NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR WOMEN
1. Context
After taking suo motu cognisance of the sexual assault on a student on the Anna University campus and issuing a notice to the Tamil Nadu Police seeking an explanation on the steps taken in the arrest of the accused in the case, the National Commission for Women (NCW) constituted a fact-finding committee to probe the incident.
2. National women commission
- The National Commission for Women (NCW) was established in 1992 under the National Commission for Women Act 1990 to address women's concerns at the national level.
- Additionally, each state has its own commission comprising individuals with experience in various fields relevant to women's development.
- These commissions are expected to investigate and examine matters related to women's safeguards under the Constitution and other laws.
- They are also responsible for handling complaints and addressing non-implementation of laws that protect women's rights.
3. Manipur State Commission for Women (MSCW)
- The MSCW was constituted in September 2006 under the Manipur State Commission for Women Act, 2006.
- The Manipur Women's Commission is a statutory body established by the Government of Manipur in India to safeguard the rights and interests of women in the state.
- It was created to address the specific concerns and challenges faced by women in various spheres of life and to promote gender equality and empowerment.
- The commission plays a crucial role in ensuring that women are treated fairly, with dignity, and without discrimination.
3.1. Key Objectives and Functions
Gender Equality: The primary objective of the Manipur Women's Commission is to promote and safeguard gender equality. It aims to eliminate all forms of discrimination and violence against women and to create a more just and equitable society.
Empowerment: The commission strives to empower women economically, socially, and politically. It works towards enhancing their participation in decision-making processes and providing opportunities for their personal and professional growth.
Legal Support: The commission serves as a legal aid and counseling center for women who have been victims of violence, harassment, or any form of injustice. It offers support and guidance in pursuing legal actions and seeks to ensure justice for the affected women.
Awareness and Education: The commission conducts awareness programs and educational workshops to sensitize the public about women's rights and gender issues. It aims to change societal attitudes and behaviors towards women and foster a culture of respect and gender sensitivity.
Policy Recommendations: The commission actively engages with policymakers and authorities to advocate for policies and laws that protect and promote women's rights. It submits recommendations and suggestions for necessary changes in existing laws or the formulation of new ones to address women's issues effectively.
Research and Data Collection: To understand the evolving challenges faced by women, the commission conducts research and collects relevant data on various aspects of women's lives. This information helps in designing targeted interventions and policies.
Coordination with Stakeholders: The commission collaborates with various government departments, NGOs, and other stakeholders to implement gender-sensitive programs and initiatives effectively. It also works closely with law enforcement agencies to ensure the safety and security of women.
Crisis Intervention: In cases of emergencies or crises involving women, the commission intervenes promptly to provide necessary support and assistance. It can issue directives to authorities for immediate action.
4. Conclusion
- Women's commissions in India, including the Manipur State Commission for Women, need to transcend administrative barriers and become more proactive in addressing women's issues.
- Field visits, impartial appointments, and social audits are essential steps to ensure these commissions fulfill their roles effectively.
- It is time for commission members to step out of their offices, experience the reality faced by citizens, and work towards creating a safer and more equitable society for all.
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For Prelims: Human Rights Commissions, National Commission for Women, National Commission for Women Act 1990, Manipur State Commission for Women,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role and mandate of the National Commission for Women (NCW) in India. Assess its effectiveness in addressing women's concerns at the national level. (250 words)
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Source: The Indian Express
INDIA-KUWAIT
1. Context
India and Kuwait on Sunday signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) on defence cooperation that will allow for exchange of defence personnel, joint exercises, and supply of military equipment.
2. India and Kuwait relations
- India and Kuwait share historically close and enduring relations, strengthened by geographical proximity, historical trade connections, cultural ties, and the significant Indian community in Kuwait.
- These bonds have been nurtured over time, with India serving as a natural trading partner. Notably, until 1961, the Indian Rupee was Kuwait's legal tender. Before the discovery of oil, Kuwait's economy was centered around its strategic harbor and maritime activities, including shipbuilding, pearl diving, fishing, and trade with India via wooden dhows carrying dates, Arabian horses, and pearls in exchange for wood, cereals, textiles, and spices.
- Kuwait's economy today is dominated by petroleum, with crude oil reserves of 101.5 billion barrels (around 6% of global reserves) and proven natural gas reserves of 1,784 billion cubic meters (63 trillion cubic feet) (source: OPEC).
- Oil revenues account for approximately 94% of Kuwait's state income .
- The country offers a wealthy and competitive market for consumer goods and project exports, ranking as the 4th largest market among GCC nations after the UAE, Saudi Arabia, and Qatar. Kuwait also boasts a Sovereign Wealth Fund (SWF) of around USD 1 trillion, managed by the Kuwait Investment Authority (KIA).
- Trade has been a key element of India-Kuwait relations. India is one of Kuwait's leading trading partners, with bilateral trade totaling USD 10.479 billion during 2023-24.
- Indian exports to Kuwait reached USD 2.1 billion, reflecting a year-on-year growth of 34.78%. Kuwait remains a dependable supplier of crude oil and LPG to India, meeting approximately 3.5% of the country's total energy needs.
- In FY 2023-24, Kuwait was India's 6th largest crude oil supplier and 4th largest petroleum gas provider
3. Indian Community in Kuwait
- India and Kuwait share historically strong and friendly relations, with the Indian diaspora serving as a vital link between the two nations. Historically, India was a key trading partner for Kuwait, and the Indian Rupee remained the country’s legal tender until 1961.
