SEBI
1. Context
The Supreme Court trained the spotlight on the “conduct” of Hindenburg Research, directing the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and investigating agencies of the Centre to probe and, if necessary, take “suitable action” if the losses suffered by Indian investors due to the short position taken by the U.S.-based firm in the Adani Group through U.S.-traded bonds and non-Indian traded derivative instruments involved any infraction of law
2. SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE BOARD OF INDIA
2.1. Background
- Before SEBI came into existence, the Controller of Capital Issues was the regulatory authority; it derived authority from the Capital Issues (Control) Act, of 1947.
- In April 1988 the SEBI was constituted as the regulator of capital markets in India under a resolution of the Government of India.
- Initially SEBI was a non-statutory body without any statutory power.
- It became autonomous and given statutory powers by SEBI Act 1992.
2.2. Structure of SEBI
- SEBI Board consists of a Chairman and several other whole-time and part-time members.
- SEBI also appoints various committees, whenever required to look into the pressing issues of that time.
- Further, a Securities Appellate Tribunal (SAT) has been constituted to protect the interest of entities that feel aggrieved by SEBI’s decision.
- SAT consists of a Presiding Officer and two other
- It has the same powers as vested in a civil court. Further, if any person feels aggrieved by SAT’s decision or order can appeal to the Supreme Court.
2.3. Aims associated with SEBI
- To protect the interests of investors in securities and to promote the development of, and regulate the securities market.
- It is the regulator of the securities and commodity market in India owned by the Government of India.
2.4. Functions
- SEBI is primarily set up to protect the interests of investors in the securities market.
- It promotes the development of the securities market and regulates the business.
- SEBI provides a platform for stockbrokers, sub-brokers, portfolio managers, investment advisers, share transfer agents, bankers, merchant bankers, trustees of trust deeds, registrars, underwriters, and other associated people to register and regulate work.
- It regulates the operations of depositories, participants, custodians of securities, foreign portfolio investors, and credit rating agencies.
- It prohibits insider trading, i.e. fraudulent and unfair trade practices related to the securities market.
- It ensures that investors are educated on the intermediaries of securities markets.
- It monitors substantial acquisitions of shares and take-over of companies.
- SEBI takes care of research and development to ensure the securities market is efficient at all times.
2.5. Powers of SEBI
- Quasi-Judicial: SEBI has the authority to deliver judgements related to fraud and other unethical practices in terms of the securities market. This helps to ensure fairness, transparency, and accountability in the securities market.
- Quasi-Executive: SEBI is empowered to implement the regulations and judgements made and to take legal action against the violators. It is also authorized to inspect Books of accounts and other documents if it comes across any violation of the regulations.
- Quasi-Legislative: SEBI reserves the right to frame rules and regulations to protect the interests of the investors. Some of its regulations consist of insider trading regulations, listing obligations, and disclosure requirements. These have been formulated to keep malpractices at bay. Despite the powers, the results of SEBI’s functions still have to go through the Securities Appellate Tribunal and the Supreme Court of India.
3.Other Powers and Functions of SEBI
- SEBI is a quasi-legislative and quasi-judicial body which can draft regulations, conduct inquiries, pass rulings and impose penalties.
- It functions to fulfil the requirements of three categories –
- Issuers – By providing a marketplace in which the issuers can increase their finance.
- Investors – By ensuring the safety and supply of precise and accurate information.
- Intermediaries – By enabling a competitive professional market for intermediaries.
- By Securities Laws (Amendment) Act, 2014, SEBI is now able to regulate any money pooling scheme worth Rs. 100 cr. or more and attach assets in cases of non-compliance.
- SEBI Chairman has the authority to order “search and seizure operations”. SEBI board can also seek information, such as telephone call data records, from any persons or entities concerning any securities transaction being investigated by it.
- SEBI perform the function of registration and regulation of the working of venture capital funds and collective investment schemes including mutual funds.
- It also works for promoting and regulating self-regulatory organizations and prohibiting fraudulent and unfair trade practices relating to securities markets.
