DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 11 JUNE 2024

SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS(SCS)

1. Context

The Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014, which bifurcated unified Andhra Pradesh into two States, was notified on March 1, 2014 and had come into force from June 2, 2014. While the Act had specified many things, there was no mention of giving a Special Category Status (SCS) to Andhra Pradesh. Now with the completion of the 2024 Lok Sabha elections, the demand for SCS to Andhra is again gaining attention

2. What is a Special Category Status?

Special Category Status (SCS) is a classification given by the Indian government to certain states that face geographical and socio-economic challenges. This status provides these states with special assistance and various concessions from the central government to address their unique challenges and promote their development. The concept was introduced in 1969 based on the recommendations of the Fifth Finance Commission.

Key features of Special Category Status include:

Central Assistance: States with SCS receive more significant financial assistance from the central government. This includes higher grants and subsidies for central schemes.
Concessional Funding: The central government provides financial support in the form of a 90:10 ratio for centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), where 90% of the funding is a grant from the central government, and only 10% is to be provided by the state. For other states, this ratio is typically 60:40.
Tax Concessions: Industries set up in these states may receive various tax benefits to encourage industrialization and economic development.
Debt Relief: These states often get better terms for debt repayment and lower interest rates on loans from the central government.
Infrastructural Development: Special Category Status can also bring prioritization in infrastructural development projects, including roads, airports, and railways, which are crucial for connectivity and growth.
Higher Plan Assistance: States with SCS are entitled to higher central plan assistance for their development projects.

States that have been accorded Special Category Status typically face challenges like hilly and difficult terrain, low population density or the presence of sizeable tribal populations, strategic international borders, economic and infrastructural backwardness, and non-viable state finances.

Which states presently have SCS?

Currently, 11 States in India — Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, and Uttarakhand — have SCS

Source: The Hindu

3. What are the criteria for SCS designation?

Five factors that are considered before granting SCS to a State:

Hilly and difficult terrain
Low population density and/or sizeable share of tribal population
Strategic location along international borders
Economic and infrastructural backwardness
Non-viable nature of State finances

4. Why is Andhra Pradesh demanding Special Category Status?

Andhra Pradesh has been demanding Special Category Status (SCS) for several reasons, primarily linked to the economic and developmental challenges it faced following the bifurcation of the state in 2014, which led to the creation of the new state of Telangana.

Here are the key reasons for Andhra Pradesh's demand:

Economic Disadvantages Post-Bifurcation: The bifurcation resulted in Andhra Pradesh losing Hyderabad, a major economic hub with substantial revenue generation, to Telangana. This left Andhra Pradesh with reduced revenue sources and significant fiscal challenges.
Promise Made During Bifurcation: The central government, during the process of bifurcation, had assured Andhra Pradesh that it would be granted Special Category Status for a period of five years to help the state cope with the economic impact. This promise was seen as a crucial measure to ensure the state's development and financial stability.
Infrastructure and Developmental Needs: Post-bifurcation, Andhra Pradesh had to build a new capital (Amaravati) and develop its infrastructure from scratch. Special Category Status would provide the state with higher central assistance and concessional funding to support these massive developmental needs.
Comparative Disadvantage: Andhra Pradesh argues that without Special Category Status, it is at a disadvantage compared to states like Telangana, which inherited significant infrastructure and economic assets. SCS would help bridge this gap by providing additional financial resources.
Political and Public Pressure: There is significant public and political pressure within Andhra Pradesh for the fulfilment of the promise of Special Category Status. The demand has become a major political issue, with various parties and leaders pushing for it as a means to ensure the state's economic growth and development.
Developmental Incentives: Special Category Status brings various benefits, including higher grants from the central government, tax incentives for industries, and more favourable terms for debt and funding of central schemes. These incentives are seen as essential for boosting industrialization, employment, and overall economic growth in the state

5. What does The 14th Finance Commission say about the Special Category status?

The 14th Finance Commission, which was constituted in January 2013 and submitted its report in December 2014, made several key recommendations regarding the concept of Special Category Status (SCS).

Here's a summary of its stance and recommendations:

The 14th Finance Commission recommended discontinuing the practice of granting Special Category Status to states. It suggested that the distinction between Special Category and non-Special Category states should be removed for a more uniform approach to state assistance
To compensate for the discontinuation of Special Category Status, the Commission recommended a significant increase in the share of states in the divisible pool of central taxes from 32% to 42%. This aimed to give states greater financial autonomy and more resources to address their specific needs
The Commission proposed that all states should be treated equally in terms of devolution of funds, thereby removing any preferential treatment that Special Category Status provided. This was intended to simplify the financial assistance mechanism and ensure a more transparent and equitable distribution of resources.
Although the 14th Finance Commission recommended discontinuing SCS, it acknowledged the need for special assistance to certain states facing unique challenges. It suggested that such states could receive targeted central assistance through specific schemes and programs rather than through a separate category status.
The Commission emphasized the use of objective criteria for the allocation of resources to states, including factors like population, income distance, area, forest cover, and demographic performance. This approach aimed to ensure that funds were distributed based on measurable needs and performance indicators rather than a special status designation.

