UNEMPLOYMENT
1. Context
In 1932, the famous engineer and statesman M Visvesvaraya pointed to the high prevalence of unemployment amongst the educated, pointing out that “… the educated men of this country…[are} suffering most from lack of employment.” Ninety years later, the actions of those involved in the Parliament breach have brought the question of youth unemployment to the fore once more. While Rahul Gandhi holds the present government responsible for rising youth unemployment, official data seems to indicate the opposite. The unemployment rate, which hit a high of 6.1% in 2017-18, has reduced to 3.2% in 2022-23, according to the latest data from the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS).
2. Labour Force
The labor force, also known as the workforce or labor pool, refers to the total number of people who are employed or seeking employment in a particular country, region, or economic sector. It includes both employed individuals and those who are actively seeking job opportunities.
The labor force consists of two main components:
- Employed: These are individuals who are currently working, either as full-time or part-time employees, in self-employment, or as casual laborers. They are actively engaged in economic activities and are contributing to the production of goods and services.
- Unemployed: These are individuals who are not currently employed but are actively seeking employment opportunities. They are willing and available to work but have not yet found suitable job opportunities.
3. What is LFPR (Labour Force Participation Rate)?
- LFPR stands for Labor Force Participation Rate. It is a key labor market indicator that measures the proportion of the working-age population that is actively engaged in the labor force, either by being employed or actively seeking employment.
- The labor force participation rate provides insights into the extent of labor market involvement among individuals who are of working age and capable of working.
- Labor Force: The total number of individuals who are either employed or actively seeking employment (i.e., the number of employed + the number of unemployed).
- Working-Age Population: The total number of individuals within a specific age group considered to be of working age, typically defined as those aged 15 to 64 years (the age range may vary in different countries).
- The LFPR is expressed as a percentage and provides valuable information about the proportion of the population that is contributing to the labor market.
- A high LFPR indicates a larger share of the working-age population is actively participating in the labor force, while a low LFPR suggests that a significant portion of the population is not actively involved in the labor market, which can have implications for economic growth and development.
- Changes in the LFPR over time can be influenced by various factors, including demographic trends, social norms, economic conditions, and government policies.
- Monitoring LFPR is essential for understanding labor market dynamics and making informed decisions related to employment policies and workforce development initiatives.
4. Significance of LFPR in India
The Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) holds significant importance in India for several reasons:
- Employment Analysis: LFPR helps in understanding the level of workforce engagement and the proportion of the working-age population that is actively participating in the labor market. It provides insights into the employment situation in the country.
- Unemployment Assessment: LFPR is an essential component in calculating the unemployment rate. By comparing the LFPR with the actual employment figures, one can determine the extent of unemployment in the economy.
- Demographic Trends: LFPR can highlight demographic patterns and changes in labor force behavior. For example, a rising LFPR may indicate greater economic opportunities for women, while a declining LFPR could suggest challenges in attracting youth to the workforce.
- Economic Growth: A higher LFPR can positively impact economic growth as it implies a larger workforce actively contributing to the production of goods and services. A productive workforce can boost overall economic output and development.
- Policy Formulation: LFPR data assists policymakers in devising appropriate strategies to address employment challenges. Understanding the labor market dynamics can aid in formulating policies to enhance job creation and workforce participation.
- Skill Development: Analyzing LFPR by education level or skill set can help identify skill gaps in the workforce. This information is crucial for designing skill development programs to align workforce capabilities with industry demands.
5. Importance of Employment Rate (ER) in Evaluating Labor Market Stress
- LFPR vs. ER: When LFPR is falling sharply, it's essential to consider the Employment Rate (ER) as an alternative indicator to understand labor market stress better.
- ER Definition: ER is the percentage of employed people in the working-age population, providing insights into the proportion of people with jobs.
- Capturing Labor Market Stress: ER considers the base of the working-age population and focuses on the number of employed individuals, offering a clearer picture of labor market stress during declining LFPR.
- ER Data Analysis: By examining ER data, it becomes evident that India's working-age population has been increasing. However, the number of employed individuals has decreased over time.
- Absolute Numbers: In December 2021, India's working-age population was 107.9 crore, of which only 40.4 crore had jobs (ER of 37.4%). Comparing this to December 2016, with 95.9 crore in the working-age group and 41.2 crore employed (ER 43%), a concerning trend emerges.
- Long-Term Impact: Over five years, while the working-age population increased by 12 crores, the number of employed individuals declined by 80 lahks, highlighting the severity of the employment challenge.
6. Why is India’s LFPR so low?
- The main reason for India’s LFPR being low is the abysmally low level of female LFPR.
- According to CMIE data, as of December 2021, while the male LFPR was 67.4%, the female LFPR was as low as 9.4%. In other words, less than one in 10 working-age women in India are even demanding work.
- Even if one sources data from the World Bank, India’s female labour force participation rate is around 25% when the global average is 47%.
