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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 09 OCTOBER 2024

GLOBAL DIGITAL COMPACT (GDC)

 
 
1. Context
 
In the recently concluded ‘Summit of the Future’ organised by the United Nations, member countries adopted the ‘Global Digital Compact’ (GDC). This ambitious instrument is perhaps the first of its kind in the international arena focusing on the potential of digital technologies, with the specific intention to harness and regulate them for the common good.
 
2.What is Global Digital Compact’ (GDC)?
 
  • The Global Digital Compact (GDC) is a diplomatic framework that outlines shared objectives for governments, organizations, businesses, and various stakeholders. While it does not have the force of law, increased compliance could lead to these principles evolving into soft law within individual countries.
  • Previously, the United Nations facilitated the establishment of two other significant compacts: the "Global Compact," which encourages CEOs to commit to universal sustainability principles and support UN objectives, and the "Global Compact for Safe, Orderly, and Regular Migration," which addresses all aspects of international migration in a comprehensive manner.
  • The GDC is founded on the premise that digital technologies are significantly transforming our world. While these technologies can offer substantial benefits—facilitating the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—they also introduce serious challenges and concerns.
  • This compact aims to ensure human oversight of technological advancements in ways that promote sustainable development. It builds on established norms of international law, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the UN 2030 Agenda, advocating for global collaboration in the governance of data and digital technologies.
  • To achieve the goals outlined in the GDC, member states of the UN have pledged to create two panels: an "Independent International Scientific Panel on AI" and a "Global Dialogue on AI Governance."
  • The objectives include bridging the digital divide, ensuring inclusive participation in the digital economy, enhancing access to data, and promoting responsible and equitable data governance.
  • The principles of the GDC emphasize inclusivity, accessibility to digital technologies, sustainability, and the development of trustworthy technologies operating within a competitive market environment
Digital goods and services
 
To tackle the digital divide, the GDC suggests the creation of “digital public goods,” which encompass open-source software, open data, and open AI models, all while ensuring adherence to privacy standards and best practices.
This approach recognizes the potential of digital public goods to foster social change as part of a "digital public infrastructure" that provides essential services. Such infrastructure requires the design and implementation of shared digital systems tailored to the specific priorities and needs of various stakeholders. Consequently, the GDC envisions collaborative partnerships, including those with private sector entities, to achieve these goals
 
 
3. GDC and United Nations (UN)
 
  • The GDC often makes optimistic assertions that overlook the complexities of the issues at hand, presuming that the goodwill among nations will suffice to meet its goals. This viewpoint might also indicate the UN's desire to maintain a significant role in the governance of technologies, including artificial intelligence.
  • For instance, data is often likened to oil in the 21st century, reflecting its immense value, particularly given its integration into extractive industries that have detrimental environmental impacts.
  • The rapid advancement of generative AI models highlights the vast amounts and types of data collected for training purposes. While the GDC acknowledges the challenges in AI governance, it offers limited practical solutions or strategies.
  • Moreover, while the GDC advocates for "trustworthy data flow," many countries resist this notion, as it conflicts with their principles of digital sovereignty. Some nations even have laws mandating that their citizens' data remain within national borders.
  • Additionally, the GDC connects various objectives and proposed actions to relevant Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which is a positive development, suggesting that digitization is essential for achieving these goals.
  • However, it's important to note that the current AI revolution was not underway when the SDGs were adopted in 2015, and given the lackluster progress of countries in achieving the SDGs, it is questionable whether an additional initiative like the GDC can effect meaningful change.
  • UN member states are working to navigate the regulation of major tech companies while asserting their digital sovereignty. Therefore, the governance of digital technologies is too intricate to be resolved by a single entity like the GDC.
  • Multilateral and regional discussions are necessary to address jurisdictional and local needs. By aligning with existing digital governance frameworks and merging SDGs with digital initiatives, the GDC appears to be more of a brainstorming tool than a roadmap provider.
  • Nonetheless, it has the potential to assist in capacity building and foster collaborations between developing nations and those in the Global North for the advancement of digital public goods
 
4. Way Forward
 
In conclusion, while the GDC may not lead to a fundamental transformation in how digital technologies are governed globally, it has the potential to yield meaningful and concrete results if member states commit to its principles and objectives
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 

INDIA'S TEXTILE INDUSTRY 

 
 
 
1. Context
 
Union Minister for Textiles Giriraj Singh recently said that the Indian textile and apparel sector is aiming for a total business of $350 billion annually by 2030, which is to generate 3.5 crore jobs. However, the industry went through a tumultuous phase during the last two financial years, casting a shadow on the possibility for 10% CAGR.
 
