• Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) are specific indigenous communities in India that face an exceptionally high risk of vulnerability and marginalization due to various factors like geographic isolation, social and economic deprivation, and historical injustices.
• These groups are identified based on criteria set by the Indian government, considering their unique cultural practices, distinct languages, and social customs that set them apart from the larger population.
• PVTGs receive special attention and support from government agencies and NGOs to protect their distinct identities, preserve their cultural heritage, improve their living conditions, and ensure their socio-economic development. Various welfare schemes and initiatives are directed towards these groups to address their specific needs, including access to healthcare, education, livelihood opportunities, land rights, and basic amenities. The aim is to empower these communities while respecting their traditions and way of life
• The actual number of PVTGs is around 63, accounting for overlaps and repetitions, as per the publication ‘The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of India — Privileges and Predicaments’ by the Anthropological Survey of India
• Baseline surveys have only been conducted for about 40 PVTG groups, emphasising the need for targeted development planning.
• In India, the identification and declaration of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) is done by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs at the national level, in collaboration with state governments. The identification process involves specific criteria and guidelines set by the government to assess the vulnerability and distinctiveness of tribal communities
• Odisha (formerly Orissa) in India is known to have the highest number of Primitive Tribal Groups (PTGs). This state is home to a significant population of indigenous or tribal communities, some of which are categorized as Primitive Tribal Groups due to their isolated lifestyle, unique cultural practices, and historical marginalisation.

The development of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) faces several challenges, primarily due to their unique circumstances, cultural isolation, historical marginalization, and specific vulnerabilities.

Some of the key challenges include:

• Many PVTGs reside in remote and geographically isolated areas, which pose challenges in terms of accessibility for delivering essential services like healthcare, education, and infrastructure development
• PVTGs often face economic deprivation, lack of livelihood opportunities, and limited access to resources. Poverty and inadequate infrastructure exacerbate their challenges
• Balancing the preservation of their distinct cultural identities and traditions with the need for socio-economic development poses a challenge. Development interventions must be culturally sensitive and respect their traditional practices
• PVTGs frequently experience health disparities and inadequate access to healthcare facilities. Malnutrition and lack of awareness about modern healthcare practices are common concerns
• Limited access to quality education due to factors like language barriers, lack of schools in remote areas, and cultural differences hampers educational development among PVTGs
• Disputes over land rights and lack of secure land tenure affect their livelihoods. Encroachment on their traditional lands and displacement due to development projects further exacerbate these challenges
• PVTGs are vulnerable to exploitation due to their marginalized status. They often face social discrimination, human rights violations, and exploitation in labor and other spheres

4.Government's Approach in addressing the Issues

• Participatory approach from the grassroots level: Rather than a standardized approach, the program tailors strategies to suit the unique requirements of PVTGs, actively engaging them in decision-making related to land rights, social integration, and cultural conservation. This method, rooted in community involvement, embraces their customs, beliefs, and traditions, ensuring their active involvement in the planning, execution, and oversight of development endeavors.
• Enhancing livelihoods: Empowering through skill-building programs and providing resources such as land and credit facilitates sustainable livelihoods. Implementation of the Forest Rights Act, specifically Section 3(1)(e) for the rights of primitive tribal groups and pre-agricultural communities, secures their access to forest resources. Encouraging traditional techniques and skill enhancement via partnerships with industries contributes to preserving cultural heritage alongside sustainable progress.
• Health, nutrition, and education focus: Deploying outreach methods like Mobile Medical Health Units becomes imperative in remote regions. Tailoring these strategies to address specific health concerns like teenage pregnancies and dental health, and bridging language and cultural gaps through trained healthcare personnel or recruiting community members is vital. Collaborating with trusted traditional healers can also assist in addressing intricate health challenges.
• Incorporating their language and culture into educational curricula, offering transportation services, and training educators about PVTG cultural contexts enhance educational accessibility. Additionally, incentivizing staff working in PVTG areas and establishing specialized educational institutions catering to PVTG needs can augment opportunities for these communities.
• Infrastructure development challenges: The settlements of PVTGs often fail to meet requirements for schemes like the Pradhan Mantri Grameen Sadak Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, and Jal Jeevan Mission due to factors like population thresholds or insufficient surveys

