President Mohamed Muizzu, who campaigned on an "India Out" platform, is significant. In response, India replaced its military personnel with trained technical staff as requested by the Muizzu government, indicating readiness for further engagement.

Bangladesh

• A restrained approach from Indian government members during the third phase of the BJP government is beneficial, as both countries aim to combat extremism, radicalization, and terrorism.

Bhutan

• India is prepared to assist Bhutan with its five-year plan, a financial stimulus package, and the Gelephu city project.

Nepal

• China has a notable influence in Nepal, with former Prime Minister K P Sharma Oli's government appearing to use Beijing's support against India. India needs to work hard to regain the trust of the Nepalese people, which was damaged by the 2015 economic blockade.

Sri Lanka

• India's support during Sri Lanka’s financial crisis earned goodwill, but this was undermined by disputes over Katchatheevu island.

Seychelles and Mauritius

• India aims to enhance port infrastructure in these countries as part of its maritime diplomacy and security efforts. Progress has been made on Agalega Islands in Mauritius, but developing Assumption Island in Seychelles remains challenging.

Pakistan

• India's relationship with Pakistan fluctuated in 2014 and 2015, deteriorating after terrorist attacks in Pathankot and Uri in 2016. The 2019 Pulwama attack and subsequent Balakot strikes heightened nationalist sentiment in India. Changes to the constitutional status of Jammu and Kashmir in August 2019 led to a further downgrading of diplomatic relations. Recent terrorist attacks in J&K have hindered any potential for renewed engagement.

China

• High-level engagements, including Modi's meeting with President Xi Jinping at the SCO summit in Kazakhstan, could offer a chance for progress. However, India insists on complete disengagement and de-escalation, which will require significant time to move 50,000-60,000 troops and equipment from both sides of the border

Introduction

In the newly elected Lok Sabha, the Speaker is chosen by a simple majority vote. Until this selection is complete, a pro-tem Speaker is appointed to perform necessary duties temporarily. The term 'pro-tem' denotes a temporary assignment.

Article 94 of the Indian Constitution clarifies that following the dissolution of the House of the People, the sitting Speaker remains in office until just before the first session of the newly elected House. Although the Constitution does not explicitly mention the role of a pro-tem Speaker, the official ‘Handbook on the Working of Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs’ provides guidelines for the ‘Appointment and Swearing in of Speaker pro tem’.

Appointment Process of the Pro-tem Speaker

The handbook indicates that when the Speaker’s position is vacant before the establishment of a new Lok Sabha, the President appoints a Member of the House to temporarily carry out the Speaker’s duties as the pro-tem Speaker. Typically, three additional elected members are also appointed by the President to witness the oath-taking of the new MPs.

The handbook notes that usually, the most senior members, in terms of their tenure in the House, are chosen for this role, though there can be exceptions. After the new government is formed, the Legislative I Section of the Government of India prepares a list of the senior-most Lok Sabha members, which is then submitted to the Minister of Parliamentary Affairs or the Prime Minister. They then appoint an MP as the pro-tem Speaker and three more members for administering oaths.

Roles and Responsibilities of the Pro-tem Speaker

The primary duty of the pro-tem Speaker is to administer the oaths to the newly elected MPs. According to Article 99 of the Constitution, each Member of the House must take an oath or affirmation before the President or an appointed representative before they can assume their seat, following the form set out in the Third Schedule of the Constitution.

The Minister of Parliamentary Affairs sends a note to the President requesting approval for the appointment of the pro-tem Speaker and the three additional members, including the date and time for the swearing-in ceremony.

At Rashtrapati Bhawan, the President administers the oath to the pro-tem Speaker, who then administers the oath to the three appointed members. With the help of these three members, the pro-tem Speaker administers the oath/affirmation to the newly elected members of the Lok Sabha

Other Points to Consider

Duties of Speaker of the Lok Sabha

Articles related to Speaker of the Lok Sabha and chairman of the Rajya Sabha

The eggshell skull rule is a common law principle in civil litigation. It holds that an offender is accountable for all harms exacerbated by the victim’s unique characteristics, even if the offender was unaware of them. For instance, a defendant is liable for the full extent of injury to a person with a delicate skull, even if a "normal person" would not have been as severely impacted. This rule allows for claiming enhanced compensation for damage greater than ordinarily anticipated due to the defendant's actions.

The Jyoti Devi Case

The Supreme Court's recent judgment in the Jyoti Devi case sheds light on the application of the eggshell skull rule in medical negligence claims.

Jyoti Devi underwent an appendectomy in a Himachal Pradesh hospital in 2005. However, she continued to experience abdominal pain after the surgery. Following a series of consultations over four years, doctors at PGIMS Chandigarh discovered a foreign object (a needle) left behind in her abdomen, necessitating further surgery.

Compensation Dispute

Jyoti Devi filed a consumer forum complaint seeking compensation for medical negligence. The district forum awarded Rs. 5 lakh, but the state forum reduced it to Rs. 1 lakh. On appeal, the NCDRC increased it to Rs. 2 lakh.

Supreme Court's Ruling

The Supreme Court reinstated the district forum's initial Rs. 5 lakh compensation, stating that the lower courts awarded "paltry" and "unjust" sums. However, the court clarified that the eggshell skull rule did not apply in this case.

Reasoning Behind Non-Application of Eggshell Rule

The Supreme Court ruled that the eggshell skull rule wouldn't apply in Jyoti Devi's case because the facts presented no evidence of a "pre-existing vulnerability or medical condition" that might have caused her to suffer "unusual damage."

This case emphasizes the importance of considering all aspects when awarding compensation for medical negligence. While the eggshell skull rule protects vulnerable patients, it's not a blanket principle. The specific circumstances of each case determine its applicability.

Other Points to Consider 

Origin of the eggshell skull rule

National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC)

Bilateral trade between India and Italy has experienced significant growth, reaching USD 13.229 billion in the fiscal year 2021-22, marking a remarkable increase of over 50% compared to the previous year. Italy stands as India's fourth-largest trading partner within the European Union, showcasing the depth of economic cooperation between the two nations.

Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA): The signing of the Migration and Mobility Partnership Agreement (MMPA) in November 2023 during the visit of India's External Affairs Minister to Italy underscores a new dimension in bilateral relations. This agreement aims to enhance people-to-people connectivity and mobility, facilitating the movement of various categories of individuals, including workers, students, researchers, and artists, in alignment with the respective labor market needs.

Enhancing Job Opportunities and Collaboration: The MMPA is poised to create job opportunities for Indian workers and professionals by streamlining their mobility in Italy. By addressing the identified needs of labor markets, the agreement fosters greater collaboration and synergy between the two countries, contributing to economic growth and development.