2. India's Textile Industry
 
  • In 2021, the Indian textile and apparel industry was valued at approximately $153 billion, with nearly $110 billion coming from domestic operations. By the end of FY22, India ranked as the third-largest textile exporter worldwide, holding a 5.4% share of the global market.
  • The country is also recognized for having the second-largest manufacturing capacity in this sector, showcasing a strong presence across the entire value chain.
  • The textile industry's contribution to the GDP was around 2.3% in FY21, while it accounted for 10.6% of the total manufacturing Gross Value Added (GVA) in FY23. The sector employs about 105 million people, both directly and indirectly.
  • Given that 80% of the industry’s capacity is distributed among micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), it is highly sensitive to global market changes. The fiscal year 2021-2022 witnessed significant growth, with exports reaching $43.4 billion.
  • However, the demand slowdown that began in 2022-2023 continued to worsen into FY24, resulting in declines in both exports and domestic demand. This downturn severely affected manufacturing hubs, such as Tamil Nadu, which houses the country’s largest spinning capacity.
  • Over the past two years, approximately 500 textile mills have closed in the state. In Tiruppur, a key center for knitwear production, many businesses experienced a 40% reduction in sales during FY23

 

3. India's Textile Exports

 

  • Geopolitical changes and a decline in demand from purchasing countries have significantly impacted exporting units. This situation has been worsened by rising prices of raw materials, including cotton and Man-Made Fibres (MMF), along with an increase in imported fabrics and garments.
  • The introduction of a 10% import duty on cotton has made Indian cotton less competitive compared to global prices. In the case of MMF, the implementation of quality control orders has disrupted the availability of raw materials and caused fluctuations in pricing.
  • Industry stakeholders are consistently advocating for the removal of the import duty on cotton, especially during the off-peak months from April to October. A representative from a prominent industry association emphasized, “This is an industry where stakeholders compete globally against countries that significantly support their domestic production.
  • Therefore, India requires long-term schemes, lasting at least five years, to encourage investments. Raw materials must be accessible to the domestic industry at prices that are competitive with international markets.”
4. Challenges
 
The textile industry aims to attract $100 billion in investments across various segments of its value chain by 2030 to enhance production capacities and achieve the ambitious $350 billion target. Labor costs make up about 10% of the overall production expenses in this sector. Reports indicate that the average daily wage for a trained textile worker is approximately ₹550, while unskilled workers earn around ₹450 per day. Industry experts emphasize the necessity of adopting technology and enhancing the skills of the workforce to boost productivity and minimize waste
 
5. What is the Compound Annual Growth rate (CAGR)?
 
Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) is a useful measure that indicates the mean annual growth rate of an investment over a specified time period, assuming that the investment grows at a steady rate. It is often expressed as a percentage and can be particularly useful for comparing the growth rates of different investments or industries over time
 

 

The formula for CAGR is:

CAGR = (Ending Value / Beginning Value)^(1/n) - 1

where:

  • Ending Value is the final value of the investment.
  • Beginning Value is the initial value of the investment.
  • n is the number of years.
Source: The Hindu
 

RELIGIOUS FREEDOM IN INDIA

 
 
1. Context
 
The Washington DC-based United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) on October 2 released a country update on India, flagging “collapsing religious freedom conditions”. Among other things, the report highlighted how throughout 2024, individuals from minority communities have been killed and lynched by vigilante groups, religious leaders have been arbitrarily arrested, and places of worship have been demolished. The Indian government has rejected the report as coming from a “biased organisation”.
 
2. USCIRF report on India
 
  • The recent USCIRF report highlights significant concerns regarding religious freedom in India. It details a range of severe violations throughout 2024, including violent attacks against individuals from minority communities, arbitrary arrests of religious leaders, and the demolition of homes and places of worship.
  • The report underscores the role of government officials in spreading misinformation and inciting violence against religious minorities
  • Particularly alarming are the impacts of certain laws, such as the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), which has been criticized for discriminating against Muslims, potentially leading to statelessness for many
  • The report also cites specific incidents of communal violence, including the destruction of numerous churches in Manipur, displacing thousands​
  • The USCIRF has recommended that the U.S. State Department classify India as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC) due to these systematic violations of religious freedom, which could lead to diplomatic repercussions and sanctions​
 
 
What is the USCIRF?
 
  • The United States Commission on International Religious Freedom (USCIRF) is an independent, bipartisan federal agency established through the 1998 International Religious Freedom Act (IRFA).
  • Its role is to track and evaluate religious freedom rights globally, except in the U.S., based on international human rights standards. The primary focus is Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which ensures the right to freedom of thought, conscience, and religion. This includes the freedom to change one’s religion or beliefs and to practice them individually or collectively, both privately and publicly.
  • USCIRF operates separately from the U.S. State Department’s Office of International Religious Freedom (IRF), though both publish annual reports on religious freedom. While USCIRF's assessments can influence a country's reputation, IRF's conclusions have a more direct impact on diplomatic relations.
  • Following its mandate under the IRFA, USCIRF monitors global religious freedom by conducting research, traveling, and engaging with human rights organizations, NGOs, persecution victims, and foreign officials.
  • Based on these findings, it publishes annual reports identifying nations that meet the criteria for the U.S. State Department's designation as a "Country of Particular Concern" (CPC) or, for less severe violations, inclusion on a "Special Watch List" (SWL).
  • Countries committing "systematic, ongoing, and egregious" violations of religious freedom are marked as CPCs. Governments that tolerate or engage in serious violations, but don't meet the CPC standard, are placed on the SWL. If the State Department follows USCIRF's recommendations, it can take measures under the IRFA, including sanctions, to address such violations
 