Several schemes and initiatives have been introduced by the Indian government to address the needs and uplift the living standards of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs). Some of these schemes include:

• Vanbandhu Kalyan Yojana: Launched by the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, this scheme aims to improve the socio-economic status of tribal communities, including PVTGs, by focusing on areas like education, healthcare, livelihood, and infrastructure development.

• Scheduled Tribes Component (STC): Under this scheme, funds are allocated to states to implement various development programs for tribal communities, including PVTGs. These funds support initiatives related to education, health, housing, and skill development.

• Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Schemes (SCA to TSS): This scheme provides financial assistance to tribal development projects, including those focused on PVTGs, aimed at their socio-economic empowerment.

• Forest Rights Act (FRA): Implementation of the Forest Rights Act is crucial for securing land and resource rights for tribal communities, including PVTGs, allowing them access to forest resources and improving their livelihoods.

• Eklavya Model Residential Schools (EMRS): EMRS aims to provide quality education to tribal children, including those from PVTGs, by establishing residential schools with modern facilities and educational resources.

• Integrated Tribal Development Agencies (ITDAs): These agencies work on comprehensive development plans for tribal areas, including PVTG regions, focusing on education, healthcare, infrastructure, and livelihood promotion.

• Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) and Tribal Development Blocks (TDBs): These plans and blocks are dedicated to tribal development, including PVTGs, ensuring targeted allocation of funds for their socio-economic upliftment

6. Way forward

 

A 2014 report by Dr. Hrusikesh Panda, Secretary of the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, and a 2015 report by Virginius Xaxa highlighted these concerns. The actual number of PVTGs is around 63, accounting for overlaps and repetitions, as per the publication ‘The Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups of India — Privileges and Predicaments’ by the Anthropological Survey of India

 

 

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc. For Mains: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation

 

Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India:  (UPSC 2019) 1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory. 2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status. 3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far. 4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1, 2 and 3             B.  2, 3 and 4               C. 1, 2 and 4               D. 1, 3 and 4 Answer: C 2. With reference to the history of India, "Ulgulan" or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events? (UPSC 2020) A. The Revolt of 1857 B. The Mappila Rebellion of 1921 C. The Indigo Revolt of 1859 - 60 D. Birsa Munda's Revolt of 1899 - 1900 Answer: D 3. When did the Tana’ Bhagat Movement start?  (Jharkhand Civil Service 2015)  A. April 1912             B. April 1913     C.  April 1914          D.  April 1915   Answer: C   4. Consider the following statements about the Santhal Hool of 1855 - 56: (UPSC CAPF) 1. The Santhals were in a desperate situation as tribal lands were leased out 2. The Santhal rebels were treated very leniently by British officials 3. Santhal inhabited areas were eventually constituted separate administrative units called Santhal parganas 4. The Santhal rebellion was the only major rebellion in mid-19th century India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only         B. 2 and 3    C. 1, 3 and 4     D. 1 and 3 only   Answer: D     5. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (UPSC 2018) 1. The territories called 'Santhal Paraganas' were created. 2. It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only          B.  2 only             C. Both 1 and 2         D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: C   6. The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was formed by insertion of Article ______ in the Constitution of India. (SSC CGL 2020)  A. 328B         B.  338A            C. 338B            D. 328A   Answer: B     7. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc. conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC  2018)   A. Committee on Government Assurances B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation C. Rules Committee D. Business Advisory Committee   Answer: B   8. Justice Madan B Lokur committee was set up to take steps to (Haryana Civil Services 2021) A. Look into violation of environment rules. B. Prevent stubble burning C. Draft new water policy D. Regulate digital lending   Answer: B   9. Match the pairs -  (Committees on Media) (MPSC 2019) (A) (Name)                                    (B) (Year) (a) Chanda Committee                   (i) 1982 (b) Kuldip Nayar Committee        (ii) August, 1977 (c) Verghese Committee               (iii) March, 1977 (d) P.C. Joshi Committee              (iv) 1964   1. (a) – (i), (b) – (ii), (c – (iii), (d) – (iv) 2. (a) – (i), (b) – (iii), (c – (ii), (d) – (iv) 3. (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c – (ii), (d) – (i) 4. (a) – (iv), (b) – (ii), (c – (iii), (d) – (i)   Answer: 3   10. Consider the formation of the following States and arrange these in chronological order :  (UPPSC Combined State Exam 2021) 1. Goa 2. Telangana 3. Jharkhand 4. Haryana Select the correct answer from the codes given below. A. 1, 2, 3, 4       B. 4, 1, 3, 2       C. 3, 2, 4, 1          D. 4, 3, 1, 2   Answer: 2

