ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE
1. Context
Microbes are everywhere, from the farthest corners of the earth to the inner workings of our own bodies, reminding us that we are as much microbial as we are human. While many microbes play a positive role, there are those that have learned to defy the medicines we rely on
2. What is Anti Microbial Resistance?
Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs when bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites change over time and no longer respond to medicine making infections harder to treat and increasing the risk of disease spread severe illness, and death.
3. Emergence and spread of AMR
- AMR occurs naturally over time, usually through genetic changes.
- Antimicrobial-resistant organisms are found in people, animals, food, plants, and the environment (in water, soil, and air).
- They can spread from person to person or between people and animals, including from food of animal origin.
- The main drivers of antimicrobial resistance include the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials, lack of access to clean water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) for both humans and animals, and poor infection and disease prevention and control in healthcare facilities and farms. Poor access to quality, affordable medicines, vaccines, and diagnostics, lack of awareness and knowledge, and lack of enforcement of legislation.
4. Factors causing AMR in India
- The high disease burden
- The rising income
- The easy and cheap availability of these medicines to the public.
- The uncontrolled sales of antibiotics
- Poor Public health infrastructure
- Lack of awareness regarding the misuse of antibiotics.
6. Government Initiatives that help to curb Antimicrobial Resistance In India
- Through the Swacch Bharat Program, the government has taken active steps to improve hygiene and sanitation and reduce the environmental spread of pathogens.
- Vaccination is an equally important public health measure, and through Mission Indradhaniush, India has set itself an ambitious goal of increasing routine immunization coverage to 90% within just a few years.
6.1 Red Line Campaign
7. WHO's Global plan on Anti-Microbial Resistance?
- To improve awareness and understanding of antimicrobial resistance through effective communication, education, and training.
- To Strengthen the knowledge and evidence base through surveillance and research.
- To reduce the incidence of infection through effective sanitation, hygiene, and infection prevention measures.
- To Optimize the use of antimicrobial medicines in human and animal health.
- To develop the economic case for sustainable investment that takes account of the needs of all countries and to increase investment in new medicines, diagnostic tools, vaccines, and other interventions.
8. Global efforts
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For Prelims: Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), UN Environment Programme, the World Health Organization (WHO), World Organisation for Animal Health, Mission Indradhaniush, Red Line Campaign.
For Mains: 1.Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the most significant challenges the world faces today. Discuss.
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INDIA-MALDIVES
The recent India-Maldives controversy stemmed from offensive comments made by three Maldivian ministers on social media about Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the Lakshadweep islands in early January 2024.
The Incident
- Maldivian Deputy Minister of Youth Empowerment Mariyam Shiuna posted a mocking and disrespectful remark about PM Modi on social media. Two other ministers, Malsha Shareef and Abdulla Mahzoom Majid, also made disparaging comments.
- India summoned the Maldivian envoy and expressed strong disapproval of the derogatory remarks.
- The Maldivian government suspended the three ministers and distanced itself from their statements. President Mohamed Muizzu also affirmed the importance of close ties with India.
- The episode coincides with Maldivian President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih's maiden visit to China, raising speculation about China's possible role in influencing the ministers' remarks.
Consequences and responses
- India summoned the Maldivian envoy and expressed its strong displeasure. The Maldivian government suspended the three officials involved and distanced itself from their comments.
- Some Indians called for a boycott of tourism to the Maldives in response to the incident.
- The incident prompted introspection in both countries about the state of their relationship and the need to address underlying issues.
3. India-Maldives
India-Maldives relations have historically been close, marked by vibrant cultural ties, strong economic partnerships, and strategic cooperation. However, the relationship has encountered some challenges in recent years, highlighting the need for renewed focus and strategic adjustments.
Historical Ties
- Both nations share Buddhist and Hindu influences, with Maldivians speaking Dhivehi, which belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.
- India has been a significant trading partner for Maldives, exporting food, and manufactured goods, and providing tourism services.