6. Which states are demanding the Special Category Status?

Several states have been demanding Special Category Status (SCS) from the central government. These demands stem from various economic, developmental, and political considerations. Here are some of the states that have actively sought SCS:

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh has been one of the most vocal in demanding SCS, primarily due to the economic disadvantages it faced following the bifurcation of the state in 2014, which led to the creation of Telangana. The loss of Hyderabad, a major economic and revenue-generating city, has been a significant factor in this demand.
Bihar: Bihar has been consistently demanding SCS to address its developmental challenges, including high poverty rates, low per capita income, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The state argues that SCS would help accelerate its economic growth and improve living standards.
Odisha: Odisha has sought SCS citing its high tribal population, frequent natural disasters, and overall economic backwardness. The state government believes that additional central assistance and concessions would aid in its development efforts.
Rajasthan: Rajasthan has also demanded SCS, highlighting its large desert areas, water scarcity issues, and economic challenges. The state seeks special financial support to overcome these hurdles and promote sustainable development.
Chhattisgarh: Chhattisgarh, with its significant tribal population and issues related to naxalism (left-wing extremism), has been advocating for SCS to receive better financial assistance for security and developmental initiatives.

7. What are the Benefits of SCS?

The benefits of Special Category Status (SCS) in India include various financial and developmental incentives aimed at addressing the unique challenges faced by certain states. Here are the primary benefits:

States with SCS receive more significant financial assistance from the central government.
This includes grants and funds for development projects and centrally sponsored schemes.
For centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), SCS states typically receive funding in a 90:10 ratio (90% central funding and 10% state funding), compared to a 60:40 or 50:50 ratio for other states.
This reduces the financial burden on the state government.
Industries and businesses setting up operations in SCS states may receive various tax benefits and incentives.
These concessions aim to promote industrialization and economic development in these regions.
SCS states often get better terms for debt repayment, including lower interest rates on loans from the central government.
SCS states receive priority for central government projects related to infrastructure development, such as roads, airports, and railways.
States with SCS are eligible for additional grants and subsidies from various central government schemes.
SCS states that face specific challenges, such as insurgency or border security issues, receive additional support from the central government for maintaining peace and security.
States with difficult terrain, extensive forest cover, and unique geographic challenges receive support for environmental conservation and sustainable development.

8. Way Forward

The sustainability of development in SCS states can be questionable if it relies heavily on central grants. Long-term development requires building internal capacities and resources, which might not be adequately addressed through SCS alone

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance

For Mains: GS-II:Indian Polity and Governance

Source: Indianexpress

HEAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Context

Heat is animus. It was there at the birth of the universe, and its death will be the universe’s death. It is impossible to overstate its importance, both throughout human history and across modern technologies. The innovation of steam-powered pumps and engines in the 17th and 18th centuries, reaching the first of many summits in James Watt’s setup in 1764, precipitated the first Industrial Revolution. Today, global warming is forcing us to deliberate on the roles heat plays in our lives.

2. What is Heat?

In the context of microscopy, the temperature of an object reflects the average kinetic energy of its particles.
When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the cooler one will heat up while the warmer one cools down. Here, heat refers to the thermal energy exchanged between the objects to cause this change in temperature.
On a larger scale, heat is treated as a type of energy with distinct properties, analyzed through thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related disciplines.
A substance can take in heat at one location and release it at another, a principle that underlies many contemporary technologies such as thermal and nuclear power plants and air conditioning systems.
Engineers have devised methods to transform heat into mechanical energy, enabling the creation of machines like the internal combustion engine

3. How is Heat Used?

One of the best ways to grasp the concept of heat is by looking at its applications, such as internal combustion engines (ICEs) and thermal power plants.
An ICE transforms heat into mechanical work, effectively applying the theoretical Carnot cycle, which defines the highest efficiency an engine can achieve in converting heat to work.
The engine consists of four main components: a hot reservoir (with more heat), a cold reservoir (with less heat), an ideal gas between the reservoirs (transferring heat), and a piston next to the gas. Each cycle includes four stages.
In the first stage, isothermal expansion, the ideal gas is insulated from the cold reservoir and exposed to the hot reservoir.
Heat from the hot reservoir, produced for example by burning petrol, transfers to the gas, causing it to expand and push the piston. The second stage, isentropic expansion, continues the gas expansion while insulated from both reservoirs.
The gas cools slightly as it does work on the piston without a temperature change due to insulation. These two steps involve the piston doing work on its surroundings.
The third stage, isothermal compression, exposes the gas to the cold reservoir, where it releases its remaining heat.
The piston moves downward in this stage. In the fourth stage, isentropic compression, the gas is again insulated from the reservoirs while the piston continues downward, compressing and warming the gas, readying it for the next cycle. In these last two steps, the surroundings work on the piston.
Similarly, a thermal power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, and pumps, with water as the working fluid. The ideal version of this system is the Rankine cycle, also comprising four stages.
In the first stage, isentropic compression, a pump compresses the water to high pressure. During the second stage, heat addition, the water is pumped to the boiler and heated by an energy source, such as burning coal or nuclear fission, transforming it into saturated vapor under high pressure.
The third stage, isentropic expansion, involves the pressurized vapor expanding in the turbine, releasing heat and reducing pressure. This expansion drives the turbine blades, generating power through the generator.
In the final stage, heat removal, the cooled vapor enters the condenser, where it is condensed back to a saturated liquid at a fixed pressure. The condenser acts as a heat exchanger, using a coolant, such as cold water, to absorb the vapor's heat