Stabilizing the Indo-Pacific Region: The partnership between India and Italy, including the MMPA, contributes to the stability and prosperity of the Indo-Pacific region. A safe and open Indo-Pacific region is essential for fostering future commerce, connectivity, and strategic cooperation, aligning with the shared objectives of both nations.

India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC): The inauguration of the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) during the G20 conference in Delhi signifies a concerted effort to establish a new trade route between Asia and Europe. This initiative aims to bolster economic integration and connectivity, further strengthening India's engagement with the Middle East and Europe while enhancing regional stability and prosperity.

The agreement between India and Italy strengthens ties in two key areas: education and professional mobility. Indian students in Italy can now gain valuable work experience for up to a year after completing their studies. This aligns with the growing trend of Indian students choosing Italy for education, with numbers rising from 3,008 in 2021 to 5,897 in 2022.

Other Points to Consider 

• India began diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992. Since then, commerce between the two countries has increased dramatically, from approximately $200 million in 1992 (mainly for diamonds) to $10.7 billion (excluding defense) in the fiscal year 2022-23. In contrast, Iran was India’s 59th largest trading partner, with bilateral trade.
• According to the think tank Global Trade Research Initiative (GTRI), petrol prices in India are unlikely to rise as a result of the ongoing Middle East tensions. However, tensions in the Red Sea, a vital commercial route between Europe and Asia, may have a broader impact. This route accounts for around 12% of total world trade.
• Since November 2023, Yemeni militants known as the Houthis have targeted certain ships sailing through this region. They claim their actions are in response to Israel’s military activity in the Gaza Strip, while Israel accuses Iran of supporting the Houthis. The latest conflict between Iran and Israel may exacerbate India’s commercial problems caused by shipping disruptions in the Red Sea. Despite these challenges, this battle is unlikely to impact Indian petrol prices significantly. The ongoing conflict has made the situation in West Asia extremely insecure, potentially delaying initiatives such as the Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) for an extended period.
• The current violence is unlikely to seriously impair crude oil and gas output because major producers such as the United States, Russia, and North Sea firms are not in the conflict zone, and Saudi Arabia has not directly intervened. However, shipping disruptions in the Red Sea have forced longer trade routes via the Cape of Good Hope to Europe and North America’s east coast, potentially resulting in higher oil and petrol costs. In India, the impact on consumers may be negligible because the government can balance price rises by lowering taxes.

While geopolitical tensions in the Middle East may create challenges for India's trade and energy security, the country's diversified trade relations, coupled with its ability to adapt to changing circumstances, position it to navigate through these challenges with resilience.

Other Points to Consider 

India and Nepal enjoy a robust friendship and cooperation founded on an open border and deep-seated familial and cultural ties. Nepal shares a border spanning over 1850 kilometres with five Indian states: Sikkim, West Bengal, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and Uttarakhand. Extensive defence cooperation is a hallmark of the relationship between India and Nepal. The Government of India's development assistance to Nepal is comprehensive, focusing on grassroots infrastructure development. Projects encompass infrastructure, healthcare, water resources, education, rural, and community development. Cooperation in water resources, particularly involving shared rivers, is a pivotal area of bilateral collaboration. Since 1971, India and Nepal have maintained a Power Exchange Agreement to fulfil their power requirements along the border, leveraging each other’s transmission facilities.

The territorial dispute revolves around a 372-square-kilometer area encompassing Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani at the India-Nepal-China trijunction in Uttarakhand’s Pithoragarh district. Nepal asserts historical and evident ownership of these lands.

Genesis of the Issue

• The Treaty of Sugauli, concluding the Anglo-Nepalese War of 1814-16, led to Nepal ceding territory to the East India Company. Article 5 of the treaty removed Nepal’s rulers’ sovereignty over the land east of the Kali River.
• British Surveyor General of India's maps from 1819, 1821, 1827, and 1856 depicted the Kali River as originating near Limpiadhura.
• A map issued in 1879 referred to the river in the local language as "Kuti Yangti."
• However, the last map printed by the British before their departure from India in 1947 depicted the Kali River’s source near Limpiadhura.
• Until 1962, villages in this area, including Gunji, Nabhi, Kuti, and Kalapani (also known as Tulsi Nyurang and Nabhidang), were included in Nepal government censuses, with villagers paying land revenue to the Kathmandu government. However, this changed during the conflict between India and China that year.

Resolving this dispute peacefully and through historical evidence is crucial for maintaining the strong relationship between India and Nepal. Their long-standing cooperation in various sectors,  including defense, development, water resources, and power exchange, makes a collaborative solution even more important.

Other Points to Consider 

Map work: Limpiadhura, Lipulekh, and Kalapani

Treaty of Sugauli

Anglo-Nepalese War

Simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies have been a topic of discussion in Indian politics for various reasons.

Advantages:

• Cost Reduction: Conducting elections at different times for state assemblies and the Lok Sabha incurs significant expenses. Simultaneous elections would help reduce the overall cost of holding elections, including expenses related to campaigning, security, and logistics.
• Efficient Governance: With simultaneous elections, the government machinery can focus on governance and policy implementation rather than being frequently engaged in election-related activities. This leads to better efficiency and continuity in governance.
• Policy Continuity: Since elections at both levels would be synchronized, there would be greater policy continuity. This ensures that development initiatives and welfare schemes continue without disruption, benefiting citizens across the nation.
• Reduced Polarization: Frequent elections can sometimes lead to polarized campaigns based on short-term considerations. Simultaneous elections might reduce the frequency of such polarizing campaigns and encourage a more holistic approach to governance.

Disadvantages:

• Logistical Challenges: Conducting simultaneous elections requires extensive logistical arrangements, including a large number of electronic voting machines (EVMs) and personnel. Managing such a massive electoral exercise simultaneously across the country can pose logistical challenges.
• Dominance of National Parties: Simultaneous elections might benefit nationally dominant parties at the expense of regional parties. Regional issues and concerns may get overshadowed by national agendas, potentially marginalizing regional voices.
• Delayed Results: Holding elections simultaneously means that the results for both Lok Sabha and state assemblies would be announced together. This could delay the formation of governments and decision-making processes, especially if there are hung assemblies.
• Impact on Regional Issues: Regional parties often focus on local or state-specific issues during elections. Simultaneous polls might restrict their ability to highlight these issues effectively, leading to a dilution of regional concerns in the national discourse.

Previous Efforts and Recommendations:

• Election Commission and Law Commission: Both the Election Commission and Law Commission of India have explored the idea of simultaneous elections in various reports. They have highlighted the potential benefits while also acknowledging the logistical and political challenges involved.
• Niti Aayog's Proposal: In 2017, Niti Aayog proposed a roadmap for implementing simultaneous elections, emphasizing the need for consensus-building among political parties and stakeholders. The proposal aimed to address the complexities involved in transitioning to such a system.

