2. About Left-wing Extremism

Left-wing extremism, often referred to simply as "left-wing extremism" or "left-wing terrorism," is a political ideology and movement characterised by radical leftist beliefs and methods that aim to bring about significant social, political, or economic change through violent or subversive means. Left-wing extremists typically advocate for the overthrow of existing societal structures, including capitalist systems, and the establishment of a more egalitarian or socialist society.

Some common characteristics of left-wing extremism include

• Left-wing extremists often oppose capitalist economic systems, viewing them as inherently oppressive and exploitative. They may advocate for the abolition of private property and the redistribution of wealth.
• Left-wing extremists frequently oppose imperialism, colonialism, and what they perceive as Western hegemony. They may support movements for national liberation and self-determination.
• Many left-wing extremists embrace revolutionary socialist ideologies, seeking to establish socialist or communist states through revolutionary means, such as armed struggle or mass uprisings.
• Left-wing extremists often engage in direct action tactics, such as bombings, assassinations, sabotage, and armed insurrections, to further their goals. These tactics are seen as necessary to challenge and disrupt existing power structures.
• Left-wing extremists may align themselves with marginalised or oppressed groups, such as ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, LGBTQ+ communities, and workers, in their struggle against perceived oppression.

3. The difference between terrorism and Naxalism

4.  What is a Red corridor region?

• The term "Red Corridor" refers to a vast area in India that is affected by left-wing extremism, particularly Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. This region is characterized by the presence of various insurgent groups, including the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and other Naxalite factions, which seek to overthrow the Indian government through armed struggle and establish a communist state.
• The Red Corridor stretches across several states in central and eastern India, encompassing predominantly rural and forested areas. Some of the states included in the Red Corridor are Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and West Bengal.
• The term "Red" in "Red corridor" symbolizes the communist ideology embraced by these insurgent groups, while "corridor" refers to the interconnectedness of the affected regions, forming a corridor-like shape on the map. The presence of left-wing extremism in these areas has led to significant security challenges for the Indian government, including armed conflict, violence against civilians and security forces, and disruption of development initiatives.
• Efforts to address the issue of left-wing extremism in the Red Corridor have involved a combination of military operations, development programs, socio-economic initiatives, and political dialogues aimed at addressing the root causes of the insurgency and promoting peace and development in the affected regions. However, the situation remains complex, and the Red Corridor continues to be a focal point of counterinsurgency efforts in India.

5. Role of the District Reserve Guards (DRG) and Border Security Force (BSF)

The District Reserve Guards (DRG) and the Border Security Force (BSF) play crucial roles in addressing security challenges in India, particularly in regions affected by left-wing extremism and border security concerns, respectively.

District Reserve Guards (DRG)

• The DRG is a specialized force deployed in states affected by left-wing extremism, primarily in the Red Corridor regions of India.
• Their primary role is to conduct anti-insurgency operations, counter Naxalite/Maoist activities, and maintain law and order in the affected districts.
• DRG personnel are often recruited from local tribal communities and are trained in guerrilla warfare tactics, jungle warfare, and counterinsurgency operations to effectively combat left-wing extremist groups.
• They work in close coordination with state police forces, central paramilitary forces such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and other specialized units to conduct targeted operations against insurgent groups and maintain security in the region.
• Additionally, DRG units often engage in community policing efforts, intelligence gathering, and development activities aimed at winning the trust and support of local communities and isolating the insurgents.

Border Security Force (BSF)

• The BSF is one of India's primary border guarding forces, tasked with safeguarding the country's borders with neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh.
• The BSF plays a crucial role in maintaining border security, preventing illegal immigration, curbing cross-border smuggling, and countering various security threats, including terrorism and infiltration attempts.
• Along with its primary responsibilities of border security, the BSF is often called upon to assist in internal security operations, including counterinsurgency efforts in regions affected by left-wing extremism or other security challenges.
• The BSF conducts regular patrols, surveillance, and border fortification measures to deter and respond to any threats along India's borders.
• In addition to its security duties, the BSF is also involved in various humanitarian and community development activities in border areas to foster goodwill among local populations and strengthen border management efforts.

6. Strategies of the government to curb the LWE

The Indian government has employed various strategies to curb Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), particularly in regions affected by Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. These strategies typically involve a multifaceted approach that integrates security measures with development initiatives, socio-economic reforms, and political dialogues. Some of the key strategies employed by the government include:

Security Operations

• Conducting targeted anti-insurgency operations by deploying specialized forces such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), District Reserve Guards (DRG), and state police units to combat Naxalite/Maoist activities.
• Enhancing intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms to track and neutralize insurgent groups, disrupt their supply lines, and apprehend key leaders and operatives.
• Improving coordination among various security agencies, including state police forces, central paramilitary forces, and intelligence agencies, to conduct joint operations and intelligence-driven counterinsurgency efforts.