For Prelims
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For Prelims: SEBI, SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, 2015, market rumours,
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Source: The Hindu
CYBERSECURITY
1. Context
Around 50% of cybercrime complaints received on the national cybercrime helpline every day have their origin in China and pockets of Cambodia and Myanmar, Rajesh Kumar, chief executive officer of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA)
2. Cybercrimes
Cybercrimes are illegal activities that are carried out using computers, computer networks, and the internet. These crimes often target individuals, organizations, or governments and can have serious consequences. Here are some common cybercrimes:
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Phishing: Phishing involves sending deceptive emails or messages that appear to be from a legitimate source but are designed to trick recipients into revealing sensitive information, such as passwords, credit card numbers, or personal identification.
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Identity Theft: Identity theft occurs when someone steals another person's personal information, such as Social Security numbers or bank account details, with the intent to commit fraud, financial theft, or other criminal activities.
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Malware: Malicious software, or malware, includes viruses, worms, Trojans, ransomware, and spyware. These programs are designed to damage, disrupt, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems and data.
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Cyberbullying: Cyberbullying involves using digital communication tools like social media, email, or text messages to harass, threaten, or humiliate individuals. It can have serious psychological and emotional effects on victims.
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Online Scams: Various online scams exist, including advance-fee fraud, lottery scams, and romance scams. These scams aim to deceive individuals into providing money or personal information to fraudsters.
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Hacking: Hacking involves unauthorized access to computer systems or networks. Hackers may steal data, disrupt services, or gain control of systems for various purposes, including financial gain, activism, or espionage.
- Cyberstalking: Cyberstalking is a pattern of online harassment or persistent unwanted attention directed at an individual. It can involve threats, monitoring, or intimidation and may escalate to physical harm
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Data Breaches: Data breaches involve the unauthorized access, acquisition, or release of sensitive data, such as personal information or financial records. These breaches can have severe consequences for individuals and organizations.
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Online Piracy: Online piracy involves the unauthorized distribution or downloading of copyrighted materials, such as movies, music, software, or books, without permission from the copyright holders.
- Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) Attacks: In a DDoS attack, multiple compromised computers are used to flood a target system with excessive traffic, rendering it inaccessible to legitimate users. These attacks can disrupt online services and websites
3. Cybersecurity
- Cybersecurity refers to the practice of protecting computer systems, networks, software, and data from various forms of digital threats, attacks, and unauthorized access. In an increasingly interconnected and digital world, cybersecurity is of paramount importance to individuals, organizations, and governments to safeguard sensitive information, maintain privacy, and ensure the integrity and availability of digital resources
- Confidentiality in cybersecurity ensures that sensitive data remains private and accessible only to authorized individuals or systems. Measures to achieve confidentiality include encryption, access controls, and user authentication.
- Integrity ensures that data remains accurate and unaltered during storage, transmission, and processing. Data integrity is maintained through mechanisms like checksums and digital signatures
- Authentication verifies the identity of users and systems trying to access a network or data. Common authentication methods include passwords, biometrics, and multi-factor authentication (MFA).
4.National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP)
- The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) is a centralized online portal for reporting cybercrime in India. It was launched in 2019 by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) to provide a single platform for citizens to report cybercrime incidents. The NCRP is accessible to all citizens of India, regardless of their location or the type of cybercrime they have experienced.
- To report a cybercrime incident on the NCRP, citizens need to create an account and fill out a complaint form. The form requires basic information about the victim, the accused, and the nature of the cybercrime incident. Citizens can also attach relevant evidence, such as screenshots, emails, or chat logs, to their complaint.
- Once a complaint is submitted, it is assigned to a law enforcement agency for investigation. The NCRP also provides a tracking system so that citizens can check the status of their complaint at any time.
- The NCRP is a valuable resource for citizens who have been victims of cybercrime. It provides a convenient and user-friendly platform for reporting cybercrime incidents. The NCRP also helps law enforcement agencies to track and investigate cybercrime more effectively.