Has the idea of simultaneous polls been explored before?

What are the arguments around holding simultaneous elections?

• The government's investment in healthcare has witnessed a steady rise, demonstrated by an increase in healthcare spending as a percentage of GDP. From FY 2015 to FY 2020, government spending on healthcare rose from 1.13% to 1.35% of GDP, showcasing a commitment to strengthening the healthcare infrastructure and services.
• Reduction in Out-of-Pocket Expenditure (OOPE): There has been a notable decrease in out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) by individuals on healthcare services. The proportion of total healthcare spending sourced directly from individuals' pockets dropped significantly from 62.6% in FY 2015 to 47.1% in FY 2020. This reduction alleviates financial burdens on citizens and contributes to improved accessibility to healthcare services.
• Emphasis on Primary Healthcare Sector: A substantial portion of government healthcare expenditure has been allocated to the primary healthcare sector, indicating a strategic focus on foundational healthcare services. In FY 2020, 55.9% of government healthcare spending targeted primary care, emphasizing preventive measures, basic medical services, and community health initiatives.
• Increase in Social Security Expenditure: The government has demonstrated an increased commitment to social security in the healthcare domain. Social security expenditure as a percentage of total healthcare spending rose from 5.7% in FY 2015 to 9.3% in FY 2020. This signifies efforts to enhance healthcare accessibility, affordability, and inclusivity, particularly for vulnerable populations.

The National Health Accounts Estimates for India: 2019-20 signify a positive trajectory in healthcare financing, resource allocation, and sectoral priorities. These outcomes underscore the government's dedication to improving healthcare accessibility, reducing financial burdens on citizens, and strengthening the foundational pillars of primary healthcare. Through strategic investments and policy frameworks, India's healthcare system continues to evolve, ensuring better health outcomes and enhanced well-being for its citizens.

Challenges in the Healthcare Sector

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

Established under Section 3A of the Legal Services Authorities Act, 1987, the Supreme Court Legal Services Committee serves the purpose of offering "free and proficient legal services" to marginalized sections of society within the jurisdiction of the apex court.

Section 3A mandates the constitution of the committee by the Central Authority, which is the National Legal Services Authority (NALSA).

The committee is chaired by a sitting Supreme Court judge, as stipulated by the Act, and comprises members possessing the requisite qualifications and experience determined by the Central government.

Both the chairman and the other members are nominated by the Chief Justice of India (CJI), who also holds the authority to appoint the Committee's Secretary.

Body:

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

The imperative of providing legal aid finds mention in various provisions of the Indian Constitution. Article 39A emphasizes the State's obligation to ensure that the legal system operates in a manner that fosters justice and equal opportunity, including the provision of free legal assistance.

Articles 14 (equality before the law) and 22(1) (right to be informed of grounds for arrest) further reinforce the State's duty to uphold equality and ensure a legal framework that upholds justice on the basis of equal opportunity.

Despite the initial proposal for a legal assistance system in the 1950s, it wasn't until 1980 that a national committee, chaired by then-Supreme Court Justice PN Bhagwati, was formed. This Committee for Implementing Legal Aid Schemes was tasked with overseeing legal aid initiatives nationwide.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

The enactment of the Legal Services Authorities Act in 1987 provided a statutory foundation to legal aid initiatives, aiming to furnish free and proficient legal services to eligible groups, including women, children, SC/ST and EWS categories, industrial workers, persons with disabilities, among others.

The Supreme Court Legal Services Committee, headed by Chairperson BR Gavai and comprising nine members appointed by the CJI, possesses the authority to appoint officers and staff members as per the guidelines set by the Central government, in consultation with the CJI

Other Points to Consider

Legal Services Authorities Act

NALSA

Articles 14

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

India's relationship with Russia has been enduring and dependable, forming a crucial aspect of India's foreign policy.

The partnership between India and Russia has evolved significantly, marked by enhanced collaboration across various sectors including politics, security, defense, trade, economy, science and technology, culture, and people-to-people exchanges.

Body:

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

During a visit to Moscow by External Affairs Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar, it was emphasized that the Indo-Russian relationship has remained remarkably steady amidst fluctuations in ties with other major nations.

India and Russia have maintained a remarkably stable relationship since the mid-20th century, marked by minimal bilateral disagreements and frequent alignment of their geopolitical interests, contributing to a stable power balance in Asia.

The absence of annual summits does not signify a decline in the relationship; on the contrary, bilateral economic cooperation has witnessed growth over the past couple of years.

India and Russia are not merely reverting to their previous dynamics; the context of their bilateral ties has fundamentally transformed. In 1991, India's GDP was half that of Russia's, but today, India's economy surpasses Russia's significantly.

A significant development in bilateral cooperation occurred in December 2021 with the inaugural 2+2 Dialogue, involving the Foreign and Defense Ministers of both countries, held alongside summit-level talks.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

India and Russia collaborate closely on various multilateral platforms such as the UN, G20, BRICS, and SCO. India's Presidency of the G20 and SCO in 2023 facilitated interactions between officials and ministers of both countries during events in India.

Maintaining a pragmatic bilateral relationship will afford India and Russia greater adaptability in an increasingly polarized global landscape

Other Points to Consider

Trade & Economic relations

Defence & Security Cooperation

Science & Technology Cooperation

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

The Raisina Dialogue is an annual gathering focused on discussions about global geopolitics and geoeconomics, aimed at tackling the world's most pressing issues.

Held in New Delhi, the conference draws participants from diverse backgrounds including politics, business, media, and civil society.

It serves as a platform for a wide-ranging dialogue involving heads of state, cabinet ministers, local government officials, as well as leaders from the private sector, media, and academia.

Body:

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

The theme for the 2024 edition, as announced by the Ministry of External Affairs, is “Chaturanga: Conflict, Contest, Cooperate, Create.”

Participants engage in discussions revolving around six key thematic pillars:

(i) Advancing Tech Frontiers: Regulation & Reality;

(ii) Promoting Peace with the Planet: Investment & Innovation;

(iii) Navigating War & Peace: Armaments & Asymmetry;

(iv) Reshaping Multilateralism: Institutions & Inclusivity;

(v) Charting the Post-2030 Agenda: People & Progress; and

(vi) Safeguarding Democracy: Society & Sovereignty.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

The 9th edition of the Raisina Dialogue saw a diverse representation from over 100 countries, including Ministers, former Heads of State and Government, Military Leaders, Industry Captains, Technology Pioneers, Scholars, Journalists, and Youth, reflecting its broad appeal and significance as a global forum for dialogue and exchange of ideas

Other Points to Consider

Who was the chief guest for the conference?