Development Initiatives

• Implementing development programs and infrastructure projects in Naxal-affected areas to address socio-economic grievances, reduce poverty, and improve living standards.
• Focusing on rural development, including the provision of basic amenities such as healthcare, education, electricity, and roads, to bridge the development deficit in marginalized communities.
• Promoting livelihood opportunities, skill development, and employment generation schemes to empower local populations and dissuade them from supporting or joining insurgent groups.

Socio-Economic Reforms

• Undertaking land reforms and addressing issues related to land ownership, land distribution, and land rights to address underlying socio-economic inequalities and grievances.
• Implementing social welfare schemes and affirmative action programs to uplift marginalized communities, including Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs), who are often disproportionately affected by Naxalism.

Political Dialogues and Reconciliation

• Engaging in dialogue with moderate Naxalite factions and offering amnesty and rehabilitation opportunities to surrendering insurgents.
• Encouraging political participation and representation of marginalized communities in local governance structures to address their grievances through democratic means.
• Facilitating peace talks and negotiations between the government and insurgent groups to explore avenues for conflict resolution and long-term peace-building.

Capacity Building and Training

• Enhancing the capabilities of security forces through specialized training in counterinsurgency operations, jungle warfare, intelligence gathering, and community policing.
• Strengthening the institutional capacity of local administration, law enforcement agencies, and judiciary to effectively address security challenges and deliver justice.

7. Why do Naxals continue to hold out in Chhattisgarh?

The persistence of Naxalism in Chhattisgarh, despite efforts by the government to address the issue, can be attributed to a combination of socio-economic, political, and strategic factors

• Chhattisgarh, particularly its rural and tribal areas, continues to grapple with deep-rooted socio-economic inequalities, including landlessness, poverty, lack of access to basic amenities, and exploitation by landlords and local elites. These grievances provide fertile ground for Naxalite recruitment and support.
• Many areas affected by Naxalism in Chhattisgarh suffer from underdevelopment, with inadequate infrastructure, limited healthcare and education facilities, and poor connectivity. The lack of government presence and development initiatives in these remote regions contributes to a sense of alienation and discontent among local communities.
• Chhattisgarh is rich in natural resources, including minerals and forests, which have been subject to exploitation by government agencies and private corporations. Disputes over land acquisition, displacement of indigenous communities, and environmental degradation have fueled resentment and resistance, often exploited by Naxalite groups.
• Weak governance, corruption, and ineffective law enforcement exacerbate the challenges of addressing Naxalism in Chhattisgarh. In some cases, local politicians, officials, and law enforcement agencies may collude with Naxalite groups or exploit the situation for personal gain, undermining counter-insurgency efforts.
• The dense forests and rugged terrain of Chhattisgarh provide Naxalite groups with strategic advantages, including natural cover, logistical support, and sanctuary from security forces. These geographic features make it challenging for security forces to conduct operations and root out insurgents effectively.
• Despite the decline of communism globally, Naxalite groups in Chhattisgarh remain ideologically committed to their cause of overthrowing the state and establishing a communist society. This ideological fervor motivates them to continue their armed struggle, despite setbacks and government efforts to engage in dialogue and reconciliation.
• Naxalite groups in Chhattisgarh may receive external support, including ideological guidance, arms, and funding, from sympathetic entities or transnational networks sharing similar leftist ideologies. Such support can bolster their resilience and sustain their activities despite government crackdowns.

8. Who are the urban Naxals?

The term "urban Naxals" is often used in India to refer to individuals or groups who allegedly provide ideological, logistical, financial, or political support to Naxalite/Maoist insurgents operating in rural areas from urban centres. The concept of urban Naxals is controversial and has been the subject of intense debate in Indian society, politics, and media.

Some key points regarding urban Naxals

• Urban Naxals are accused of various activities, including spreading Maoist ideology, recruiting and radicalizing youth, providing funding and material support, facilitating communication and coordination between urban and rural Naxalite groups, and organizing protests, rallies, or campaigns to advance Naxalite objectives.
• Urban Naxals may have diverse backgrounds, including academics, intellectuals, activists, journalists, artists, students, and members of civil society organizations. Some individuals or groups associated with leftist or progressive ideologies have been labelled as urban Naxals by their critics.
• While some individuals accused of being urban Naxals may have genuine concerns about social justice, human rights, or environmental issues, others may have ideological sympathies with Naxalism or engage in activities perceived as supporting or sympathizing with Naxalite groups.
• The term "urban Naxals" has generated controversy, with critics arguing that it is used by authorities to stifle dissent, target activists, and suppress legitimate political opposition under the guise of combating extremism.
• Critics of the concept argue that labelling dissenting voices or activists as urban Naxals undermines democratic principles, freedom of expression, and civil liberties. They contend that it is a politically motivated tactic to discredit and delegitimize progressive movements or critics of the government.
• There have been instances in India where individuals or activists accused of being urban Naxals have been arrested, charged under anti-terrorism laws such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), and prosecuted by authorities. These cases have sparked concerns about due process, judicial independence, and human rights violations.
• The term "urban Naxals" has gained traction in public discourse and media narratives, with some sections of society viewing urban Naxals as a serious threat to national security and social stability. However, others criticize the concept as a tool to demonize dissent and suppress legitimate activism.

