AIR QUALITY INDEX (AQI)
1. Context
The combination of festive activities and the onset of winter have further deteriorated the Air Quality Index (AQI) in certain States and Union Territories across India forcing the Union Health Ministry to issue an advisory directingState health departments and healthcare facilities to enhance their preparedness to safeguard the health of public against the ill effects of rising air pollution levels.
2. The Air Quality Index (AQI)
The AQI is a colour-coded index launched under the Swachh Bharat campaign to simplify the understanding of pollution levels. It helps convey the condition of the air and guides appropriate measures based on the severity of pollution. The AQI consists of six categories, each with a corresponding colour code: 'Good' (0-50), 'Satisfactory' (51-100), 'Moderately Polluted' (101-200), 'Poor' (201-300), 'Very Poor' (301-400) and 'Severe' (401-500).
3. Calculation of AQI
- To calculate the AQI, a technical study was conducted by an expert group, including medical professionals, air quality experts, and academics.
- Various pollutants, such as PM10, PM2.5, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Carbon, and others, are measured.
- Each pollutant is assigned a weight based on its impact on human health.
- The composite air quality index is determined by combining these weights, simplifying multiple data points into a single number and colour to represent overall air quality.
- Monitoring stations across the country assess these pollutant levels.
4. Impact of Pollutants on Health
- Among the most harmful pollutants are fine particulate matter, such as PM2.5, which has a diameter smaller than 2.5 micrometres.
- PM2.5 particles can easily enter the circulatory system, bypassing the nose and throat.
- They are associated with respiratory problems and reduced visibility, posing health risks such as asthma, heart attacks, bronchitis, and other respiratory issues.
5. Influence on Government Policy
- Governments, especially in areas like Delhi, use the AQI to announce measures to combat air pollution.
- When the AQI in the National Capital Region (NCR) reaches the 'severe' category, Stage 4 of the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP) is implemented.
- GRAP is designed for emergency measures to prevent further deterioration of air quality.
- Specific actions may include prohibiting the use of non-BS-VI-compliant diesel four-wheelers and restricting the entry of trucks into the city while allowing petrol cars to continue operating as usual.
6. Conclusion
The Air Quality Index is an essential tool that simplifies the understanding of air pollution, assesses its health impacts, and influences government policies and actions to combat deteriorating air quality. As Mumbai braces for worsening air quality, the AQI will continue to be a critical resource for both the government and the public.
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For Prelims: Air Pollution, Air Quality Index, PM 2.5, PM 10, BS-VI Vehicles, Graded Response Action Plan, National Capital Region, Nitrogen Dioxide, Ozone, Carbon,
For Mains:
1. With the onset of worsening air quality in Mumbai, discuss the importance of the AQI as a critical resource for both the government and the public. How can the AQI assist in addressing air pollution-related challenges in the upcoming winter months? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 1, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer: B 2. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (UPSC 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer: A 3. What is the ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? (UPSC 2016) (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions (b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies. (c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022 (d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank Answer: A 4. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (UPSC 2013) (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight (c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature (d) high concentration of NO2 O3 and CO in the evening
Answer: A
5. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment (UPSC 2013, 2022) (a) Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen (b) Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide (c) Ozone and Carbon Dioxide (d) Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide Answer: D
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (UPSC 2017) (a) Measuring oxygen level in blood (b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems (c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem (d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions Answer: C 7. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
8. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington B. Geneva C. Moscow D. London
Answer: B
9. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
10. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
Answer: D
11. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank.
Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
Answer: B
12. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
Answer: A
13. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs (UPSC 2012)
A. the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
B. the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
C. all the solar radiations
D. the infrared part of the solar radiation
Answer: D
14. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a balanced diet, to avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should NOT exceed _______ of total energy intake. (UPSSSC Mandi Inspector 2019)
A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 40%
Answer: B
15. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (UPSC 2012)
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
16. Which of the following ultraviolet rays is more dangerous? (UPTET 2017)
A. UV-A B. UV-B C. UV-C D. None of the above
Answer: C
17. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
18. Which of the following is a VOC? (MP Vyapam 2022)
A. Toulene B. Water C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
Answer: A
19. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are of great concern because (UGC NET Environmental Science 2020)
A. Once such compounds are in the vapour state, they are difficult to control in the environment.
B. Most of them are ozone depleting substances
C. They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
D. They are less soluble in water.
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
IMF BAILOUT
1. Context
Sri Lanka’s new leader backed a controversial bailout offered by the International Monetary Fund (IMF), marking a U-turn from his election pledge to renegotiate the deal secured by his predecessor.
2. Why are Sri Lanka and Pakistan facing major macroeconomic risks?
- Sri Lanka's macroeconomic landscape has been characterized by fiscal dominance-high deficits and public debt.
- This has manifested in a high degree of macroeconomic volatility, evidenced by its frequent balance-of-payments crises and instability.
- Macroeconomic risks also remain high as Pakistan faces challenges associated with a large current account deficit, high public debt, and lower demand from its traditional export markets amid subdued global growth.
3. How do currency devaluation and price rise affect an economy?
A devaluation means there is a fall in the value of a currency. The main effects are:
- Exports are cheaper to foreign customers
- Imports are more expensive.
- In the short term, a devaluation tends to cause inflation, higher growth, and increased demand for exports.
4. Effects of Devaluation
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Image Source: Economics help
5. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
- The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is an organization of 189 member countries, each of which has representation on the IMF's executive board in proportion to its financial importance so that the most powerful countries in the global economy have the most voting power.
- The IMF, also known as the Fund, was conceived at a UN conference in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, United States, in July 1944.
- The 44 countries at that conference sought to build a framework for economic cooperation to avoid a repetition of the competitive devaluations that had contributed to the Great Depression of the 1930s.
- Countries were not eligible for membership in the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) unless they were members of the IMF.
6. Functions of IMF
- Regulatory functions: IMF functions as a regulatory body and as per the rules of the Articles of Agreement, it also focuses on administering a code of conduct for exchange rate policies and restrictions on payments for current account transactions.
- Financial functions: IMF provides financial support and resources to the member countries to meet short-term and medium-term Balance of Payments (BOP) disequilibrium.
- Consultative functions: IMF is a center for international cooperation for the member countries. It also acts as a source of counsel and technical assistance.
7. Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
- Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) are supplementary foreign exchange reserve assets defined and maintained by the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
- SDR is not a currency, instead represents a claim to currency held by IMF member countries for which they may be exchanged.
- The value of an SDR is defined by a weighted currency basket of four major currencies- the US dollar, the Euro, the British Pound, the Chinese Yuan, and the Japanese Yen.
- Central Bank of member countries held SDR with IMF which can be used by them to access funds from IMF in case of financial crises in their domestic market.
8. Why do nations seek an IMF bailout?
- Countries seek help from the IMF usually when their economies face a major macroeconomic risk, mostly in the form of a currency crisis.
- For instance, in the case of Sri Lanka and Pakistan, both countries have witnessed domestic prices rise rapidly and the exchange value of their currencies drop steeply against the U.S. dollar.
- Such currency crises are generally the result of gross mismanagement of the nation's currency by its central bank, often under the covert influence of the ruling government.
- A rapid unpredictable fall in the value of a currency can destroy confidence is said currency and affect economic activity as people may turn hesitant to accept the currency in exchange for goods and services.
- Foreigners may also be unwilling to invest in an economy where the value of its currency gyrates in an unpredictable manner.
- In such a scenario, many countries are forced to seek help from the IMF to meet their external debt and other obligations, purchase essential imports, and also to prop up the exchange value of their currencies.
9. How does the IMF help Countries?
- The IMF basically lends money, often in the form of special drawing rights (SDRs), to troubled economies that seek the lender's assistance.
- SDRs simply represent a basket of currencies namely the U.S. dollar, the euro, the Chinese Yuan, the Japanese Yen, and the British Pound.
- The IMF carries out its lending to troubled economies through a number of lending programs such as the extended credit facility, the flexible credit line, the standby agreement, etc.