Observer Research Foundation

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

The Rajya Sabha, a permanent House under the Indian Constitution, operates with a system ensuring continuity through staggered retirements of one-third of its members every two years. These vacancies are filled through biennial elections, maintaining the House's composition of 245 members. While 233 members represent states and union territories, the President nominates the remaining 12. Vacancies due to resignation, demise, or disqualification are filled through by-elections, with the elected members serving the remainder of their predecessors' terms. Article 80(3) mandates that nominated members possess specialized knowledge or practical experience in various fields and allows them to join a political party within six months of assuming office.

Body:

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

Voting Mechanism:

The election of Rajya Sabha MPs involves an indirect electoral process wherein Members of Legislative Assemblies (MLAs) elect them. As per Article 80(4), state Assembly members elect Rajya Sabha members through a proportional representation system using a single transferable vote method. The Fourth Schedule of the Constitution determines the allocation of Rajya Sabha seats to states and Union Territories based on their population.

Vote Counting Process:

The calculation of required votes for a candidate depends on the number of vacancies and the House's strength. For a single vacancy, the Election Commission's Conduct of Election Rules, 1961, dictates that a candidate needs the majority of votes polled, divided by two, plus one. For instance, if 100 votes are cast, the candidate requires 51 votes.

In cases of multiple vacancies, each first-preference vote carries a value of 100. The total value of votes cast for all candidates is divided by one more than the number of vacancies, and one is added to the quotient. For example, if 100 members vote for three vacancies, the required quota for any candidate would be (100 × 100)/(3 + 1) + 1 = 2501.

If no candidate secures the specified number of votes, second-preference votes are considered, albeit with reduced value, to determine the winner

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

The Rajya Sabha, functioning as a crucial pillar of India's parliamentary democracy, ensures representation from states and Union Territories through a nuanced electoral process. The indirect election of its members by MLAs, utilizing proportional representation and single transferable vote methods, upholds the constitutional mandate. The meticulous calculation of required votes, governed by the Election Commission's rules, guarantees a fair and transparent electoral process. Through this mechanism, the Rajya Sabha maintains its role as a vital forum for deliberation and decision-making, contributing significantly to India's legislative landscape and democratic ethos

Other Points to Ponder

Why do Rajya Sabha numbers matter?

How often are Rajya Sabha elections held?

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

India and Mauritius jointly unveiled an airstrip and a jetty constructed by India on Agaléga, a pair of islands situated in the western Indian Ocean, alongside various community development initiatives.

The Mauritian dependency of Agaléga comprises two islands: the larger North Island and the smaller South Island, positioned approximately 1,100 kilometers north of Mauritius’ capital, Port Louis, and 2,500 kilometers southwest of Malé, the capital of the Maldives.

Body:

 It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

Significance of Agaléga Airstrip:

The upgraded airstrip and jetty represent pivotal strategic endeavors aimed at expanding India's presence in the Indian Ocean region and bolstering its surveillance capabilities along the east coast of Africa. These initiatives are particularly pertinent in countering the escalating Chinese influence in the region, including within the Maldives.

While the pre-existing airstrip on North Agaléga Island accommodated operations of the Indian Navy’s Dornier aircraft, the enhanced airstrip enables operations of larger P8I maritime reconnaissance aircraft as well. Consequently, India's naval aircraft will be able to conduct extensive surveillance along the eastern and southern coasts of Africa, as well as across the western and southern Indian Ocean from Agaléga. This development significantly enhances India's maritime domain awareness and operational capacity in the region, crucial for conducting diverse maritime missions.

The heightened tensions in the Red Sea region have prompted numerous commercial vessels on east-west routes to divert their course to the Cape of Good Hope, thereby intensifying maritime traffic and transits in the area.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

India and Mauritius have fostered robust cooperation in maritime security and various other domains. Indian defense personnel are actively engaged with the Mauritian Defence Forces, facilitating close collaboration in defense affairs.

India's assistance to Mauritius encompasses the provision of six out of seven helicopters in service, in addition to five ships, three aircraft, and 10 Fast Interceptor boats, along with the establishment of a Coastal Surveillance Radar System.

Beyond Mauritius, India has been steadfast in augmenting diplomatic and military ties with other nations in the region, including the Seychelles and African nations such as Madagascar, underscoring its commitment to bolstering regional security and cooperation

Other Points to Consider

Location of Madagascar and Seychelles

Agaléga airstrip

Port Louis

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

The enactment of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, marked India's commitment to the principles outlined in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, which was adopted by the UN General Assembly in December 2006 and came into force in 2008. India ratified the convention in 2007. The 2016 Act, replacing The Persons with Disabilities (Equal Opportunity, Protection of Rights and Full Participation) Act, 1995, was implemented in April 2017. It mandated the central government to establish guidelines and standards for public buildings, subject to periodic review based on the latest scientific knowledge and technology.

Body:

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

Implications for Public Buildings:

Rule 15 of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Rules, 2017, derived from the PwD Act, addresses the accessibility of physical environments, transportation, and information and communication technology. All establishments are required to adhere to the Act's standards, particularly concerning public buildings, which must comply with the 2016 harmonized criteria. In 2023, an amendment to Rule 15 made it obligatory to comply with the 2021 harmonized guidelines, encompassing aspects ranging from project planning and tendering to specifications for accessibility features such as ramps, grab rails, lifts, and toilets. These guidelines advocate for the integration of universal accessibility into site planning and detailed architectural drawings, emphasizing implementation, evaluation, and maintenance stages. Existing buildings are mandated to become accessible within five years in accordance with the prescribed norms and requirements.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

The Central Public Works Department (CPWD), India's premier agency responsible for infrastructure construction and maintenance, has instructed its regional offices to ensure that all public buildings are accessible to individuals with disabilities. Specific provisions include lifts equipped with both audio announcements and visual displays, as well as the appropriate display of emergency evacuation routes for persons with disabilities, including signage in Braille

Other Points to Ponder

Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016

The Ministry of Home Affairs has issued regulations to enforce the Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019. In December 2019, Parliament ratified an amendment to The Citizenship Act, 1955, incorporating a clause enabling the granting of citizenship to migrants from Pakistan, Afghanistan, or Bangladesh who belong to the Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian communities and entered India before December 31, 2014.