9. How does LWE impact the electoral process in India?

Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India can have significant impacts on the electoral process, particularly in regions affected by Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. Some of these impacts include:

Voter Intimidation and Violence

• In areas where Naxalite groups hold sway, they may resort to voter intimidation, coercion, or violence to influence election outcomes. This can include threats against voters, attacks on polling stations, and targeting of political candidates or party workers who are perceived as opposing the Naxalite agenda.
• Fear of reprisals from Naxalite groups can deter voters from exercising their franchise, leading to low voter turnout in affected areas. This undermines the democratic process and can affect the legitimacy of election results.

Disruption of Electoral Activities

• Naxalite groups often target election-related activities, such as campaigning, voter registration drives, and polling operations, to disrupt the electoral process and undermine the authority of the state. They may use violence or sabotage to disrupt election rallies, destroy election materials, or block access to polling stations.
• Security concerns in Naxal-affected areas may necessitate the deployment of large numbers of security forces to ensure the safety of voters, candidates, and election officials, which can disrupt normal life and create a tense atmosphere during elections.

Influence on Political Dynamics

• Naxalite groups may seek to influence the electoral process by supporting sympathetic candidates or parties, either overtly or covertly. They may provide material support, including funding, manpower, or logistical assistance, to candidates who align with their ideology or interests.
• The presence of Naxalite violence and intimidation can also affect political campaigning and party strategies, with political parties often adjusting their approaches and priorities in response to security concerns in Naxal-affected areas.

Challenges for Electoral Administration

• Organizing elections in Naxal-affected regions poses logistical and security challenges for electoral authorities. Ensuring the safety and security of voters, candidates, and election officials is a major concern, requiring extensive coordination with security forces and local administration.
• Election officials may face difficulties in conducting voter registration, voter education campaigns, and polling operations in remote or insecure areas, which can affect the overall conduct of elections and the accuracy of voter participation data.

CORAL BLEACH IN 2023

 

 

 

1. Context

The fourth global mass coral bleaching event has been triggered by extraordinary ocean temperatures, the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) said on (April 15 2024). This could have serious consequences for ocean life and millions of people who rely on reefs for food, jobs, and coastal defence

 

2. What are Coral reefs?

Coral reefs are diverse and valuable marine ecosystems formed by the accumulation of coral polyps, tiny organisms related to sea anemones and jellyfish. These polyps secrete a calcium carbonate exoskeleton that provides the framework for the reef structure. Over time, as new generations of corals grow on top of the old ones, the reef continues to develop and expand

Coral reefs are found in clear, warm, and shallow waters, usually between the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn

3. What is Coral bleaching

Coral bleaching is a phenomenon that occurs when coral polyps expel the symbiotic algae (zooxanthellae) living within their tissues. These algae provide corals with essential nutrients through photosynthesis and give them their vibrant colours.

When corals are under stress, such as from high water temperatures or pollution, they expel the algae, causing the coral to turn completely white or pale.

 

3.1. Reasons for Coral bleaching

• The primary cause of coral bleaching is the rising sea temperatures associated with climate change.
• When the water becomes too warm, corals become stressed, and as a survival mechanism, they expel the algae, which leads to the loss of their main source of food.
• Without the colourful algae, the corals appear bleached and are more vulnerable to disease and death
• Other factors can contribute to coral bleaching as well, including ocean acidification, pollution, and extreme weather events.
• All of these stressors can weaken the corals and make them more susceptible to bleaching.
• Coral bleaching is a significant concern for the health and survival of coral reefs around the world.
• Repeated or prolonged bleaching events can lead to mass coral die-offs, causing the loss of biodiversity and the degradation of entire reef ecosystems

4. Why Coral reefs are important to everyone

• Coral reefs are hot spots of biodiversity. They are often referred to as the rainforests of the sea because they are home to the highest concentrations of species in the ocean.
• Healthy reefs are vibrant ecosystems that support fish and fisheries, which in turn support economies and food for millions of people
• Additionally, they provide billions of dollars in economic activity every year through tourism, particularly in places like the Florida Keys, where people go to scuba dive, snorkel, fish and experience the natural beauty of coral reefs
• If that isn’t enough, reefs also protect shorelines, beaches and billions of dollars in coastal infrastructure by buffering wave energy, particularly during storms and hurricanes.
• They host a microscopic symbiotic algae called zooxanthella that photosynthesizes just like plants, providing food to the coral