5. Way forward
Cybercrimes pose significant threats to individuals, businesses, and governments. They can result in financial losses, privacy breaches, and even compromise national security. Law enforcement agencies, cybersecurity experts, and legislation have been developed to combat and prevent cybercrimes, but they remain a persistent challenge in the digital age
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Previous Year Questions
1.In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC CSE 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only
B.1, 3 and 4 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer (D)
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Source: indianexpress
RURAL INDIA -EMPLOYMENT
1. Context
At a group discussion held by Life Skills Collaborative, most of the rural youth when questioned about their aspirations for the future said they preferred staying in their village. With the prevalent trend of urbanisation — the UN projects that almost 50% of the Indian population will be living in urban areas by 2047— it is crucial not to overlook those who choose to stay behind in villages
2. What is the main source of rural income in India?
Agriculture stands as the primary backbone of rural sustenance, where numerous children in rural households contribute to their family's earnings through labor on their own farms. Nevertheless, rural communities are undergoing a significant workforce transformation, witnessing an exodus of farmers from agricultural pursuits to non-agrarian occupations, signalling an agricultural predicament.
According to data from the National Sample Survey Office, approximately 34 million farmers switched from farming to industries like construction between 2004-05 and 2011-12.
This underscores the urgency to not only encourage agricultural pursuits among rural youth but also develop alternative job prospects to address this shift
3. Rural India and Migration
- Rural India has a long-standing relationship with migration. Historically, many rural inhabitants have moved to urban areas in search of better economic prospects, employment opportunities, education, and improved living standards. Seasonal migration for agricultural work or temporary jobs is also common.
- However, migration patterns have been evolving with changing economic landscapes, technological advancements, and government initiatives aimed at rural development. Efforts are being made to create employment opportunities in rural areas to reduce the pressure of migration and foster local economic growth. Additionally, some regions are witnessing reverse migration where individuals are returning to rural areas due to various factors like job opportunities, entrepreneurship prospects, or a desire for a more balanced lifestyle
- In order to prevent the migration of young people to cities in pursuit of substantial work opportunities, it becomes essential to offer vocational education to students, equipping them with practical skills tailored for rural settings.
- Conversations held at schools revealed that the majority of students' career ambitions were confined to options accessible within their village surroundings.
- Initiatives akin to the 'Skills On Wheel' program introduced by the Delhi government should be introduced directly to students in their local areas to provide similar upskilling opportunities
4. Rural India and Education in India
- Education in rural India has undergone various changes over the years. While there have been efforts to improve access to education in rural areas, challenges like inadequate infrastructure, lack of quality teachers, low enrollment rates, and high dropout rates persist.
- Government initiatives such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) have aimed to enhance elementary education by focusing on enrollment, retention, and improving infrastructure in rural schools. However, despite these efforts, the quality of education often remains a concern. Many schools lack proper facilities, including libraries, laboratories, and trained teachers, leading to disparities in the quality of education between rural and urban areas.
- Additionally, socio-economic factors like poverty, child labor, and social norms sometimes hinder children, especially girls, from accessing education or completing their schooling. There's a growing recognition of the need for holistic interventions that address these barriers to ensure equitable access to quality education in rural India.
- Efforts to incorporate technology in education, community involvement in school management, and innovative teaching methods are being explored to bridge the educational gap between rural and urban areas. NGOs and social enterprises also play a role in supplementing government efforts by providing educational support and resources to rural communities.
- Overall, while strides have been made to improve education in rural India, there's still a need for concerted efforts addressing infrastructure, teacher quality, socio-economic challenges, and educational disparities to ensure every child in rural areas has access to quality education
- The current scenario of vocational education in rural India includes Industrial Training Institutes aimed at enhancing skills among rural residents. However, these institutes offer limited to no job placement opportunities.
- Currently, rural education neglects skill development, which significantly impacts the majority of young individuals who rely on schools for acquiring practical life skills. According to the LSC Voices 2023 survey conducted across 11 districts with 15,856 young participants, it was found that around two-thirds of individuals aged 19 to 22 had never engaged in any form of vocational training, and merely 5% were enrolled in such programs. If education in rural schools incorporates life skills pertinent to rural living, it holds the potential to cultivate a generation capable of thriving in their environment
5.How can education be improved in Rural India?