Discuss Major Provisions of the Law:

Introduction:

The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

The Central government has enacted regulations for The Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), marking a significant step towards implementing the contentious law more than four years after its passage by Parliament in December 2019. The CAA is designed to extend citizenship benefits to Hindu, Sikh, Buddhist, Jain, Parsi, or Christian migrants from Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan who arrived in India prior to December 31, 2014, and seek Indian citizenship. Notably, the CAA aims to grant citizenship to this specific migrant group, even in cases where they lack valid travel documents as prescribed in The Citizenship Act, 1955.

Body:

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

Key Provisions:

The CAA introduces an expedited pathway for non-Muslim immigrants from Muslim-majority Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Pakistan to obtain Indian citizenship. It grants refugee status to non-Muslim communities from these countries, while Muslims are categorized as "illegal migrants" in India. The primary objective of the CAA is to safeguard individuals who have faced religious persecution in neighboring nations, rather than addressing issues concerning India's own religious minorities. Furthermore, the law reduces the duration of citizenship by naturalization from 11 years to five. Under the regulations accompanying the CAA, migrants from these countries are required to demonstrate their country of origin, religious affiliation, date of entry into India, and proficiency in an Indian language to qualify for Indian citizenship. The CAA Rules specify that various documents such as birth or educational certificates, identity documents, licenses, land records, or any other document issued by these countries proving the applicant's citizenship will serve as evidence of their nationality.

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

In addition to arguments about equality, the status of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act of 1955, currently under scrutiny in the Supreme Court, holds significant relevance in the CAA debate. In December 2023, a Constitution Bench comprising five judges led by Chief Justice of India D Y Chandrachud reserved its decision on the validity of Section 6A. This section was incorporated into the Citizenship Act subsequent to the signing of the Assam Accord between the Central government and leaders of the Assam movement in August 1985

Other Points to Consider

National Register of Citizens (NRC)

Article 14

CAA and Assam

Introduction:

 The introduction of the answer is essential and should be restricted to 3-5 lines. Remember, a one-liner is not a standard introduction

India has entered into a trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA), comprising Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, and Switzerland, a significant intergovernmental grouping. This agreement is anticipated to attract $100 billion in investments over a span of 15 years, with the EFTA exploring potential joint ventures to aid India in diversifying its imports, particularly aiming to reduce dependency on China.

Body:

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

Significance:

The timing of this agreement holds immense importance for India, especially considering that over 64 countries, including India itself, are poised for elections this year. This could potentially lead to a slowdown in the negotiation and execution of free trade agreements (FTAs) between India and its trade partners. Additionally, India is increasingly perceived as an attractive destination for global investors, while nations such as those within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) and Mexico are also emerging as favorable investment hubs.

Rationale behind India's pursuit of investment commitment in the EFTA deal:

India maintains a trade deficit with most of its major trade partners, except for the United States. Although India's average tariffs have risen to 18%, the ASEAN Free Trade Agreement has facilitated access to intermediate goods. Consequently, the elimination of tariffs under FTAs could provide India's partners with increased access to its market, particularly when compared to the lower average tariffs prevailing in affluent nations, which stand at approximately 5%. The India-EFTA agreement is expected to further widen this trade gap.

Benefits for Indian sectors:

The investment pool from the EFTA region includes Norway's $1.6 trillion sovereign wealth fund, the world's largest such fund, which achieved record profits of $213 billion in 2023, largely due to robust returns from investments in technology firms. This influx of investment is anticipated to benefit sectors such as pharmaceuticals, chemicals, food processing, and engineering in India. Notably, India's significant imports of chemical and pharmaceutical products from China highlight the potential for redirection of these imports through enhanced trade with EFTA nations.

Challenges in accessing the EFTA market:

Switzerland, India's foremost trade partner within the EFTA, has decided to abolish import duties on all industrial goods for all countries, effective from January 1, 2024. This move raises concerns for India, particularly regarding the impact on its exports to Switzerland, given that industrial goods constitute 98% of India's $1.3 billion merchandise exports to Switzerland in FY2023

Conclusion:

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach

In conclusion, India's trade agreement with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) signifies a significant milestone in its quest to bolster economic ties and attract foreign investment. This agreement holds particular importance amidst a global landscape marked by political transitions and economic uncertainties due to upcoming elections in numerous countries. While India's pursuit of investment commitments in the EFTA deal aims to address its trade deficit and diversify imports away from China, it also underscores the nation's growing appeal as an investment destination. However, challenges such as Switzerland's decision to eliminate import duties on industrial goods pose hurdles to accessing the EFTA market, necessitating strategic navigation and adaptation by Indian exporters. Overall, the India-EFTA agreement heralds opportunities for mutual growth and collaboration between India and the EFTA nations, with potential benefits spanning various sectors and fostering deeper economic integration

Other Points to Consider

India-EFTA deal

EFTA Countries

Introduction:

A Simple Introduction regarding "One Nation, One Election"

Simultaneous elections, commonly known as "One Nation, One Election," entail conducting elections for the Lok Sabha, all state Legislative Assemblies, and urban and rural local bodies (municipalities and panchayats) concurrently. The High-Level Committee (HLC) report indicates that currently, the country witnesses five to six elections annually, with the inclusion of municipal and panchayat elections significantly escalating the frequency of electoral processes.

Body

The following information in the body of your answer might be appropriate

Key recommendations of the committee:

(i) Constitutional Amendment

The committee suggests amending the Constitution to facilitate simultaneous elections through two phases:

(a) Initially, simultaneous elections will be conducted for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, requiring no ratification by the states for the constitutional amendment.

(b) Subsequently, elections for municipalities and panchayats will align with those for the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, ensuring that local body elections occur within 100 days of the national and state elections. This step necessitates ratification by at least half of the states.

(ii) Unified Electoral Roll and Election ID

The committee proposes amending the Constitution to authorize the Election Commission of India to prepare a single electoral roll and electoral photo identity cards for all three tiers of government elections, in consultation with state election commissions. These amendments mandate ratification by at least half of the states.

(iii) Contingency Measures for Hung House, etc.

In situations involving a hung House, no-confidence motions, or similar circumstances, the committee recommends conducting fresh elections to constitute the new Lok Sabha or state Assembly for the remaining term.

(iv) Logistics Planning

To meet logistical requirements, the committee suggests that the Election Commission of India, in collaboration with State Election Commissions, pre-plan and estimate logistical needs such as manpower, polling personnel, security forces, EVMs/VVPATs deployment, to ensure the conduct of free and fair simultaneous elections across all three tiers of government.

Conclusion:

A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there 

Currently, elections are independently scheduled, adhering to timelines dictated by the terms of each elected body. Although efforts by the central government, state governments, political parties, and the Election Commission of India have been undertaken, the concept of simultaneous elections was first implemented in seven states—Bihar, Bombay, Madras, Mysore, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal—in 1957

Other Points to Ponder

Reasons in favour of holding simultaneous elections

Election Commission

The following information in the body of your answer might be appropriate

The Constitution of India outlines specific provisions regarding the terms of State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, along with guidelines on how house terms and poll schedules are determined.