- Today, Kuwait heavily relies on the Indian workforce, with approximately one million Indians constituting 21% of Kuwait's total population and 30% of its workforce, making them the largest expatriate community in the country.
- In the 19th and early 20th centuries, Kuwait thrived as a small trading port, primarily engaged in maritime trade with the Indian subcontinent through ports like Karachi, Mumbai, and Cochin.
- Kuwaiti merchants transported goods such as Arabian horses, dates, and pearls to India on wooden dhows and returned with timber, spices, and textiles. This flourishing trade also attracted Indian traders, who became involved in various businesses, including textiles, spices, and food products.
- Kuwait’s economic boom during the 1970s and 1980s, fueled by its oil reserves, spurred rapid infrastructure development. The Indian community played a crucial role during this period, with many professionals and skilled workers contributing significantly to the oil, gas, and construction sectors.
- However, the Gulf War of 1990-1991 caused a mass exodus of Indians, including a large-scale evacuation by the Government of India, which airlifted over 1.7 lakh Indians from Jordan. Post-liberation, most of the Indian community returned to Kuwait, eventually becoming the largest expatriate group in the country.
- According to the Public Authority for Civil Information (PACI) of Kuwait, as of December 2023, Kuwait’s population stood at 4.859 million, with 3.3 million expatriates.
- Indian workers represent a substantial portion of the workforce, particularly in the private and domestic sectors.
- The Indian medical community in Kuwait is particularly noteworthy, comprising approximately 1,000 doctors, 500 dentists, and 24,000 nurses, who are highly regarded for their professionalism and compassion.
- The Indian community is valued for its hard work, trustworthiness, and non-interfering nature. Indian professionals, including businessmen, entrepreneurs, and medical and engineering experts, hold esteemed positions in Kuwait. Strong cultural and social ties with India are maintained through over 200 registered Indian associations that organize cultural events and humanitarian initiatives.
- Kuwait also hosts 26 CBSE-affiliated schools, catering to more than 60,000 students, primarily Indians. However, there are relatively few Indian students pursuing higher education in Kuwait and few Kuwaitis studying in Indian universities.
- The Indian community remains a preferred group in Kuwait, contributing significantly to the country's development while preserving their cultural heritage
4. Bilateral relations
- India and Kuwait share a longstanding relationship rooted in deep cultural ties and mutual exchanges. To commemorate the 60th anniversary of diplomatic relations in 2021-22, the Indian Embassy in Kuwait organized numerous events, including over 200 cultural programs.
- Notable events such as Splendors of India and Namaste Kuwait were hosted in 2022, while a Festival of India took place in March 2023 under the Ministry of Culture, India. Both countries have also agreed to a new Cultural Exchange Programme (CEP) to enhance bilateral cultural collaboration.
- With approximately one million members, the Indian community is the largest expatriate group in Kuwait and is highly regarded. It includes a diverse range of professionals such as engineers, doctors, chartered accountants, scientists, software specialists, management consultants, architects, technicians, and nurses.
- Many Indian workers also contribute significantly in unskilled and semi-skilled roles. The Indian business community has established a strong presence in Kuwait’s retail and distribution sectors, with some businesses operating for two to three generations.
- Notable entities like Lulu Hypermarket and other NRI-owned companies have significantly increased the availability of Indian products in the Kuwaiti market.
- Over 200 Indian associations registered with the Embassy actively organize cultural programs and charitable activities, fostering a sense of community and cultural cohesion
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India and Kuwait have signed several important bilateral agreements over the years, including:
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5. Way Forward
India-Kuwait relationship has been consistently strengthened through shared cultural ties, historical exchanges, and mutual cooperation across various sectors. The Indian community in Kuwait, which constitutes the largest expatriate group, plays a vital role in maintaining and fostering these strong bilateral ties. Over the years, both nations have signed numerous agreements that reflect their commitment to enhancing diplomatic, economic, and cultural collaboration. With ongoing initiatives like the Cultural Exchange Programme and a thriving Indian business community in Kuwait, the India-Kuwait partnership continues to grow and evolve, ensuring a strong foundation for future cooperation in diverse fields such as trade, technology, education, and human resource development
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For Prelims: India-Kuwait relations, Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (2017)
For Mains: General Studies Paper II (Governance, Constitution, Polity, Social Justice and International relations)
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Source: The Hindu
STARLINK DEVICES
1. Context
Billionaire Elon Musk has denied claims that his space company SpaceX’s satellite internet technology, Starlink is being used by militants in Manipur. This came after the Indian Army and police seized weapons and what looked like a Starlink-branded satellite router and antenna. Starlink is still pending approval in India, though it will be starting in Bangladesh and Bhutan in 2025
2. What is Starlink?
- Starlink operates a large network of low Earth orbit satellites to provide broadband internet with fast speeds and low latency. This enables users not only to access essential services but also to stream content, play online games, make video calls, and engage in other data-intensive activities, as stated by the company.
- It is widely used in remote areas, on sea vessels, in disaster-hit zones, and in regions where internet access is limited or controlled by authoritarian governments.
- The Starlink system consists of thousands of satellites orbiting Earth at approximately 550 km. While it offers global coverage, SpaceX notes that it is not permitted to provide services in certain regions
- Starlink is a satellite internet constellation project developed by SpaceX, the private aerospace company founded by Elon Musk. The project aims to provide global internet coverage, particularly to remote or underserved regions that lack reliable broadband infrastructure.