- Countries receiving the bailout can use the SDRs for various purposes depending on their individual circumstances.
- Currently, both Sri Lanka and Pakistan are in urgent need of U.S. dollars to import essential items and also to pay their foreign debt.
- So any money that they receive from the IMF is likely to go towards addressing these urgent issues.
10. IMF Lending Instruments
- The IMF's various lending instruments are tailored to different types of balance of payments need as well as the specific circumstances of its diverse.
- All IMF members are eligible to access to Fund's resources in the General Resources Account (GRA) on non-concessional terms.
- The IMF also provides concessional financial support (currently at zero interest rates through June 2021) through the Poverty Reduction and Growth Trust which is better tailored to the diversity and needs of low-income countries.
- Historically, for emerging and advanced market economies in crises, the bulk of IMF assistance has been provided through stand-by agreements (SBAs) to address the short-term or potential balance of payments problems.
- The Standby Credit Facility (SCF) serves a similar purpose for low-income countries.
- The External Fund Facility (EFF) and the corresponding Extended Credit Facility (ECF) for low-income countries are the Fund's main tools for medium-term support to countries facing protracted balance of payments problems.
- To help prevent or mitigates crises and boost market confidence during periods of heightened risks, members with already strong policies can use the Flexible Credit Line (FCL) or the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL).
- The Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) and the corresponding Rapid Credit Facility (RCF) for low-income countries provide rapid assistance to countries with urgent balance of payments needs, including commodity price shocks, natural disasters, and domestic fragilities.
11. Why does the IMF impose certain conditions before lending money to countries?
- The IMF usually imposes conditions on countries before it lends any money to them.
- For example, a country may have to agree to implement certain structural reforms as a condition to receive IMF loans.
- The IMF's conditional lending has been controversial as many believe that these reforms are too tough on the public.
- Some have also accused the IMF's lending decisions. which are taken by officials appointed by the governments of various countries, to be influenced by international politics.
- Supporters of the IMF's lending policies, however, have argued that conditions are essential for the success of IMF lending.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: International Monetary Fund (IMF), Macroeconomic risk, Balance of payments, Economic bailout, Currency devaluation, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), Special Drawing Rights (SDR), Standby Credit Facility (SCF), External Fund Facility (EFF), General Resources Account (GRA), Extended Credit Facility (ECF), Flexible Credit Line (FCL) or the Precautionary and Liquidity Line (PLL), Rapid Financing Instrument (RFI) and Rapid Credit Facility (RCF).
For Mains: 1. What is International Monetary Fund (IMF) and explain the role of IMF in extending the support of economic bailout to Srilanka and Pakistan.
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Source: The Hindu
Previous year Questions
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1. Recently, which one of the following currencies has been proposed to be added to the basket of IMF’s SDR? (UPSC 2016)
A. Rouble
B. Rand
C. Indian Rupee
D. Renminbi
Answer: D
2. Rapid Financing Instruments" and "Rapid Credit Facility" are related to the provisions of lending by which one of the following? (UPSC 2022)
A. Asian Development Bank
B. International Monetary Fund
C. United Nations Environment Programme
D. Finance Initiative World Bank
Answer: B
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INTERCONTINENTAL BALLISTIC MISSILE
1. Context
Ukraine claimed on Thursday that Russia launched an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) overnight at a city. If confirmed, it would be the first time Moscow has used such a weapon in the war
2. What is an Intercontinental ballistic missile?
- An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a long-range missile system designed to deliver nuclear or conventional warheads over very long distances. These missiles are capable of traveling thousands of kilometers, typically between continents, hence the term "intercontinental."
- ICBMs are one of the key components of a country's strategic nuclear arsenal and serve as a deterrent against potential adversaries. They are designed to be launched from land-based silos, mobile platforms, or submarines and can travel at high speeds, often reaching hypersonic velocities during their flight trajectory.
- The basic components of an ICBM system include the missile itself, the launch platform, and a guidance system to ensure precise targeting.