State Assemblies

• As per Article 172(1) of the Constitution, the term of every Legislative Assembly of a State is set for five years from the date appointed for its first meeting, unless dissolved sooner.
• During a Proclamation of Emergency, Parliament has the authority to extend the term of the State Assembly for a period not exceeding one year at a time, not extending beyond six months after the Emergency ceases.

Lok Sabha (House of the People)

When determining the election schedule for State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, the Election Commission of India (ECI) considers several crucial factors

• Logistical Considerations: The ECI assesses various logistical aspects such as weather conditions, ongoing festivals, major examinations, and the availability of venues like school buildings for polling stations. Additionally, the mobilization of security forces and logistical requirements for conducting free and fair elections are taken into account.
• Historical and Geographic Context: Factors like the historical context of elections in a particular region, geographical challenges, and transportation logistics play a role in scheduling elections efficiently.
• Term Expiry: The ECI prioritizes completing the election process before the expiration of the term of the respective house. The term expiry date is a crucial factor in determining the election schedule. The ECI ensures that results are declared a few days before the end of the term, allowing time for documentation and formalities before the new government takes office.

A Balanced answer in your conclusion should be there 

The Election Commission of India follows a meticulous process considering various practical, logistical, and constitutional aspects while fixing election schedules for State Assemblies and the Lok Sabha, ensuring the smooth conduct of democratic processes within the constitutional framework.

Other Related Topics

Election schedule in Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim

Introduction:

Over the years, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has been an advocate for the concept of holding simultaneous elections for the Lok Sabha and state assembly polls. The initial practice of simultaneous elections, prevalent from the first elections in 1952 until 1967, gradually shifted due to the possibility of premature dissolution of the Lok Sabha and Assemblies. In response to this, the government has established a committee led by former President of India Ram Nath Kovind to investigate the feasibility of implementing the "one nation, one election" idea.

Body:

In examining the potential advantages, one key aspect is the reduction in the cost associated with conducting elections. Simultaneous polls could facilitate the smooth operation of government machinery, ensuring continuity in both central and state government policies and programs. Additionally, holding elections less frequently could eliminate the need for the government to continually entice the public with lucrative schemes or develop programs based on caste and religion.

However, there are notable drawbacks to the concept. Logistically, conducting simultaneous polls would necessitate approximately double the number of electronic voting machines and Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail machines. Furthermore, while it may benefit nationally dominant parties, regional players could face disadvantages, potentially hindering their ability to effectively address local issues. Additionally, the announcement of results would be delayed if elections were held in a single time frame.

Previous efforts to implement simultaneous elections, also known as "One Nation, One Election," date back to the Election Commission of India's formal proposal in its 1983 report. The commission emphasized that such an approach could reduce the frequency and associated costs of elections. The Law Commission of India also explored the issue, submitting multiple reports suggesting measures to synchronize the terms of state legislatures with those of the Lok Sabha. In 2017, Niti Aayog released a paper titled 'Election Time Table,' discussing the feasibility of simultaneous elections and presenting a practical roadmap for its implementation

Other Related Points to Consider

Has the idea of simultaneous polls been explored before?

What are the arguments around holding simultaneous elections?

Introduction:

Access to healthcare is a fundamental right for every individual, and the government has implemented numerous health initiatives and programs aimed at providing essential health services to all residents. Over time, the Indian health system has successfully overcome seemingly insurmountable challenges that were previously considered hopeless.

Body:

In the realm of National Health Accounts Estimates for India: 2019-20, the government's healthcare expenditure has witnessed a consistent upward trajectory. The percentage of GDP allocated to healthcare spending has risen from 1.13% in FY 2015 to 1.35% in FY 2020. Moreover, the government's share in the overall healthcare expenditure has seen a significant increase, surging by 12.4 percentage points from 29% in FY 2015 to 41.4% in FY 2020.

Notably, out-of-pocket expenditure (OOPE) on healthcare has shown a decline, with 47.1% of the total spending in FY 2020 originating from personal funds—a notable drop of 15.5 percentage points from the 62.6% recorded in FY 2015.

Analyzing the distribution of government spending in the healthcare sector, a substantial proportion, 55.9%, was allocated to primary care in FY 2020, while secondary and tertiary care received 29.6% and 6.4%, respectively. This is a noteworthy shift from the FY 2015 distribution, where 51.3% was allocated to primary care, 21.9% to secondary care, and 14% to tertiary care.

Additionally, there has been a consistent increase in the government's social security expenditure, rising from 5.7% of the total health spending in FY 2015 to 9.3% in FY 2020.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the National Health Portal aims to serve as a centralized platform, offering citizens, students, healthcare professionals, and researchers access to authorized health information. The National Health Account (NHA) estimates for India 2019-20 mark the seventh consecutive report prepared by the National Health Systems Resource Centre (NHSRC), designated as the National Health Accounts Technical Secretariat (NHATS) in 2014 by the Union Health Ministry. These estimates adhere to the internationally accepted System of Health Accounts, 2011, developed by the World Health Organization (WHO)

Other Important Points to Consider

Challenges in the Healthcare Sector

The 2+2 dialogue represents a meeting format involving the foreign and defence ministers of India and its allied nations, specifically focused on strategic and security matters.

This ministerial format, termed as '2+2', facilitates a deeper comprehension of each other's strategic priorities and sensitivities while considering political aspects on both sides. It aims to foster a more robust and cohesive strategic rapport amidst the swiftly evolving global landscape.

Body

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

India engages in 2+2 dialogues with four crucial strategic partners: the US, Australia, Japan, and Russia.

The India-U.S 2+2 Ministerial dialogue holds particular significance:

• The US stands as India's oldest and most significant partner in these 2+2 talks.
• The inaugural 2+2 dialogue between India and the US occurred during the Trump Administration in 2018. Subsequent dialogues took place in Washington DC (2019) and New Delhi (2020).
• The fourth session transpired in Washington DC in 2022. For the fifth session, Indian Defence Minister Rajnath Singh and External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar met their US counterparts, Defence Secretary Lloyd Austin and Secretary of State Antony Blinken, in New Delhi.
• This dialogue launch embodies the mutual commitment of India and the US to fortify their strategic partnership and synchronize diplomatic and security efforts towards a positive future.

Conclusion

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction

The collaboration between the United States and India has culminated in the signing of three foundational pacts for heightened military cooperation: Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) in 2016, Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) in 2018, and Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA) in 2020.