7. Reasons for Low Female Labor Force Participation in India
- Working Conditions: Women face challenges in seeking work due to unfavorable working conditions, including concerns about law and order, lack of efficient public transportation, violence against women, and societal norms that discourage women from working outside their homes.
- Measurement Issues: Capturing women's economic contribution is complex, as many women in India are primarily involved in household duties and caregiving for their families. Traditional economic measurements may not fully account for their significant contributions within their households.
- Job Opportunities: A lack of adequate job opportunities is another significant factor contributing to low female labor force participation. Limited access to suitable employment options hinders women from joining the workforce.
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For Prelims: Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR), Employment Rate (ER), Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), and Labour Force.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the significance of the Labor Force Participation Rate (LFPR) as a critical labor market indicator in the context of economic development and policy formulation. (250 words).
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Previous year Question1. In India, which one of the following compiles information on industrial disputes, closures, retrenchments, and lay-offs in factories employing workers? (UPSC 2022)
A. Central Statistics Office
B. Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade
C. Labour Bureau
D. National Technical Manpower Information System
Answer: C
2. Which of the following brings out the 'Consumer Price Index Number for Industrial Workers'? (UPSC 2015)
A. The Reserve Bank of India
B. The Department of Economic Affairs
C. The Labour Bureau
D. The Department of Personnel and Training
Answer: C
3. International Labour Organization's Conventions 138 and 182 are related to (UPSC 2018)
A. Child labour
B. Adaptation of agricultural practices to global climate change
C. Regulation of food prices and food
D. Security
Answer: A
4. Which of the following statements about the employment situation in India according to the periodic Labour Force Survey 2017-18 is/are correct? (UPSC CAPF 2020)
1. Construction sector gave employment to nearly one-tenth of the urban male workforce in India.
2. Nearly one-fourth of urban female workers in India were working in the manufacturing sector.
3. One-fourth of rural female workers in India were engaged in the agriculture sector.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 2 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT
1. Context
India’s current account deficit (CAD) declined to $8.3 billion, which is 1% of the country’s GDP in the second quarter of FY24 (July 2023 -September 2023) owing to a “narrowing of merchandise trade deficit” according to the RBI’s latest data.
Q2 deficit is lower than $9.2 billion (1.1% of GDP) in Q1 (April 2023 - June 2023) and $30.9 billion (3.8% of GDP) a year earlier.
2. What is a Current Account Deficit (CAD)?
- The Current Account Deficit (CAD) refers to a situation where a country's total imports of goods, services, investment incomes, and unilateral transfers exceed its total exports. It represents a deficit or negative balance in the country's current account, which is a component of its balance of payments.
- CAD reflects a nation's dependence on foreign sources to finance its consumption and investment. A persistent deficit in the current account might indicate that a country is spending more on foreign goods and services than it is earning, leading to increased borrowing from other countries to cover the shortfall.
- This deficit is not necessarily negative on its own, as it can be financed by foreign investments or borrowing. However, if it becomes unsustainable or grows excessively large, it could pose risks to the country's economic stability, currency value, and overall financial health. Governments often monitor and aim to manage their current account deficits to maintain a healthy balance in their economy.
3. The significance of CAD
- When the value of the goods and services that a country imports exceed the value of the products it exports, it is called the current account deficit.
- CAD and the fiscal deficit together make up the twin deficits the enemies of the stock market and investors.
- If the current account of the country's trade and transactions with other countries show a surplus, that indicates money is flowing into the country, boosting the foreign exchange reserves and the value of the rupee against the dollar.
- These are factors that will have ramifications on the economy and the stock markets as well as on returns on investments by people.
4. RBI on CAD
- According to the RBI, the CAD which was at $36.4 billion for the quarter ending September 2022, is expected to moderate in the second half of 2022-23 and remain eminently manageable and within the parameters of viability.
- CAD for the first half of 2022-23 stood at 3.3. per cent of the GDP.
- The situation has shown improvement in Q3: 2022-23 as imports moderated in the wake of lower commodity prices, resulting in the narrowing of the merchandise trade deficit.
5. Narrowed Trade deficit
- January trade deficit narrowed to $17.7 billion, led by a sharp fall in imports, while exports fell by a smaller amount.
- The sharp drop in imports was due to non-oil imports falling, mainly due to a price impact (softening in coal prices from mid-December), likely softening in domestic demand post the festival season (Such as lower imports of transport equipment) and the seasonal impact of the Chinese New Year holidays.
- On the other hand, after the Rs 26, 000 crore sell-off by foreign portfolio investors in January, FPI outflows have come down to Rs 4, 400 crores in February so far.
- Workers' remittances went up to $ 30 billion in the April-September 2022 period from $ 25. 48 billion in the same period a year ago.
- At the same time, gold imports fell to $20 billion from $ 23.9 billion a year ago.
6. Improvement of Capital flow
- While there is a perception in the markets that capital flows could come under some pressure with China's reopening and any deviations in monetary policy expectations, inflows are expected to increase the economy on the whole as foreign investors are unlikely to keep away from India, which is expected to witness one of the highest growth rates among large economies.