3.Way Forward
 
The reports produced by the USCIRF are supported by thorough research and a wealth of citations from credible domestic and international media sources, along with firsthand testimonies. In the update concerning India, all claims are substantiated by publicly accessible documentation, with no apparent misrepresentation of facts. However, the timing of this update has sparked scrutiny and led to concerns, such as those expressed by the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA), regarding its potential to be “agenda-driven.”
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

PSLV

 

1. Context

The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) said that the upper stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle C-37 (PSLV C-37 mission) re-entered the earth’s atmosphere

2. History of PSLV

  • The PSLV is one of ISRO’s most reliable vehicles, having launched hundreds of satellites with only three failures or partial failures since 1993.
  • Over the years, various improvements have been made to it, making it a stand-out satellite carrier.
    Launch vehicles are meant only to deposit satellites into space, after which they become useless.
  • They either burn up in space or add to the ever-increasing concern of space debris. The PSLV, however, is now technologically advanced enough to have one component that can stay on in space to research after it has delivered its satellite.
  • The current mission includes this component, POEM-2, which stands for PSLV Orbital Experimental Module. 

3. What is PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle)?

  • PSLV is the most reliable rocket used by ISRO to date. Its first launch was in 1994, and it has been ISRO’s main rocket ever since.
  • Apart from Indian satellites, it also carries satellites from other nations into space, like in the current mission, where it carried payloads from Singapore.
  • The reason for this is that apart from being reliable, the PSLV is also more affordable than the launch vehicles of many other countries.
  • After its first successful launch in October 1994, PSLV emerged as a reliable and versatile workhorse launch vehicle in India.
  • The vehicle has launched numerous Indian and foreign customer satellites.
  • Besides, the vehicle successfully launched two spacecraft, Chandrayaan-1 in 2008 and Mars Orbiter Spacecraft in 2013, that later traveled to Moon and Mars respectively.
  • Chandrayaan-1 and MOM were feathers in the hat of PSLV. PSLV earned its title ‘the workhorse of ISRO by consistently delivering various satellites into low earth orbits. 

4. Various Components of PSLV

  • Rockets have several detachable energy-providing parts. They burn different kinds of fuels to power the rocket.
  • Once their fuel is exhausted, they detach from the rocket and fall off, often burning off in the atmosphere due to air friction, and getting destroyed.
  • Only a small part of the original rocket goes to the intended destination of the satellite.
  • Once the satellite is finally ejected, this last part of the rocket either becomes part of space debris or once again burns off after falling into the atmosphere.
  • PSLV has four parts namely PS1, a solid rocket motor augmented by 6 solid strap-on boosters; PS2, a storable liquid rocket engine, known as the Vikas engine; PS3, a solid rocket motor that provides the upper stages high thrust after the atmospheric phase of the launch; and PS4, the uppermost stage consisting of two Earth storable liquid engines.
  • As technology evolves, the effort is to make the various parts of a rocket reusable. PSLV’s PS4 has been able to achieve this. 

5. PSLV's Most recent Missions

  • The rocket launched recently carried TeLEOS-2 as the primary satellite and Lumelite-4 as a co-passenger satellite.
  • While TeLEOS-2 will “be used to support the satellite imagery requirements of various agencies within the Government of Singapore”, Lumelite-4 “aims to augment Singapore’s navigation maritime safety and benefit the global shipping community.
  • POEM-2, meanwhile, will be utilized as an orbital platform to carry out scientific experiments through non-separating payloads.
  • The payloads belong to ISRO/Department of Space, Bellatrix, Dhruva Space, and the Indian Institute of Astrophysics.

6. Why do satellites need launch Vehicles?

  • The Launch vehicle rockets have powerful propulsion systems that generate the huge amount of energy required to lift heavy objects like satellites into space, overcoming the gravitational pull of the earth.
  • Satellites, or payloads as they are often called, sit inside the rocket and are ejected once they reach their intended orbit in space.
  • Most satellites have small propulsion systems and carry small amounts of fuel, because they encounter very little drag, or force, in outer space.
  • What they do carry are the instruments needed for the scientific work for which they are being sent into space. 
For Prelims: Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), International Space Research Organisation (ISRO), PSLV Orbital Experimental Module, POEM-2, Chandrayaan-1, TeLEOS-2, Lumelite-4 and Indian Institute of Astrophysics.
For Mains: 1. ISRO’s role has been impeccable in making India a global space power, however, there are many challenges and opportunities in the new space age that ISRO needs to address. Discuss. (250 words).

Previous year Question

1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL

 

1. Context

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has asked the Kerala Department of Environment to file a report on the encroachments identified in the hill districts of the State
 

2. What is National Green Tribunal (NGT)?

  • The National Green Tribunal (NGT) is a specialized judicial body established in India to handle cases related to environmental protection and conservation.
  • It was established under the National Green Tribunal Act, of  2010, and its primary objective is to effectively and expeditiously address environmental disputes and promote sustainable development.
  • With the establishment of the NGT, India became the third country in the world to set up a specialized environmental tribunal, only after Australia and New Zealand, and the first developing country to do so.
     