- Once launched, the missile follows a ballistic trajectory, which means it travels into space, then reenters the Earth's atmosphere to reach its target. The accuracy and reliability of ICBMs are of paramount importance in their role as a deterrent.
- ICBMs have been a significant part of the nuclear arms race during the Cold War, with the United States and the Soviet Union (and later Russia) developing extensive arsenals of these missiles. Other countries, such as China, France, and the United Kingdom, have also developed their own ICBMs.
- The possession of ICBMs provides a nation with the capability to strike targets on the other side of the globe, making them a critical element in the calculus of international security and arms control.
3. Which countries have intercontinental ballistic missile?
Some of the countries known to have ICBMs include:
United States: The United States operates a variety of ICBMs, including the Minuteman III, which is a land-based ICBM, and the Trident II D5, which is a sea-launched ICBM.
Russia: Russia's Strategic Rocket Forces operate a range of ICBMs, including the RS-24 Yars, RS-12M Topol, and RS-28 Sarmat (nicknamed Satan 2).
China: China has developed and deployed ICBMs such as the DF-5, DF-31, and DF-41.
France: France has the M51 SLBM (Submarine-Launched Ballistic Missile) as part of its nuclear deterrent.
United Kingdom: The United Kingdom's nuclear deterrent is based on the Trident II D5 SLBM.
India: India's Agni-V is considered an ICBM, with the ability to reach intercontinental distances.
Pakistan: Pakistan has developed the Shaheen-III missile, which is capable of reaching intercontinental distances.
North Korea: North Korea has claimed to possess ICBMs, with the Hwasong-15 being one of their most advanced and longest-range missiles.
Israel: Israel has not officially confirmed the possession of ICBMs, but it is widely believed to have developed such capabilities as part of its nuclear deterrent.
4.Imperator Alexander III
The Imperator Alexander III belongs to the Borei-class of nuclear submarines. Currently, there are three new Borei-class submarines in active service. These submarines play a central role in Russia's nuclear capabilities at sea.
Specifications:
- Length: 397 feet (121 meters)
- Beam: 76 feet 1 inch (23.19 meters)
- Draft: Approximately 29 feet 2 inches (8.9 meters) when fully loaded
- Displacement: 14,181 long tons (approximately 14,409 metric tons)
- Armament: The submarine is equipped with 16 Bulava missiles.
- Missile Range: These missiles have a range of up to 8,000 kilometers.
- Missile Length: Each Bulava missile is 12 meters (approximately 40 feet) long
5. Way forward
International treaties and agreements, such as the New START Treaty and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), play a role in limiting the proliferation of ICBMs and other nuclear weapons.
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements : (UPSC CSE 2023)
1. Ballistic missiles are jet-propelled at subsonic speeds throughout their flights, while cruise missiles are rocket-powered only in the initial phase of flight.
2. Agni-V is a medium-range supersonic cruise missile, while BrahMos is a solid-fuelled intercontinental ballistic missile.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (D)
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Source: indianexpress
URBAN LOCAL BODIES
1. Context
Flagging concerns on the health of urban local bodies, the Comptroller and Auditor General of India (CAG) has found that city self-governments in 18 states that cater to 241 million residents are facing a 42 per cent gap between their resources and expenditure and that only 29 per cent of their expenditure goes towards programmatic and development work
2. About Urban Local Bodies (ULBs)
Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India are institutions of local self-government that are responsible for the administration of urban areas. These bodies play a crucial role in local governance and are instrumental in the development and management of cities and towns.
The Evolution of Urban Local Bodies in India- Ancient Roots: The seeds of ULBs were sown in India's ancient past. Cities like Pataliputra and Mohenjo-daro thrived under councils or committees of citizens who oversaw public order, trade, and essential services like water and sanitation. These early forms of local governance laid the foundation for future ULBs.
- Colonial Legacy: The British Raj brought a formal system of local self-government to India, with elected municipal councils established in major cities. Madras (now Chennai) became the first with its municipal corporation in 1688. While this system offered a framework, it often lacked autonomy and true democratic representation.