- Starlink uses a network of low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, which are placed much closer to the Earth compared to traditional geostationary satellites. This proximity allows Starlink to offer high-speed, low-latency internet services
3. Key Features of Starlink
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Global Coverage: Starlink aims to provide internet access anywhere on Earth, especially to rural or remote locations where ground-based internet services are unavailable or expensive.
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Low Earth Orbit Satellites: Unlike traditional satellite internet, which uses satellites in geostationary orbit (22,000 miles above Earth), Starlink’s satellites orbit at altitudes between 340 km and 1,200 km. This reduces latency (the time it takes for data to travel between the user and the satellite).
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High-Speed Internet: Starlink provides broadband-level speeds, typically ranging from 50 Mbps to 150 Mbps, with some users reporting speeds of up to 200 Mbps. Latency can be as low as 20-40 milliseconds, which is comparable to or better than traditional cable internet.
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Affordable Equipment: To access the Starlink service, users need a dish (referred to as the "Starlink Kit") that includes a phased array antenna, a Wi-Fi router, and cables. The setup is designed to be easy and self-installable.
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Ongoing Expansion: As of 2024, Starlink continues to launch additional satellites to expand its coverage and improve service reliability
4. Can Starlink internet be controlled?
- International borders are not rigid, and refining satellite internet coverage to match these borders with exact precision is challenging. This is further complicated by the fact that many borders are disputed or ambiguous, while satellites overhead continuously transmit encrypted signals.
- This encryption serves to prevent interference from militants or other malicious entities attempting to hack into the service. The central concern is whether militants in regions like Manipur could effectively access Starlink satellite internet in India.
- If these [Starlink] devices were purchased from outside India, by any means, they could still be used, as the device would then be authorized.
- The issue is whether the device has a location-tracking feature. If you buy a [Starlink] terminal in the U.S. and bring it to India, it might not work due to the change in geographical location—unless the terminal has an inbuilt location identifier."
5. Latest Controversy
- On December 16, the Spear Corps of the Indian Army posted photos on Elon Musk-owned X, showing guns, ammunition, and homemade mortars seized by army and police units in Manipur.
- Among the items, X users noticed a small satellite device and a router, which had the SpaceX logo. In response to a claim by an X user that Mr. Musk’s technology was being used by terrorists, the billionaire refuted the accusation, stating, "This is false.
- Starlink satellite beams are turned off over India." The Starlink device also displayed the markings "RPF/PLA," referring to a Myanmar-based Meitei extremist group banned in India. According to Starlink's website and coverage map, the service availability in Myanmar is not listed.
- This is not the first instance of SpaceX facing controversy in India. Last month, the Andaman and Nicobar islands police apprehended smugglers with over 6,000 kg of methamphetamine and a Starlink device allegedly used for communication and navigation, despite the service being banned in Indian waters. Additionally, in August, Starlink equipment was found being sold on the B2B platform IndiaMART
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For Prelims: Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites, Starlink
For Mains: GS II & III - Governance, Cybersecurity and National Security
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Source: The Hindu
HIND KUSH MOUNTAINS
1. Context
Due to rising temperatures, record glacier melting has occurred in 2023 globally, including in Asia, according to the State of the Cryosphere 2024 report
2. Cryosphere Report 2024
- If carbon dioxide emissions continue to increase at their current rate, global temperatures could rise by 3°C or more above pre-industrial levels by the end of this century.
- This would pose significant risks to the planet's cryosphere, with wide-ranging impacts on ecosystems, human livelihoods, and the global economy.
- These issues were emphasized in the State of the Cryosphere 2024 – Lost Ice, Global Damage, a report presented at the United Nations Climate Change Conference held in Baku, Azerbaijan, from November 11 to 22.
- This annual report, published since 2021 by the International Cryosphere Climate Initiative, evaluates the state of the world's cryosphere.
- According to the report, rising temperatures in 2023 led to unprecedented glacier melting worldwide, including in Asia.
- The Indian Himalayan Region is one of the areas directly impacted by these changes. Before delving into the effects of cryosphere loss in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, it is essential to understand the cryosphere, its components, its importance, and the ways global warming is influencing it
3. Cryosphere: Components
- The term "Cryosphere" originates from the Greek word kryos, meaning "icy cold." It refers to the Earth's frozen water components, including snow, glaciers, ice caps, ice sheets, sea ice, and permafrost.
- These features are predominantly found in polar regions, high latitudes, and elevated areas of the planet. Permafrost is defined as ground that remains frozen for at least two consecutive years.
- The Cryosphere is essential to the Earth’s climate and water systems. It serves as a natural reservoir, providing water during periods of scarcity or when perennial sources run dry.
- Snow, with its high reflectivity (albedo), reflects over 90% of solar radiation, contributing to the regulation of global temperatures and maintaining a cooler planet.
- The glaciers in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, often referred to as the "Third Pole" or the "Water Tower of the Earth," supply water to major river systems such as the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra.
- Formed through the accumulation of snow over centuries or millennia, glaciers are vital indicators of climate change and global warming.
- As layers of snow accumulate, they capture data about historical climatic conditions, including temperature, air bubbles, dust, heavy metals, and acid traces. This information, preserved in glaciers and ice sheets, can be studied using ice-core analysis.