- At a time when the economies of many developed markets are expected to take a hit, the RBI has projected the GDP growth for the next fiscal (FY2024) at 6.4 per cent and the Union Budget has indicated a capital expenditure of Rs 10 lakh crore (over $120 billion).
- Moreover, with the rise in interest rates in India after the RBI hiked the repo rate by 250 basis points to 6.50 per cent, non-resident Indian deposits, remittances and FPI investment in debt are expected to rise further.
- NRI deposits had increased by $3.62 billion to $ 134.49 billion in the April-November period of 2022.
- Capital flow into India came under pressure in 2022 following the sharp rise in interest rates in the US.
- While FPIs pulled out Rs 121, 439 crores in 2022, even in the first six weeks of 2023, the FPI flow has been negative and the equity markets have witnessed a net outflow of Rs 32, 887 crores till February 16.
- While the flow of capital will depend upon the interest rate movement and currency movements vis-a-vis the US dollar, there is optimism among global investors about India.
7. Moderate CAD impact on Market
- While rising CAD raises concerns among investors as it hurts the currency and thereby the inflow of funds into the markets a notable decline in CAD in January has improved market sentiments.
- The benchmark Sensex at BSE rose 407 points intraday on Thursday before closing at 61, 319 with a gain of 44 points or 0.07 per cent.
- CAD is very important for the currency and the value of an economy hinges a lot on the value of its currency thereby, it also supports the equity markets by keeping the fund flow intact.
- While the numbers for January have come good, experts say this needs to be sustained.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Current Account Deficit, RBI, Union Budget, GDP, Capital flow,
For Mains:
1. What is Current Account Deficit? Discuss its significance and impact on the Indian market (250 Words)
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Source: The Indian Express
INDIA-RUSSIA
1. Context
With Prime Minister Narendra Modi skipping Russia for the annual summit for the second year in a row, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar recently reached Moscow on a five-day visit to meet the Russian leadership.
2. How is Indo-Russia Relations?
- India and Russia have traditionally enjoyed a close relationship, characterized by cooperation across political, security, economic, and cultural spheres, it's important to avoid oversimplification. Examining the relationship through a nuanced lens reveals a more complex story.
- The India-Russia partnership boasts a strong foundation, cemented by the "Declaration on the India-Russia Strategic Partnership" in 2000 and rooted in Cold War-era ties between India and the Soviet Union. This historical depth and shared strategic interests continue to hold value for both nations.
- However, the post-Cold War landscape has introduced new complexities. Russia's close links with China and Pakistan, both considered geopolitical rivals of India, have caused friction. Additionally, India's diversifying foreign policy and growing engagement with the West create further strains.
- The COVID-19 pandemic and Russia's invasion of Ukraine have further complicated the picture. While India has maintained a neutral stance on the Ukraine war, it faces increasing pressure to condemn Russia. This adds to the growing perception of a potential "downfall" in relations.
- Instead of painting a solely negative picture, it's crucial to recognize the multifaceted nature of the relationship. Areas of cooperation still exist, particularly in defence, energy, and space exploration. Moreover, public opinion in India largely remains supportive of the partnership, highlighting its continued relevance despite the challenges.
3. Important Areas of Cooperation
- The highest institutionalized dialogue mechanism in the strategic partnership between India and Russia is the Annual Summit meeting between the Prime Minister of India and the President of the Russian Federation.
- Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Vladimir Putin held their first informal Summit in Sochi, Russia, in 2018.
- In 2019, President Putin awarded PM Narendra Modi Russia’s highest state decoration, The Order of St Andrew the Apostle, for his distinguished contribution to the development of a privileged strategic partnership between Russia and India.
- Two Inter-Governmental Commissions – on Trade, Economic, Scientific, Technological, and Cultural Cooperation (IRIGC-TEC) and Military-Technical Cooperation (IRIGC-MTC) – meet annually.
- India-Russia military-technical cooperation has evolved from a buyer-seller framework to joint research, development, and production of advanced defence technologies.
- Joint military programs include the BrahMos cruise missile, 5th generation fighter jet, Sukhoi Su-30MKI, Ilyushin/HAL Tactical Transport Aircraft, KA-226T twin-engine utility helicopters, and some frigates.
- India has acquired military hardware from Russia, including the S-400 Triumf, Kamov Ka-226 (made in India under Make in India), T-90S Bhishma, INS Vikramaditya aircraft carrier, and submarines.
- Russia is a crucial partner for India in peaceful nuclear energy use, with cooperation in the Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant (KKNPP) in India and the Rooppur Nuclear Power Project in Bangladesh.
- Cooperation in outer space includes satellite launches, the GLONASS navigation system, and joint activities in the field of the Human Spaceflight Programme.
- Institutional mechanisms for bilateral Science and Technology cooperation include the Working Group on Science and Technology, the Integrated Long-Term Programme (ILTP), and the Basic Science Cooperation Programme.
- Cultural ties involve the teaching of Hindi and other Indian languages in Russian institutions, as well as the promotion of Indian dance, music, yoga, and Ayurveda in Russia.