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

LINE OF ACTUAL CONTROL (LAC)

 

1.Context

The 23rd meeting of the “Special Representatives” (SRs) of India and China — National Security Adviser Ajit Doval and Chinese Foreign Affairs Minister and Senior Politburo member Wang Yi — was a milestone in the restoration of ties since October this year. Although the meeting of SRs is a stand-alone process, meant to look at the broader boundary dispute and resolve differences over the 3,500 kilometre-long Line of Actual Control (LAC)

Pic credits: TRT WORLD

 

2.About Line of Actual Control (LAC)

The LAC is the demarcation that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory.

India considers the LAC to be 3,488 km long, while the Chinese consider it to be only around 2,000 km

It is divided into three sectors:

 

The eastern sector which spans Arunachal Pradesh and Sikkim, The middle sector in Uttarakhand and Himachal Pradesh, and the western sector in Ladakh

 

3.The disagreement

• The alignment of the LAC in the eastern sector is along the 1914 McMahon Line, and there are minor disputes about the positions on the ground as per the principle of the high Himalayan watershed
• This pertains to India’s international boundary as well, but for certain areas such as Longju and Asaphila
• The line in the middle sector is the least controversial but for the precise alignment to be followed in the Barahoti plains.
• The major disagreements are in the western sector where the LAC emerged from two letters written by Chinese Prime Minister Zhou Enlai to PM Jawaharlal Nehru in 1959, after he had first mentioned such a ‘line’ in 1956.
• In his letter, Zhou said the LAC consisted of “the so-called McMahon Line in the east and the line up to which each side exercises actual control in the west”
• After the 1962 War, the Chinese claimed they had withdrawn to 20 km behind the LAC of November 1959
• During the Doklam crisis in 2017, the Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesperson urged India to abide by the “1959 LAC”
• India rejected the concept of LAC in both 1959 and 1962. Even during the war, Nehru was unequivocal: “There is no sense or meaning in the Chinese offer to withdraw twenty kilometres from what they call ‘line of actual control’

4.India's agreement to LAC

• LAC was discussed during Chinese Premier Li Peng’s 1991 visit to India, where PM P V Narasimha Rao and Li reached an understanding to maintain peace and tranquillity at the LAC. 
• India formally accepted the concept of the LAC when Rao paid a return visit to Beijing in 1993 and the two sides signed the Agreement to Maintain Peace and Tranquillity at the LAC
• The reference to the LAC was unqualified to make it clear that it was not referring to the LAC of 1959 or 1962 but to the LAC at the time when the agreement was signed
• To reconcile the differences about some areas, the two countries agreed that the Joint Working Group on the border issue would take up the task of clarifying the alignment of the LAC

5.How is the LAC different from the Line of Control with Pakistan?