4. How is heat related to work?

Heat and work share the same physical dimensions, but not all heat can be converted into work. For instance, if a system performs work while losing thermal equilibrium, it will lose some energy.
This can occur in an internal combustion engine (ICE) if, for example, it isn't well-lubricated, causing friction as the piston moves against the combustion chamber walls. This loss of 'useful heat' is tied to the concept of entropy, which indicates disorder in a system and prevents the associated heat from being converted into work.
Additionally, when a system performs work without losing or gaining heat—such as during the isentropic expansion and compression steps of the Carnot cycle—the process is considered adiabatic. Fully adiabatic processes are reversible.
Components of ICEs and thermal power plants are designed to alternate a medium that transports heat through different states, in steps that aim to maximize work output and minimize entropy changes and other energy losses

5.Applications of Heat

Understanding the microscopic and macroscopic properties of heat has been vital in fields such as metallurgy and materials science, mining, refineries, various chemical reactions, semiconductor electronics, meteorology, and transportation.
Heat plays a significant role in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In many cold regions, heat is generated and transported from centralized facilities to homes and offices.
Individual homes often use electric heaters, which convert electrical energy to heat by passing a current through a resistor, to stay warm. Recently, experts have advocated for a 'right to air-conditioning' for people in low- and middle-income countries facing extreme heat.
Heat engines like internal combustion engines (ICEs) and steam engines operate on the Carnot cycle. Heat pumps, which are essentially air conditioners that heat rather than cool, use the reverse Carnot cycle.
Air conditioners for cooling large spaces, such as halls and car interiors, utilize the reverse Rankine cycle.
Other cycles, depending on the heat-transporting medium and desired operating conditions, include the Brayton, gas-generator, regenerative, Siemens, and Stirling cycles

6. Heat and Climate Change

The global response to climate change is focused on two main strategies: mitigation and adaptation. For climate mitigation, researchers worldwide are developing new methods to generate heat energy without burning fossil fuels and finding ways to reduce emissions from existing technologies. Meanwhile, policymakers are working on new incentives to encourage the adoption of these solutions.
In terms of climate adaptation, heat waves are a significant concern, especially in India. During a heat wave, the impact on health depends on the body's pre-existing health conditions and its ability to prevent heat accumulation.
Long-term health is influenced by living conditions, access to clean environments, and healthcare. Short-term heat management depends on immediate measures to reduce heat buildup. When the wet-bulb temperature exceeds about 32 degrees Celsius, even brief periods of light outdoor activity can cause severe harm.
Global warming itself is essentially a heat issue. Solar energy reaches the Earth, with some being reflected, some absorbed by the atmosphere, and some warming the ground. At night, the Earth emits this absorbed energy as infrared radiation.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour absorb this radiation, convert it to kinetic energy, and heat the atmosphere, which reduces the Earth's ability to cool down efficiently

7. Way Forward

Addressing the role of heat in climate change requires a dual approach: mitigating the causes by reducing greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to the effects by improving our resilience to heat-related impacts. Both scientific innovation and policy action are essential to effectively manage heat in the context of climate change

For Prelims: COP28, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Climate Finance, Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Nationally Determined Contributions, COP27, Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement

For Mains:

1. Discuss the impact of climate change on developing economies. How can climate finance be effectively utilized to promote sustainable development in these economies? (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)

1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.

2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility for global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

2. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of ( UPSC 2016)

A. pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East

B. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change

C. capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

D. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals

Answer: B

3. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has announced which country to host the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in 2023? (SSC CGL 2023)

A. UAE B. US C. UK D. Russia

Answer: A

4. Consider the following statements with reference to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (RBI Grade B 2022)

1. OECD is an official Permanent observer to the United Nations and is referred to as a think-tank or as a monitoring group.

2. India is not a member of OECD.

3. OECD is funded by its member countries.

Which of the statement given above is/ are correct?

A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 E. 2 only

Answer: D

5. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)

1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.

2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

6. The 27th annual UN meeting on climate, COP27 (Conference of Parties) took place from 6th to 18th November, in which of the following country? (SSC GD Constable 2023)

A. France B. Brazil C. Indonesia D. Egypt

Answer: D

7. According to the Copenhagen Accord, what percentage of India has promised to reduce carbon emissions by the year 2020 as compared to 2005? (UP Police SI 2017)

A. 20-25 percent B. 10-15 percent C. 30-35 percent D. 5-10 percent

Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A

Mains

1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26^th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (upsc 2021)

Source: The Hindu

ADITYA-L1

1. Context

Two of the remote sensing payloads aboard India’s maiden solar mission, Aditya-L1, have captured images of the sun and its dynamic activities during the solar storm, which occurred in May 2024

2. About Aditya-L1

Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.

Image Source: ISRO

3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations

India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.

4. Space weather alerts

Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.

5. The Significance of L1

Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.

12. The Way Forward

The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.

For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit,

For Mains:

1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)

1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.

2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.

3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 and 3

C. 1 and 2

D. 3 only

Answer: A

2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)

A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research

Answer: A

3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)

A. Long-range missile

B. Rocket to moon

C. Spacecraft project

D. Light combat aircraft

Answer: C

4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)

1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.