4. India's Significance for Russia
- The border tensions in eastern Ladakh marked a turning point in India-China relations, highlighting the potential role of Russia in defusing such conflicts. Russia organized a trilateral meeting among the foreign ministers of Russia, India, and China, signalling a diplomatic effort to address the situation in the Galwan Valley.
- Beyond traditional cooperation in weapons, hydrocarbons, nuclear energy, and diamonds, new avenues for economic engagement are emerging. Sectors like mining, agro-industrial activities, and high technology (robotics, nanotech, and biotech) are expected to play a significant role. India's expanding footprint in the Russian Far East and the Arctic is set to boost connectivity projects.
- India and Russia are collaborating to address challenges in Afghanistan, emphasizing the need for the early finalization of the Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism to strengthen their collective efforts against terrorism.
- Russia lends support to India's aspirations for permanent membership in a reformed United Nations Security Council and membership in the Nuclear Suppliers Group, reflecting shared interests in global governance.
- Russia has been a major arms exporter to India, even though its share in India's arms imports declined by over 50% in the last five years compared to the previous period (2011–2015). Over the past two decades, India has imported arms and weapons worth USD 35 billion from Russia, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute, underscoring the enduring defence partnership between the two countries.
5. Russia's Significance for India
Strategic Partner
- Military Powerhouse: Russia provides crucial access to advanced weapons and military technology, vital for India's security interests against regional rivals like China and Pakistan.
- Nuclear Fuel Supplier: Russia is a key source of nuclear fuel for India's growing nuclear power program, ensuring energy security and independence.
- Political Ally: Russia supports India's position on key issues like Kashmir and UN reform, offering diplomatic backing and counterbalancing Western pressure.
- Counterbalance to the West: Russia's partnership helps India diversify its foreign relations and hedge against Western dominance, promoting a multipolar global order.
Economic Partner
- Trade and Investment: Bilateral trade is growing, though below potential. Both nations aim to increase it significantly, offering mutual economic benefits.
- Emerging Areas of Cooperation: New sectors like mining, agro-industrial, and high technology (robotics, nanotech, biotech) hold promising potential for collaboration and economic growth.
- Connectivity Projects: India's participation in Russia's Arctic and Far East development initiatives can open up new avenues for trade and resource access.
Security Collaborator
- Joint counter-terrorism efforts: Both nations face similar threats and collaborate on intelligence sharing, training, and operations to combat terrorism.
- Afghanistan crisis: Both have concerns about the situation in Afghanistan and cooperate to promote stability and prevent the resurgence of extremist groups.
- Space Exploration: Collaborative projects in satellite launches, navigation systems, and human spaceflight programs strengthen scientific and technological advancements.
6. Trade Between India and Russia
India-Russia Trade Relations
- The two countries intend to increase bilateral investment to US$50 billion and bilateral trade to US$30 billion by 2025.
- Bilateral trade during FY 2020 amounted to USD 8.1 billion.
- From 2013 to 2016 there was a major decline in the trade percentage between the two countries. However, it increased from 2017 onwards and a constant increase was noticed in 2018 and 2019 as well.
Increasing Dependency on Russian Oil Imports
- India's oil imports have shifted significantly towards Russia, surpassing traditional suppliers such as Saudi Arabia and Iraq.
- Russia's geopolitical situation, including Western sanctions following the military operation in Ukraine, has prompted Moscow to offer steep discounts on its crude oil, finding a ready market in India.
- India, unlike Western countries, has chosen not to impose formal sanctions on Russia, leading to a nearly 13-fold increase in crude oil imports from Russia in 2022-23, reaching over $31 billion.
Payment Challenges and Geopolitical Ramifications
- India faces difficulties in paying for Russian oil due to breaching the $60 per barrel price cap set by the US and European nations, as Russia offers lower discounts on its crude.
- Using currencies like the Chinese yuan for payments raises geopolitical concerns due to strained ties with Beijing.
- Western sanctions have limited Russia's access to the global secure interbank system (SWIFT), making it challenging for Indian exporters to receive payments for goods already shipped to Russia.
The Rupee-Rouble Mechanism and Trade Deficit Concerns
- Negotiations between India and Russia to reactivate the rupee-rouble trade arrangement, an alternative payment mechanism, have faced obstacles.
- Concerns over the rouble's convertibility and volatility, along with India's ballooning trade deficit, have hindered the implementation of the rupee-rouble payment mechanism.
- India's trade deficit with Russia reached $43 billion in 2022-23, leading to significant amounts of Indian rupees in Russian banks that cannot be utilized for Russia's war efforts.
De-Dollarisation Efforts and Alternative Payment Methods
- The US sanctions have prompted countries to explore de-dollarisation, replacing the US dollar as the global reserve currency.
- India has released a roadmap for the internationalization of the Indian rupee to enhance its acceptance globally.
- Indian refiners have settled non-dollar payments for Russian oil using currencies like the Chinese yuan and the UAE dirham.