- However, as permafrost thaws, it releases greenhouse gases like methane (CHâ‚„) and carbon dioxide (COâ‚‚) into the atmosphere, further intensifying global warming
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Climate Situations
Global temperatures have already risen approximately 1.2°C above pre-industrial levels. The Paris Climate Agreement of 2015 aimed to limit this increase to well below 2°C, with an aspirational goal of keeping it under 1.5°C by the century's end. To meet these targets, countries were required to implement their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), which outline their planned climate actions and commitments. However, the State of the Cryosphere report highlights that current NDCs and climate pledges are insufficient. Even if these commitments are fully implemented, surpassing the 2°C threshold set by the Paris Agreement remains likely. If carbon dioxide emissions continue at their current rate, global temperatures could rise by 3°C or more above pre-industrial levels by the end of the century, leading to significant and potentially catastrophic impacts on the planet |
4. Impacts on the Global Cryosphere
- Rising global temperatures are impacting every aspect of the Cryosphere. For the third consecutive summer, Antarctica's sea ice extent has fallen below 2 million square kilometers. Research indicates that the stability thresholds for the world's largest ice sheets—Greenland and parts of Antarctica—are significantly below a warming of 2.2°C.
- If the current warming trend of 1.2°C persists, there is a risk of complete loss of Antarctic sea ice during summer months.
- This would warm surrounding waters and accelerate ice sheet melting through calving. A similar situation exists in the Arctic, where surpassing the 1.5°C threshold could eventually lead to sea level rises exceeding 10 meters over the coming centuries.
- The Cryosphere's deterioration is evident worldwide. Venezuela lost its last glacier, Humboldt, this year, and Indonesia’s Eternity Glacier is expected to disappear within two years.
- Glaciers in the tropical Andes are losing ice mass ten times faster than the global average. In Europe, under current warming trends, one-third of the Alps' glaciers could vanish by 2050, with up to two-thirds lost if high emissions continue through mid-century.
- As temperatures rise, precipitation patterns are shifting, with less snowfall and more rain, even at high altitudes, reducing overall seasonal snow cover. Additionally, thawing permafrost is releasing more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
- While scientists have identified 450 ppm as a critical COâ‚‚ threshold, projections suggest levels could reach 500 ppm, even if current Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are fully implemented
5. Hind Kush Himalayan range
- The Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) range, often referred to as the "Third Pole," is a vast mountain system spanning across eight countries: Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, Bhutan, China, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. It is home to some of the world's tallest peaks, including Mount Everest and K2, and serves as a crucial source of water and biodiversity
- The HKH region is known as the "Water Tower of Asia," supplying freshwater to some of the world's major river systems, such as the Indus, Ganga, Brahmaputra, Yangtze, and Mekong. These rivers support nearly two billion people across South Asia and Southeast Asia
- The region contains thousands of glaciers, which act as natural reservoirs by storing water in the form of ice. However, these glaciers are highly sensitive to climate change, with many experiencing rapid melting due to rising global temperatures
- The report highlights that 2023 experienced unprecedented glacier melting globally, including in Asia, driven by rising temperatures. In the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region, snowfall during the winter of 2023–2024 reached record-low levels. This reduction in seasonal snow is expected to significantly affect food, energy, and water security at both national and regional levels.
- The Indian Himalayan Region, encompassing 13 states and Union Territories, is particularly vulnerable to these changes. Projections indicate that a global temperature rise of just 2°C could result in a 50% reduction in ice from High Mountain Asian glaciers. Even with a 1.5°C increase, substantial cryosphere loss in the HKH region appears inevitable.
- Such changes are expected to exacerbate catastrophic events, including Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs), which are already a pressing concern in High Mountain Asia, particularly in India. A recent example is the October 2023 GLOF event at South Lhonak Lake in Sikkim, which caused significant loss of life and extensive damage to infrastructure
6. Way Forward
The report emphasizes the critical need for immediate global action to limit warming to 1.5°C, which remains the only feasible path to safeguard significant portions of the Cryosphere and reduce the risk of catastrophic events.
In addition to cutting emissions, substantial investments are required to strengthen the adaptive capacities of communities directly impacted by these changes. The upcoming revision cycle for Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) in 2025 provides an important opportunity for nations to update and honor their climate commitments
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For Prelims: Cryosphere, Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) Range, GLOFs
For Mains: Develop a multidimensional understanding of the cryosphere's significance and threats
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Source: Indianexpress
POLAVARAM PROJECT
1. Context
The Biju Janata Dal (BJD) has recently intensified its efforts to highlight the potential adverse impacts of the Polavaram Dam project, undertaken by the Andhra Pradesh government, on the tribal communities in Odisha’s Malkangiri district. A delegation comprising BJD’s Rajya Sabha members submitted a fresh memorandum to the Central Water Commission (CWC), the Ministry of Tribal Affairs, the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change stating that the impact of submergence due to ‘unilateral’ change in the design of the project has not yet been studied
2. Polavaram Project
The Polavaram Project is a multipurpose irrigation project located on the Godavari River in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. It is one of the most ambitious and controversial infrastructure projects in the country. The project aims to provide irrigation, hydropower generation, and drinking water supply to several regions in Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and Odisha.
Key Features of the Polavaram Project:
- Location: The project is situated in the West Godavari district of Andhra Pradesh.
- Type: It is a river valley project that includes a dam, reservoir, and canals for irrigation.
- Purpose: The primary purpose of the project is to irrigate approximately 2.91 million acres of land in the region and provide drinking water to several towns and cities. It will also generate hydroelectric power.