2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: D

5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)

1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.

2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.

3. Power grids could be damaged.

4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.

5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.

6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.

7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only

B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only

C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only

D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7

Answer: C

Source: The Indian Express

GLOBAL WARMING

1. Context

This May was the warmest May ever. In fact, each of the last 12 months have set a new warming record for that particular month

2. The difference in Temperature rise

Temperature rises over land is much higher than over oceans. Overland the annual mean temperatures have risen by as much as 1.59 degree Celsius since preindustrial times, according to the latest report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Oceans, in contrast, have warmed by about 0.88 degree Celsius. The warming trends over the Indian region are very different.
An assessment of climate change over the Indian subcontinent, published by the Ministry of Earth Sciences in 2020, said annual mean temperatures had risen by 0.7 degree Celsius from 1900.
This is significantly lower than the 1.59 degree Celsius rise for land temperatures across the world. It could give the impression that the problem of climate change in India was not as acute as in other parts of the world. But that is not entirely accurate.

3. Why is warming over India is lower?

The relatively lower rise in temperatures over India is not a surprise. Also, India is not a special case. The increase in temperatures is known to be more prominent in the higher altitudes, near the polar regions, than near the equator.
This is attributable to a complex set of atmospheric phenomena, including heat transfers from the tropics to the poles through prevailing systems of air circulation. India happens to be in the tropical region, quite close to the equator.
A substantial part of the difference between the temperature rise over India and that over the entire world can be explained by understanding what the different numbers represent.
The planet as a whole has warmed by 1.1 degree Celsius compared with preindustrial times.
But, as mentioned earlier, this is just the average. Different regions have seen very different levels of warming.
The polar regions, particularly the Arctic, have seen significantly greater warming. The IPCC report says the Arctic region has warmed at least twice as much as the world average.
Its current annual mean temperatures are about 2 degrees Celsius higher than pre-industrial times. Some other studies suggest the Arctic could be warming even faster.
Again, this happens because of a variety of reasons, including the processes mentioned earlier. Another prominent cause is what is known as the albedo effect, or how much sunlight a surface reflects. The ice cover in the Arctic is melting, because of which more land or water is getting exposed to the Sun.
Ice traps the least amount of heat and reflects most of the solar radiation when compared with land or water.
More recent research suggests that the higher warming in the polar region could be attributed to a host of factors, including the albedo effect, changes in clouds, water vapour, and atmospheric temperatures.
The warming in the polar regions accounts for a substantial part of the 1.1-degree Celsius temperature rise over the entire globe.

4. Higher warming over land than oceans

However, the 0.7 degree Celsius temperature rise over India has to be compared with the warming seen over land areas, not the entire planet.
As mentioned, land areas have become warmer by 1.59 degree Celsius. Land areas tend to get heated faster and by a larger amount, than oceans.
Daily and seasonal variations in heating over land and oceans are usually explained in terms of their different heat capacities. Oceans have a higher capacity to cool themselves down through the process of evaporation.
The warmer water evaporates, leaving the rest of the ocean relatively cooler. However, longer-term enhanced heating trends over land have to be attributed to other, more complicated, physical processes involving land-ocean-atmospheric interactions.

5. Impact of Aerosols

Aerosols refer to all kinds of particles suspended in the atmosphere. These particles have the potential to affect the local temperature in multiple ways.
Many of these scatter sunlight back, so that lesser heat is absorbed by the land. Aerosols also affect cloud formation.
Clouds, in turn, have an impact on how much sunlight is reflected or absorbed.
Aerosol concentration in the Indian region is quite high, due to natural as well as man-made reasons.
Due to its location in the tropics and the arid climate, India is no stranger to dust. But it also happens to be experiencing heavy pollution right now.
Emissions from vehicles, industries, construction, and other activities add a lot of aerosols to the Indian region. A reduction in warming could be an unintended but positive side effect.

For Prelims: Global Warming, Intercontinental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), Aerosols, Albedo, Climate change, and land-ocean-atmospheric interactions.

Previous year Questions

1. In the context of mitigating the impending global warming due to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide, which of the following can be the potential sites for carbon sequestration? (UPSC 2017)

1. Abandoned and uneconomic coal seams

2. Depleted oil and gas reservoirs

3. Subterranean deep saline formations

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 3 only

C. 1 and 3 only

D. 1, 2, and 3 only

Answer: D

2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)

1. Climatic and Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) to Reduce Short-Lived Climate Pollutants is a unique initiative of the G20 group of countries.

2. The CCAC focuses on methane, black carbon, and hydrofluorocarbons.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 only

B. 2 only

C. Both 1 and 2

D.Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: B

Source: The Indian Express

PM AWAS YOJANA

1. Context

It would be interesting to note that the BJP’s tally in rural-dominated constituencies came down from 253 in 2019 to 193 in 2024, a slide of 60 of the 63 seats the party lost in the election. It seems that rural India has sent a strong message to the BJP. More importantly, there are lessons for the new government as well as for those who have lost the elections

2. PM Awas Yojana

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) is a flagship housing scheme launched by the Government of India with the aim of providing affordable housing to the urban and rural poor.
It was announced on June 25, 2015, by Prime Minister Narendra Modi as part of his vision of "Housing for All" by the year 2022.
The scheme is designed to address the housing shortage in the country and improve the living conditions of the economically weaker sections (EWS), low-income groups (LIG), and middle-income groups (MIG).