The LoC emerged from the 1948 ceasefire line negotiated by the UN after the Kashmir War. It was designated as the LoC in 1972, following the Shimla Agreement between the two countries. It is delineated on a map signed by DGMOs of both armies and has the international sanctity of a legal agreement.

The LAC, in contrast, is only a concept – it is not agreed upon by the two countries, neither delineated on a map or demarcated on the ground.

 

For Prelims: LAC, LOC For Mains: 1.What is this ‘line of control’? Is this the line China have created by aggression. Comment 2.What we know about the clash between Indian and Chinese soldiers in Arunachal Pradesh

 

Previous Year Questions 1.The Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates  (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2020) A.India and Pakistan B.India and Afghanistan C.India and Nepal D.India and China Answer (D) 2.LAC (Line of Actual Control) is an effective border between India and ______. (SSC CHSL 2020) A.Pakistan B.Bhutan C.Sri Lanka D.China Answer (D)

 

 

 

Source:indianexpress

 

NATIONAL TIGER CONSERVATION AUTHORITY (NTCA)

 

 

1. Context 

 

 

Analysing the lineage of cheetahs to “create a strong genetic foundation”, relocating leopards from the predator-proof fenced areas, and augmenting the number of prey animals are part of the Cheetah Action Plan for Gandhi Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary in Madhya Pradesh, ahead of the plans to introduce a batch of cheetahs there next year

 

 

2.  About the National Tiger Conservation Authority

 

The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) is a statutory body of the Government of India, established in 2005 to oversee the implementation of the Project Tiger initiative and ensure the conservation and protection of tigers and their habitats across the country.  The NTCA operates under the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change, and its organizational structure includes a Governing Body, a Standing Committee, and a small Secretariat to facilitate day-to-day operations.

Key Objectives

• The primary objective of NTCA is to formulate policies and implement programs for the conservation of tigers, their prey species, and the ecosystems they inhabit.
• NTCA plays a central role in the implementation of Project Tiger, which was launched in 1973 to conserve India's national animal and its habitats.
• NTCA is responsible for monitoring and assessing the status of tigers in India, including conducting tiger censuses, assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures, and collecting data on tiger populations.
• NTCA ensures compliance with the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, and other relevant laws to combat wildlife crimes, including poaching and illegal trade of tiger parts.

Key Functions

• NTCA oversees the management of tiger reserves across the country, coordinating with state governments and relevant authorities to ensure effective conservation practices.
• NTCA provides financial and technical support to tiger reserves for habitat management, anti-poaching efforts, community involvement, and other conservation initiatives.
• While the primary focus is on tigers, NTCA also contributes to the conservation of biodiversity within tiger reserves, recognizing the interconnectedness of species and ecosystems.
• NTCA promotes research activities related to tiger conservation and wildlife ecology. It also emphasizes capacity building for forest officials, field staff, and local communities involved in tiger conservation efforts.

Challenges and Initiatives

• NTCA addresses challenges related to human-wildlife conflict by developing strategies for coexistence, compensating affected communities, and implementing mitigation measures.
• Conservation initiatives involve addressing habitat degradation issues, afforestation programs, and sustainable development practices to maintain viable tiger habitats.
• NTCA works on strengthening anti-poaching measures and collaborating with law enforcement agencies to combat illegal wildlife trade and activities threatening tiger populations.

 

 

3. About the Canopy Walk Tourism Project

 

• The Canopy Walk Tourism Project, funded by the Karnataka Tourism Department, was executed in the vicinity of Kuveshi within the Castlerock Wildlife Range, a component of the Dandeli Wildlife Reserve.
• To enhance protection and administration, the jurisdiction over this region has been entrusted to the Director of the Kali Tiger Project.
• Spanning a distance of 240 meters and elevated approximately 30 feet above the ground, the canopy walkway offers a unique experience.
• Opened to the public in 2021, the project aims to promote tourism and environmental appreciation in the area.