7. Challenges and Uncertainties
Geopolitical
- Ukraine War: Russia's invasion of Ukraine has strained its relations with the West, potentially impacting India's ties with both nations. India's neutral stance faces increasing pressure to condemn Russia, creating a delicate balancing act.
- China's Shadow: Russia's close relationship with China, India's geopolitical rival, creates friction and uncertainty. While Russia played a mediating role in the Ladakh border tensions, its alignment with China raises concerns for India's security interests.
- Diversifying Foreign Policy: India's growing engagement with the US and other Western powers could further complicate the relationship with Russia, potentially leading to strategic competition and conflicting interests.
Economic
- Trade below potential: Bilateral trade between India and Russia remains below its potential, despite ambitious goals to increase it significantly. This could be due to factors like infrastructure limitations, lack of diversification, and competition from other trading partners.
- Investment gaps: While both countries desire increased investment, attracting Russian investment to India remains a challenge. This could be due to concerns about regulatory hurdles, bureaucratic complexities, and competition from other investment destinations.
- Energy dependence: India's reliance on Russia for critical resources like nuclear fuel and military equipment creates vulnerability to potential disruptions in supply or price fluctuations. Diversifying energy sources and arms imports is a long-term goal, but comes with its own challenges.
Strategic
- Shifting military landscape: India's efforts to diversify its arms imports and develop its own defence capabilities could gradually reduce its dependence on Russian military technology. This could potentially weaken the strategic partnership in the long run.
- Differing priorities: While both nations share some strategic interests, their priorities may not always align perfectly. This could lead to disagreements on issues like regional security, international sanctions, or global governance.
- Domestic politics: Internal political dynamics in both countries can also impact the relationship. Changes in leadership or shifts in public opinion could lead to changes in priorities or policies, potentially creating uncertainty and instability.
8. The Way Forward
Indo-Russia relations are a complex tapestry woven with historical ties, strategic interests, and evolving geopolitical realities. While facing challenges, the partnership holds significant value for both sides and is likely to continue adapting to the changing global landscape.
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For Prelims: India-Russia, Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant, Cold War, Russia-Ukraine War, Covid-19 Pandemic For Mains: 1. Discuss the challenges and opportunities for increasing bilateral trade and investment between India and Russia. What specific initiatives can be undertaken to overcome existing obstacles and achieve the set goals? (250 Words)
2. Critically evaluate the impact of Russia's invasion of Ukraine on its relations with India, considering both geopolitical implications and domestic public opinion. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Recently, India signed a deal known as ‘Action Plan for Prioritization and Implementation of Cooperation Areas in the Nuclear Field’ with which of the following countries? (UPSC 2019) (a) Japan Answer: B 2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2014) Region often in news Country 1. Chechnya Russian Federation 2. Darfur Mali 3. Swat Valley Iraq Which of the above pair is/are correctly matched? A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Answers: 1-B, 2-A Mains1. What is the significance of Indo-US defence deals over Indo-Russian defence deals? Discuss with reference to stability in the Indo-Pacific region. (UPSC 2020) |
Source: The Indian Express
UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA)
1. Context
The Human resources head of NewsClick, Amit Chakraborty, has moved an application in a Delhi court, seeking permission to turn approver in a case filed under provisions of the stringent Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) against the news portal.
2. About Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA)
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is an Indian law that was enacted in 1967 to effectively prevent unlawful activities that pose a threat to the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Key highlights of the UAPA
- Objective: The primary objective of the UAPA is to provide law enforcement agencies with effective tools to combat terrorism and other activities that threaten the security of the nation.
- Definition of Unlawful Activities: The act defines unlawful activities to include actions that intend to or support the cession of a part of the territory of India or disrupt the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
- Powers of Designation: The government has the authority to designate an organization as a terrorist organization if it believes that such an organization is involved in terrorism. This designation has significant legal consequences, including the freezing of assets.
- Powers of Arrest and Detention: The UAPA provides law enforcement agencies with powers of arrest and detention to prevent individuals from engaging in unlawful activities. The act allows for preventive detention to curb potential threats before they materialise.
- Banning of Terrorist Organizations: The government can proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, making their activities illegal. This includes banning these organisations, freezing their assets, and taking other measures to curb their operations.
- Admissibility of Confessions: The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. This provision has been a point of contention, with concerns about potential misuse and coercion.
- Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: In addition to organizations, the UAPA allows the government to designate individuals as terrorists. This designation carries legal consequences, including restrictions on travel and freezing of assets.
- Amendments and Stringency: Over the years, the UAPA has undergone several amendments to strengthen its provisions and make it more effective in dealing with emerging threats. However, these amendments have also been criticized for potential violations of civil liberties.
- International Cooperation: The UAPA allows for cooperation with foreign countries in matters related to the prevention of unlawful activities. This includes extradition of individuals involved in such activities.
3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Human Rights
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and human rights lie in the impact the act can have on various fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India and international human rights standards.