5. What can we do to protect Coral reefs?

Protecting coral reefs requires a combination of local, national, and global efforts to address the various threats they face

Coral reefs are in danger, and there are many things that can be done to protect them. Here are some of the most important actions that individuals, businesses, and governments can take:

• Reduce your carbon footprint. The main threat to coral reefs is climate change, so reducing your carbon emissions is one of the most important things you can do to help. This means driving less, using less energy at home, and eating less meat.
• Support sustainable fishing practices. Overfishing is another major threat to coral reefs. When fish populations are depleted, it can lead to algae blooms that smother coral reefs. Choose to eat seafood that is sustainably caught, and support businesses that practice sustainable fishing methods.
• Use reef-friendly sunscreen. Some sunscreen ingredients can be harmful to coral reefs. Choose a reef-friendly sunscreen that does not contain oxybenzone or octinoxate.
• Support marine protected areas. Marine protected areas (MPAs) are areas of the ocean where fishing and other human activities are restricted. MPAs can help to protect coral reefs by reducing the amount of pollution and fishing pressure they face.
• Volunteer your time to coral reef conservation efforts. There are many organizations that are working to protect coral reefs. You can volunteer your time to help with beach cleanups, coral reef monitoring, or other conservation efforts.
• Establish Marine Protected Areas (MPAs): Designating and effectively managing marine protected areas can help protect coral reefs and the surrounding marine life from destructive activities such as overfishing, pollution, and habitat destruction.
• Encourage Responsible Tourism: Sustainable tourism practices can minimize the negative impacts on coral reefs. This includes promoting responsible diving and snorkeling practices, limiting physical contact with corals, and avoiding the use of harmful chemicals like sunscreen that can harm marine life

 

 

For Prelims: Corals, Coral reefs, polyps, zooxanthellae For Mains: 1.Examine the major human-induced threats to coral reefs, including pollution, overfishing, and coastal development. What measures can be taken to address these threats and conserve coral reef ecosystems? 2.Assess the role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in safeguarding coral reefs. Discuss the challenges in establishing and effectively managing MPAs for coral reef conservation.

 

 

Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following Statements 1. Most of the coral reefs are in tropical waters 2. More than one-third of the world's coral reefs are located in territories of Australia, Indonesia, and Phillippines 3. Coral reefs host far more number of animal phyla than those hosted by tropical rainforests Which of the statements above given is/ are correct A. 1 and 2      B. 3 Only       C. 1 and 3        D.1, 2, 3   Answer- D

 

Source: DownToEarth

BRAHMOS MISSILE

 

 

1. Context

 

India’s BrahMos supersonic cruise missiles were delivered to the Philippines on Friday (April 19 2024), as part of a $375 million deal signed by the two countries in 2022

 

2. What are the BrahMos Missile?

 

• The BrahMos missile is a supersonic cruise missile jointly developed by India's Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO) and Russia's NPO Mashinostroyeniya. Its name is a portmanteau of the Brahmaputra and Moskva rivers.
• BrahMos is known for its speed and versatility. It is the fastest cruise missile in the world, capable of reaching speeds of up to Mach 3 (three times the speed of sound). This makes it extremely difficult for enemy defenses to intercept.
• The missile has both land-attack and anti-ship capabilities, meaning it can target both land-based targets and naval vessels. Its precision and range make it a potent weapon for both offensive and defensive purposes. It's deployed across various platforms including land, sea, and air.
• The BrahMos missile has become a significant asset in the Indian military's arsenal, providing a formidable deterrent and offensive capability. It's continuously being upgraded to enhance its capabilities and adapt it to different platforms and operational requirements

3. Evolution of Brahmos

• During the early 1980s, Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam spearheaded the Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme, initiating the creation of various indigenous missiles such as Prithvi, Agni, Trishul, Akash, and Nag, each with diverse capabilities and operational ranges.
• In the early 1990s, India's strategic leadership recognized the necessity for cruise missiles—guided projectiles maintaining nearly constant speeds throughout their trajectories—to deliver sizable warheads with pinpoint accuracy over extensive distances.
• This requirement emerged prominently following the deployment of cruise missiles during the 1991 Gulf War.
• In 1998, an Inter-Governmental Agreement was formalized in Moscow between Dr. Kalam, then heading the DRDO, and N V Mikhailov, Russia's Deputy Defence Minister at the time.
• This agreement laid the foundation for BrahMos Aerospace, a collaborative venture between DRDO and the Russian space company NPO Mashinostroyenia (NPOM), with the Indian side holding 50.5% ownership and the Russians 49.5%. The venture derived its name from two rivers—Brahmaputra in India and Moskva in Russia.
• Subsequently, in 1999, the development of missiles commenced within the laboratories of DRDO and NPOM after BrahMos Aerospace secured funding from both governments. The first successful test launch occurred in 2001 from a specifically engineered land-based launcher