- Height of the Dam: The dam will be 45 meters high, with a reservoir capacity of 80.75 TMC (Thousand Million Cubic Feet) of water.
- Irrigation: It aims to irrigate areas in the Godavari Basin, providing water to agricultural lands.
- Hydropower Generation: The project includes a power plant that will generate around 960 MW of electricity.
- Flood Control: The dam will also help in controlling floods in the region, particularly during the monsoon season
3. Status of the Polavaram Project
- Andhra Pradesh Chief Minister N. Chandrababu Naidu has committed to finishing the Polavaram Project on the Godavari River by 2027, as the ongoing interstate dispute involving Odisha, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh reaches a critical stage. The Union government has pledged ₹15,000 crore in this year’s budget to support the project's completion.
- However, the BJD has accused the Central Water Commission (CWC) of refusing to conduct a backwater study for the revised design flood, despite expert recommendations and concerns raised by the Odisha government about the safety of tribal populations.
- The BJD claims that various studies, including those by the Andhra Pradesh government and CWC, show differing estimates for the submergence levels.
- For example, a 2009 backwater study by Andhra Pradesh suggests that a 50-lakh cusec flood would result in submergence up to 216 feet in Odisha, significantly surpassing the initially agreed maximum level of 174.22 feet.
- A 2019 report from IIT Roorkee further projects that a 58 lakh cusec flood would cause submergence up to 232.28 feet at the reservoir level in Odisha
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4. Challenges
- Although no detailed study has been conducted on the potential submergence of Malkangiri district due to the backwaters from the Polavaram project, the Odisha State government submitted to the National Commission for Scheduled Tribes (NCST) in 2016 that the project would submerge 7,656 hectares of land, including forest areas, and displace over 6,800 people, including 5,916 tribals in Malkangiri.
- The Ministry of Jal Shakti reported that, according to the Water Resources Department of Andhra Pradesh, the submergence in both Odisha and Chhattisgarh could be entirely prevented by implementing remedial measures, such as constructing protective embankments.
- These embankments would cover 30 km along the Sileru and Sabari rivers in Odisha and 29.12 km along the Sabari River in Chhattisgarh. In August of this year, the Ministry requested the State Pollution Control Boards of Odisha and Chhattisgarh to conduct public hearings for the construction of these embankments without further delay, as the project is at an advanced stage.
- However, the Odisha State Pollution Control Board has yet to hold a public hearing. The Odisha government had previously raised concerns about the feasibility of the embankment, citing that its construction would require the diversion of forestland and cause flooding in Odisha territory
5. Godavari River
- The Godavari River is the second-longest river in India, after the Ganges, and is often referred to as the "Dakshina Ganga" (Ganga of the South). It originates from the Trimbakeshwar hills near Nasik in Maharashtra and flows eastward through several states, including Maharashtra, Telangana, Chhattisgarh, and Andhra Pradesh, before emptying into the Bay of Bengal.
- The river covers a total length of approximately 1,465 kilometers and is a major source of water for irrigation, drinking, and other domestic uses for the regions it flows through. It also supports a wide range of ecosystems and provides livelihood opportunities for millions of people.
- The Godavari River basin is rich in biodiversity, and the river is known for its religious and cultural significance. Several temples and pilgrimage sites are located along its course, with places like Nashik, Rajahmundry, and Bhadrachalam being important religious hubs.
- The Godavari River plays a critical role in the economy of southern India, particularly in agriculture, by providing irrigation to large areas of land, especially in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The Godavari basin is one of the most fertile regions in India, supporting the cultivation of rice, cotton, and other crops.
- The river also faces challenges such as pollution, water management issues, and the impact of large-scale development projects, including dams and irrigation schemes. To address these concerns, the government and various organizations are working on initiatives for sustainable water use and conservation in the Godavari River basin
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For Prelims: Godavari River, Krishna River and their tributaries
For Mains: GS I - Indian Geography
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Source: The Hindu
VICE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
1. Context
On December 10 2024, the Opposition submitted a notice to move a no-confidence or impeachment resolution against Vice President and Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar. The notice accuses him of engaging in “partisan” conduct and being an “impassioned spokesperson” of the government’s policies at public fora. A similar motion had been considered by the Opposition during the Budget session in August but was ultimately shelved as the session drew to a close.
2. Vice President of India
The Vice President of India is the second-highest constitutional office in the country, following the President. This position plays an important role in the governance and legislative process.
Here's an overview:
- The Vice President serves as the Chairperson of the Council of States (Rajya Sabha) and presides over its sessions.
- They ensure the smooth functioning of the Rajya Sabha, maintain decorum, and decide on points of order
- In case of the resignation, death, removal, or inability of the President to discharge their duties, the Vice President acts as the President until a new President is elected
- The Vice President is elected by an electoral college, consisting of members of both Houses of Parliament (Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha) through a secret ballot and proportional representation with a single transferable vote.
- Members of State Legislative Assemblies do not participate in this election
Eligibility Criteria:To be eligible for the office of Vice President:
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3. Procedure to Impeach Vice President
- As the second-highest constitutional authority after the President, the Vice President's powers are derived from Article 63 of the Constitution.
- Additionally, Article 64 designates the Vice President as the ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, entrusting the officeholder with dual responsibilities as Vice President and Chairperson of the Upper House.