Improving education in rural India involves a multi-faceted approach that addresses various challenges. Here are several strategies that can help enhance the quality and accessibility of education in rural areas:
- Build and upgrade school infrastructure, including classrooms, libraries, laboratories, and sanitation facilities to create a conducive learning environment
- Provide specialized training to teachers, recruit qualified educators, and incentivize teaching in rural areas to ensure quality education delivery
- Develop a curriculum that integrates both theoretical and practical knowledge, focusing on relevant skills for rural livelihoods
- Use technology to bridge the gap, introduce e-learning resources, and provide access to digital tools for both students and teachers
- Engage local communities in the management and improvement of schools, encouraging parental participation and community support for education
- Introduce vocational education programs tailored to local needs and opportunities, preparing students for jobs available in their regions
- Tackle issues like poverty, child labor, and social norms that hinder access to education, especially for marginalized groups like girls
- Collaborate with private organizations, NGOs, and social enterprises to supplement government efforts and bring innovative solutions to rural education challenges
6. Way forward
By implementing these strategies in a concerted manner and adapting them to the local context, education in rural India can be significantly improved, leading to better opportunities and outcomes for children and communities in these areas
Source: The Hindu
UNITED LIBERATION FRONT OF ASOM (ULFA)
1. Context
Recently, the pro-dialogue faction of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) entered into a tripartite peace agreement with the Central government and the Assam state government. The memorandum of settlement encompasses various clauses aimed at expediting the state's development and ensuring the protection of both land and political rights for indigenous communities. Despite these positive developments, concerns persist about the anti-dialogue faction led by Paresh Baruah.
2. Formation of ULFA
- The genesis of the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) can be traced back to the aftermath of the anti-foreigners Assam Agitation, initiated in 1979 and concluding with the signing of the Assam Accord in August 1985.
- This agitation was fueled by concerns that indigenous communities, particularly the Assamese, faced the risk of displacement by "illegal immigrants" from Bangladesh.
- As various social organizations and student bodies chose the path of peaceful agitation during this period, a faction of radicals emerged, including key figures such as Arabinda Rajkhowa, Anup Chetia, and Paresh Baruah.
- On April 7, 1979, this radical group formally established the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) with the primary objective of launching an armed struggle to secure a sovereign Assam.
- Over the next decade, ULFA strategically recruited and trained its members in countries like Myanmar, China, and Pakistan, preparing for an armed struggle.
- The group's activities escalated with a series of abductions and executions.
- In response to the growing threat posed by ULFA, the government initiated Operation Bajrang in 1990, leading to the official ban on ULFA and the declaration of Assam as a disturbed area under the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act.
3. Initiation of Peace Process
The peace process for the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) had its origins in the early 1990s, marked by counter-insurgency operations that resulted in the arrest of 1,221 ULFA members. The government responded to ULFA's escalating activities with Operation Bajrang in 1990, leading to the official ban on the organization.
- ULFA, with support from groups like Harkat-ul-Jihad-e-Islami and Pakistan’s Inter-Services Intelligence, established camps in Bangladesh and Bhutan. The group spent a decade recruiting fighters and training members in Myanmar, China, and Pakistan, conducting abductions and executions.
- Bhutan initiated a military offensive in 2003, leading to the flushing out of ULFA members from camps in Bangladesh and Bhutan. The return of the Sheikh Hasina-led Awami League to power in Bangladesh in 2009 further impacted ULFA's presence in these countries.
- In 2005, ULFA raised hopes for peace when it formed an 11-member People’s Consultative Group. However, the group backtracked, initiating a fresh phase of terror.
- After the security forces apprehended ULFA leaders in India in 2009, the Rajkhowa-led faction signed a ceasefire agreement with the Centre in September 2011. In opposition to talks, Paresh Baruah "expelled" Rajkhowa from ULFA in 2012, leading to the formation of the anti-talk faction named ULFA (Independent) in April 2013.
- The pro-talk faction of ULFA signed a tripartite peace deal with the Centre and the Assam government on December 29, 2023. The memorandum of settlement outlines key provisions, including the renunciation of violence, disarmament, disbandment of armed organizations, vacating occupied camps, and participation in the peaceful democratic process established by the law.
4. Provisions of the Peace Accord
The memorandum of settlement between the United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) and the government outlines comprehensive provisions, marking a significant shift towards non-violence and addressing the demands of the outfit.
- The ULFA has committed to renouncing violence, disarming, and disbanding the armed organization. This move reflects a departure from the group's earlier militant stance.