4.Significance of Brahmos

 

• The BrahMos missile is equipped with a solid propellant booster engine, comprising two stages. Initially, the first stage accelerates the missile to supersonic speeds, after which it detaches. Subsequently, the liquid ramjet, constituting the second stage, propels the missile to nearly three times the speed of sound during its cruise phase.
• Notably, the missile exhibits a minimal radar signature, enhancing its stealth capabilities, and can follow various trajectories.
• As a "fire and forget" weapon, it can maintain a cruising altitude of 15 km and descend to as low as 10 meters to effectively strike its target.
• Classified as "standoff range weapons," cruise missiles like BrahMos are launched from a distance substantial enough to evade defensive countermeasures, a feature common among the arsenals of major militaries worldwide.
• Compared to subsonic cruise missiles, BrahMos boasts three times the speed, 2.5 times the flight range, and extended operational capabilities. With export versions available, BrahMos serves as a crucial asset in defense diplomacy initiatives.
• In 2022, an air-launched variant of BrahMos underwent testing from a frontline SU-30MKI aircraft, while an advanced sea-to-sea variant was also tested from the INS Visakhapatnam during the same year.
• However, BrahMos was embroiled in controversy in 2022 when Pakistan alleged that an unarmed Indian missile had inadvertently landed within its territory on March 9, 2022. The Ministry of Defence attributed the incident to a technical malfunction resulting in accidental firing.
• Though the government initiated a high-level inquiry, the specific missile involved was not officially disclosed. Nonetheless, experts inferred from its trajectory that it bore the hallmarks of BrahMos

5. Types of  BrahMos

• The BrahMos missile system is strategically deployed across various fronts, encompassing land-based formations along border regions, BrahMos-equipped Sukhoi-30 aircraft stationed in both the Northern and Southern theaters, and ships and submarines fitted with BrahMos capabilities in naval operations. This integrated setup constitutes a formidable triad, adept at addressing evolving demands in multidimensional warfare scenarios.
• To adapt to dynamic warfare requirements, ongoing efforts are focused on upgrading the BrahMos system, with emphasis on enhancing range, maneuverability, and accuracy.
• Current development initiatives include testing versions with extended ranges of up to 350 km, surpassing the original's 290 km limit. Furthermore, plans are underway for versions with even greater ranges, potentially reaching up to 800 km, and featuring hypersonic speeds. Concurrently, endeavors are directed towards reducing the size and radar signature of existing iterations while augmenting their overall capabilities.
• Across all three branches of the Armed Forces, BrahMos variants are subject to regular testing, including those presently in development.
• Land-Based: The land-based BrahMos setup comprises mobile autonomous launchers, typically housing four to six launchers, each armed with three missiles capable of near-simultaneous firing.
• These batteries are strategically deployed along India's land borders in various theaters. Upgraded versions of the land attack variant, capable of cruising at 2.8 Mach, boast precision striking capabilities with ranges of up to 400 km.
• Advanced iterations with enhanced range and speeds of up to 5 Mach are reportedly in the developmental pipeline. Notably, the ground systems of BrahMos are lauded for their streamlined design and minimal componentry.
• Ship-Based: Since 2005, the Navy has been inducting BrahMos missiles on its frontline warships, enhancing their ability to engage sea-based targets beyond the radar horizon. The naval variant has demonstrated efficacy in both sea-to-sea and sea-to-land engagements.
• These missiles can be deployed individually or in salvos of up to eight, with staggered firing intervals. This capability enables them to effectively target groups of frigates equipped with modern missile defense systems.
• Air-Launched: The successful flight testing of BrahMos from a Sukhoi-30MKI against a sea-based target in the Bay of Bengal on November 22, 2017, marked a significant milestone. Subsequent tests have validated its effectiveness.
• The BrahMos-equipped Sukhoi-30 aircraft, boasting a range of 1,500 km without mid-air refueling, serve as a pivotal strategic deterrent along both land borders and the strategically vital Indian Ocean Region. The Indian Air Force is actively integrating BrahMos with 40 Sukhoi-30 fighter jets across various airbases.
• Submarine-Launched: This variant can be launched from depths of approximately 50 meters below the water surface. The missile, stored in a canister, is vertically launched from the pressure hull of the submarine, employing distinct configurations for underwater and surface flights. Successful testing of this version was first conducted in March 2013 from a submerged platform off the coast of Visakhapatnam

6. Brahmos Missile Series

 

The BrahMos missile series is a family of supersonic cruise missiles developed jointly by India and Russia. Named after the Brahmaputra River in India and the Moskva River in Russia, the BrahMos series is renowned for its speed, precision, and versatility.