Amidst an increasingly assertive China posing threats to multiple neighboring nations and established international norms, reinforcing military cooperation mechanisms holds paramount significance. These dialogues aid partners in understanding each other's strategic concerns and sensitivities, paving the way for a more robust and integrated strategic relationship amid rapid global changes.

Other Points To Consider

India-Australia 2+2

India-Japan 2+2

The Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP) represents one of the world's most extensive trials in governance focused on achieving tangible outcomes.

ADP, Niti Aayog's flagship initiative, seeks enhancements in health, nutrition, education, and economic outcomes. The program centers on the transformation of 115 districts identified across 28 states in a transparent and timely manner.

Body

It is the central part of the answer and one should understand the demand of the question to provide rich content

This program is structured around three pivotal elements:

(i) Aligning Central and State Schemes, (ii) Collaboration among Central, State-level 'Prabhari' Officers, and District Collectors, (iii) Fostering healthy competition among districts.

Primarily driven by states, this initiative accentuates the district-specific strengths, sets achievable goals for immediate progress, while continuously monitoring advancements and ranking the designated districts.

A crucial part of the government's drive for 'Sabka Saath Sabka Vikas,' the Aspirational Districts Programme aims to elevate living standards and foster comprehensive development for all citizens.

This initiative concentrates on empowering individuals to actively engage in a growing economy, maximizing their potential. It equally prioritizes health, nutrition, education, agriculture, water resources, financial inclusion, skill development, and fundamental infrastructure.

Cocnlusion

The ending of the answer should be on a positive note and it should have a forward-looking approach. However, if you feel that an important problem must be highlighted, you may add it in your conclusion. Try not to repeat any point from body or introduction

According to a statement from the PMO, the Prime Minister highlighted the country's developmental milestones since June 2022. He cited achievements such as India's Presidency of G20, its position as the fifth-largest global economy, rapid growth in start-up registrations, private sector entry into the space industry, the launch of the National Logistics Policy, and the endorsement of the National Green Hydrogen Mission.

To incentivize government officials, the program implements non-financial rewards for achieving results. It actively promotes collaborations with philanthropic organizations and civil society to amplify impact while optimizing budgetary resources

Other Points to Consider

Aspirational Blocks Programme

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha or state assemblies embodies the authority and respect of the House they preside over. As per Article 93 (for Lok Sabha) and Article 178 (for state assemblies), these legislative bodies are required to promptly select two of their members to serve as Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

The Speaker holds the position from the moment of election until just before the initial gathering of the Lok Sabha following the dissolution of the preceding one. They can be re-elected. Despite ceasing to be a member of the House after its dissolution, the Speaker retains the position.

The President/Governor schedules the Speaker's election in the Lok Sabha and state legislatures, while it is the Speaker who determines the date for the Deputy Speaker's election.

• According to the publication "Practice and Procedure of Parliament" by the Lok Sabha Secretariat, the Speaker embodies the collective voice of the House, serving as its primary representative to the external world.
• The Speaker oversees House sessions and joint meetings of Parliament's two Houses. Their decision determines whether a Bill qualifies as a Money Bill, making it beyond the purview of the other House.
• The Deputy Speaker operates independently of the Speaker, not as a subordinate, both being elected from House members.
• While each House retains final authority in adopting rules to regulate its procedures, a review of Indian Parliament rules suggests significant powers granted to the Presiding Officers in both Houses.
• The Speaker safeguards the rights and privileges of the House, its Committees, and members. The Speaker has the sole authority to refer any privilege-related matters to the Committee of Privileges for examination and reporting. External communications of House decisions rely on the Speaker.
• The Speaker determines how House proceedings are published in form and manner. Committees operate under the Speaker's overall direction, established either by the Speaker or the House itself.
• Additionally, the Speaker holds various other responsibilities as the head of the Lok Sabha

The Office of the Speaker in India is a living and dynamic institution which deals with the actual needs and problems of Parliament in the performance of its functions.

The Constitution neither sets a time limit nor specifies the process for these elections. It leaves it to the legislatures to decide how to hold these elections. In Lok Sabha and state legislatures, the President/Governor sets a date for the election of the Speaker, and it is the Speaker who decides the date for the election of the Deputy Speaker.

Other Points to Consider

Deputy Speaker

Speaker of State Legislature

On October 24, 1945, against the backdrop of turbulent international relations, the United Nations (UN) was established. Its primary mission was to uphold global peace and protect future generations from the horrors of warfare.

The United Nations emerged following the dissolution of another international organization established with the aim of averting conflicts. The League of Nations was created in June 1919 as a component of the Treaty of Versailles after World War I. However, with the outbreak of World War II in 1939, the League was compelled to disband, leaving its Geneva headquarters vacant for the duration of the conflict.

Body

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a general statement about the speaker of the Lok Sabha.

The role of the Speaker is critical in our parliamentary democracy. It has been claimed of the Speaker’s Office that, while members of Parliament represent specific constituencies, the Speaker symbolises the whole power of the House itself.

He/she represents the majesty and power of the House over which he/she presides. As a result, it is expected that the bearer of this high-ranking position will be able to represent the House in all of its forms.

Speaker holds Office from the date of his/her election till immediately before the first meeting of the Lok Sabha after the dissolution of the one to which he/she was elected. He/She is eligible for re-election. On the dissolution of the Lok Sabha, although the Speaker ceases to be a member of the House, he/she does not vacate his/her Office.

Article 93 for Lok Sabha and Article 178 for state Assemblies state that these Houses “shall, as soon as may be”, choose two of its members to be Speaker and Deputy Speaker.

Body

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

Role of the Speaker

In House

• He/she is guided by the provisions of the Constitution and the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha.
• He/She benefits from the Directions issued by his/her predecessors which are compiled periodically.
• He/she is assisted by the Secretary-General of the Lok Sabha and senior officers of the Secretariat on parliamentary activities and on matters of practice and procedure.
• In the absence of the Speaker, the Deputy Speaker discharges his/her functions. A member from the Panel of Chairmen presides over the House in the absence of both the Speaker and the Deputy Speaker.
• The Speaker has extensive functions to perform in matters administrative, judicial and regulatory, falling under his/her domain. He/She enjoys vast authority under the Constitution and the Rules, as well as inherently.
• He/she is the ultimate arbiter and interpreter of those provisions which relate to the functioning of the House. His/Her decisions are final and binding and ordinarily cannot be questioned, challenged or criticised.