- The accord mandates the ULFA to vacate the camps it occupies, contributing to the restoration of normalcy and peace in the region.
- ULFA has pledged to participate in the peaceful democratic process established by the law, emphasizing a transition towards resolving issues through democratic means.
- The peace accord addresses the political demands of ULFA, including the commitment to maintaining the territorial integrity of Assam. It emphasizes an amicable settlement of boundary disputes with neighbouring states in the Northeast.
- The agreement underscores the continuation of the "guidelines and methodology" adopted for the delimitation exercise conducted in 2023 in future processes. This ensures fair representation for indigenous communities in the Assam Assembly.
- The accord aims to ensure maximum representation for indigenous communities in the 126-member Assam Assembly. This involves measures to limit the participation of non-original inhabitants, primarily migrant Muslims, in certain constituencies.
- The pact includes legislative safeguards, reflecting the commitment to address the political demands of ULFA. It addresses concerns raised during the 2023 delimitation, ensuring that non-indigenous communities face challenges in contesting specific seats.
- The accord seeks exemption for Assam from Section 3 of the Citizenship Act of 1955, specifically dealing with people who have renounced Indian citizenship or whose citizenship has been terminated. This aims to conditionally restrict individuals from one constituency from being registered in another.
- The peace accord emphasizes the preparation of an error-free National Register of Citizens (NRC). This includes addressing the issues raised during the updating process, which resulted in a significant number of rejections.
- A notable aspect of the accord is the commitment to a comprehensive development package, involving an investment of ₹1.5 lakh crore. This significant investment is aimed at fostering all-round development in Assam.
5. Challenges Ahead After Peace Accord
While the signing of the peace accord is a significant milestone, several challenges lie ahead, posing potential hurdles to the achievement of lasting peace in the region:
- The presence of the anti-talks faction, led by Paresh Baruah, remains a formidable challenge. Baruah, along with around 200 fighters of ULFA (I), operates from hideouts in the Sagaing Division of Myanmar. Their reluctance to engage in talks, insisting on discussing the sovereignty of Assam, adds complexity to the peace process.
- Paresh Baruah's demand for discussions on the sovereignty of Assam poses a significant hurdle. While the Chief Minister asserts that no one in Assam wishes to secede from India, addressing Baruah's concerns without compromising the nation's integrity remains a delicate task.
- The geographical location of ULFA (I) hideouts in the Sagaing Division of Myanmar presents operational challenges. Ensuring cooperation from the Myanmar government to address these hideouts and facilitate negotiations is crucial.
- The success of the peace accord depends on the government's intent and effective implementation of the agreed-upon clauses. Demonstrating sincerity in fulfilling commitments will be essential to build trust and sustain the peace process.
- Public sentiment and support play a vital role in the success of peace initiatives. Convincing the local population about the benefits of the accord and garnering their support will be crucial for its long-term success.
- Efforts to bring Paresh Baruah and the ULFA (I) faction to the negotiation table need to persist. Convincing them to participate in talks and find common ground is essential for a comprehensive and inclusive resolution.
- The involvement of ULFA (I) in cross-border activities and its base in Myanmar introduces international dynamics. Diplomatic efforts and collaboration with Myanmar are necessary to address these complexities.
- The promised comprehensive development package, involving a substantial investment, needs effective execution. Ensuring that development benefits reach all sections of society will be crucial for maintaining stability.
- While transitioning towards peace, maintaining security measures is vital to prevent any resurgence of violence or attempts to destabilize the region. A balance between peace-building and security must be carefully maintained.
6. The Way Forward
The ULFA peace accord presents a potential pathway towards peace and development in Assam. However, navigating the challenges of addressing the anti-dialogue faction, ensuring effective implementation, and maintaining security will be crucial to its long-term success. This journey requires continuous dialogue, trust-building, and commitment from all stakeholders to achieve a lasting and inclusive peace for Assam.