- India has played a crucial role in ensuring the Maldives' security, assisting in the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis.
Strategic Interests
- The Maldives occupies a strategic position in the Indian Ocean, making it crucial for India's maritime security interests.
- China's increasing economic and military presence in the region presents both challenges and opportunities for India-Maldives cooperation.
- Both countries share concerns about terrorism and have collaborated in intelligence sharing and capacity building.
Contemporary Challenges
- Despite close ties, the significant economic disparity between India and the Maldives can lead to imbalances and resentment.
- The Maldives has experienced political turmoil in recent years, which can impact relations with India.
- Both countries face challenges related to climate change and rising sea levels, requiring collaborative solutions.
- The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives, triggered by offensive comments directed at Prime Minister Modi, might appear as a fleeting "storm in a teacup." However, a closer look reveals several critical dimensions with far-reaching implications for India's maritime security landscape, offering valuable lessons for the future.
- The Maldives archipelago stretches across the southern Indian Ocean, forming a vital piece of India's maritime security puzzle. Its 27 coral atolls dispersed over 900 km encompass an exclusive economic zone of nearly a million square kilometres. Despite the Indian Navy's acknowledgement of this strategic importance, India's overall security approach suffers from a persistent "continental fixation."
- The lack of a comprehensive national security strategy translates into sporadic and uncoordinated maritime initiatives. This shortcoming hinders India's ability to effectively maintain control over strategically crucial areas like the Maldives.
- As early as 1945, K.M. Panikkar, revered as India's "oracle of maritime wisdom," warned against the perils of a solely land-based defence strategy. He presciently declared that neglect of Indian interests in the Indian Ocean would render freedom inconsequential and accurately predicted China's burgeoning naval ambitions. Panikkar's foresight highlights the urgent need for India to prioritize its maritime security interests.
- The British presence on Gan Island, a Maldivian island, until 1976 underscores the strategic significance of the region. Additionally, China's expanding naval power and its proximity to the Indian Ocean raise concerns about potential strategic rivalries.
5. Introspection for Stronger Ties
The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives serves as a stark reminder of the need for India to re-evaluate its approach to the island nation and, perhaps, other neighbouring countries. While external factors like China's influence and Pakistan's religious incitement undoubtedly play a role, it's crucial to acknowledge and address any shortcomings within India's own diplomatic strategies.
Missed Warning Signs: The relationship with the Maldives started fraying as early as 2011, with the cancellation of the Male airport contract awarded to GMR. This should have triggered alarm bells within the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Did India receive any early warnings of this shift in sentiment from its representatives in Male? If so, were proactive measures taken to address the concerns and mend ties?
Beyond Big Brother: Maldives, with its small population and unique identity, is naturally sensitive to any perceived "big-brotherly" attitude. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some Indian diplomats' condescending demeanours, overemphasis on cultural dominance, and projection of a "viceroy" image can foster resentment. This, coupled with India's own internal struggles and occasional instances of unchecked communal tensions, paints an unappealing picture for neighbours.
Introspection and Recalibration: Addressing these concerns requires introspection and recalibration within India's diplomatic approach. Building stronger ties with the Maldives, and other neighbours, demands:
- Recognizing the sensitivities of smaller nations and engaging them with empathy and respect is crucial. This involves actively listening to their concerns, addressing them sincerely, and avoiding patronizing attitudes.
- Appreciation for the Maldives' unique cultural identity and traditions, along with fostering mutual understanding through cultural exchange programs and collaborative initiatives, can strengthen the bond between the two countries.
- Building strong economic partnerships, promoting mutually beneficial trade and development projects, and ensuring fair treatment of Maldivian workers in India can contribute to a more stable and prosperous relationship.
- Addressing domestic issues like communal tensions and hate speech, and upholding democratic principles, will project a more positive image of India as a reliable and trustworthy partner.