  • NGT is mandated to make disposal of applications or appeals finally within 6 months of the filing of the same.
  • The NGT has five places of sittings, New Delhi is the Principal place of sitting, and Bhopal, Pune, Kolkata and Chennai are the other four.

3. Structure of the National Green Tribunal (NGT)

  • Chairperson: The NGT is headed by a full-time Chairperson who is a retired judge of the Supreme Court of India. The Chairperson is responsible for the overall administration and functioning of the tribunal.
  • Judicial Members: The NGT consists of judicial members who are retired judges of either the Supreme Court or a High Court. These members have extensive legal knowledge and experience in handling environmental matters.
  • Expert Members: The tribunal also includes expert members who possess expertise in areas such as environmental science, ecology, hydrology, and forestry. These members provide valuable technical insights and guidance in the resolution of environmental disputes.
  • The NGT is organized into multiple benches located across different regions of India. These benches are responsible for hearing cases specific to their respective jurisdictions. Each bench is headed by a judicial member and consists of one or more expert members, as required.

4. What are the Important Landmark Judgements of NGT?

The National Green Tribunal (NGT) has delivered several landmark judgments that have had a significant impact on environmental protection and conservation in India. Here are some of the important landmark judgments delivered by the NGT:

  • Vardhaman Kaushik v. Union of India (2013): This case dealt with the issue of groundwater depletion due to illegal extraction by industries in Uttar Pradesh. The NGT directed the closure of industries that were extracting groundwater without proper permissions and ordered the payment of compensation for environmental damage caused.
  • Alembic Pharmaceuticals Ltd. v. Rohit Prajapati & Ors. (2014): In this case, the NGT ordered the closure of an industrial unit in Gujarat for releasing untreated effluents into a water body, causing pollution and harm to the environment and public health.
  • M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2014): The NGT issued a landmark judgment in this case regarding the pollution of the Yamuna River. It directed several measures to clean and rejuvenate the river, including the establishment of sewage treatment plants and the regulation of industries contributing to pollution.
  • Subhash Chandra Sharma v. Union of India (2015): This case focused on the issue of air pollution caused by solid waste burning in open areas. The NGT imposed a ban on burning waste in open spaces and directed municipal authorities to take measures to manage waste effectively.
  • Raghu Nath Sharma v. State of Himachal Pradesh (2016): The NGT ordered the closure of illegal hotels and structures in the eco-sensitive Rohtang Pass area of Himachal Pradesh to protect the fragile Himalayan ecosystem.
  • Yamuna Muktikaran Abhiyan v. Union of India (2017): This case dealt with the rejuvenation of the Yamuna River and led to the NGT issuing directions to clean and restore the river, including measures to prevent encroachments and pollution.
  • M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (2017): The NGT banned the use of disposable plastic in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) and directed authorities to take steps to prevent the use and sale of such plastic.
  • Shailesh Singh v. Hotel Holiday Regency (2019): In this case, the NGT imposed heavy fines on a hotel in Shimla, Himachal Pradesh, for causing air pollution by running diesel generators without proper emission control measures.
  • Subhash Chandran vs. Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board (2020): This judgment highlighted the importance of safeguarding coastal areas and wetlands from unauthorized construction and development activities, emphasizing the need for stringent environmental norms.
  • In Re: Report by Comptroller and Auditor General of India (2021): The NGT directed the formulation of guidelines for the regulation of groundwater extraction and management to prevent overexploitation and depletion.

5. What is a dissolved oxygen level?

  • Dissolved oxygen (DO) level refers to the concentration of oxygen gas (O2) that is dissolved in a liquid, typically water.
  • It is a crucial parameter in aquatic ecosystems as it directly affects the survival and well-being of aquatic organisms.
  • In natural water bodies like lakes, rivers, and oceans, oxygen dissolves from the atmosphere through processes such as diffusion and aeration.
  • Aquatic plants, algae, and phytoplankton also contribute to the production of oxygen through photosynthesis. However, the level of dissolved oxygen can fluctuate based on various factors, including temperature, altitude, water flow, pollution, and organic matter decomposition.
  • Dissolved oxygen is essential for aquatic organisms because they rely on it for their respiration process, similar to how animals breathe oxygen from the air.
  • Insufficient levels of dissolved oxygen can lead to hypoxia, a condition where organisms are deprived of the oxygen they need to survive. This can result in stress, reduced growth, reproductive issues, and even mortality in aquatic species.

Different species of aquatic organisms have varying tolerance levels for dissolved oxygen. For example:

  • Fish and other aquatic animals often require dissolved oxygen levels between 4 to 6 milligrams per liter (mg/L) to thrive.
  • Some species of fish, insects, and other aquatic organisms can tolerate lower levels of dissolved oxygen, even below 2 mg/L, while others require higher concentrations.

6. What are chemical oxygen demand and biological oxygen demand?

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD):

  • COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize and break down organic and inorganic substances present in water.
  • It provides an indication of the total amount of pollutants that can be chemically oxidized by a strong oxidizing agent. COD is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) of oxygen consumed.
  • COD is useful in assessing the overall pollution load in a water sample, including both biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances.
  • It is commonly used for industrial wastewater monitoring, as it provides a rapid estimation of the organic content and potential pollution levels. However, COD does not differentiate between different types of pollutants or indicate the potential impact on aquatic life.

Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD):

  • BOD measures the amount of dissolved oxygen consumed by microorganisms (bacteria) during the biological degradation of organic matter in water.
  • It is a key indicator of the level of biodegradable organic pollutants present in water. BOD is expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) of oxygen consumed over a specific time period, usually 5 days (BOD₅).
  • BOD is particularly important in assessing the impact of organic pollution on aquatic ecosystems.
  • High BOD levels indicate that a water body may have a significant amount of organic pollutants, which can lead to oxygen depletion as microorganisms break down the organic matter. This oxygen depletion, known as hypoxia, can harm aquatic organisms and disrupt the ecological balance of the water body.

Comparing BOD and COD:

  • BOD primarily measures the biologically degradable organic matter and provides information about the potential impact on aquatic life.
  • COD measures both biologically and chemically degradable pollutants, giving an indication of the overall pollution load and oxygen demand.
  • BOD is a more specific and ecologically relevant parameter, but it takes longer to determine (5 days), while COD can be measured more quickly.
For Prelims: National Green Tribunal (NGT), National Green Tribunal Act, of  2010, Dissolved oxygen (DO), Chemical Oxygen demand (COD), and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) as critical indicators for assessing water pollution and quality. (250 Words)
 

Previous year Question

1. How is the National Green Tribunal (NGT) different from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)? (UPSC 2018)
1. The NGT has been established by an Act whereas the CPCB has been created by the executive order of the Government.
2. The NGT provides environmental justice and helps reduce the burden of litigation in the higher courts whereas the CPCB promotes cleanliness of streams and wells, and aims to improve the quality of air in the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
 
2. The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010 was enacted in consonance with which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India? (UPSC 2012)
1. Right of a healthy environment, construed as a part of the Right to life under Article 21
2. Provision of grants for raising the level of administration in the Scheduled Areas for the welfare of Scheduled Tribes under Article 275(1)
3. Powers and functions of Gram Sabha as mentioned under Article 243(A)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

WHO

 
 
1.Context
The World Health Organization (WHO) has now recognised that India has successfully eliminated trachoma, a bacterial infection that affects the eyes, as a public health problem
Logo
 
2. About WHO
  • The World Health Organization (WHO) was born three years later, when its constitution came into effect on April 7, 1948
  • It states that health is a human right that every human being is entitled to, “without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition” and that “the health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security.”
  • The organization’s headquarters are based in Geneva, Switzerland, with six regional and 150 country offices across the world
  • WHO leads global efforts to expand universal health coverage
  • They direct and coordinate the world’s response to health emergencies and promote healthier lives  from pregnancy care through old age
  • WHO’s work remains firmly rooted in the basic human right to health and well-being principles, as outlined in their 1948 Constitution. 
  • The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of WHO and is attended by delegations from all Member States
  • The Global Health Histories project was established within the WHO headquarters in late 2004 and expanded into the regional offices from 2009 onwards
  •  An official WHO activity, its mission is based on the principle that understanding the history of health, especially during the last 60 years, helps the global public health community to respond to the challenges of today and help shape a healthier future for everyone, especially those most in need
3. Challenges faced by WHO
3.1. Small Pox
  • One of the biggest successes in the WHO’s quest to ensure the global population’s well-being came in 1980, when the organization officially announced it had wiped out a common but deadly centuries-old infectious disease
  • Smallpox eradication was a perfect example of when the WHO works best
  • During the Cold War, there was wide-reaching agreement across the two blocs that the eradication of smallpox was a goal to be tackled. That’s when the WHO has seen its biggest successes: When members agree on which projects are worthy to be undertaken and how
3.2. Ebola Outbreak
  • 2014 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leoneoffers an example of a WHO job less well done
  • The organization was criticized, among other things, for not reacting swiftly enough to address the epidemic
  • There were unrealistic expectations for WHO, with many expecting, to go in force to the affected countries to confront the outbreak
  • This is not within the WHO’s mandate. Its role is to guide the response, develop guidance, but not to go into a country to help address a specific health threat
  • In fact, the WHO has no authority to take action in a member state unless that member state asks for help
  • After the Ebola epidemic from 2014 to 2016, the organization made significant changes to its structure
  • Example: It now relies to a lesser degree on national governments for crucial health information, thus lowering the chances of missing the start of another serious disease outbreak
3.3. Malaria Eradication attempt
  • The organization’s agreement to give up on trying to eradicate malaria in the 1960s represents another example of what some consider a botched job
  • The WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (GMEP) in 1955.
  • It looked promising, with 15 countries and one territory managing to eradicate the disease
  • But there was little to no progress in sub-Saharan Africa under the program, and in many places, failure to sustain GMEP actually led to a resurgence of malaria. In 1969, the program was discontinued
  • One reason that the eradication didn’t work, is that malaria isn’t solely a human disease, but has reservoirs in nature. This differentiates it from smallpox
3.4. Covid-19
  • Some critics, then-US-President Donald Trump among them, complained at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that the WHO was not doing enough to support member states in their fight against the disease
  • But experts like El-Sadr and Gradmann say that it wasn’t the WHO’s job to take action and introduce initiatives at the height of the coronavirus pandemic
  • During COVID, the WHO provided data and did administrative work, But initiatives to fight The disease had to come from the individual member states. I don’t think the WHO played a large role in the COVID pandemic
  • Members’ national governments were in charge of making decisions on how to best contain the pandemic in their country
 