- The procedure for the removal of the Vice President, who also serves as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, is outlined in Article 67.
- This article specifies that the Vice President's tenure is five years, beginning from the day they assume office. However, they may resign before completing the term by submitting a resignation to the President.
- Moreover, under Article 67(b), the Vice President can be removed if a resolution to that effect is passed by a majority in the Rajya Sabha and subsequently agreed upon by the Lok Sabha. It is stipulated that such a resolution requires a prior notice period of at least 14 days before it can be moved
4. Will the no-confidence motion be taken up?
- It is improbable that the no-confidence motion will be discussed in the House, as the Winter Session of Parliament is set to end on December 20, leaving fewer than 14 days for consideration.
- For example, in 2020, then Rajya Sabha Chairperson M. Venkaiah Naidu rejected a no-confidence motion against Deputy Chairperson Harivansh, citing the requirement of a 14-day notice.
- Even if the motion is brought before the House, it is unlikely to succeed due to the Opposition’s lack of sufficient numbers to ensure its passage. This initiative seems to primarily serve as a symbolic protest against Mr. Dhankhar’s alleged partisan behavior.
- Since it is a constitutional resolution, it does not expire with the prorogation of the session. It can be addressed in the next session of Parliament or during a specially convened session for that purpose
5. Can the Vice President preside over the motion in the Upper House?
- No, the Vice President of India, in their capacity as the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha, cannot preside over a motion concerning their own removal in the Upper House. This is in line with the principle of natural justice, which prevents an individual from judging a matter in which they have a direct interest.
- In such a scenario, Article 91 of the Constitution provides that the duties of the Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha (the Vice President) will be performed by the Deputy Chairperson.
- If the Deputy Chairperson is unavailable or the office is vacant, any other member of the Rajya Sabha, as determined by the rules of procedure, may preside over the proceedings.
- This ensures impartiality and fairness in handling motions related to the removal of the Vice President
6. Constitutional Provisions of the Vice President of India
| Article | Provision | Details |
| 63 | Office of the Vice President | Establishes the position of the Vice President of India |
| 64 | Vice President as Ex-officio Chairperson of the Rajya Sabha |
1.Serves as the head of the Rajya Sabha.
2.Has no voting rights in the Rajya Sabha except in case of a tie
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| 65 | Acting as President |
1.Takes over as President in the absence of the President.
2.Cannot hold the position of Rajya Sabha Chairperson during this period
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| 66 | Election of the Vice President | Elected by members of both Houses of Parliament through proportional representation and secret ballot |
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Eligibility Criteria:
- Must be a citizen of India.
- Must be at least 35 years old.
- Must be eligible for Rajya Sabha membership.
- Cannot hold a government position
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| 67 | Term of Office and Removal |
1.Serves a five-year term.
2.Can resign or be removed by a resolution passed by both Houses of Parliament
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For Prelims: Vice President of India, President of India
For Mains: GS II - IndianPolity & Governance
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2013)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (b) Mains 1.Discuss the role of the Vice –Presidents of India as the chairman of the Rajya Sabha. (2022) |
Source: The Hindu
UDAYASTHAMANA POOJA
1. Context
The Supreme Court slammed the Devaswom administration of Sri Krishna temple in Kerala’s Guruvayur for deciding not to conduct the age-old ‘Udayasthamana Pooja’ on Guruvayur Ekadashi day (December 11) citing crowd management and wondered how it could have decided so.
2.Udayasthamana Pooja
Udayasthamana Pooja is a special and elaborate form of worship observed in Hindu temples, particularly in South India. The term "Udayasthamana" literally means "from sunrise to sunset," signifying that the pooja is performed continuously throughout the day.
The Udayasthamana Pooja consists of a sequence of worship rituals conducted in temples from sunrise (udaya) to sunset (asthamana). However, the temple authorities recently opted to forgo this ceremony on Ekadasi, citing difficulties in crowd management and the intention to provide devotees with more time for darshan
Procedures:
- The day starts with the temple's usual Suprabhata Seva (awakening of the deity).
- A series of rituals, including Abhishekam (ritual bathing), Alankaram (decoration of the deity), and Archana (chanting of names), are conducted.
- Special offerings such as naivedyam (food), lamps, and flowers are made throughout the day.
3. Controversy Surround it
The Kerala High Court previously dismissed a case on the issue, stating that the Tantri has ultimate authority over such decisions. However, the Supreme Court has now issued notices to the temple management, the Kerala government, and the Tantri, and plans to hear the case in four weeks.
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The dispute began when the temple administration, supported by the Tantri, decided to discontinue the ‘Udayasthamana Pooja’ on ‘Vrishchikam Ekadasi.’ This decision was justified by challenges in crowd management and the intention to allow devotees more time for darshan. Members of the temple’s hereditary priestly family opposed the move, claiming it disrupted long-standing customs and traditions.
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The temple authorities and the Tantri argued that the pooja is not an essential ritual but a voluntary offering (vazhipadu) that has been altered in the past to address practical concerns. They highlighted that the decision was made in consultation with the Tantri and did not compromise the temple’s rituals or traditions.
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The High Court observed that determining whether the pooja on ‘Vrishchikam Ekadasi’ constitutes an integral part of the temple’s traditions (acharams) or is simply a form of offering (vazhipadu) involves factual considerations
4. Who is Adi Sankaracharya?
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Adi Shankaracharya (788–820 CE) was a revered Indian philosopher and theologian who consolidated the doctrine of Advaita Vedanta. He is considered one of the most influential spiritual leaders in Indian history and is credited with reviving Hinduism at a time when it faced challenges from other faiths and internal divisions.