The key points connecting the UAPA and human rights:
- The UAPA allows for preventive detention, which means individuals can be detained without formal charges based on suspicions of involvement in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to liberty, as individuals may be deprived of their freedom without the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
- The admissibility of confessions made to police officers under the UAPA raises issues related to the right against self-incrimination. There is a risk that such confessions might be obtained under duress or coercion, compromising the fairness of legal proceedings.
- Designating individuals as terrorists and proscribing organizations without due process may impinge on the right to a fair trial. This includes the right to be informed of charges, the right to legal representation, and the right to present a defense.
- The UAPA provides authorities with the power to proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, limiting their activities. Critics argue that this may infringe upon the right to freedom of association, particularly when such designations are made without sufficient evidence or proper legal procedures.
- The potential for misuse of the UAPA to target individuals or organizations critical of the government raises concerns about freedom of expression. If the act is used to suppress dissent or stifle legitimate political or social activities, it can undermine this fundamental right.
- The UAPA grants authorities the power to intercept communications and conduct surveillance on individuals suspected of engaging in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to privacy, as individuals may be subjected to intrusive surveillance without adequate safeguards.
- Human rights standards require that any restrictions on rights, such as those imposed by the UAPA, must be proportionate and necessary for achieving a legitimate aim. Critics argue that the broad scope of the UAPA may lead to disproportionate measures that unduly restrict individual rights.
- The UAPA's compatibility with international human rights standards, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), is a critical point of consideration. Ensuring that the act aligns with these standards is essential to upholding human rights principles.
4. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Constitution
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Indian Constitution lie in how the UAPA's provisions for arrest and detention intersect with the constitutional safeguards provided under Article 22.
- Article 22 provides certain protections to individuals who are arrested or detained. It outlines the rights of arrested individuals, emphasizing safeguards to prevent arbitrary or unlawful detention.
- Article 22(1) states that every person who is arrested and detained shall be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest. This provision ensures that individuals are aware of the reasons behind their arrest, preventing arbitrary or secret detentions.
- Article 22(1) also guarantees the right of an arrested person to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice. This ensures that individuals have access to legal assistance during the legal process, contributing to a fair and just legal system.
- The UAPA includes provisions for preventive detention, allowing authorities to detain individuals to prevent them from committing certain offences. However, Article 22(4) allows preventive detention only under specific circumstances, and certain safeguards must be followed, such as providing the detenu with the grounds for detention and an opportunity to make a representation against the detention.
- Article 22(4) further mandates that a person detained under a law providing for preventive detention must be afforded the earliest opportunity to make a representation against the detention. Additionally, the case of every person detained is required to be placed before an advisory board within three months.
- The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. However, this provision has been a point of concern concerning Article 22, as confessions obtained under duress or coercion may violate the right against self-incrimination.
- Article 22(2) ensures the right to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey. This provision aims to prevent prolonged detention without judicial oversight and contributes to the right to a speedy trial.
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For Prelims: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, Article 22, Terrorism
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and analyze how they may impact fundamental human rights. Elaborate on the balance between national security concerns and the protection of individual rights. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Under Article 22 of the Constitution of India, with the exception of certain provisions stated there in, what is the maximum period for detention of a person under preventive detention? (MPSC 2014) A. 2 months B. 3 months C. 4 months D. 6 months
2. Article 22 of the Constitution ensures (CTET 2016) A. Right not to be ill-treated during arrest or while in custody B. Right to Constitutional Remedies C. Right against Exploitation D. Right to Education Answers: 1-B, 2-A Mains 1. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (UPSC 2019) |
Source: The Indian Express
5G
1.Context
The upcoming spectrum auction, which the government is expected to conduct over the next three months, may see a subdued response from telcos as demand is likely to be restricted to airwaves which will be up for renewal in some circles
2.What is 5G?
- 5G is the 5th generation mobile network.
- It is a new global wireless standard after 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G networks.
- 5G enables a new kind of network that is designed to connect virtually everyone and everything including machines, objects and devices.
- 5G wireless technology is meant to deliver higher multi-Gbps peak data speeds, ultra-low latency, more reliability, massive network capacity, increased availability and a more uniform user experience to more users.
- Higher performance and improved efficiency empower new experiences and connect new industries.
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3.What underlying technologies make up 5G?
- 5G is based on OFDM (Orthogonal frequency- division multiplexing), a method of modulating a digital signal across several different channels to reduce interference.
- 5G uses a 5G NR air interface alongside OFDM principles and bandwidth technologies such as sub-6 GHz and mm-Wave.
- Like 4G LTE, 5G OFDM operates based on the same mobile networking principles.
- The new 5G NR air interface can further enhance OFDM to deliver a much higher degree of flexibility and scalability.
- This could provide more 5G access to more people and things for a variety of different use cases.
- 5G will bring wider bandwidths by expanding the usage of spectrum resources from sub- 3 GHz used in 4G to 100 GHz and beyond.