3. Key Objectives of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

Affordable Housing: PMAY focuses on providing affordable housing units with basic amenities at an affordable cost to eligible beneficiaries.
Inclusivity: The scheme aims to include all sections of society, especially those who are economically disadvantaged and marginalized, in the process of nation-building.
Empowerment: By providing housing to beneficiaries, the scheme aims to enhance their quality of life, promote health and sanitation, and empower them economically and socially.
Urban and Rural Coverage: PMAY aims to cover both urban and rural areas, recognizing the need for housing in both sectors.
Women Empowerment: The scheme prioritizes the allocation of housing units in the name of the female head of the household, which helps in women's empowerment and ensures greater financial security.

4. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is implemented in three major components:

Credit-Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS): Under this component, eligible beneficiaries from the EWS, LIG, and MIG sections can avail of interest subsidies on home loans. The amount of subsidy depends on the income category, and it helps reduce the effective interest rate on the home loan, making it more affordable for the beneficiaries.
Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP): This component targets the development of affordable housing projects in partnership with various public and private agencies. The government provides financial assistance to the partnering agencies to construct these houses.
Beneficiary-led Construction (BLC): This component empowers the eligible beneficiaries to construct or enhance their houses on their own with the help of financial assistance provided by the government.

5. Aim of the scheme

To provide a pucca house with basic amenities to all rural families, who are homeless or living in kutcha or dilapidated houses by the end of March 2022.
To help rural people Below the Poverty Line (BPL) in the construction of dwelling units and upgradation of existing unserviceable kutcha houses by providing assistance in the form of a full grant.
Beneficiaries: People belonging to SCs/STs, freed bonded laborers and non-SC/ST categories, widows or next-of-kin of defense personnel killed in action, ex-servicemen and retired members of the paramilitary forces, disabled persons, and minorities.
Selection of Beneficiaries: Through a three-stage validation - Socio-Economic Caste Census 2011, Gram Sabha, and geo-tagging.
Cost Sharing: The cost of unit assistance is shared between Central and State Governments in the ratio of 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and hilly states.

6. Performance of the Scheme:

Only 55% of the construction target has been completed.
Of the 2.28 crore houses to be built for the rural poor, less than 1.27 crore had been built by January 2021.
Money has been sanctioned to almost 85% of beneficiaries.
This scheme has helped in employment generation. Many states provided employment to their migrant laborers during the lockdown.

For Prelims: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana, Economically weaker sections (EWS), low-income groups (LIG), middle-income groups (MIG), Below Poverty Line (BPL), Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS), Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP), and Beneficiary-Led Construction (BLC).

Previous year Question

1. Time span of 'Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana' is (UPPSC Civil Service 2016)

A. 2014 - 2021

B. 2014 - 2024

C. 2015 - 2022

D. 2015 - 2025

Answer: C

2. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban)-PMAY (U)’s mission is to achieve the goal of Housing for All in urban areas by: (SSC CHSL 2020)

A. 2022

B. 2023

C. 2021

D. 2020

Answer: A

3. Which of the following statement(s) regarding the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) is/are true? (RBI Grade B 28 May 2022)

(i) The Government has approved the project for the construction of over 60,000 houses under the scheme in the next 5 years.

(ii) These 60,000 houses will be constructed across Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, Himachal Pradesh, Karnataka, and Rajasthan.

(iii) The total number of sanctioned houses under the scheme stands at 114.07 lahks.

A. Only (ii)

B. Both (i) and (ii)

C. Both (i) and (iii)

D. Both (ii) and (iii)

E. All (i), (ii) and (iii)

Answer: E

Source: The Indian Express

GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)

1. Context

Instant mixes, including idli, dosa and khaman flour, cannot be classified as chhatua or sattu and 18 per cent GST should be levied on them, the Gujarat Appellate Authority for Advance Ruling (GAAAR) has ruled

2. What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on the supply of goods and services at each stage of the production and distribution chain. It is a comprehensive indirect tax that aims to replace multiple indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments in India.
GST is designed to simplify the tax structure, eliminate the cascading effect of taxes, and create a unified national market. Under the GST system, both goods and services are taxed at multiple rates based on the nature of the product or service. The tax is collected at each stage of the supply chain, and businesses are allowed to claim a credit for the taxes paid on their inputs.
The GST system in India came into effect on July 1, 2017, replacing a complex tax structure that included central excise duty, service tax, and state-level taxes like VAT (Value Added Tax), among others. The GST Council, consisting of representatives from the central and state governments, is responsible for making decisions on various aspects of GST, including tax rates and rules.
GST is intended to create a more transparent and efficient tax system, reduce tax evasion, and promote economic growth by fostering a seamless flow of goods and services across the country. It has a significant impact on businesses, as they need to comply with the new tax regulations and maintain detailed records of their transactions for GST filing

3.Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 101st Amendment Act, 2016

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced through the 101st Amendment Act of 2016. This constitutional amendment was a crucial step in the implementation of GST, which aimed to create a unified and comprehensive indirect tax system across the country.