The "Security and Growth for All in the Region" (SAGAR) initiative, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015, is India's vision for maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region. It aims to create a secure, stable, and prosperous environment for all nations through collaboration in various areas.
Key objectives of SAGAR
- Promoting cooperation to combat piracy, terrorism, and other maritime threats; enhancing capacity building in coastal countries.
- Encouraging trade and investment; developing port infrastructure and connectivity; promoting sustainable resource management.
- Providing training and expertise to partner nations in areas like maritime safety, search and rescue, and pollution control.
- Assisting with preparedness, response, and recovery efforts during natural disasters in the region.
- Working together to conserve marine ecosystems and address pollution challenges.
Significance of SAGAR:
- SAGAR positions India as a leading maritime power in the Indian Ocean, fostering its strategic partnerships and influence.
- In the face of China's growing presence in the region, SAGAR offers a cooperative alternative based on shared values and mutual benefit.
- The initiative's focus on development and capacity building caters to the needs of smaller island nations, strengthening regional stability.
- SAGAR encourages collaboration between countries on shared challenges, fostering trust and mutual understanding.
Challenges and Future Development
- While the vision is clear, a comprehensive document outlining specific action plans and operational strategies is needed.
- Implementing SAGAR initiatives effectively requires adequate resources both financially and in terms of personnel and expertise.
- Gaining the trust and active participation of all countries in the region is crucial for SAGAR's success.
7. Navigating the Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean
The recent diplomatic discord with the Maldives highlights the need for India to shift its strategic focus in the Indo-Pacific beyond land borders and engage in larger geopolitical competition. Recognizing the crucial role of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the distinct advantages of proximity, India must navigate the complex interplay between its own interests and the growing influence of China.
Geographic Advantage: Compared to China, India enjoys a clear geographic advantage in the IOR. With Male, the Maldivian capital, just 700 km from Kochi, India, compared to 6,000 km from the nearest Chinese port, India can respond to crises and offer assistance much faster. This was evident during the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis, where the Indian Navy swiftly provided crucial aid. This demonstrates the inherent value of having a reliable and responsive neighbour.
The Imperative of Securing Sea Lanes: As the world's largest trading nation, China's economic and industrial prosperity hinges on uninterrupted maritime trade. Its sea lanes in the IOR, therefore, become a critical "jugular vein" requiring protection. This has led China to develop strategic footholds like Hambantota in Sri Lanka and Gwadar in Pakistan, and even lease a military base in Djibouti. Securing allies like the Maldives becomes strategically vital for China to counterbalance India's geographic advantage.
Checkmating China: The Maldives presents a crucial strategic puzzle in this context. While India enjoys the inherent benefits of proximity and historical goodwill, China's economic clout and strategic ambitions pose a significant challenge. India must navigate this complex landscape by:
- Continuing to provide humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and economic partnerships can solidify India's image as a trustworthy and beneficial partner.
- Strengthening cultural ties and fostering a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives can build trust and goodwill.
- Upholding democratic values and addressing issues like communal tensions can project a more positive image of India on the international stage.
- Collaborating with other IOR countries on regional issues like maritime security and environmental protection can showcase India's commitment to shared prosperity and cooperation.
8. Leveraging Maritime Diplomacy
- The untapped potential of maritime diplomacy in strengthening India's relationships with its maritime neighbours. While conventional diplomacy remains essential, embracing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool can offer significant benefits.
- India's Maritime Doctrine clearly outlines the "diplomatic role" as a crucial function of the Indian Navy. This role aims to "favourably shape the maritime environment" and support national interests in line with foreign policy and security goals.
- For years, India's response to requests for maritime assistance from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Myanmar often fell short due to bureaucratic hurdles and funding limitations. This missed opportunities to build goodwill and foster stronger ties.
- In 2005-06, recognizing this gap, the Indian Navy took a proactive step by establishing a dedicated organization led by a two-star admiral to oversee foreign cooperation. This unit facilitated the transfer of patrol boats, aircraft, and helicopters from the Navy's own inventory to partner nations. This initiative exemplified the potential of maritime diplomacy in action.