- Advaita Vedanta translates to "non-dualism." It emphasizes the unity of the individual soul (Atman) with the ultimate reality (Brahman), asserting that the perceived differences in the world are an illusion (Maya).
- Shankaracharya argued that liberation (Moksha) is achieved through self-realization and knowledge (Jnana), rather than rituals or blind faith.
- Engaged in intellectual debates with scholars of different philosophies, such as Mimamsa, Nyaya, and Buddhism, strengthening Hindu orthodoxy.
- Wrote commentaries (bhashyas) on key Hindu texts like the Brahmasutras, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita
- Adi Shankaracharya is regarded as a saint and philosopher who brought coherence to Hindu philosophy.
- His teachings continue to influence Indian spirituality and philosophy, making Advaita Vedanta one of the most enduring schools of thought
5. Philosophy of Adi Sankaracharya
Shankaracharya founded the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta, which translates to "non-dualism." It is a school of Hindu philosophy that emphasizes the fundamental oneness of the individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman).
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Non-Duality:
- The individual soul (Atman) and the ultimate reality (Brahman) are not separate but one and the same.
- The perception of duality is due to ignorance (Avidya).
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Illusion of the World (Maya):
- The world of forms and distinctions is an illusion, created by Maya.
- Realizing the truth of Brahman removes this illusion.
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Path to Liberation (Moksha):
- Liberation is achieved through self-knowledge (Jnana), meditation, and realization of one's unity with Brahman.
- Rituals and devotional practices are secondary aids for preparing the mind.
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Ultimate Goal:
- The ultimate goal is self-realization and merging with Brahman, transcending all distinctions and suffering.
6. Constitutional governing the management of religious institutions in India?
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Freedom of Religion (Articles 25–28):
- Article 25: Guarantees the right to freely profess, practice, and propagate religion, subject to public order, morality, and health. It allows the state to regulate secular aspects of religious practices.
- Article 26: Grants religious denominations the right to manage their own affairs in matters of religion, establish institutions, and own property, subject to public order, morality, and health.
- Article 27: Prohibits the use of taxpayer money for promoting or maintaining any particular religion.
- Article 28: Prohibits religious instruction in educational institutions wholly maintained by the state.
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Directive Principles of State Policy:
- Article 44: Advocates for a Uniform Civil Code to ensure that personal laws, including those related to religious institutions, do not conflict with secular principles.
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Equality and Non-Discrimination:
- Articles 14 and 15: Ensure equality before the law and prohibit discrimination based on religion.
- Article 29: Protects cultural and religious practices of minorities.
7. What is the role of the judiciary in balancing the protection of religious traditions with administrative concerns?
The judiciary ensures that the fundamental rights guaranteed under Articles 25 and 26 of the Constitution are protected.
- Article 25: Protects individual religious freedom, subject to public order, morality, and health.
- Article 26: Protects the rights of religious denominations to manage their religious affairs
The judiciary has developed the "Essential Religious Practices" doctrine, distinguishing practices integral to a religion from those that are optional or secular.
- In Shirur Mutt Case (1954), the Supreme Court ruled that the state could not interfere in essential religious practices but could regulate secular activities.
- This doctrine helps determine whether administrative actions infringe on religious freedom
The judiciary has developed the "Essential Religious Practices" doctrine, distinguishing practices integral to a religion from those that are optional or secular.
- In Shirur Mutt Case (1954), the Supreme Court ruled that the state could not interfere in essential religious practices but could regulate secular activities.
- This doctrine helps determine whether administrative actions infringe on religious freedom
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For Prelims: Key Constitutional Provisions like Freedom of religion, Right to equality, Prohibition of discrimination on religious grounds
For Mains: GS Paper II: Indian Polity and Governance
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Source: Indianexpress
MINERALS SECURITY PARTNERSHIP (MSP)
1. Context
In September, India was formally inducted into the Minerals Security Finance Network (MSFN) which stems from the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP). The announcement was made by the US State Department on the margins of the United Nations General Assembly on September 23
2.Minerals Security Partnership (MSP)
The Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) is a strategic international initiative aimed at bolstering the security and sustainability of critical mineral supply chains. These minerals are essential for advanced technologies, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and semiconductors
The partnership includes major economies and resource-rich nations, typically led by countries such as the United States, Canada, Australia, and Japan, among others. These nations collaborate to identify and develop alternative sources of critical minerals and secure reliable supply chains.
India, though not a formal member of the MSP, recognizes the strategic importance of securing critical mineral supplies. The country has been taking steps to explore domestic resources, establish bilateral agreements, and invest in overseas mining ventures.
This partnership underscores the global recognition of the importance of critical minerals in achieving economic security, energy transition goals, and technological resilience
Importance of Critical Minerals:
Critical minerals like lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, and graphite are vital for:
- Clean Energy Transition: Supporting technologies like wind turbines, solar panels, and batteries.
- Defense and Aerospace: Enabling advanced weaponry, satellites, and aviation systems.
- Technological Advancements: Powering semiconductors, smartphones, and electric vehicles
3. Key takeaways on Minerals Security Partnership
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In June 2023, India became part of the MSP, a US-led alliance of 14 countries focused on fostering public and private investments to enhance global supply chains for critical minerals. A joint statement released by India and the US on June 23, 2023, highlighted their shared commitment to ensuring adequate supplies of essential critical minerals for their respective markets. It also emphasized accelerating bilateral efforts to establish resilient supply chains, marking India's formal entry into the partnership.