 
 
Source: WHO, indianexpress
 
 

FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 

1. Context

The shuttering of Britain’s last coal-fired power plant, in Nottinghamshire, is a milestone and indicates the hastening of an ongoing paradigm shift in energy production globally. But this has by no means been a frictionless transition, as it has been portrayed in much of the press.
 

2. About the Free Trade Agreement

  • A Free Trade Agreement (FTA) is an agreement between two or more countries to reduce or eliminate barriers to trade, such as tariffs, quotas, and subsidies.
  • FTAs can also include provisions on other issues, such as investment, intellectual property, and labour standards.
  • The goal of an FTA is to promote trade and economic growth between the signatory countries.
  • By reducing or eliminating trade barriers, FTAs can make it easier for businesses to export their goods and services to other countries, which can lead to increased production, employment, and innovation.

3. Types of Free Trade Agreement

  • Bilateral Free Trade Agreement (BFTA) involves two countries, aiming to promote trade and eliminate tariffs on goods and services between them.  It establishes a direct trade relationship, allowing for a more focused and tailored agreement between the two nations.
  • Multilateral Free Trade Agreement (MFTA) Involving three or more countries, an MFTA seeks to create a comprehensive trade bloc, promoting economic integration on a larger scale. It requires coordination among multiple parties, addressing diverse economic interests and fostering a broader regional economic landscape.
  • Regional Free Trade Agreement (RFTA) involves countries within a specific geographic region, aiming to enhance economic cooperation and integration within that particular area. It focuses on addressing regional economic challenges and fostering collaboration among neighbouring nations.
  • Preferential Trade Agreement (PTA) involves a reciprocal reduction of tariffs and trade barriers between participating countries, granting preferential treatment to each other's goods and services. It allows countries to enjoy trading advantages with specific partners while maintaining autonomy in their trade policies with non-participating nations.
  • Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) is a broad and advanced form of FTA that goes beyond traditional trade barriers, encompassing various economic aspects such as investment, intellectual property, and services. It aims for a more comprehensive economic partnership, encouraging deeper integration and collaboration between participating countries.
  • Customs Union While not strictly an FTA, a Customs Union involves the elimination of tariffs among member countries and the establishment of a common external tariff against non-member nations. It goes beyond standard FTAs by harmonizing external trade policies, creating a unified approach to trade with the rest of the world.
  • Free Trade Area (FTA) with Trade in Goods (TIG) and Trade in Services (TIS): Some FTAs specifically emphasize either trade in goods or trade in services, tailoring the agreement to the specific economic strengths and priorities of the participating countries. This approach allows nations to focus on areas where they have a comparative advantage, fostering specialization and efficiency.

4. India's Free Trade Agreements

India is a member of several free trade agreements (FTAs) and is currently negotiating others.  India's FTAs have helped to reduce trade barriers and promote trade and economic growth. They have also helped to attract foreign investment and create jobs. 

  • The South Asian Free Trade Agreement (SAFTA) was signed in 1995 by the seven countries of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). SAFTA aims to reduce or eliminate tariffs on trade between the member countries.
  • The India-Bangladesh FTA was signed in 2010 and came into force in 2011. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-Sri Lanka FTA was signed in 1999 and came into force in 2000. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-ASEAN Free Trade Agreement was signed in 2002 and came into force in 2010. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-Korea Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was signed in 2010 and came into force in 2011. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-Japan Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement(CEPA) was signed in 2022 and came into effect in 2023. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-UAE Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (CEPA) was signed in 2022 and came into effect in 2022. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-Australia Economic Cooperation and Trade Agreement (ECTA) was signed in 2022 and came into effect in 2022. It is a comprehensive FTA that covers goods, services, and investments.
  • The India-Malaysia Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) was signed in 2010 and aims to enhance economic ties by addressing trade in goods and services, as well as investment and other areas of economic cooperation.
  • The India-Thailand Free Trade Agreement was signed in 2003 and focuses on reducing tariffs and promoting trade in goods and services between India and Thailand.
  • The India-Singapore Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement (CECA) has been operational since 2005, this agreement covers trade in goods and services, as well as investment and intellectual property.
  • The India-Nepal Trade Treaty While not a comprehensive FTA, India and Nepal have a trade treaty that facilitates the exchange of goods between the two countries.
  • The India-Chile Preferential Trade Agreement was signed in 2006 and aims to enhance economic cooperation and reduce tariffs on certain products traded between India and Chile.