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For Prelims: United Liberation Front of Asom, Assam Accord, Citizenship Act, NRC, Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, tripartite peace agreement
For Mains:
1. Discuss the potential for marginalization or exclusion within the indigenous communities themselves. How can the peace process be designed to ensure inclusivity and address internal inequalities? (250 Words)
2. Analyze the historical context of the Assam Agitation and its role in the formation of the ULFA. How did anxieties about "illegal immigration" and displacement of indigenous communities shape the group's ideology and objectives? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
2. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)
A. Bamboo Industry
B. Petroleum Production
C. Cottage Industries
D. Tea Cultivation
3. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)
A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton
4 The provisions in Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to (UPSC 2015)
A. protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes
B. determine the boundaries between States
C. determine the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
D. protect the interests of all the border States
5.The Line of Actual Control (LAC) separates (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2020) A.India and Pakistan B.India and Afghanistan C.India and Nepal D.India and China
6. LAC (Line of Actual Control) is an effective border between India and ______. (SSC CHSL 2020) A.Pakistan B.Bhutan C.Sri Lanka D.China Answers: 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-A, 5-D, 6-D |
Source: The Hindu
SIX SPACE MISSIONS IN 2024
1. Context
- In 2023, significant milestones in space exploration were achieved, including NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission successfully returning a sample from an asteroid and India's Chandrayaan-3 mission exploring the lunar south pole region.
- As we look ahead to 2024, the space exploration landscape continues to be promising, particularly with NASA's Artemis plan and the Commercial Lunar Payload Services initiative focusing on lunar exploration.
- The latter part of the upcoming year promises a series of thrilling launches. In September, the Martian Moons eXploration mission is set to embark on its journey, followed by the launches of Europa Clipper and Hera in October.
- November will witness the exciting launches of Artemis II and VIPER, both destined for the moon, assuming all goes according to plan.
- The year 2024 holds great potential for furthering our understanding of the cosmos and pushing the boundaries of space exploration.
1. Europa Clipper
- NASA is gearing up for the launch of Europa Clipper, a mission designed to explore Europa, one of Jupiter's largest moons.
- Approximately the size of Earth's moon and covered in an icy surface, Europa is believed to host a vast saltwater ocean beneath its frozen shell, containing more than double the amount of water found in all of Earth's oceans combined.
- Scheduled to launch within a 21-day window starting on October 10, 2024, aboard a SpaceX Falcon Heavy rocket, Europa Clipper aims to revolutionize our understanding of ocean worlds.
- The spacecraft will embark on a journey to the Jupiter system, reaching its destination by 2030.
- Throughout the mission, Europa Clipper plans to conduct close flybys of Europa nearly 50 times, enabling scientists to study the moon's icy surface, analyze its geological features, and delve into the mysteries of its subsurface ocean.
- Additionally, the mission will actively search for signs of geysers erupting from Europa, providing crucial insights into the moon's dynamic processes.
- Europa Clipper holds immense potential to transform the scientific understanding of extraterrestrial environments and their potential to support life. As it sets out to explore the mysteries of Europa, this mission represents a significant leap forward in our exploration of ocean worlds beyond our own.
2. Artemis II
- Named after Apollo's twin sister in Greek mythology, the Artemis program stands as NASA's ambitious initiative to return humans to the moon, marking the first human lunar mission since 1972.
- Notably, Artemis aims to achieve historic milestones by sending the first woman and the first person of colour to the lunar surface. Beyond revisiting the moon, the broader vision of Artemis encompasses establishing a sustained human presence in space, laying the groundwork for future missions, including potential voyages to Mars.
- At the forefront of this lunar endeavour is Artemis II, a pivotal crewed mission featuring four astronauts set to embark on a 10-day journey.
- Building upon the foundation laid by Artemis I, which successfully sent an uncrewed capsule into orbit around the moon in late 2022, Artemis II takes a significant step forward in the program's trajectory.
- The mission trajectory involves placing the astronauts into orbit around the moon before safely returning them to Earth.
- Initially planned for launch as early as November 2024, there exists a possibility of a delay to 2025, contingent upon the readiness of essential equipment such as spacesuits and oxygen systems.
- Artemis II represents a crucial phase in NASA's lunar exploration roadmap, paving the way for future deep-space endeavours.
- VIPER (Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover) represents a robotic marvel set to explore the moon's south pole in late 2024. Initially slated for launch in 2023, NASA opted to delay the mission to conduct comprehensive tests on the lander system.