 Objections

• Residents argue that the project violates the 1980 Act by diverting forest land for eco-tourism without being part of the management plan or tiger conservatory plan.
• Karnataka Tourism Policy prohibiting new tourist facilities in wildlife-protected areas, aligning with the Wildlife Protection Act and Supreme Court directives.
• Residents point out that the project contradicts section 38(O)(1)(c) of the Wildlife Protection Act by introducing new tourism infrastructure (except for minor homestay alterations) in and around tiger reserves.
• The constructions allowed by the Court within tiger reserves are limited to those essential for protection or within approved management plans, neither of which applies to the Canopy Walk.
• While the area falls in the approved tourism zone of the Kali Tiger Project plan, details regarding the Canopy Walk and its permissibility for tourism are absent.
• The project, along with the Jungle Safari, has significantly increased tourism pressure in the Castlerock region, exceeding allowed activities like trekking and bird watching.

 

 

4. About Dandeli Wildlife Reserve

 

Dandeli Wildlife Reserve, located in the Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, India, stands as a testament to the region's rich biodiversity and ecological significance. Nestled along the Western Ghats, this sanctuary is renowned for its diverse flora and fauna, pristine landscapes, and the Kali River that meanders through its expanse.

• Geographical Features: Situated in the Western Ghats, Dandeli Wildlife Reserve is part of the larger Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve and spans an area of approximately 834.16 square kilometres. The reserve is traversed by the Kali River, enhancing its ecological diversity and serving as a lifeline for numerous species of flora and fauna.
• Flora: The reserve boasts a lush and varied vegetation cover, including dense deciduous and evergreen forests. The diverse plant life supports a range of wildlife habitats, contributing to the overall ecological balance.
• Fauna: Dandeli Wildlife Reserve is home to a diverse array of wildlife, including elephants, tigers, leopards, black panthers, deer species like sambar and spotted deer, Indian bison, and various species of primates. The sanctuary is a haven for birdwatchers, with over 200 avian species, including the Malabar pied hornbill, great hornbill, Indian grey hornbill, and several species of eagles, making it an ornithologist's paradise.
• Activities: The reserve offers visitors an opportunity to explore its natural beauty through wildlife safaris, providing a chance to observe the resident fauna in their natural habitats. The Kali River also offers thrilling opportunities for river rafting, attracting adventure enthusiasts. Nature trails and trekking routes lead visitors through the heart of the reserve, offering a more immersive experience amid the wilderness.
• Conservation Efforts: Dandeli Wildlife Reserve plays a crucial role in conservation efforts, contributing to the protection of endangered species and maintaining the ecological balance of the Western Ghats. The reserve is part of the Dandeli-Anshi Tiger Reserve, reflecting its commitment to preserving the region's flagship species.
• Challenges and Conservation Initiatives: While the reserve thrives with biodiversity, it faces challenges such as habitat degradation and human-wildlife conflicts. Conservation initiatives, including community involvement, habitat restoration, and sustainable tourism practices, are crucial for addressing these challenges and ensuring the long-term health of the ecosystem.

 