- Post-Independence Evolution: After India's independence, the ULB system continued, but with significant modifications. The Constitution, through the 74th Amendment in 1992, cemented their status as a distinct tier of government, empowering them with greater autonomy and mandating their establishment through state-specific laws.
- Modern-Day ULBs: Today, ULBs play a multifaceted role in urban India. Their functions encompass crucial areas like urban planning and development, waste management, ensuring clean water supply, and managing efficient transportation systems. This diverse portfolio underscores the importance of ULBs in driving sustainable urban growth and enhancing citizen well-being.
The structure of ULBs
The structure of ULBs may vary across states, but they generally fall into three main categories:
- Municipal Corporation: Municipal Corporations are established in larger urban areas. They have a mayor-council form of governance. The mayor is the elected head of the corporation, and the council consists of elected members representing different wards. Municipal Corporations have a wide range of functions, including urban planning, public health, water supply, waste management, education, and infrastructure development.
- Municipal Council: Municipal Councils are established in smaller urban areas. They have elected members, including a chairperson. The structure may vary, with some councils having a municipal commissioner as an executive head. Municipal Councils perform functions similar to Municipal Corporations but are tailored to the scale and needs of smaller urban areas.
- Nagar Panchayat: Nagar Panchayats are established for transitional areas, emerging towns, or areas in transition from rural to urban. They have elected members and a chairperson. Nagar Panchayats focus on basic civic amenities and services, and their functions may include sanitation, water supply, and street lighting.
3. Constitutional and Legal Provisions Governing Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India
Constitution of India: Part IXA and 12th Schedule
- Article 243-P: Deals with the composition of municipalities at the district and metropolitan levels.
- Article 243-Q: Addresses the reservation of seats for scheduled castes and scheduled tribes in municipalities.
- Article 243-R: Specifies the duration of municipalities.
- Article 243-S: Discusses the dissolution of municipalities.
- Article 243-T: Outlines the powers, authority, and responsibilities of municipalities.
- Article 243-U: Enlists the functions that municipalities are authorized to perform.
- Article 243-V: Pertains to the constitution of state finance commissions responsible for reviewing the financial position of municipalities.
State Municipal Acts: Each state in India has its own Municipal Act, providing a comprehensive legal framework for the functioning of ULBs within that state. These acts define the structure, composition, powers, functions, administration, and financing mechanisms of ULBs.
The Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act, 1978: This Act addresses the construction and maintenance of rapid transit systems in metropolitan cities across India. It establishes provisions for the creation of a Metro Railways Administration tasked with overseeing the construction and operation of these transit systems.
4. Functions of Urban Local Bodies in India
Basic Amenities and Services
- Water Supply and Sanitation: Ensuring access to clean drinking water and proper sanitation facilities is a top priority for ULBs. They handle water treatment and distribution, sewerage systems, drainage, and waste management.
- Public Health: ULBs are responsible for maintaining public health standards through initiatives like immunization programs, healthcare infrastructure development, and disease prevention measures.
- Street Lighting and Maintenance: ULBs ensure proper lighting and cleanliness of streets, roads, and public spaces for safety and aesthetics.
- Public Transportation: ULBs may manage public bus systems, rickshaws, and other forms of local transport to provide efficient and affordable mobility options.
Urban Planning and Development
- Land Use Planning: ULBs prepare and implement master plans for urban development, including zoning regulations, land use allocation, and infrastructure development plans.
- Building Permits and Construction: ULBs grant building permits, regulate construction activities, and ensure adherence to building codes for safe and sustainable urban development.
- Parks and Recreation: ULBs create and maintain parks, gardens, playgrounds, and other recreational spaces for the well-being of citizens.
- Slum Improvement and Redevelopment: ULBs address challenges like slums and urban poverty through improvement programs, infrastructure upgrades, and relocation projects.
Social Welfare and Education
- Primary Education: ULBs may manage primary schools, libraries, and other educational facilities within their jurisdiction.
- Social Welfare Programs: ULBs implement government programs for poverty alleviation, social welfare schemes for marginalized groups, and support for vulnerable populations.