- 5G can operate in both lower bands (e.g., sub-6 GHz) as well as mmWave (e.g., 24 GHz and up), Which will bring extreme capacity, multi-Gbps throughput and low latency.
- 5G is designed to not only deliver faster, better mobile broadband services compared to 4G LTE, but can also expand into new service areas such as mission-critical communications and connecting the massive IoT.
- This is enabled by many new 5G NR air interface design techniques, such as a new self-contained TDD subframe design.
4.The differences between the previous generations of mobile networks and 5G
First-generation- 1G
In the 1980s: 1G delivered analogue voice.
Second generation- 2G
In the early 1990s: 2G introduced digital voice (e.g. CDMA - Code Division Multiple Access).
Third generation-3G
In the early 2000s: 3G brought mobile data (e.g. CDMA2000)
Fourth-generation- 4G LTE
The 2010s: 4G LTE ushered in the era of mobile broadband.
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- 1G, 2G, 3G, and 4G all led to 5G, which is designed to provide more connectivity than was ever available before.
- 5G is a unified, more capable air interface. It has been designed with an extended capacity to enable next-generation user experiences, empower new deployment models and deliver new services.
- With high speeds, superior reliability and negligible latency, 5G will expand the mobile ecosystem into new realms.
- 5G will impact every industry, making safer transportation, remote healthcare, precision agriculture, digitized logistics and more a reality
Source: Qualcomm
MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)
1. Context
Women participation in the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) was the highest in 10 financial years, with the proportion of women person-days in the total touching 59.25% till December 24 during the current financial year 2023-24, shows official data
2. About the National Level Monitoring (NLM) report
- The National Level Monitoring (NLM) report is a study conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to assess the implementation of various rural development programs in India.
- The report is based on field visits and interviews with stakeholders at the grassroots level.
- The NLM report is an important tool for the government to identify areas where improvement is needed and track rural development programs' progress.
- The report also provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by rural communities and the impact of government interventions.
The NLM report typically identifies the following areas:
- The coverage of rural development programs
- The quality of implementation of rural development programs
- The impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people
The NLM report also provides recommendations to the government on improving the implementation of rural development programs and making them more effective.
3. The findings of the NLM report
- In 2017-18, the NLM report found that the quality of construction of 87% of the verified works under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was satisfactory. However, the report also found that only 139 out of 301 districts had seven registers maintained satisfactorily.
- In 2018-19, the NLM report found that the job cards, an important document that records entitlements received under MGNREGA, were not regularly updated in many districts. The report also found that there were significant delays in payments to workers.
- In 2019-20, the NLM report found that the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G) program was facing challenges due to a shortage of construction materials and skilled labour. The report also found that there were delays in the processing of applications and the release of funds.
- The NLM report for 2020-21 found that the coverage of rural development programs had improved significantly in recent years. However, the report also found that there was still a need to improve the quality of implementation of these programs.
- The NLM report for 2021-22 found that the impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people had been positive overall. However, the report also found that there were still some disparities in the impact of these programs across different regions and social groups.
4. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a social welfare program that guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act was enacted by the Government of India in 2005 and came into force on February 2, 2006.
4.1. Mandate and Goals
- The mandate of MGNREGA is to provide employment and ensure food security for rural households.
- The scheme also aims to strengthen natural resource management, create durable assets, improve rural infrastructure, and promote social equity.
- The goals of MGNREGA are to Reduce rural poverty, Increase employment opportunities, Improve food security, Create durable assets, Improve rural infrastructure and Promote social equity.
4.2. Core Objectives
- The primary goal of MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
- The program aims to reduce poverty and distress by offering employment opportunities, especially during seasons of agricultural unemployment.
- MGNREGA encourages the creation of productive and durable assets such as water conservation structures, rural infrastructure, and land development. These assets not only improve rural livelihoods but also contribute to sustainable development.
- The Act promotes gender equality by ensuring that at least one-third of the beneficiaries are women and that their participation in the workforce is actively encouraged.
4.3. Key Stakeholders
- Rural households are the primary beneficiaries and participants in the MGNREGA scheme.
- Gram Panchayats play a pivotal role in implementing the program at the grassroots level. They are responsible for planning, execution, and monitoring of MGNREGA projects within their jurisdiction.
- The central government provides the funds and sets the broad guidelines, while the state governments are responsible for the program's effective implementation.
- The DPC is responsible for the overall coordination and monitoring of MGNREGA activities within a district.
- Rural labourers, both skilled and unskilled, participate in MGNREGA projects and directly benefit from the program.
4.4. Role of Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat
- The Gram Sabha is the village assembly consisting of all registered voters in a village. Its role in MGNREGA includes discussing and approving the annual development plan, ensuring transparency in project selection, and conducting social audits to monitor program implementation.
- The Gram Panchayat is responsible for planning, approving, executing, and monitoring MGNREGA projects within its jurisdiction. It also maintains records of employment provided, ensures timely wage payments, and conducts social audits. The Panchayat is accountable for the effective utilization of MGNREGA funds.