For Prelims: National Tiger Conservation Authority, Dandeli Wildlife Reserve, Western Ghats, Kali River, Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, Project Tiger, Karnataka Tourism Policy, flora, fauna For Mains:  1. Discuss the challenges and potential solutions for balancing tourism development with wildlife conservation in protected areas. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. The term ‘M-STRIPES’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC 2017) (a) Captive breeding of Wild Fauna (b) Maintenance of Tiger Reserves (c) Indigenous Satellite Navigation System (d) Security of National Highways   2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014) 1. Animal Welfare Board of India is established under the Environment (Protection) Act, of 1986. 2. National Tiger Conservation Authority is a statutory body. 3. National Ganga River Basin Authority is chaired by the Prime Minister. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only    (b) 2 and 3 only    (c) 2 only    (d) 1, 2 and 3   3. Which one of the following is the well-publicized wildlife campaign in the world launched in 1973? (BPSC 2023)  A. Sunderbans B. Project Project C. Tiger Lion Project D. More than one of the above E. None of the above   4. Which one of the following tiger reserves of India has ‘Bhoorsingh the Barasingha’ as its official mascot? (UPSC CAPF 2017) A. Nameri tiger reserve B. Ranthambhore tiger reserve C. Panna tiger reserve D. Kanha tiger reserve   5. From the ecological point of view, which one of the following assumes importance in being a good link between the Eastern Ghats and the Western Ghats?(UPSC CSE 2017) (a) Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve (b) Nallamala Forest (c) Nagarhole National Park (d) Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve   6. Dandeli Wildlife Sanctuary is located in which of the following states? (SSC CHSL2021) A. Kerala          B. Karnataka          C. Jharkhand        D. Sikkim     7. Which of the following Protected Areas are located in Cauvery basin? (upsc 2020) Nagarhole National Park Papikonda National Park Sathyamangalam Tiger Reserve Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only      (b) 3 and 4 only           (c) 1, 3 and 4 only           (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4   8. According to the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972, which of the following animals cannot be hunted by any person except under some provisions provided by law? (UPSC 2017)  1. Gharial 2. Indian wild ass 3. Wild buffalo Select the correct answer using the code given below:  A. 1 only        B. 2 and 3 only          C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3     9. With reference to Indian laws about wildlife protection, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. Wild animals are the sole property of the government. 2. When a wild animal is declared protected, such animal is entitled for equal protection whether it is found in protected areas or outside. 3. Apprehension of a protected wild animal becoming a danger to human life is sufficient ground for its capture or killing. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A.1 and 2      B. 2 only         C.1 and 3           D.  3 only     10. In the field of tourism, which one of the following Indian States is described as 'One State Many Worlds'? (CDS GK 2020)  A. Assam         B. West Bengal        C. Karnataka       D. Rajasthan   Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-D, 5-A, 6-B, 7-C, 8-D, 9-A, 10-C

 

Source: The Indian Express

 

ELECTRIC VEHICLES

1. Context

Guidelines for Installation and Operation of Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure-2024” on September 17, 2024, outlining standards and protocols to create connected & interoperable Electric Vehicles (EV) charging infrastructure network in the country.

2. What are Electric Vehicles?

• An E-vehicle or Electric Vehicle is one that needs an electric motor to generate power and function instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of gases and fuel.
• Electric Vehicles have a battery that can be charged by an electric supply.
• This electric energy is used to run the motor. There is a hybrid electric vehicle as well, which means a combination of an electric motor and a combustion engine.

3. Types of Electric Vehicles

• Plug-in electric – Such Electric Vehicles run purely on electricity, and it is powered when it is plugged in to charge. They don’t produce emissions like petrol or diesel.
• Plug-in hybrid – Their primary source of power is electricity, but these vehicles also have a fuel engine. These cars produce emissions only when they run on fuel engines but not when they run on electricity.
• Hybrid-electric – These Electric Vehicles primarily run on petrol or diesel, but they’re also fitted with an electric battery. One can charge the battery through regenerative braking. It comes with a button that lets you switch from using a fuel engine to using an electric battery (EV mode.)
• Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)– these vehicles use a highly efficient electrochemical process to convert hydrogen into electricity, and it powers the electric motor.

4. Initiatives by the Government

The government has set a target of 30% new sales of electric vehicles and two-wheelers by 2030. The government is working towards it by following the initiative and various government schemes.

National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)

• It is a road map/document for India’s fuel security by promoting and faster adoption of electric vehicles in India with the initial allocation of Rs 75 crore. The ambition is to have around 6 million vehicles on the road by 2020.
• This plan is for affordable and environmentally friendly transportation in the country and to achieve automotive leadership in global manufacturing.