Here are some key points related to the 101st Amendment Act and GST:

The 101st Amendment Act was enacted to amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax.
It added a new article, Article 246A, which confers concurrent powers to both the central and state governments to levy and collect GST
The amendment led to the creation of the GST Council, a constitutional body consisting of representatives from the central and state governments. The council is responsible for making recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, and other related issues
The amendment introduced a dual GST structure, where both the central government and the state governments have the power to levy and collect GST on the supply of goods and services
For inter-state transactions, the 101st Amendment Act provides that the central government would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which would be a sum total of the central and state GST
The amendment also included a provision for compensating states for any revenue loss they might incur due to the implementation of GST for a period of five years

The 101st Amendment Act was a critical legislative step that provided the constitutional framework for the implementation of GST in India. It addressed the need for a unified tax system, simplifying the tax structure and promoting a common market across the country. The subsequent establishment of the GST Council has played a pivotal role in the ongoing management and evolution of the GST system in India

4. What are the different types of Goods and Services Tax (GST)?

In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is structured into different tax rates based on the nature of the goods and services. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the GST rates are divided into multiple slabs. It's important to note that tax rates may be subject to changes, and new amendments could have been introduced since then. As of my last update, the GST rates are as follows:

Nil Rate:
- Some goods and services are categorized under the nil rate, meaning they attract a 0% GST. This implies that no tax is levied on the supply of these goods or services.
5% Rate:
- This is a lower rate, applicable to essential goods such as certain food items, medical supplies, and other basic necessities.
12% Rate:
- Goods and services falling in this category attract a 12% GST rate. Items such as mobile phones, processed foods, and certain services fall under this slab.
18% Rate:
- A higher rate of 18% is applicable to goods and services such as electronic items, capital goods, and various services.
28% Rate:
- The highest GST rate of 28% is applied to luxury items, automobiles, and certain goods and services that are considered non-essential or fall into the luxury category.
Compensation Cess:
- In addition to the above rates, some specific goods attract a compensation cess, which is levied to compensate the states for any revenue loss during the transition to GST. This is often applied to items like tobacco and luxury cars.
Zero Rate:
- Certain categories of goods and services may be specified as "zero-rated," which means they are effectively taxed at 0%. This is different from the nil rate, as it allows businesses to claim input tax credit on inputs, capital goods, and input services.
Exempt Supplies:
- Some goods and services may be exempt from GST altogether. This means that they are not subject to any GST, and businesses cannot claim input tax credit on related inputs

5.Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union territory GST (UTGST) and Integrated GST (IGST)

Subject	Central GST (CGST)	State GST (SGST)	Union Territory GST (UTGST)	Integrated GST (IGST)
Levied by	Central Government	Respective State Governments	Union Territory Administrations	Central Government (on inter-state transactions)
Applicability	On intra-state supplies (within the same state)	On intra-state supplies (within the same state)	On intra-union territory supplies (within the same union territory)	On inter-state supplies (across states or union territories)
Rate Determination	Determined by the Central Government	Determined by the Respective State Government	Determined by the Union Territory Administration	IGST rate is a sum of CGST and SGST rates
Revenue Collection	Collected by the Central Government	Collected by the Respective State Government	Collected by the Union Territory Administration	Collected by the Central Government (on inter-state transactions)
Utilization of Revenue	Shared between Central and State Governments	Retained by the Respective State Government	Retained by the Union Territory Administration	Shared between Central and State Governments
Purpose	Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover central taxes	Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover state taxes	Applicable in union territories for intra-territory supplies	Applied to regulate and tax inter-state supplies
Input Tax Credit (ITC)	ITC available for CGST paid on inputs and services	ITC available for SGST paid on inputs and services	ITC available for UTGST paid on inputs and services	ITC available for both CGST and SGST paid on inputs
Tax Jurisdiction	Applies within a particular state	Applies within a particular state	Applies within a particular union territory	Applies to transactions across states and union territories
GSTN Portal for Filing Returns	Central GSTN portal	State-specific GSTN portals	UTGSTN portal	Integrated GSTN portal

6.What are the benefits of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was implemented with the aim of bringing about significant reforms in the indirect tax structure. Several benefits have been associated with the introduction of GST.

Here are some key advantages:

GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. This streamlined system reduces the complexity of compliance for businesses
GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes are levied on top of other taxes. With a seamless credit mechanism, businesses can claim input tax credit on the taxes paid on their purchases, leading to a more transparent and efficient system
GST has facilitated the creation of a common national market by harmonizing tax rates and regulations across states. This has reduced trade barriers and promoted the free flow of goods and services throughout the country
The GST system has incorporated technology-driven processes, including electronic filing and real-time reporting, making it harder for businesses to evade taxes. This has contributed to increased tax compliance
The input tax credit mechanism under GST benefits manufacturers, as they can claim credits for taxes paid on raw materials and input services. This has a positive impact on the cost of production and enhances the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market
GST brings transparency to the taxation system. The online filing of returns and the availability of transaction-level data make it easier for tax authorities to monitor and track transactions, reducing the scope for corruption
GST has replaced a complex system of filing multiple tax returns with a more straightforward mechanism. Businesses now need to file fewer returns, reducing the compliance burden
The implementation of GST has contributed to an improvement in the ease of doing business in India. The unified tax system has made it simpler for businesses to operate across states and has reduced the paperwork and bureaucratic hurdles associated with tax compliance
GST has led to the harmonization of tax rates across states and union territories, minimizing the tax rate disparities that existed earlier. This creates a more predictable tax environment for businesses