5.  India - UK Free Trade Agreement

5.1. Background

  • Both countries have agreed to avoid sensitive issues in the negotiations.
  • The interim (early harvest agreement) aims to achieve up to 65 per cent coverage for goods and up to 40 per cent coverage for services.
  • By the time the final agreement is inked, the coverage for goods is expected to go up to "90 plus a percentage" of goods.
  • India is also negotiating a similar early harvest agreement with Australia, which is supposed to set the stage for a long-pending Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Agreement that both countries have been pursuing for nearly a decade.
  • While the commencement of negotiations does mark a step forward in the otherwise rigid stance adopted and when it comes to trade liberalisation, experts point to impediments and the potential for legal challenges going ahead.

5.2. GATT (General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs)

  • The exception to the rule is full-scale FTAs, subject to some conditions.
  • One rider, incorporated in Article XXIV.8 (b) of GATT, stipulates that a deal should aim to eliminate customs duties and other trade barriers on "Substantially all the trade" between the WTO member countries that are signatories to an FTA.
  • For this Agreement, a free-trade area shall be understood to mean a group of two or more customs territories in which the duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce are eliminated on substantially all the trade between the constituent territories in products originating in such territories.
  • It is often beneficial to negotiate the entire deal together, as an early harvest deal may reduce the incentive for one side to work towards a full FTA.
  • These agreements are not just about goods and services but also issues like investment.
  • If you are trying to weigh the costs and benefits, it is always better to have the larger picture in front of you.
  • In the case of the early harvest agreement inked with Thailand, automobile industry associations had complained that relaxations extended to Bangkok in the early harvest had reduced the incentive for Thailand to work towards a full FTA.
  • Early harvest agreements may serve the function of keeping trading partners interested as they promise some benefits without long delays, as India becomes known for long-drawn negotiations for FTAs.
  • Government emphasis on interim agreements may be tactical so that a deal may be achieved with minimum commitments and would allow for contentious issues to be resolved later.
 
For Prelims: Free Trade Agreement, India-U.K, Bilateral Free Trade Agreement, G-20 Summit, Agenda 2030, Covid-19 Pandemic, SAARC, General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement, Multilateral Free Trade Agreement, Regional Free Trade Agreement, Preferential Trade Agreement, Customs Union, 
For Mains: 
1. Evaluate the potential impact of the India-UK FTA on the Indian economy, considering both positive and negative aspects (250 Words)
2. Critically evaluate the significance of Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) in promoting trade and economic growth, considering their potential benefits and drawbacks. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Consider the following countries:
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. China
4. India
5. Japan
6. USA
Which of the above are among the free-trade partners' of ASEAN? (UPSC 2018)
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5          B.  3, 4, 5 and 6      C.  1, 3, 4 and 5       D.  2, 3, 4 and 6
 
Answer: C
 

2. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (UPSC 2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.
(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output.
(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.
(d) Imports grow faster than exports.

Answer: C

3. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (2010)

  1. Development of infrastructure facilities.
  2. Promotion of investment from foreign sources.
  3. Promotion of exports of services only.

Which of the above are the objectives of this Act?

(a) 1 and 2 only     (b) 3 only         (c) 2 and 3 only           (d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

4. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (UPSC 2011)

(a) the money supply is fully controlled
(b) deficit financing takes place
(c) only exports take place
(d) neither exports nor imports take place

Answer: D

5. With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club.
2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only         (b) 2 only            (c) Both 1 and 2          (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
 
 Source: The Hindu
 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

 
 
 
1. Context
 
AN AMNESTY window opened for just six months in March 2017 to clear projects in a novel “violation category” became routine through a Union Environment Ministry notification in July 2021, and provided ex-post facto approval to over 100 projects till the Supreme Court stayed the notification in January this year
Judgements by the Supreme Court in Common Cause versus Union of India (2017) and Alembic Pharmaceuticals versus Rohit Prajapati (2020) have held that the concept of ex-post facto clearance is against the fundamental principle of environmental jurisprudence and the EIA Notification 2006 which requires a prior environment clearance.
 
2. What is Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)?

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process used to evaluate the potential environmental consequences or impacts of a proposed project, plan, or program before it is approved or implemented. The goal of EIA is to ensure that decision-makers and stakeholders have a comprehensive understanding of the environmental implications of a particular undertaking, allowing them to make informed choices and mitigate adverse effects on the environment.

The EIA process involves a series of studies, assessments, and consultations to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential impacts of a project on the environment. This includes examining various aspects such as air and water quality, biodiversity, soil health, noise levels, and the socio-economic aspects of the affected communities. The information gathered during the EIA is then used to develop measures and strategies to minimize, mitigate, or offset any adverse effects on the environment.

Key components of the Environmental Impact Assessment process typically include:

  • Screening: Determining whether a proposed project requires a detailed EIA based on its scale and potential environmental significance.

  • Scoping: Identifying the key environmental concerns and defining the scope and boundaries of the assessment.

  • Baseline studies: Gathering information about the existing environmental conditions in the project area.

  • Impact prediction: Assessing the potential environmental impacts of the project based on various scenarios.

  • Mitigation and alternatives: Proposing measures to avoid, minimize, or compensate for adverse impacts. Exploring alternative project designs or locations that could have lesser environmental consequences.