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME)

• The scheme was announced by the government in 2015 with the objective of market creation and developing a manufacturing ecosystem with sustainable development.
• It is formulated by the Department of Heavy Industry, having 4 key areas- technology creation, demand creation, pilot projects, and infrastructure related to charging.

Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME) II

• Based on the result and experience of phase I of the scheme, phase II was launched with an allocation of Rs 10000 Crore over three years, recently approved by the cabinet.
• This scheme vision a holistic approach to the EV industry, including infrastructure for charging, manufacturing of batteries, market creation, public demand, and push for EVs in public transport.
• It also offers incentives to the manufacturer of electric vehicles and their components.
• It enables the creation of charging infrastructure in selected cities and major highways at an interval of 25 km.

5. Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020

Electric Vehicle Policy 2020 has been announced by the Delhi Government, where it put emphasis on the replacement of two-wheelers, shared vehicles, public transport, and private four-wheelers with Electric Vehicles. Some of the Features of EV Policy 2020 are given below:

• As per Electric Vehicle Policy, the focus is given to e-mobility, which includes e-buses and e-autos.
• The government has decided to give low-interest loans so that people can purchase Electric Vehicles easily.
• The main goal of the E-Vehicle Policy in India is to reduce pollution and curb health issues in Delhi.
• State EV Fund will be introduced for the expenditure of EV Policy.

6. Challenges in promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Adoption

• Subsidy Limitations: In contrast to countries like Norway, where extensive subsidies have spurred BEV adoption, India's subsidy structure primarily benefits the middle or upper middle classes. This inequality raises concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of upfront purchase subsidies, which tend to benefit those who can afford BEVs.
• Charging Network: Investing in comprehensive charging infrastructure is crucial for driving BEV adoption. Countries like Norway and China have seen success by expanding public charging stations while providing purchase subsidies. However, India's charging infrastructure remains insufficient, particularly for two- and three-wheelers, which dominate the vehicle mix. Adapting charging strategies to accommodate different vehicle types and power requirements is essential for promoting widespread adoption.
• Electricity Source: India's reliance on coal-fired thermal plants for electricity generation poses a challenge to the potential environmental benefits of BEVs. While EVs may reduce tailpipe emissions, continued reliance on thermal plants contributes to pollution. Shifting towards renewable energy sources is necessary to mitigate these concerns and achieve cleaner electric mobility.
• Limited Access to the Global Lithium Value Chain: India's heavy reliance on imports for lithium-ion batteries raises concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities. The concentration of global lithium production and key battery components in a handful of countries creates dependency risks. Diversification of the country's battery technology and exploring alternative options to lithium-ion batteries is crucial for long-term sustainability.
• Technology Agnostic Approach: While BEVs have gained traction in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, the four-wheeler segment lags behind. Governments must adopt a technology-agnostic approach that encourages the adoption of various electrification technologies, including hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles. Such an approach promotes innovation, fosters competition, and allows manufacturers to meet emissions objectives irrespective of technology.
• Exploring Alternative Technologies: Hybrids serve as an intermediate step toward full electrification, offering improved fuel efficiency without relying solely on charging infrastructure. Additionally, exploring flex-fuel vehicles running on multiple fuel types, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, and synthetic fuels can provide alternative options for reducing emissions and promoting sustainable mobility.

For Prelims: Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME), Global Lithium Value Chain. For Mains: 1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries like India. Discuss the key factors that hinder EV penetration and propose strategies to overcome them.(250 Words)

 

 

Previous year Question 1. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020) A. Madhya Pradesh B. Uttar Pradesh C. Delhi D. Tamil Nadu Answer: C

Source: The Indian Express

 

SMART CITY MISSION

 

1. Context

Smart Cities Mission aims to improve the quality of life in 100 cities by providing efficient services, robust infrastructure, and sustainable solutions, 90% of the projects are completed as per the sources

 

2. What is Smart City Mission?

• The Smart Cities Mission aims at developing 100 cities, which were shortlisted, into self-sustainable urban settlements.
• The mission was launched on June 25, 2015, and was projected as one aimed at transforming the process of urban development in the country.
• Among its strategic components is ‘area-based development, which includes city improvement (retrofitting), city renewal (redevelopment), and city extension (greenfield development), plus a pan-city initiative in which ‘smart solutions’ are applied covering larger parts of the city.