Here are some key variants within the BrahMos missile series:

• BrahMos Block-I: The initial variant of the BrahMos missile, featuring a range of approximately 290 km. It is capable of striking both land-based and naval targets with high accuracy.

• BrahMos Block-II: An upgraded version with enhanced capabilities, including improved range and accuracy. It incorporates advanced technologies to further enhance its effectiveness in various operational scenarios.

• BrahMos Block-III: This variant features additional upgrades aimed at improving its range, maneuverability, and stealth capabilities. It is designed to overcome evolving threats and maintain its position as a potent deterrent.

• BrahMos-A: The air-launched variant of the BrahMos missile, integrated onto Sukhoi Su-30MKI fighter aircraft of the Indian Air Force. It significantly extends the reach of the missile, allowing for precision strikes against ground and naval targets.

• BrahMos-N: The naval variant of the BrahMos missile, deployed on Indian Navy warships. It provides a formidable anti-ship and land-attack capability, enhancing the offensive capabilities of naval fleets.

• BrahMos-ER: The extended-range variant of the BrahMos missile, currently under development, aimed at achieving ranges beyond the existing capabilities. It will further enhance the strategic reach of the BrahMos series, allowing for precision strikes at longer distances.

• BrahMos-NG: A next-generation variant of the BrahMos missile, featuring reduced size and weight while maintaining high performance. It is designed for compatibility with a wider range of platforms, including aircraft, submarines, and surface vessels

7.Way Forward

 

BrahMos missile series represents a significant technological achievement in the field of missile development, providing India with a potent and versatile deterrent against various threats. Its continuous evolution and upgrades ensure that it remains at the forefront of modern warfare capabilities

 

 

 

Previous Year Questions 1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE Prelims 2023) Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 1 only 2 only Both 1 and 2 Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: (d)

Source: Indianexpress

DEMOGRAPHIC DIVIDEND

 

 

 

1. Context

The unfolding clash of aspirations of workers and entrepreneurs in India has the potential to convert India’s demographic dividend into a demographic curse if the country cannot find ways of employing its young workers in jobs that meet their aspirations. Dealing with the issue should be at the top of the agenda of the next government

 

2. What is the demographic dividend? 

 

• The demographic dividend refers to a period of economic growth that can occur when a country experiences a favorable demographic shift. This shift typically involves a declining birth rate, leading to a relatively large working-age population compared to the dependent population (children and elderly).
• During a demographic dividend, the working-age population becomes a larger proportion of the total population, leading to increased productivity, higher savings and investment rates, and overall economic growth.
• This phenomenon occurs because there are fewer dependents to support, allowing families and governments to allocate more resources towards education, healthcare, and infrastructure development.
• The demographic dividend is often seen as an opportunity for countries to accelerate their economic development and improve living standards.
• However, to fully realize the benefits of the demographic dividend, governments need to invest in education, job creation, and healthcare to ensure that the growing working-age population is equipped with the skills and opportunities needed to contribute to economic growth. Additionally, effective policies are necessary to manage the challenges associated with an ageing population that may follow once the demographic dividend period ends

3. What are the various stages of demographic transition?

 

The demographic transition theory outlines the process through which populations transition from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as they undergo economic and social development.

This transition typically occurs in several stages:

• Stage 1 - High Birth and Death Rates: In the initial stage, both birth rates and death rates are high, resulting in relatively slow population growth. This stage is characteristic of pre-industrial societies where limited access to healthcare, high infant mortality rates, and agricultural economies contribute to high death rates. Despite the high death rates, birth rates are also high due to factors such as the need for labor in agriculture and cultural preferences for large families.

• Stage 2 - Declining Death Rates: In this stage, improvements in healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition lead to a significant reduction in death rates while birth rates remain high. As a result, there is a rapid increase in population growth. This stage is often associated with the early stages of industrialization and urbanization, where advancements in medicine and public health lead to lower mortality rates.

• Stage 3 - Declining Birth Rates: As societies continue to develop economically and socially, birth rates begin to decline. Factors such as increased access to education, urbanization, and the empowerment of women contribute to this decline in fertility. Family planning programs and the availability of contraceptives also play a role in reducing birth rates. During this stage, population growth continues, but at a slower pace than in Stage 2.