- Developed by Astrobotic, a private company participating in the Commercial Lunar Payload Services program, the lander system is integral to the success of the mission.
- This robotic endeavour serves a crucial purpose in the exploration and investigation of volatiles, which are molecules prone to vaporization at lunar temperatures.
- Examples of such volatiles include water and carbon dioxide, which could potentially serve as valuable resources for future human exploration on the moon.
- VIPER, with a size comparable to a golf cart, will rely on a sophisticated system comprising batteries, heat pipes, and radiators throughout its 100-day mission.
- Navigating the extremes of lunar conditions, from the scorching heat of lunar daylight, where temperatures can reach 224 degrees Fahrenheit (107 degrees Celsius), to the chilling shadows of the moon that can plummet to an astonishing -240 degrees Celsius, VIPER is equipped to endure and conduct vital scientific investigations.
- The scheduled launch and lunar surface delivery of VIPER are slated for November 2024, promising a groundbreaking mission that could uncover valuable insights into lunar resources and contribute to the groundwork for future human exploration on the moon.
4. Lunar Trailblazer and PRIME-1
- NASA has recently committed to a category of small and cost-effective planetary missions known as SIMPLEx (Small, Innovative Missions for Planetary Exploration).
- These missions employ a cost-effective strategy by hitching a ride on other launches as secondary payloads or rideshares.
- One noteworthy example within this initiative is the Lunar Trailblazer mission, akin to VIPER in its quest to search for water on the moon.
- However, unlike VIPER, the Lunar Trailblazer will not land on the lunar surface. Instead, it will operate in a lunar orbit, focusing on measuring surface temperatures and mapping the distribution of water molecules across the entire lunar globe.
- As of now, Lunar Trailblazer is progressing towards readiness by early 2024. However, its launch schedule is contingent upon the readiness of the primary payload it rides alongside.
- Lunar Trailblazer shares its launch with the PRIME-1 mission, scheduled for a mid-2024 launch. PRIME-1, focused on lunar drilling and serving as a precursor to the drill VIPER will utilize, faces potential launch date adjustments based on the timely execution of preceding launches.
- The timeline for PRIME-1 is subject to the launch readiness of earlier missions, such as a Commercial Lunar Payload Services mission with the same landing partner, which has been rescheduled for February 2024 at the earliest.
- Further delays in these preceding launches could potentially impact the launch schedule for both PRIME-1 and Lunar Trailblazer.
5. JAXA’s Martian Moon eXploration
- Scheduled for launch around September 2024, the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) is set to embark on an intriguing mission to explore Mars' moons, Phobos and Deimos.
- This robotic venture, named the Martian Moon eXploration (MMX), aims to uncover the mysterious origins of these two moons, distinguishing between whether they are former asteroids captured by Mars' gravity or if they formed from existing debris in orbit around the Red Planet.
- Over three years, the spacecraft will conduct extensive science operations in the vicinity of Mars, closely observing Phobos and Deimos.
- A significant aspect of the mission involves the landing of the spacecraft on the surface of Phobos, where it will collect a sample for further analysis before embarking on a return journey to Earth.
- While the Earth's moon has been a focal point for various robotic and crewed missions in 2024, Mars' moons are poised to receive their visitor in the form of the JAXA MMX mission.
- With its unique objectives and exploration strategy, MMX is anticipated to provide valuable insights into the enigmatic origins of Phobos and Deimos, adding a new dimension to our understanding of the Martian moons.
6. ESA’s Hera mission
- Hera, a mission led by the European Space Agency, is set to revisit the Didymos-Dimorphos asteroid system previously explored by NASA's DART mission in 2022.
- DART not only conducted a survey of these asteroids but also executed a groundbreaking manoeuvre known as "kinetic impact," where it intentionally collided with Dimorphos to test the feasibility of a planetary defence technique.
- The kinetic impact technique involves propelling an object into another to modify its trajectory.
- This technique serves as a potential planetary defence strategy, offering a means to alter the course of a celestial object posing a potential threat to Earth.
- Scheduled for launch in October 2024, Hera is anticipated to arrive at the Didymos-Dimorphos system in late 2026.
- Once there, the mission will focus on a detailed study of the physical properties of these asteroids, building on the insights gained from DART's impact experiment.