- Community Development: ULBs promote community engagement through initiatives like cultural events, sports activities, and citizen participation programs.
- Disaster Management: ULBs prepare for and respond to natural disasters and emergencies, ensuring public safety and minimizing damage.
Financial Management and Revenue Generation
- Local Taxes and Fees: ULBs levy property taxes, user charges for services like water and sanitation, and other fees to generate revenue for their operations.
- Government Grants and Funding: ULBs receive grants from central and state governments for specific development projects and programs.
- Public-Private Partnerships: ULBs may collaborate with private companies to develop infrastructure, manage services, and attract investments for urban development.
Transparency and Accountability
- Public Meetings and Grievance Redressal: ULBs hold public meetings, maintain transparency in their decision-making processes, and establish grievance redressal mechanisms for citizen concerns.
- Right to Information Act: ULBs are obligated to provide information to citizens under the Right to Information Act, promoting transparency and accountability.
- E-Governance Initiatives: ULBs are increasingly adopting e-governance solutions for online service delivery, permit applications, and citizen engagement to enhance efficiency and accessibility.
5. Sources of Revenue for Urban Local Bodies
- Property Tax: A tax on the value of properties within the jurisdiction of the ULB.
- User Charges: Fees for services such as water supply, sewerage, and solid waste management.
- Professional Tax: A tax on the income earned by individuals engaged in various professions.
- Grant-in-Aid: Financial assistance provided by the state and central governments.
- Development Charges: Fees levied for allowing construction and development activities.
- License Fees: Charges for licenses issued for various commercial activities.
6. Challenges Faced by Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India
- Limited Financial Resources: ULBs often grapple with limited revenue-raising powers, resulting in insufficient funds for essential services and infrastructure development. Low levels of tax collection and revenue generation contribute to financial constraints.
- Lack of Autonomy: ULBs frequently lack autonomy in decision-making processes, relying on state governments for financial and administrative support. Dependence on higher authorities can hinder prompt responses to local needs and demands.
- Ambiguity of Functional Domain: Some states witness ambiguity in defining the functional domain of ULBs and parastatal bodies, creating confusion and hindering effective municipal governance.
- Limited Human Resources: Shortages of skilled and qualified personnel within ULBs impact their ability to efficiently execute tasks and deliver services. Insufficient manpower can be a barrier to effective urban governance.
- Poor Infrastructure: Many ULBs face challenges related to inadequate infrastructure, including deficient road networks, water supply systems, and sewage facilities. Insufficient infrastructure hampers the provision of basic services to urban residents.
- Political Interference: Political interference in the functioning of ULBs can compromise their independence and impartiality in decision-making processes. Political considerations may influence administrative and developmental activities.
- Limited Public Participation: ULBs often struggle with a lack of public participation in decision-making, diminishing their effectiveness and accountability. Inadequate citizen engagement can result in policies that do not align with community needs.
- Lack of Capacity: Many ULBs cannot plan, implement, and monitor development projects and programs effectively. Insufficient capacity can lead to inefficiencies and the misallocation of resources.
7. Successful Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) in India
- Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) Implemented innovative initiatives to enhance citizens' quality of life. Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited (AJL) is a successful public-private partnership operating bus rapid transit corridors.
- Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) Recognized for effective waste management practices. Implemented door-to-door waste collection, waste segregation, and processing facilities.
- Surat Municipal Corporation (SMC) Successfully used technology to monitor infrastructure projects and manage emergencies. Developed pedestrian-friendly streets, public parks, and other civic amenities.
- Indore Municipal Corporation: Consistently ranked as one of the cleanest cities in India. Focus on cleanliness, waste management, and sustainable urban development.
- Chandigarh Municipal Corporation: Known for well-planned urban infrastructure and green spaces. Efforts to preserve the architectural heritage of the city.
- Bhubaneswar Municipal Corporation (BMC) Implemented various smart city projects for urban development. Emphasis on improving public services and infrastructure.
- Hyderabad Municipal Corporation focuses on enhancing urban infrastructure and connectivity. Initiatives for the restoration of lakes and water bodies.