The positive outcomes of this maritime cooperation are evident in India's strengthened relationships with Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar, and other coastal neighbours. This successful model paves the way for further expansion:
- Providing training, joint exercises, and equipment support to partner nations can build maritime security capabilities and foster trust.
- Rapidly deploying naval resources during natural disasters or emergencies showcases India's commitment to regional stability and builds goodwill.
- Collaborating on maritime infrastructure development, resource exploration, and sustainable fishing practices can create shared prosperity.
By prioritizing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool alongside conventional diplomacy, India can:
- A collaborative maritime environment fosters trust and cooperation, mitigating potential conflicts and ensuring safer seas for all.
- Proactive maritime engagement can strengthen India's position in the Indian Ocean and counterbalance China's strategic manoeuvres.
- By addressing their needs and demonstrating genuine commitment, India can cultivate lasting and mutually beneficial relationships with its maritime neighbours.
SPECIAL DRAWING RIGHTS (SDR)
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are a form of international monetary reserve currency created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to supplement its member countries' official reserves. SDRs are not a traditional currency, but rather a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of IMF member countries.
The value of the SDR is determined based on a basket of major international currencies. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the SDR basket includes the U.S. dollar (USD), euro (EUR), Chinese renminbi (CNY), Japanese yen (JPY), and British pound sterling (GBP).
SDRs can be used by IMF member countries in a variety of ways, such as settling international transactions, diversifying reserves, and participating in the allocation of SDRs by the IMF to its member countries. The allocation of SDRs is a way to provide liquidity to the global economy, especially during times of economic crisis
3. Special Drawing Rights (SDR) Value – Weightage of Basket Currencies
The Special Drawing Right (SDR) is an international reserve asset created by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) in 1969. It's not a physical currency, but rather a claim on freely usable currencies of IMF member countries.
The value of the SDR is based on a basket of five major currencies:
U.S. dollar (USD): 41.73% weightage
Euro (EUR): 20.94% weightage
Chinese renminbi (RMB): 12.28% weightage
Japanese yen (JPY): 11.30% weightage
British pound sterling (GBP): 10.95% weightage
These weights are determined by the IMF based on the relative importance of each currency in the world's trading and financial systems. The basket is reviewed and adjusted every five years, or earlier if necessary.
The value of the SDR is calculated daily based on the exchange rates of the basket currencies. As of today, January 12, 2024, the SDR is equivalent to XDR 1.46
| Currency | Weightage |
|---|---|
| U.S. dollar (USD) | 41.73% |
| Euro (EUR) | 20.94% |
| Chinese renminbi (RMB) | 12.28% |
| Japanese yen (JPY) | 11.30% |
| British pound sterling (GBP) | 10.95% |
4.Special Drawing Rights – Used by International Organizations
Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are primarily used by member countries of the International Monetary Fund (IMF). SDRs provide a supplement to the existing reserves of IMF member countries and serve as a potential claim on the freely usable currencies of other member countries. Member countries can use SDRs in various ways, including settling international transactions, diversifying their reserves, and participating in the allocation of SDRs by the IMF.
In addition to member countries, some international organizations also use or hold SDRs as part of their financial operations. These organizations may include international financial institutions, development banks, and other entities involved in global economic and financial activities. The use of SDRs by such organizations can contribute to liquidity and stability in the international monetary system.
Here are some specific examples of how international organizations have used SDRs:
- In 2021, the IMF made the largest-ever allocation of SDRs, amounting to SDR 456 billion (around $650 billion at the time). This allocation was designed to boost global liquidity and support countries' responses to the COVID-19 pandemic.
- The World Bank has used SDRs to finance development projects in countries like Tanzania, Ethiopia, and Mozambique, focusing on areas like education, renewable energy, and climate change adaptation.