  • Public participation: Involving the public and relevant stakeholders in the decision-making process, seeking their opinions and addressing their concerns.

  • Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): Compiling and presenting the findings of the assessment in a comprehensive report that includes all relevant information.

  • Decision-making: Providing the EIA report to decision-makers who use the information to make informed choices about whether to approve, modify, or reject the proposed project

3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Protection Act, 1986
 

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Environment Protection Act, 1986, are closely related in the context of environmental governance in India. The Environment Protection Act serves as the overarching legal framework, while the EIA process is a mechanism established under this act to assess and manage the environmental impacts of developmental activities.

  • Environment Protection Act, 1986:

    • The Environment Protection Act is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the central government to take measures to address environmental issues, regulate activities that may have adverse impacts on the environment, and prescribe standards for emissions or discharges.
    • The act grants the government the authority to lay down procedures and safeguards to prevent environmental pollution and conserve natural resources.
    • It enables the government to take punitive actions against those who violate environmental laws and regulations.

  • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

    • The EIA is a process mandated under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It is a systematic evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or programs before they are approved or implemented.
    • The EIA process is designed to ensure that decision-makers have comprehensive information about the environmental consequences of a project, allowing them to make informed decisions and take necessary measures to minimize adverse impacts.
    • The EIA process involves screening, scoping, baseline studies, impact prediction, alternatives assessment, public participation, and the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

  • Relationship between EIA and Environment Protection Act:

    • The EIA process is explicitly mentioned in the Environment Protection Act, and it is through this act that the government has the authority to establish procedures for carrying out EIAs.
    • Section 3(2)(v) of the Environment Protection Act empowers the central government to take measures to conduct environmental impact assessments, and Section 3(2)(i) gives the government authority to set standards for emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants.
    • The EIA Notification of 1994 and subsequent amendments provide the procedural details for conducting EIAs in various sectors. These notifications are issued under the powers conferred by the Environment Protection Act.
    • The Environment Impact Assessment process, therefore, operates within the legal framework established by the Environment Protection Act, ensuring that proposed projects are evaluated for their environmental impacts and that appropriate measures are taken to protect the environment
4. Why Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is Important?
 
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is important for several reasons as it serves as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable development and responsible decision-making in various sectors.
 
Here are some key reasons why EIA is considered important:
 
  • EIA helps in systematically identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or programs. This includes impacts on air quality, water resources, biodiversity, ecosystems, and the overall environment
  • EIA provides decision-makers, including government authorities, project developers, and the public, with comprehensive and scientifically sound information about the potential environmental consequences of a proposed activity. This enables informed decision-making and allows for the consideration of environmental concerns in the decision-making process
  • Through the EIA process, potential adverse environmental impacts are identified, and mitigation measures are proposed. These measures aim to avoid, minimize, or compensate for negative effects, ensuring that the project is designed and implemented in a way that reduces environmental harm
  • EIA involves public participation, allowing local communities and stakeholders to voice their concerns and opinions regarding proposed projects. This ensures that the decision-making process is transparent, inclusive, and considers the perspectives of those directly affected by the project
  • Many countries have regulations that require the conduct of EIAs for certain types of projects. EIA, therefore, helps in ensuring compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply may result in legal consequences for project developers
  • EIA is a key instrument for promoting sustainable development by integrating environmental considerations into the planning and execution of projects. It helps strike a balance between developmental needs and environmental conservation, ensuring that economic growth does not come at the expense of environmental degradation
  • Conducting an EIA at the early stages of project planning allows for the early detection of potential environmental issues. This proactive approach helps in avoiding costly and challenging environmental problems that might arise if issues are identified only after project implementation has begun
  • EIA is often required for projects that may have transboundary environmental impacts. It facilitates international cooperation by providing neighboring countries with information about potential cross-border environmental effects, fostering collaboration in addressing shared environmental concerns
5.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and India
 
In India, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a crucial process mandated by law for assessing the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or activities before they are approved or implemented.
 
Here are some key aspects of EIA in India:
 
  • EIA in India is governed by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the EIA Notification issued under this act. The EIA Notification provides the procedural framework for conducting EIAs and specifies the categories of projects that require clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) before they can proceed
  • The EIA process in India applies to a wide range of projects, including industrial, mining, infrastructure, and urban development projects, among others. The EIA Notification categorizes projects into various categories based on their potential environmental impacts and establishes different clearance procedures for each category
  • The EIA process in India typically involves several stages, including screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact prediction, alternatives assessment, public consultation, preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment report, and decision-making by regulatory authorities
  • Public participation is a key component of the EIA process in India. The EIA Notification requires project proponents to conduct public consultations to gather feedback and address concerns from affected communities and stakeholders. Public hearings are held to provide an opportunity for the public to express their views on proposed projects.
  • Projects that are subject to EIA in India require environmental clearance from the MoEFCC or State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs) before they can proceed. The clearance is granted based on the findings of the EIA report and compliance with environmental conditions and mitigation measures
 
For Prelims: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
For Mains: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
 
 
Source: Indianexpress
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