- Thiruvananthapuram Municipal Corporation Emphasizes sustainable development and eco-friendly initiatives. Encourages citizen participation in civic activities.
8. What is property tax?
Property tax is a form of direct tax imposed by local governments on the owners of real estate, such as land and buildings. It is a recurring tax that property owners are required to pay, and the amount is typically determined based on the assessed value of the property. The tax collected from property owners is used to fund local public services and infrastructure projects.
Key features of property tax include:
- The local government assesses the value of the property to determine the amount of tax owed. This assessment is often conducted periodically to account for changes in property values.
- Property tax is levied on the owner of the property rather than the occupant. Even if the property is rented out, the owner is responsible for paying the property tax.
- Property tax is a significant source of revenue for local governments, including municipal corporations, municipal councils, and other urban or rural local bodies.
- The revenue generated from property tax is used to finance various public services and community development projects, such as road maintenance, sanitation, education, and other essential municipal services.
- In some jurisdictions, property tax is designed to be progressive, meaning that properties with higher values pay proportionally more in taxes. This is often achieved by applying higher tax rates to properties with higher assessed values.
8.1. Is property tax collected by the central government?
- No, property tax is typically not collected by the central government. Instead, property tax is a local tax, and its collection falls under the jurisdiction of local or municipal governments. In most countries, including India, the United States, and many others, property tax is assessed and collected by local authorities such as municipal corporations, municipal councils, or other urban and rural local bodies.
- Local governments use property tax revenue to fund essential services and local infrastructure projects. The tax amount is generally based on the assessed value of the property, and the rates may vary depending on the local government's policies and regulations.
- While the central government may play a role in setting broad guidelines or frameworks for property taxation, the actual assessment, collection, and utilization of property tax revenue are carried out at the local level. It is a decentralized form of taxation that allows local authorities to have control over their revenue sources and make decisions based on the specific needs of their communities.
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For Prelims: Property Tax, Urban Local bodies, municipal Corporation, Municipal Council, Nagar Panchayats For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance of property tax as a source of revenue for Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). What are the challenges in efficient property tax assessment and collection, and how can they be addressed? (250 Words) |
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Previous Year Questions
1.Local self-government can be best explained as an exercise in (UPSC CSE 2017) (a) Federalism Answer (b) 2.The fundamental object of the Panchayati Raj system is to ensure which among the following? (UPSC CSE 2015)
Select the correct answer using the code given below (a) 1, 2 and 3 only Answer (c) |
Source: The Indian Express
COMPTROLLER AUDITOR GENERAL (CAG)
1. Context
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) has conducted raids on 14 Premises in Mumbai and nearby areas about an alleged scam worth Rs 38 crores in the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation's (BMC) Jumbo Covid Care Facility Centres.
2. About CAG
- Article 148 of the Indian Constitution provides for an Independent Office of Comptroller Auditor General (CAG)
- Head of the Indian Audits and Account Department
- It is an apex authority for external and internal audits of the expenses of the National and State governments
3. Appointments, Term & Removal
- The CAG is appointed by the President, they should take oath before the president or before someone from the President's office
- CAG holds Office for six years or up to the age of 65 years whichever is early
- CAG can resign by addressing their resignation to the President
- CAG can be removed by the President from Office in the same manner as a Supreme court Judge or Resolution passed by the President in both houses of the Parliament with a special majority, either on the ground of misbehaviour or incapacity
- CAG is not eligible to join any Central Government Post or any State government Post
- Expenses, allowances, and salaries are drawn from the Consolidated Fund of India.