In Regulating the Business of the House

• The final authority for adopting rules for regulating its procedure rests with each House, but a perusal of the rules of the Indian Parliament would indicate that the Presiding Officers in the two Houses are given vast powers by the rules.
• If a Bill is pending before the House, it is the Speaker who decides whether he/she should allow amendments to be moved to various clauses of the Bill or not. As regards regulating discussions in the House, it is the Speaker who decides as to when a member shall speak and how long he/she shall speak.
• The Speaker is the guardian of the rights and privileges of the House, its Committees and members. It depends solely on the Speaker to refer any question of privilege to the Committee of Privileges for examination, investigation and report. It is through him/her that the decisions of the House are communicated to outside individuals and authorities.
• It is the Speaker who decides the form and manner in which the proceedings of the House is published.
• He/She also issues warrants to execute the orders of the House, wherever necessary, and delivers reprimands on behalf of the House.
• He/She certifies Money Bills and decides finally what are money matters by reason of the Lok Sabha’s overriding powers in financial matters.
• The Speaker of the Lok Sabha who presides over joint sittings called in the event of disagreement between the two Houses on a legislative measure.

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a general statement about India-Russia relations 

Russia has been a longstanding and time-tested partner for India. The development of India-Russia relations has been a key pillar of India’s foreign policy.

India-Russia ties have acquired a qualitatively new character with enhanced levels of cooperation in almost all areas, including political, security, defence, trade and economy, science & technology, culture, and people-to-people ties.

In December 2010, the Strategic Partnership was elevated to the level of “Special and Privileged Strategic Partnership.

Body

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

Recent Developments

Bilateral Interaction/Visits

Russia is an important bilateral partner, India and Russia have a crucial role to play in global security and stability.

The Annual Summit between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian Federation is the highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism in the strategic partnership between India and Russia.

There are various meetings where both countries meet like — BRICS, G20 and SCO.

Security Council Cooperation

India and Russia maintain close cooperation between the Security Council secretariats led by NSA from the Indian side and Secretary of the Russian Security Council.

Trade

The primary mechanism at the government level for enhancing trade and economic cooperation is the India-Russia Intergovernmental Commission for Trade, Economic, Scientific & Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC).

The free trade agreement (FTA) talks mark a step up in economic relations between the two countries. India’s imports from Russia more than quadrupled to $46.33 billion over the last fiscal year, mainly through oil.

India-Russia Strategic Economic Dialogue (IRSED) is another G2G mechanism co-chaired by Vice Chairman, NITI Aayog on Indian side and Minister of Economic Development of the Russian Federation.

Defence

India-Russia military-technical cooperation has evolved from a buyer-seller framework to one involving joint research, development and production of advanced defence technologies and systems.

India was involved in various defence deals such as — BrahMos Missile, T-90 tanks, S-400 air defence system and Ka-226t Helicopters.

Nuclear Energy

Russia is an important partner for India in the area of peaceful use of nuclear energy. Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) is a flagship project between India and Russia in this sphere.

Space Cooperation

India-Russia cooperation in the field of peaceful uses of outer space dates back to about four decades. The two countries are cooperating closely under India’s first human spaceflight program “Gaganyaan”.

Science & Technology

The new Roadmap for Bilateral STI cooperation has been developed and agreed by both sides to replace the erstwhile ILTP cooperation program. It focusses on a variety of new engagements to promote co-innovation and exchanges and will be in force for next 5 years.

Conclusion

Your conclusion should be short. You may include:

Russia, traditionally India’s top source of military hardware, displaced Iraq to become India’s top supplier of crude oil.

Russia’s efforts to improve trade with India form part of its strategy to help evade the impact of Western sanctions by boosting commerce with Asian giants including China.

Moscow is also trying to increase or maintain cooperation with other South Asian countries, most recently agreeing to settle payments in yuan for building a nuclear power plant in Bangladesh and discussing discounted oil exports to Pakistan.

India’s interests in Russia are many and will continue even as its investments in Central Europe expand in strategic importance and political power to determine the future of Eurasia.

Other Points to Consider

India-Russia Defence Exercises

Recent defence ties

Russia-Ukraine (places in news)

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a general statement about ASEAN.

India’s emphasis on a deepened and multifaceted connection with ASEAN stems from considerable developments in the world’s political and economic landscape.

The Association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN) comprises Indonesia, Singapore, Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Thailand, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Vietnam.

India has taken other policy initiatives in the region that involve some members of ASEAN like the Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC), Mekong-Ganga Cooperation (MGC), etc

Body

You may incorporate some of the following points in the body of your answer:

• The Act East Policy is meant to serve the purposes of stronger trade and business ties with South East Asia and other Indo-Pacific countries and to create development opportunities for the North East States of India. Commerce, Culture and connectivity – the three Cs- are therefore the pillars of India’s current Act East Policy.
• India’s Act East Policy is at the heart of its eastward orientation and ties in with the broader approach to the Indo-Pacific.
• The collaboration between India and Asean has accelerated across a range of economic and strategic issue, including trade and investment, connectivity, energy, culture, people-to-people contacts, and maritime security.

Recent Developments

India and ASEAN countries declared to:

• Strengthen cooperation on cybersecurity by establishing new dialogue platforms between India and the ten-member bloc.
• Establish a comprehensive strategic partnership and enhance cooperation against terrorism.
• Enhance cooperation in the digital economy through a series of regional capacity-building activities in digital transformation, digital trade, digital skills and innovation, as well as Hackathons.
• Enhance cooperation in smart agriculture including the exchange of best practices in the use of new technologies to develop a future-ready, resilient, and sustainable food supply.
• Expedite the review of the ASEAN-India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITIGA) to make it more user-friendly, simple, and trade-facilitative, and work together to forge resilient supply chains, explore cooperation on a single window platform to enhance trade facilitation and integration.
• Enhance ASEAN-India cooperation in the space sector including through the establishment of tracking, data reception and processing stations in Vietnam and Indonesia, and encourage cooperation between ASEAN and Indian space industry players, including in new areas of collaboration.
• Revive tourism and related industries which have been severely hit by the Covid-19 pandemic through effective implementation of the ASEAN-India tourism work plans.
• India and several Southeast Asian nations including Singapore and Thailand have signed for cross-border trade of renewable energy (RE) electricity will help expand cross-border sale of electricity by India manifold. Currently, cross-border interconnections exist with Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan and Myanmar.

A simple introduction to this answer can revolve around a general statement about the Delimitation Commission.

According to ECI, delimitation means the act or process of fixing limits or boundaries of territorial constituencies in a country or a province having a legislative body.

The job of delimitation is assigned to a high-power body known as the Delimitation Commission or a Boundary Commission.

In India, such Delimitation Commissions have been constituted 4 times

• 1952 under the Delimitation Commission Act, 1952,
• 1963 under Delimitation Commission Act, 1962,
• 1973 under Delimitation Act, 1972 and
• 2002 under Delimitation Act, 2002