- Hera's mission holds significant promise for advancing our understanding of planetary defence strategies and enhancing our preparedness for potential hazards originating from space.
7. The Way Forward
2024 stands poised to be a landmark year in space exploration, with missions like Europa Clipper, Artemis II, and VIPER pushing the boundaries of scientific knowledge and venturing into uncharted territories. These missions promise not only exciting discoveries but also a deeper understanding of our place in the universe and the potential for life beyond Earth.
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For Prelims: Europa Clipper, Artemis II, VIPER, Hera mission, NASA, Moon, Mars, Jupiter, JAXA, Martian Moon eXploration, Lunar Trailblazer, PRIME-1, DART Mission, For Mains:
1. Analyze the role of close flybys in Europa Clipper's mission plan and its impact on scientific exploration. (250 Words)
2. Elaborate on the importance of sustained human presence in space and its connection to Artemis II. (250 Words)
3. Outline the objectives of NASA's VIPER mission and its role in lunar exploration. (250 Words)
4. Explain the concept of NASA's SIMPLEx program and its cost-effective strategy. (250 Words)
5. Discuss the scientific importance of studying Phobos and Deimos and their potential origins. (250 Words)
6. Explain the "kinetic impact" technique tested by NASA's DART mission and its role in planetary defence. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. What is the purpose of the US Space Agency’s Themis Mission, which was recently in the news? (UPSC 2008)
A. To study the possibility of life on Mars
B. To study the satellites of Saturn
C. To study the colorful display of high-latitude skies
D. To build a space laboratory to study the stellar explosions
2. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014)
Spacecraft Purpose
1. Cassini-Huygens: Orbiting Venus and transmitting data to theEarth
2. Messenger: Mapping and investigating the Mercury
3. Voyager 1 and 2: Exploring the outer solar system
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
3. Chandrayaan - 2 was launched from which of the following states by ISRO? (DSSSB LDC 2019) A. Maharashtra B. Rajasthan C. Kerala D. Andhra Pradesh
4. The phases of the moon as we see from the Earth are due to changing relative positions of the sun, the earth and the moon. Which of the following statements is true? (CTET 2022)
A. on a full moon day, the earth comes between the sun and the moon
B. on a new moon day, the moon is in between the earth and the sun
C. on a full moon day, the moon is in between the earth and the sun
D. on a new moon day, the earth is between the sun and the moon.
E. on a new moon day, the sun is between the moon and the earth
A. A, B B. B, C C. C, D D. A, E
5. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020) A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research 6. “The experiment will employ a trio of spacecraft flying in formation in the shape of an equilateral triangle that has sides one million kilometres long, with lasers shining between the craft.” The experiment in question refers to (UPSC 2020) A. Voyager-2 B. New Horizons C. LISA Pathfinder D. Evolved LISA 7. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four- staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 3 only
8. ‘Black hole’ is a (NDA 2019) (UPPSC 2019)
A. huge black star which has zero acceleration due to gravity on its surface
B. star which has moderate acceleration due to gravity on its surface
C. star which has collapsed into itself and has large acceleration due to gravity on its surface
D. star which has collapsed into itself and has zero acceleration due to gravity on its surface
9. Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? (UPSC 2014) Spacecraft Purpose
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
10. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
11. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
12. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
13. A spinning neutron star emits radio-wave and is called (Maha TAIT 2017)
A. Supernova B. Pulsar C. White dwarf D. Protostar
14. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2023)
Objects in space Description
(1) Cepheids Giant clouds of dust and gas in space
(2) Nebulae Stars which brighten and dim periodically
(3) Pulsars Neutron stars that are formed when massive stars run out of fuel and collapse
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
A. Only one B. Only two C. All three D. None
Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-D, 4-A, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A, 8-C, 9-B, 10-C, 11-D, 12-C, 13-B, 14-A
Mains
1. India has achieved remarkable successes in unmanned space missions including the Chandrayaan and Mars Orbiter Mission, but has not ventured into manned space missions, both in terms of technology and logistics. Explain critically (UPSC 2017) 2. Discuss India’s achievements in the field of Space Science and Technology. How the application of this technology has helped India in its socio-economic development? (UPSC 2016) |
Source: The Hindu