• Stage 4 - Low Birth and Death Rates: In the final stage of the demographic transition, both birth and death rates are low, resulting in a stable or slowly growing population. This stage is characteristic of advanced industrialized societies where economic development, urbanization, and social changes have led to small family sizes, increased opportunities for women in the workforce, and higher living standards overall.

4.What is the difference between demographic transition and demographic dividend?

 

Subject	Demographic Transition	Demographic Dividend
Definition	Process of transitioning from high to low birth and death rates as societies develop economically and socially.	Period of economic growth resulting from a favorable demographic shift, typically characterized by declining birth rates and a relatively large working-age population.
Focus	Changes in population structure and dynamics over time.	Economic benefits derived from a specific demographic situation.
Key Stages	Pre-industrial (High birth and death rates), Early industrial (Declining death rates), Late industrial (Declining birth rates), Advanced industrial (Low birth and death rates).	Period when the working-age population is a larger proportion of the total population, leading to increased productivity and economic growth.
Driving Factors	Improvements in healthcare, education, living standards, and changes in social norms and family planning practices.	Declining birth rates and a growing working-age population.
Economic Impact	Leads to changes in population growth rates and age distribution.	Results in increased productivity, higher savings and investment rates, and overall economic growth.
Policy Implications	Requires investments in healthcare, education, and family planning to manage population dynamics effectively.	Governments need to implement policies to capitalize on the economic potential of the growing working-age population through education, job creation, and infrastructure development.

 

 

5. What is the significance of India’s demographic dividend?

 

India's demographic dividend holds significant implications for its economic growth, social development, and global competitiveness.

Here are some key aspects of the significance of India's demographic dividend:

• Large Working-Age Population: India is home to one of the largest working-age populations in the world, with a significant proportion of its population under the age of 35. This demographic advantage presents an opportunity for a substantial labor force that can drive economic growth and development.

• Potential for Economic Growth: A large working-age population can contribute to increased productivity, innovation, and entrepreneurship, leading to higher economic growth rates. With the right policies and investments in education, skills training, and job creation, India can harness the potential of its demographic dividend to accelerate economic development.

• Increased Consumer Market: A growing working-age population also translates into a larger consumer market, creating opportunities for businesses to expand their markets and drive domestic consumption-led growth. This can spur demand for goods and services across various sectors of the economy, further stimulating economic activity.

• Global Workforce Competitiveness: India's demographic dividend enhances its competitiveness in the global workforce. With a large pool of young and skilled workers, India can meet the demands of the global labor market and attract investment from multinational companies seeking talent and expertise.

• Human Capital Development: Investing in education, healthcare, and skill development is crucial to fully realize the potential of India's demographic dividend. By empowering its youth with quality education and training, India can build a skilled workforce capable of driving innovation, productivity, and sustainable development.

• Window of Opportunity: The demographic dividend is not permanent and requires timely policy interventions to maximize its benefits. As India's population ages in the future, the window of opportunity presented by the demographic dividend will gradually diminish. Therefore, strategic planning and investments in human capital and economic sectors are essential to capitalize on this demographic advantage

6. What are the challenges associated with India’s demographic dividend?

 

While India's demographic dividend presents significant opportunities for economic growth and development, it also comes with several challenges that need to be addressed to fully realize its potential.

Some of the key challenges associated with India's demographic dividend include:

• Unemployment and Underemployment: Despite the large working-age population, India faces challenges of unemployment and underemployment, particularly among youth and educated individuals. Inadequate job creation in both the formal and informal sectors leads to a mismatch between the skills of the workforce and the demands of the labor market.

• Skills Mismatch: There is often a mismatch between the skills possessed by the workforce and the skills demanded by employers. Many young people lack the necessary skills and training required for employment in emerging sectors such as technology, manufacturing, and services. This skills gap hampers productivity and limits job opportunities.

• Quality of Education: While access to education has improved in India, there are concerns about the quality of education provided, especially in rural areas and government schools. The education system often fails to equip students with the skills and knowledge needed to succeed in the modern workforce, leading to low employability.

• Informal Economy: A significant portion of India's workforce is employed in the informal sector, which lacks job security, social protection, and access to basic rights. Informal workers often face low wages, exploitative working conditions, and limited opportunities for skill development and career advancement.

• Gender Disparities: Gender disparities in education, employment, and workforce participation remain significant challenges in India. Women are often underrepresented in the workforce, particularly in higher-skilled and leadership roles. Addressing gender inequalities and promoting women's participation in the labor force is crucial for maximizing the demographic dividend.

• Urbanization and Infrastructure: Rapid urbanization and migration from rural to urban areas pose challenges related to urban infrastructure, housing, transportation, and social services. Inadequate urban planning and infrastructure development lead to overcrowding, pollution, inadequate housing, and strained public services, affecting the quality of life for urban residents.