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The MSP member countries include Australia, Canada, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Norway, South Korea, Sweden, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the European Union, represented by the European Commission.
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The partnership focuses on minerals such as cobalt, nickel, lithium, and the 17 rare earth elements. Its objective is to create an alternative to China's dominance in rare earth processing and its acquisition of cobalt mines in Africa.
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Current collaborative efforts within the MSP involve establishing a forum for expertise sharing, building a robust battery material supply chain, and working on the development of a minerals processing facility in South America.
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The MSP gained further momentum with the creation of the MSFN in September, which comes amid a growing reliance on countries like China for critical resources, particularly rare earth minerals.
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As part of the new partnership, member nations acknowledged that addressing the rising global demand for critical minerals to facilitate the clean energy transition requires collective efforts beyond the capacity of any single institution. Public and private sectors within member countries must collaborate to mobilize investments in both new and existing markets in this field.
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Speaking at the United Nations General Assembly in New York, US Undersecretary of State Jose W. Fernandez remarked, “The energy transition is at risk. We need increased production capacity for critical minerals, as many supply chains are concentrated in one or two countries and lack resilience.”
4. Rear Earth Minerals
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The 17 rare earth elements (REEs) comprise the 15 Lanthanides (atomic numbers 57 to 71, starting with Lanthanum) along with Scandium (atomic number 21) and Yttrium (atomic number 39). These elements are categorized into two groups: light rare earth elements (LREEs) and heavy rare earth elements (HREEs).
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REEs, though used in small amounts, are critical components in over 200 consumer products, such as mobile phones, computer hard drives, electric and hybrid vehicles, semiconductors, flat-screen TVs, monitors, and advanced electronics. India has been a late entrant in the lithium value chain, coinciding with projections of a significant transformation in the electric vehicle (EV) sector.
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India has some REEs, including Lanthanum, Cerium, Neodymium, Praseodymium, and Samarium. However, heavy rare earth elements like Dysprosium, Terbium, and Europium are not present in extractable quantities within Indian deposits. As a result, India depends on imports from countries like China, which dominates the global REE market with an estimated 70% share of global production
5. Critical minerals and India's import reliance
Critical minerals are essential for the manufacturing of advanced technologies, including renewable energy systems, electric vehicles, and high-end electronics. These minerals, such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, and rare earth elements, play a vital role in supporting India's transition to a low-carbon economy and enhancing its industrial and technological capabilities.
India's Import Reliance
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Dependence on Key Suppliers:
India heavily depends on imports for critical minerals, with China being a dominant supplier, especially for rare earth elements (REEs). China's extensive processing infrastructure and global mining investments make it a critical player in this sector. -
Limited Domestic Availability:
While India possesses some rare earth elements like lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, and praseodymium, others, particularly heavy rare earth elements such as dysprosium and terbium, are either unavailable or found in non-extractable quantities within the country. -
Strategic Vulnerability:
Over-reliance on imports exposes India to supply chain disruptions, geopolitical risks, and market volatility, threatening its clean energy and technological goals
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For Prelims: Critical minerals, Ministry of Mines, carbon emissions, cleaner energy, lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, copper, Selenium, Cadmium, Centre of Excellence on critical minerals, Australia's CSIRO, Geological Survey of India,
For Mains:
1. What are critical minerals? Discuss their significance for a country's economic development and national security. Explain how the identification of critical minerals helps in reducing import dependency and ensuring resource security. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010)
Mineral 90%Natural sources in
1. Copper Jharkhand
2. Nickel Orissa
3. Tungsten Kerala
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012)
1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
3. In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller's Organization (CCO)? (UPSC 2022)
1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India.
2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks.
3. It hears any objection to the Government's notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas.
4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3 and 4 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2 and 4
Answer: A
4. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
Answer: A
5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018)
Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy.
A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I)
B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I)
C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false
D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true
Answer: C
6. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017)
A. Lead Acid B. Manganese C. Lithium ion D. Nickel metal hydride
Answer: C
7. White gold is an alloy of (UPSC CAPF 2022)
A. gold, nickel and palladium
B. gold, cobalt and palladium
C. gold, titanium and platinum
D. gold, magnesium and palladium
Answer: A
8. Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance? (UPSC 2012)
1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity.
2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far.
3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency.
4. It can be used as 'conducting electrodes' required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 and 4 only C. 1, 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C
9. Graphite and diamonds are__________. (WBCS Prelims 2020)
A. isotopes B. isomers C. isotones D. allotropes
Answer: D
10. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.
2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
11. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (UPSC 2013)
1. Arsenic
2. Sorbitol
3. Fluoride
4. Formaldehyde
5. Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2, 4 and 5 only C. 1, 3 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer: C
12. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of the bioremediation technique? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
13. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (UPSC 2013)
1. Beryllium
2. Cadmium
3. Chromium
4. Heptachlor
5. Mercury
6. Lead
7. Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only B. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
C. 2, 4, 5 and 7 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: B
14. When was the Geological Survey of India (GSI) of India founded? (UPRVUNL Staff Nurse 2021)
A. 1851 B. 1951 C. 1871 D. 1931
Answer: A
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Source: Indianexpress