- The African Development Bank has issued bonds denominated in SDRs to raise funds for infrastructure projects across the continent
What is the International Monetary Fund?The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an international financial institution established in 1944 with the goal of promoting global monetary cooperation, exchange rate stability, balanced trade growth, and financial stability. The IMF was created during the Bretton Woods Conference, which took place in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, USA
Key functions and roles of the IMF include:
Reports by IMF
World Economic Outlook (WEO)
Global Financial Stability Report (GFSR)
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Previous Year Questions
1.Recently, which one of the following currencies has been proposed to be added to the basket of IMF’s SDR? (UPSC CSE 2016) (a) Rouble Answer: (d) 2. Which one of the following groups of items is included in India’s foreign-exchange reserves? (UPSC CSE 2013) (a) Foreign-currency assets, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and loans from foreign countries Answer: (b) |
TABLEAU SELECTION
The selection process for Republic Day parade tableaux involves showcasing India's commemoration of the adoption of the Constitution and its transition to a democratic republic. The parade, led by the President in New Delhi, not only displays military strength but also celebrates cultural heritage through tableaux representing States, Union Territories, Ministries, and departments. The Ministry of Defence is responsible for overseeing parade coordination and preparations, including the careful selection and shortlisting of tableaux.
The selection process for Republic Day parade tableaux is managed by the Ministry of Defence which adheres to a standardized procedure. The Ministry initiates the selection by inviting submissions months in advance, centered around a specified theme. These proposals undergo thorough expert evaluation, including a basic assessment and the presentation of three-dimensional models.
Various factors such as visual appeal, alignment with the theme, and the utilization of local resources contribute to the final selection of tableaux. While a State has the opportunity to present multiple proposals to the committee, only one is ultimately chosen for inclusion in the final parade. The Defence Ministry underscores the importance of time constraints, given the limited number of tableaux that can be accommodated.
However, the exclusion of proposals from Opposition-ruled States has sparked accusations of 'discrimination' from several State governments.
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For Prelims: Republic day, Tableaus
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of the Ministry of Defence in the selection of tableaux for the Republic Day parade. How does the selection process balance thematic coherence with representation of diverse states and cultures? (250 Words)
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INDIA-MALDIVES
The recent India-Maldives controversy stemmed from offensive comments made by three Maldivian ministers on social media about Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the Lakshadweep islands in early January 2024.
The Incident
- Maldivian Deputy Minister of Youth Empowerment Mariyam Shiuna posted a mocking and disrespectful remark about PM Modi on social media. Two other ministers, Malsha Shareef and Abdulla Mahzoom Majid, also made disparaging comments.
- India summoned the Maldivian envoy and expressed strong disapproval of the derogatory remarks.
- The Maldivian government suspended the three ministers and distanced itself from their statements. President Mohamed Muizzu also affirmed the importance of close ties with India.
- The episode coincides with Maldivian President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih's maiden visit to China, raising speculation about China's possible role in influencing the ministers' remarks.
Consequences and responses
- India summoned the Maldivian envoy and expressed its strong displeasure. The Maldivian government suspended the three officials involved and distanced itself from their comments.
- Some Indians called for a boycott of tourism to the Maldives in response to the incident.
- The incident prompted introspection in both countries about the state of their relationship and the need to address underlying issues.
3. India-Maldives
India-Maldives relations have historically been close, marked by vibrant cultural ties, strong economic partnerships, and strategic cooperation. However, the relationship has encountered some challenges in recent years, highlighting the need for renewed focus and strategic adjustments.
Historical Ties
- Both nations share Buddhist and Hindu influences, with Maldivians speaking Dhivehi, which belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.
- India has been a significant trading partner for Maldives, exporting food, and manufactured goods, and providing tourism services.
- India has played a crucial role in ensuring the Maldives' security, assisting in the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis.
Strategic Interests
- The Maldives occupies a strategic position in the Indian Ocean, making it crucial for India's maritime security interests.