• Healthcare Needs: As the population grows, there is an increasing demand for healthcare services, including preventive care, maternal and child health, and treatment of non-communicable diseases. Ensuring access to quality healthcare for all citizens is essential for maintaining a healthy and productive workforce

7. Way Forward

 

India’s demographic dividend is, however, a double-edged sword. On the one hand, it presents the country with a short window during which it will have a huge supply of young workers and human capital. On the other hand, it presents the country with a severe challenge in matching these workers to productive jobs

 

For Prelims: Economic and Social Development- Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilisation of resources, growth, development and employment

 

Previous Year Questions 1.India is regarded as a country with a “Demographic Dividend”. This is due to (UPSC CSE 2011) (a) Its high population in the age group below 15 years (b) Its high population in the age group of 15-64 year  (c) Its high population in the age group above 65 years (d) Its high total population Answer (b) A demographic dividend refers to the economic benefit a country can experience when a large share of its population is in the working age group (typically 15-64 years old). This age group is both productive and has a relatively low dependency ratio, meaning there are fewer dependents (children and elderly) to support. India currently has a large young population, which presents a window of opportunity for economic growth if the right investments are made in education, skill development, and job creation

Source: Indianexpress

 

DEEPFAKES

1. Context

The first phase of voting for the Lok Sabha elections (April 19). Started today ( April 19). Over the past few weeks, there has been a deluge of disinformation and manipulated media online

2. What are Deepfakes

• Deepfake is a type of synthetic media in which a person in an already-existing video or image is replaced with another person. It manipulates the audio/video, which has the propensity to the device, using machine learning and artificial intelligence.
• Due to the ease with which bogus news, celebrity pornographic content, etc. get shared online, it has drawn attention.
• It makes a fake version of original or real audio-visual content by superimposing a new audio or image over an existing media file.
• In September 2019, the AI company Deeptrance discovered 15,000 deep fakes videos online-nearly tripling in just nine months. A starting 96% of them were pornographic, and 99% of them matched the faces of famous women to porn actors.
• Deepfakes can be used to damage reputation, fabricate evidence, defraud the public, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
• All this can be achieved with fewer resources, with scale and speed, and even microtargeted to galvanize support.

3. How did Deepfakes Work?

• Deepfake content is created by using two competing AI algorithms- one is called the generator and the other is called the discriminator.
• The discriminator is tasked with determining if the fake multimedia content produced by the generator is real and manufactured.
• A generative adversarial network is created when the generator and discriminator work together (GAN). Every time the discriminator correctly recognizes the content as being fake, it gives the generator important insights into how to make the next deep fakes better.
• The first step in establishing a GAN is to identify the desired output and create a training dataset for the generator.
• Video clips can be supplied to the discriminator after the generator starts producing output at a level that is acceptable.

4. Who are the Victims?

• The first case of malicious use of deep fake was detected in pornography. According to sensity.ai, 96% of deepfakes are pornographic videos, with over 135 million views on pornographic websites alone. Deepfake pornography exclusively targets women.
• Pornographic deepfakes can threaten, intimidate, and inflict psychological harm. It reduces women to sexual objects causing emotional distress, and in some cases, leading to financial loss and collateral consequences like job loss.
• Deepfake could act as a powerful tool by a malicious nation-state to undermine public safety and create uncertainty and chaos in the target country. Deepfake can undermine trust in institutions and diplomacy.

5. Challenges with Deepfake

• Deepfake causes financial fraud, which poses problems for the entire financial system.
• In the era of the threat of fake news, it also poses a threat to the security of cyber systems and the validity of online registration.
• Deepfakes in phishing efforts would make it more challenging for people to recognize a hoax.
• In any nation, deep fakes can be used to sabotage democratic procedures like elections.
• The potential for harm to people, organizations, and societies is enormous since it can be used to generate phony pornographic videos and make politicians appear to say things they did not.
• Any genuine evidence of a crime can be easily discounted as false because the public is so distrustful due to the prevalence of deep fakes.
• Fake movies are likely to become more popular outside the world of celebrities as new technology enables unskilled people to create deep fakes with just a few images. This will feed the growth of revenge porn.
• The use of fake identities and impostor frauds in cybercrime is rising.

6. What is the Solution?

• Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public. Media literacy for consumers is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deep fakes.
• We also need meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, Civil society, and policymakers to develop legislative solutions to disincentivize the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes.
• Social media platforms are taking cognizance of the deepfake issue, and almost all of them have some policy or acceptable terms of use for deepfakes.
• We also need easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deepfakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deepfake Technology,  and AI algorithms. For Mains: 1. What are deepfakes and explain the challenges with deep-fake technology in the present technological world.

 

Source: The Hindu