7.Goods and Services Tax (GST)-Issues and Challenge

Despite the intention to simplify the tax structure, the multi-tiered rate system (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) and the inclusion of cess on certain goods have introduced complexity. The classification of goods and services under different tax slabs can be challenging, leading to disputes and confusion
The successful implementation of GST relies heavily on technology. Issues such as technical glitches on the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) portal, especially during the initial phases, have caused difficulties for businesses in filing returns and complying with regulations
The compliance requirements for businesses under GST, including multiple returns filing, have been perceived as burdensome. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find it challenging to adapt to the new system and comply with the various provisions
The transition from the previous tax regime to GST posed challenges, especially for businesses in terms of understanding the new tax structure, reconfiguring accounting systems, and ensuring a smooth transition of credits from the old tax system to the GST system
The classification of certain goods and services into specific tax slabs has been a source of contention. Ambiguities in classification have led to disputes and litigations, with businesses seeking clarity on the applicable tax rates
The implementation of GST has increased compliance costs for businesses due to the need for sophisticated IT infrastructure, the hiring of tax professionals, and efforts to ensure accurate reporting and filing
Challenges related to availing and matching input tax credits have been reported. Timely matching of credits and resolving discrepancies can be cumbersome, leading to concerns about the seamless flow of credit across the supply chain
The anti-profiteering provisions were introduced to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of anti-profiteering measures has been criticized for its complexity and potential for disputes
The periodic changes in the GST return filing system have created challenges for businesses in adapting their processes. Delays and complexities in return filing can affect working capital management

8.Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council)

The Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council) is a constitutional body in India that makes recommendations on the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Act, 2016, which introduced the GST in India

The GST Council consists of the following members:

The Union Finance Minister, who is the Chairperson of the Council.
The Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or any other Minister of State nominated by the Union Government.
One Minister from each state, nominated by the Governor of that state.
The Chief Secretary of each state, ex-officio.
If the President, on the recommendation of the Council, so directs, one representative of each Union territory which has a legislature, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of that Union territory.
Three to seven members (other than Ministers) to be nominated by the Union Government, of whom at least one member shall be from the field of economics and another from the field of chartered accountancy, legal affairs or public finance

9. Way forward

It's important to note that the composition and structure of the GST Council may evolve over time, and there might have been changes since my last update in January 2022. To obtain the latest and most accurate information about the GST Council and its members, it is recommended to refer to official government sources or recent announcements by the relevant authorities

For Prelims: Economic and Social Development and Indian Polity and Governance

For Mains: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein

General Studies III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it

Previous Year Questions

1.Which of the following are true of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India in recent times? (UGC Paper II 2020)

A. It is a destination tax

B. It benefits producing states more

C. It benefits consuming states more

D. It is a progressive taxation

E. It is an umbrella tax to improve ease of doing business

Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

A.B, D and E only

B.A, C and D only

C.A, D and E only

D.A, C and E only

Answer (D)

Source: Indianexpress

HEAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

1. Context

2. What is Heat?

In the context of microscopy, the temperature of an object reflects the average kinetic energy of its particles.
When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the cooler one will heat up while the warmer one cools down. Here, heat refers to the thermal energy exchanged between the objects to cause this change in temperature.
On a larger scale, heat is treated as a type of energy with distinct properties, analyzed through thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related disciplines.
A substance can take in heat at one location and release it at another, a principle that underlies many contemporary technologies such as thermal and nuclear power plants and air conditioning systems.
Engineers have devised methods to transform heat into mechanical energy, enabling the creation of machines like the internal combustion engine

3. How is Heat Used?

One of the best ways to grasp the concept of heat is by looking at its applications, such as internal combustion engines (ICEs) and thermal power plants.
An ICE transforms heat into mechanical work, effectively applying the theoretical Carnot cycle, which defines the highest efficiency an engine can achieve in converting heat to work.
The engine consists of four main components: a hot reservoir (with more heat), a cold reservoir (with less heat), an ideal gas between the reservoirs (transferring heat), and a piston next to the gas. Each cycle includes four stages.
In the first stage, isothermal expansion, the ideal gas is insulated from the cold reservoir and exposed to the hot reservoir.
Heat from the hot reservoir, produced for example by burning petrol, transfers to the gas, causing it to expand and push the piston. The second stage, isentropic expansion, continues the gas expansion while insulated from both reservoirs.
The gas cools slightly as it does work on the piston without a temperature change due to insulation. These two steps involve the piston doing work on its surroundings.
The third stage, isothermal compression, exposes the gas to the cold reservoir, where it releases its remaining heat.
The piston moves downward in this stage. In the fourth stage, isentropic compression, the gas is again insulated from the reservoirs while the piston continues downward, compressing and warming the gas, readying it for the next cycle. In these last two steps, the surroundings work on the piston.
Similarly, a thermal power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, and pumps, with water as the working fluid. The ideal version of this system is the Rankine cycle, also comprising four stages.
In the first stage, isentropic compression, a pump compresses the water to high pressure. During the second stage, heat addition, the water is pumped to the boiler and heated by an energy source, such as burning coal or nuclear fission, transforming it into saturated vapor under high pressure.
The third stage, isentropic expansion, involves the pressurized vapor expanding in the turbine, releasing heat and reducing pressure. This expansion drives the turbine blades, generating power through the generator.
In the final stage, heat removal, the cooled vapor enters the condenser, where it is condensed back to a saturated liquid at a fixed pressure. The condenser acts as a heat exchanger, using a coolant, such as cold water, to absorb the vapor's heat