- China's increasing economic and military presence in the region presents both challenges and opportunities for India-Maldives cooperation.
- Both countries share concerns about terrorism and have collaborated in intelligence sharing and capacity building.
Contemporary Challenges
- Despite close ties, the significant economic disparity between India and the Maldives can lead to imbalances and resentment.
- The Maldives has experienced political turmoil in recent years, which can impact relations with India.
- Both countries face challenges related to climate change and rising sea levels, requiring collaborative solutions.
- The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives, triggered by offensive comments directed at Prime Minister Modi, might appear as a fleeting "storm in a teacup." However, a closer look reveals several critical dimensions with far-reaching implications for India's maritime security landscape, offering valuable lessons for the future.
- The Maldives archipelago stretches across the southern Indian Ocean, forming a vital piece of India's maritime security puzzle. Its 27 coral atolls dispersed over 900 km encompass an exclusive economic zone of nearly a million square kilometres. Despite the Indian Navy's acknowledgement of this strategic importance, India's overall security approach suffers from a persistent "continental fixation."
- The lack of a comprehensive national security strategy translates into sporadic and uncoordinated maritime initiatives. This shortcoming hinders India's ability to effectively maintain control over strategically crucial areas like the Maldives.
- As early as 1945, K.M. Panikkar, revered as India's "oracle of maritime wisdom," warned against the perils of a solely land-based defence strategy. He presciently declared that neglect of Indian interests in the Indian Ocean would render freedom inconsequential and accurately predicted China's burgeoning naval ambitions. Panikkar's foresight highlights the urgent need for India to prioritize its maritime security interests.
- The British presence on Gan Island, a Maldivian island, until 1976 underscores the strategic significance of the region. Additionally, China's expanding naval power and its proximity to the Indian Ocean raise concerns about potential strategic rivalries.
5. Introspection for Stronger Ties
The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives serves as a stark reminder of the need for India to re-evaluate its approach to the island nation and, perhaps, other neighbouring countries. While external factors like China's influence and Pakistan's religious incitement undoubtedly play a role, it's crucial to acknowledge and address any shortcomings within India's own diplomatic strategies.
Missed Warning Signs: The relationship with the Maldives started fraying as early as 2011, with the cancellation of the Male airport contract awarded to GMR. This should have triggered alarm bells within the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Did India receive any early warnings of this shift in sentiment from its representatives in Male? If so, were proactive measures taken to address the concerns and mend ties?
Beyond Big Brother: Maldives, with its small population and unique identity, is naturally sensitive to any perceived "big-brotherly" attitude. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some Indian diplomats' condescending demeanours, overemphasis on cultural dominance, and projection of a "viceroy" image can foster resentment. This, coupled with India's own internal struggles and occasional instances of unchecked communal tensions, paints an unappealing picture for neighbours.
Introspection and Recalibration: Addressing these concerns requires introspection and recalibration within India's diplomatic approach. Building stronger ties with the Maldives, and other neighbours, demands:
- Recognizing the sensitivities of smaller nations and engaging them with empathy and respect is crucial. This involves actively listening to their concerns, addressing them sincerely, and avoiding patronizing attitudes.
- Appreciation for the Maldives' unique cultural identity and traditions, along with fostering mutual understanding through cultural exchange programs and collaborative initiatives, can strengthen the bond between the two countries.
- Building strong economic partnerships, promoting mutually beneficial trade and development projects, and ensuring fair treatment of Maldivian workers in India can contribute to a more stable and prosperous relationship.
- Addressing domestic issues like communal tensions and hate speech, and upholding democratic principles, will project a more positive image of India as a reliable and trustworthy partner.
The "Security and Growth for All in the Region" (SAGAR) initiative, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015, is India's vision for maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region. It aims to create a secure, stable, and prosperous environment for all nations through collaboration in various areas.
Key objectives of SAGAR
- Promoting cooperation to combat piracy, terrorism, and other maritime threats; enhancing capacity building in coastal countries.