4. Duties of CAG
Articles 148,149,150 and 151 of the Constitution of India describe the function and power of the CAG office
- CAG will conduct all expenses from Consolidated Fund in all the states and UT has a legislative assembly
- CAG Audits all the expenses from the Contingency Fund of India and Public accounts of India as well as the Contingency Fund of State and Public Accounts of a State
- CAG Audits all trading accounts, manufacturing, profit and loss accounts, balance sheets and other subsidiary accounts kept by any department of the Central and State Governments
- CAG Audits the receipts and expenditures of all bodies and Authorities which are financed by the Central and State Government revenues
- CAG Submits audit reports relating to the Central Government to President and State Governments to Governor, they will furnish these reports in parliament as well as in-state assemblies
- CAG submits three reports to the President 1-Report on Appropriation accounts, a report on financial accounts, a report on public undertakings
5. CAG Audit and Financial Irregularities
The Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India conducted an audit of expenses in nine BMC departments between November 28, 2019, and October 31, 2022.
The audit was initiated by the state government, which highlighted alleged irregularities amounting to Rs 12, 000 crores in 76 projects, primarily undertaken during the pandemic.
Obstacles Faced by CAG The CAG's audit covered Rs 8, 500 crores of the total expenditure, as the BMC objected to auditing the remaining amount. The BMC issued a legal notice to halt the audit of any acts, works or decisions related to Covid management and expenditure amounting to Rs 3, 538.73 crores, citing provisions of the Epidemic Act, 1897 and the Disaster Management Act 2005.
Project Audits and Findings The CAG report, spanning 146 pages, highlighted weaknesses in internal control mechanisms within the BMC. It revealed instances where work orders were awarded without tenders, contractual documents were not executed and third-party auditors were not appointed to assess the quality of work.
Departments Under Scrutiny Various BMC departments were found to have financial irregularities. The Development Plan Department was flagged for overvaluation of expenditure during land acquisition and delays in acquiring land for public amenities. The Bridges Department awarded work orders without registering private contractors with the BMC. The report also mentioned cost escalations, delayed clearances and irregularities in various other projects and departments.
Financial Transactions During the Pandemic While the ED is investigating financial transactions during the Pandemic period, the CAG report sheds light on the wide-ranging financial irregularities across multiple BMC departments.
6. The way forward
The ED raids and the CAG report have brought to light alleged financial irregularities in the BMC's operations. Investigations and further actions will be taken to determine the extent of the scam and hold those responsible accountable.
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For Prelims: Enforcement Directorate, Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation, Special Investigation Team, Comptroller Auditor General, Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund of India, Report on Appropriation accounts, a report on financial accounts, a report on public undertakings,
For Mains:
1. Examine the constitutional provisions and powers of the CAG in conducting audits of government expenses at both the central and state levels. Discuss the significance of the CAG's role in upholding financial discipline and promoting good governance. (250 Words)
2. Explore the role of technology and digital platforms in improving financial oversight and preventing irregularities in government projects. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with the implementation of digital auditing mechanisms. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following is not correct in respect of Directorate of Enforcement? (CDS 2021)
A. It is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
B. It enforces the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
C. It enforces the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.
D. It enforces the Prohibition of Benami Property Transaction Act, 1988.
Answer: D
2. The Comptroller and Auditor-General (CAG) of India can be removed from office only by the: (UPSC CAPF 2015)
A. President on the advice of the Union Cabinet.
B. Chief justice of the Supreme Court.
C. President of India after an address in both Houses of Parliament.
D. President on the advice of Chief Justice of India.
Answer: C
3. With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. The Department of Revenue responsible for the preparation of Union Budget that is presented to the Parliament.
2. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the authorization from the Parliament of India
3. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need authorization from the Parliament of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
4. The Contingency Fund of India is placed at whose disposal? (SSC CGL 2017)
A. The Prime Minister
B. Judge of Supreme Court
C. The President
D. The Finance Minister
Answer: C
5. In India, other than ensuring that public funds are used efficiently and for their intended purpose, what is the importance of the office of the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG)? (UPSC 2012)
1. CAG exercises exchequer control on behalf of the Parliament when the President of India declares a national emergency/financial emergency.
2. CAG reports on the execution of projects or programs by the ministers are discussed by the Public Accounts Committee.
3. Information from CAG reports can be used by investigating agencies to press charges against those who have violated the law while managing public finances.
4. While dealing with the audit and accounting of government companies, CAG has certain judicial powers for prosecuting those who violate the law.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 3 and 4 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