4. How is heat related to work?

Heat and work share the same physical dimensions, but not all heat can be converted into work. For instance, if a system performs work while losing thermal equilibrium, it will lose some energy.
This can occur in an internal combustion engine (ICE) if, for example, it isn't well-lubricated, causing friction as the piston moves against the combustion chamber walls. This loss of 'useful heat' is tied to the concept of entropy, which indicates disorder in a system and prevents the associated heat from being converted into work.
Additionally, when a system performs work without losing or gaining heat—such as during the isentropic expansion and compression steps of the Carnot cycle—the process is considered adiabatic. Fully adiabatic processes are reversible.
Components of ICEs and thermal power plants are designed to alternate a medium that transports heat through different states, in steps that aim to maximize work output and minimize entropy changes and other energy losses

5.Applications of Heat

Understanding the microscopic and macroscopic properties of heat has been vital in fields such as metallurgy and materials science, mining, refineries, various chemical reactions, semiconductor electronics, meteorology, and transportation.
Heat plays a significant role in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In many cold regions, heat is generated and transported from centralized facilities to homes and offices.
Individual homes often use electric heaters, which convert electrical energy to heat by passing a current through a resistor, to stay warm. Recently, experts have advocated for a 'right to air-conditioning' for people in low- and middle-income countries facing extreme heat.
Heat engines like internal combustion engines (ICEs) and steam engines operate on the Carnot cycle. Heat pumps, which are essentially air conditioners that heat rather than cool, use the reverse Carnot cycle.
Air conditioners for cooling large spaces, such as halls and car interiors, utilize the reverse Rankine cycle.
Other cycles, depending on the heat-transporting medium and desired operating conditions, include the Brayton, gas-generator, regenerative, Siemens, and Stirling cycles

6. Heat and Climate Change

The global response to climate change is focused on two main strategies: mitigation and adaptation. For climate mitigation, researchers worldwide are developing new methods to generate heat energy without burning fossil fuels and finding ways to reduce emissions from existing technologies. Meanwhile, policymakers are working on new incentives to encourage the adoption of these solutions.
In terms of climate adaptation, heat waves are a significant concern, especially in India. During a heat wave, the impact on health depends on the body's pre-existing health conditions and its ability to prevent heat accumulation.
Long-term health is influenced by living conditions, access to clean environments, and healthcare. Short-term heat management depends on immediate measures to reduce heat buildup. When the wet-bulb temperature exceeds about 32 degrees Celsius, even brief periods of light outdoor activity can cause severe harm.
Global warming itself is essentially a heat issue. Solar energy reaches the Earth, with some being reflected, some absorbed by the atmosphere, and some warming the ground. At night, the Earth emits this absorbed energy as infrared radiation.
Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour absorb this radiation, convert it to kinetic energy, and heat the atmosphere, which reduces the Earth's ability to cool down efficiently

7. Way Forward

For Mains:

1. Discuss the impact of climate change on developing economies. How can climate finance be effectively utilized to promote sustainable development in these economies? (250 Words)

Previous Year Questions

1. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)

1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.

2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.

3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility for global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change.

Select the correct answer using the code given below

A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only
C. 2 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: B

2. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of ( UPSC 2016)

A. pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East

B. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change

C. capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

D. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals

Answer: B

3. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has announced which country to host the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in 2023? (SSC CGL 2023)

A. UAE B. US C. UK D. Russia

Answer: A

4. Consider the following statements with reference to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (RBI Grade B 2022)

1. OECD is an official Permanent observer to the United Nations and is referred to as a think-tank or as a monitoring group.

2. India is not a member of OECD.

3. OECD is funded by its member countries.

Which of the statement given above is/ are correct?

A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 E. 2 only

Answer: D

5. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)

1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.

2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

6. The 27th annual UN meeting on climate, COP27 (Conference of Parties) took place from 6th to 18th November, in which of the following country? (SSC GD Constable 2023)

A. France B. Brazil C. Indonesia D. Egypt

Answer: D

7. According to the Copenhagen Accord, what percentage of India has promised to reduce carbon emissions by the year 2020 as compared to 2005? (UP Police SI 2017)

A. 20-25 percent B. 10-15 percent C. 30-35 percent D. 5-10 percent

Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A

Mains

Source: The Hindu

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Current Affair

SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS(SCS)

HEAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

ADITYA-L1

1. Context

2. About Aditya-L1

3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations

4. Space weather alerts

5. The Significance of L1

12. The Way Forward

GLOBAL WARMING

1. Context

2. The difference in Temperature rise

3. Why is warming over India is lower?

4. Higher warming over land than oceans

5. Impact of Aerosols

Previous year Questions

PM AWAS YOJANA

1. Context

2. PM Awas Yojana

3. Key Objectives of Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana

4. The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana is implemented in three major components:

5. Aim of the scheme

6. Performance of the Scheme:

Previous year Question

GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)

HEAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE

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