- Encouraging trade and investment; developing port infrastructure and connectivity; promoting sustainable resource management.
- Providing training and expertise to partner nations in areas like maritime safety, search and rescue, and pollution control.
- Assisting with preparedness, response, and recovery efforts during natural disasters in the region.
- Working together to conserve marine ecosystems and address pollution challenges.
Significance of SAGAR:
- SAGAR positions India as a leading maritime power in the Indian Ocean, fostering its strategic partnerships and influence.
- In the face of China's growing presence in the region, SAGAR offers a cooperative alternative based on shared values and mutual benefit.
- The initiative's focus on development and capacity building caters to the needs of smaller island nations, strengthening regional stability.
- SAGAR encourages collaboration between countries on shared challenges, fostering trust and mutual understanding.
Challenges and Future Development
- While the vision is clear, a comprehensive document outlining specific action plans and operational strategies is needed.
- Implementing SAGAR initiatives effectively requires adequate resources both financially and in terms of personnel and expertise.
- Gaining the trust and active participation of all countries in the region is crucial for SAGAR's success.
7. Navigating the Geopolitics in the Indian Ocean
The recent diplomatic discord with the Maldives highlights the need for India to shift its strategic focus in the Indo-Pacific beyond land borders and engage in larger geopolitical competition. Recognizing the crucial role of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the distinct advantages of proximity, India must navigate the complex interplay between its own interests and the growing influence of China.
Geographic Advantage: Compared to China, India enjoys a clear geographic advantage in the IOR. With Male, the Maldivian capital, just 700 km from Kochi, India, compared to 6,000 km from the nearest Chinese port, India can respond to crises and offer assistance much faster. This was evident during the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis, where the Indian Navy swiftly provided crucial aid. This demonstrates the inherent value of having a reliable and responsive neighbour.
The Imperative of Securing Sea Lanes: As the world's largest trading nation, China's economic and industrial prosperity hinges on uninterrupted maritime trade. Its sea lanes in the IOR, therefore, become a critical "jugular vein" requiring protection. This has led China to develop strategic footholds like Hambantota in Sri Lanka and Gwadar in Pakistan, and even lease a military base in Djibouti. Securing allies like the Maldives becomes strategically vital for China to counterbalance India's geographic advantage.
Checkmating China: The Maldives presents a crucial strategic puzzle in this context. While India enjoys the inherent benefits of proximity and historical goodwill, China's economic clout and strategic ambitions pose a significant challenge. India must navigate this complex landscape by:
- Continuing to provide humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and economic partnerships can solidify India's image as a trustworthy and beneficial partner.
- Strengthening cultural ties and fostering a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives can build trust and goodwill.
- Upholding democratic values and addressing issues like communal tensions can project a more positive image of India on the international stage.
- Collaborating with other IOR countries on regional issues like maritime security and environmental protection can showcase India's commitment to shared prosperity and cooperation.
8. Leveraging Maritime Diplomacy
- The untapped potential of maritime diplomacy in strengthening India's relationships with its maritime neighbours. While conventional diplomacy remains essential, embracing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool can offer significant benefits.
- India's Maritime Doctrine clearly outlines the "diplomatic role" as a crucial function of the Indian Navy. This role aims to "favourably shape the maritime environment" and support national interests in line with foreign policy and security goals.
- For years, India's response to requests for maritime assistance from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Myanmar often fell short due to bureaucratic hurdles and funding limitations. This missed opportunities to build goodwill and foster stronger ties.
- In 2005-06, recognizing this gap, the Indian Navy took a proactive step by establishing a dedicated organization led by a two-star admiral to oversee foreign cooperation. This unit facilitated the transfer of patrol boats, aircraft, and helicopters from the Navy's own inventory to partner nations. This initiative exemplified the potential of maritime diplomacy in action.