4.5. Issues with MGNREGA
- Delayed wage payments to labourers have been a persistent issue, affecting the livelihoods of beneficiaries.
- There have been cases of corruption and leakages in the implementation of MGNREGA projects, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
- Administrative inefficiencies, complex procedures, and bureaucratic hurdles have hampered program delivery.
- Some argue that the quality and effectiveness of assets created under MGNREGA projects have been variable and not always aligned with the intended goals.
- Not all eligible rural households are provided 100 days of guaranteed employment, which can limit the program's impact.
- Adequate budget allocation to meet the program's demands and inflation-adjusted wages remains a concern.
5. Conclusion
MGNREGA has made a positive impact on the lives of rural people, particularly in terms of employment opportunities and the creation of durable assets. It remains a crucial tool in India's efforts to promote rural development, reduce poverty, and achieve social equity. Addressing the identified issues will be critical in ensuring the continued success and effectiveness of the program in the years to come.
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For Prelims: MGNREGA, National Level Monitoring (NLM) report, Ministry of Rural Development, rural development, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G),
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the importance of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in the context of rural development and food security in India. How does MGNREGA contribute to sustainable development and rural infrastructure improvement? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
Prelims
1. Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (UPSC 2011) (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households Answer: D 2. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A 3. Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (UPSC 2013)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C 4. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 5. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), the ratio of the cost of unit assistance to be shared between the Central and State Governments is: (MP Patwari 2017) A. 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
B. 70:30 in plain areas and 80:20 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
C. 50:50 in plain areas and 70:30 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
D. 75:25 in Plain areas and 85:15 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
Answer: A
Mains
1. The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment (UPSC 2013)
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Source: indianexpress
HOUTHIS
1. Context
After hijacking an Israel-owned ship last month, Mohammed Abdul-Salam, the Houthis’ spokesman, said in an online statement that the Israelis only understand “the language of force,” the AP reported. “This is just the beginning,” he added. Since then, the Houthis have attacked and seized commercial ships over 15 times
2. Who are Houthis?
- "The Houthis, a prominent clan affiliated with the Zaidi Shia sect, have their origins in Yemen's northwestern Saada province. The Zaidis constitute approximately 35 percent of Yemen's population.
- For over a thousand years, the Zaidis held dominion over Yemen until their overthrow in 1962, leading to a protracted civil war that extended until 1970.
- During the 1980s, the Houthi clan began a resurgence of the Zaidi tradition in response to the rising influence of the Salafists, who received support from the state.
- In 2004, the Houthis initiated an insurgent movement against the Yemeni government, adopting the name of Hussein Badreddin al-Houthi, a prominent political, military, and religious leader who was assassinated by Yemeni security forces in September of that year. Subsequent years witnessed ongoing conflict between the Houthis and Yemen's Sunni-majority government.
- In 2012, Ali Abdullah Saleh, who had served as Yemen's president since 1990 and earlier as the president of pre-unified North Yemen from 1978, was compelled to resign in the wake of the Arab Spring protests. He was succeeded by his vice-president, Abd Rabbu Mansour Hadi.
- In 2015, Saleh allied himself with the Houthis against Hadi, resulting in the insurgency capturing Sana'a. President Hadi fled to Aden and later sought refuge in Saudi Arabia, where he continues to reside for the most part.
- However, in 2017, Saleh severed his ties with the Houthis and joined forces with their adversaries, including the Saudis, the UAE, and President Hadi. In December of that year, Saleh was assassinated."
3. How did the UAE and Saudi Arabia get involved in the war?
- "In March of 2015, shortly after Hadi's removal from power, a coalition consisting of nine nations and led by Saudi Arabia, with logistical and intelligence support provided by the United States, initiated an aerial campaign against the Houthi forces.
- These airstrikes aimed to bolster Hadi's troops, who were attempting to retake control of Sana'a from the Houthi faction. Nonetheless, at the core of this intervention was the underlying power struggle in the region, pitting Saudi Arabia against Iran.
- Both Riyadh and Western nations believed that the Houthi group received military and financial backing from the Iranian regime.
- Saudi Arabia, due to its extensive 1,300-kilometer border with Yemen, initially asserted that the conflict would conclude within a few months.
- However, progress by the coalition has been limited, resulting in a prolonged stalemate, with the Houthi faction retaining control over Sana'a and a dire humanitarian crisis unfolding in Yemen.
- Since 2015, the nature of the conflict has constantly evolved, with various factions switching allegiances among the Saudi-supported Popular Resistance Committees, Iran-backed groups, and an array of Islamist militants, including those associated with al-Qaeda and the Islamic State
4.Way forward
More than the UAE, it is Saudi Arabia that has been in the crosshairs of the Houthis. Since 2015, they have repeatedly fired missiles and mortar at Saudi military and civilian facilities including airports and oil facilities, and killed many Saudi soldiers. Over the last year, the two sides have been engaged in a tense battle to capture the Marib province, which is the government’s only remaining stronghold in northern Yemen, and houses vast oil and gas infrastructure.
Source: Indianexpress