3. Key Focus areas of the Smart City Mission

• Key focus areas of the scheme include the construction of walkways, pedestrian crossings, cycling tracks, efficient waste-management systems, integrated traffic management, and assessment.
• The scheme also assesses various indices to track urban development such as the Ease of Living Index, Municipal Performance Index, City GDP framework, Climate-smart Cities assessment framework, etc.

4. Integrated Command and Control Centre (ICCC)

• The Smart Cities Mission includes setting up ICCCs for each such city as a vital step.
• These ICCCs are designed to enable authorities to monitor the status of various amenities in real time.
• Initially aimed at controlling and monitoring water and power supply, sanitation, traffic movement, integrated building management, city connectivity and Internet infrastructure, these centres have since evolved to monitor various other parameters.
• The ICCCs are now also linked to the CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems) network under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The ICCC acts of a smart city acts as a “nerve centre” for operations management.
• It processes a complex and large pool of data sets at an aggregated level. For example, it is now the go-to source for integrated traffic management monitoring.
• The ICCC is the nodal point of availability of all online data and information relating to smart services included in a smart city, such as LED street lighting, CCTV surveillance cameras, air quality sensors, smart parking system, WiFi, electricity and water supply and billing, GIS, e-hospitals, property tax management, estate management, engineering systems, asset management systems, and other services.
• During the pandemic, they also served as war rooms for Covid-19 management.

5. How did the ICCCs help in the management of Covid-19?

• During the pandemic, they also served as war rooms for Covid-19 management.
• During the peak of the first wave, when countries were struggling to figure out ways of combating the virus, the government used the ICCCs as war rooms for managing the outbreak, with real-time surveillance and monitoring of districts across the country.
• Converted into war rooms, the smart cities ICCCs used the central data dashboard and provided information about the status of Covid-positive cases in various administrative zones of these cities, officials aware of the exercise said.
• The war rooms were also used for tracking people under quarantine and suspected Covid 19 cases.

6. Current Status of Smart Cities Mission

• The ambitious project, announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015, had an initial deadline of 2021 for the first lot of 20 smart cities out of the 100 selected.
• Although the project was announced in 2015, the cities were selected over a period of two years between 2016 and 2018, each with a deadline of completion within five years from the time of their selection.
• On the recommendation of NITI Aayog, the timeline was extended last year until 2023 due to delays caused by the pandemic.
• According to current Ministry data, the SCM has so far covered over 140 public-private partnerships, 340 smart roads, 78 vibrant public places, 118 smart water projects and over 63 solar projects.

7. What's next?

• The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has begun work to finalise its recommendation for providing ICCCs as a service to states and smaller cities.
• The Ministry aims to finalise an ICCC model and implement a pilot project across Six major states- Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu.

Previous year Question

1. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Smart India Hackathon 2017? (UPSC 2017) 1. It is a centrally sponsored scheme for developing every city of our country into Smart Cities in a decade. 2. It is an initiative to identify new digital technology innovations for solving the many problems faced by our country. 3. It is a programme aimed at making all the financial transactions in our country completely digital in a decade. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only Answer: B

 

For Prelims & Mains

 

For Prelims: Smart Cities Mission, Integrated Command and Control Centres (ICCCs), Greenfield development, Ease of Living Index, Municipal Performance Index, City GDP framework, Climate-smart Cities assessment framework, CCTNS (Crime and Criminal Tracking Networks and Systems), and NITI Aayog. For Mains: 1. What are Smart Cities? Examine their relevance in the urban development of India.(250 Words)

 Source: The Indian Express