The positive outcomes of this maritime cooperation are evident in India's strengthened relationships with Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar, and other coastal neighbours. This successful model paves the way for further expansion:
- Providing training, joint exercises, and equipment support to partner nations can build maritime security capabilities and foster trust.
- Rapidly deploying naval resources during natural disasters or emergencies showcases India's commitment to regional stability and builds goodwill.
- Collaborating on maritime infrastructure development, resource exploration, and sustainable fishing practices can create shared prosperity.
By prioritizing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool alongside conventional diplomacy, India can:
- A collaborative maritime environment fosters trust and cooperation, mitigating potential conflicts and ensuring safer seas for all.
- Proactive maritime engagement can strengthen India's position in the Indian Ocean and counterbalance China's strategic manoeuvres.
- By addressing their needs and demonstrating genuine commitment, India can cultivate lasting and mutually beneficial relationships with its maritime neighbours.
SQUARE KILOMETER ARRAY (SKA)
The new year ushered in the news that India had decided to formally join the Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project, an international scientific collaboration working to build the world’s largest radio telescope.
India had already been contributing to the project for the past several years, but the full member status, which offers greater scientific opportunities to use the upcoming facility, requires countries to sign and ratify an international treaty, and also make a financial commitment. India has approved Rs 1,250 crore for the project, which includes its funding contribution for the construction phase
2.Square Kilometer Array (SKA) project
- The Square Kilometer Array (SKA) will not function as a singular large telescope but as an assemblage of numerous dish antennas operating collectively.
- The term "Square Kilometer Array" was originally coined due to the objective of establishing an effective area of one square kilometre (equivalent to one million square meters) for gathering radio waves.
- This goal was envisioned by setting up numerous smaller antennas in a specific array configuration, enabling them to function as a unified radio telescope.
- Presently, it seems that the project, valued at USD 2.4 billion in 2021, will eventually possess a smaller collecting area than initially intended. Nonetheless, the original name, Square Kilometer Array, has been retained.
- The antennas, totaling approximately 200 in South Africa and over 130,000 in Australia, are being positioned in remote areas with sparse population density.
- These locations were carefully selected to maximize their distance from human activities, aiming to minimize interference from unwanted terrestrial sources.
- Construction commenced at both sites in December 2022, and the initial phase of the project is anticipated to conclude by the following year. Once operational, SKA is predicted to be between 5 to 60 times more potent than the most advanced existing radio telescopes operating within similar frequency ranges
- Even though India won't host any of the SKA facilities, the country stands to gain significantly in science and technology by being a full member of the project. Similar to instances like the LHC or ITER, both situated abroad, where India's participation reaped substantial benefits for the scientific community, the SKA presents a comparable opportunity.
- India already boasts advanced capabilities in radio astronomy, exemplified by facilities like the Giant Meterwave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune, known globally for its exceptional scientific output.
- Additionally, similar facilities exist in Ooty, Nainital, and Bengaluru. For Indian scientists engaged in this field, the SKA represents the next logical progression, promising extensive research opportunities in astronomy's pressing scientific inquiries.
- Attaining full member status offers India privileged access to SKA facilities. While most telescopes operate under an open-use policy, granting research opportunities to groups worldwide through competitive selection based on scientific merit (as seen in GMRT's functioning), the SKA is likely to prioritize member countries that contribute to its construction.
- Member nations would receive preferential time allocations on the radio telescope, roughly corresponding to their project contributions, with limited slots available through competitive bidding.
- The project also promises technological advantages, delving into cutting-edge electronics, software, materials science, and computing.
- Though the SKA Observatory owns the resulting intellectual properties, they will be accessible to all member countries, presenting significant learning prospects for scientists, academics, and even private industries.
- Participation in the project is anticipated to expand India's science and technology landscape, fostering capacity building, training opportunities, and the broadening of expertise in this domain.
- The National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (NCRA) in Pune spearheads India's involvement, collaborating with 22 institutions across the country, encompassing leading research centers, select IITs and IISERs, a few universities, colleges, and even a couple of private companies
