RANSOMWARE
1. Context
2. Ransomware
- Ransomware is a kind of malware (software that damages functions or gains unauthorized access to a computer system).
- It is used to encrypt important documents or files within a system (Crypto ransomware) or simply lock the original user out of the system (Locker ransomware).
- The user is then asked for a ransom in return for decrypting the files. Once the ransom is paid within a stipulated period. then the system is either unlocked or the system's contents are deleted or the system is entirely corrupted.
- Unlike other cyber-attacks, in this form of attack, the user is notified of the attack.
- Ransomware spreads easily when it encounters unpatched or outdated software.
- The first ever recorded use of ransomware occurred as early as 1989 in the form of the AIDS Trojan.
- However, this method gained prominence only after the unleashing of the Wanna Cry Ransomware in 2017. This was a massive attack that affected more than 200,000 systems in some 150 countries and accounted for a loss of several million dollars.
- Since then, ransomware attacks have seen an upward trend in committing cybercrime.
- Many new, better, and customized ransomware are coming to the forefront. Those in the active stage include GandCrab and ZZZ.
4. Trends in Ransomware
- Initially, ransomware attacks followed a pattern akin to fire and forget, that is, it was used for small-scale extortion from individuals.
- Now, however, the pattern has shifted to more focused and targeted attacks for larger returns like targeting the san organization's server.
- The effect is to turn entire organizations into victims rather than individual users, and the pay-off for the extra effort involved in performing this kind of attack is often huge.
- Preliminary findings by cyber experts have indicated that at least five of the AIIMS servers that hosted data related to more than three crore patients were compromised.
- In India, several cases of ransomware attacks targeting commercial and critical infrastructure have been reported in the recent past.
- Spicejet faced such a threat in May, while Public Sector Undertaking Oil India was targeted on April 10.
- Cybersecurity firm Trellix, in its third-quarter global report, has identified 25 major ransomware in circulation. According to Interpol, first-ever Global Crime Trend Report presented at its 90th General Assembly meeting in Delhi this October, ransomware was the second-highest-ranking threat after money laundering, at 66%. It is also expected to increase the most (72%).
- The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In) is the national nodal agency that collects, analyses, and circulates inputs on cyber-attacks; issues guidelines, and advisories for preventive measures, forecasts, and issues alerts; and takes measures to handle any significant cyber security event.
- Indian National Security Council: To shape the ecosystem related to Cyber Policy.
- National Cyber Security Strategy: To focus on security in the early stages of design in all digitization initiatives.
- Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C): To handle several issues regarding cybercrimes in a comprehensive and coordinated manner.
- Cyber Swachhta Kendra: To create a secure cyberspace by detecting botnet infections in India.
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For Prelims: All-India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Crypto ransomware, Locker ransomware, AIDS Trojan, Wanna Cry, Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In), Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), Cyber Swachhta Kendra and Indian National Security Council.
For Mains:1. As India moves towards a Digitised Ecosystem, cyberspace has become a serious concern of National Security. Critically Analyse.
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INDIA'S SUGAR EXPORTS
The Union government is trying to work out a mechanism to provide tax remission benefits on exports of sugar, which was placed in the ‘restricted’ category in mid-2022, and is also considering a demand from tea exporters to raise their tax remission rates.
The Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export Products (RoDTEP) scheme, launched in January 2021, is aimed at ensuring that no domestic taxes are added on to goods’ shipments meant for export. Authorities had denied benefits under the scheme to sugar exporters after the sweetener was removed from the ‘free’ category in June 2022 as a pre-emptive measure to boost domestic availability and avoid a spurt in prices
2.Grades of Sugar
- Raw sugar is what mills produce after the first crystallisation of juice obtained from crushing of cane
- This sugar is rough and brownish in colour, with an ICUMSA value of 600-1,200 or higher
- ICUMSA, short for the International Commission for Uniform Methods of Sugar Analysis, is a measure of the purity of sugar based on colour
- Raw sugar is processed in refineries for removal of impurities and de-colourisation. The end product is refined white cane sugar having a standard ICUMSA value of 45
- The sugar used by industries such as pharmaceuticals has ICUMSA of less than 20
- Till 2017-18, India hardly exported any raw sugar. It mainly shipped plantation white sugar with 100-150 ICUMSA value
- This was referred to as low-quality whites or LQW in international markets
3. From refined to raw
- There was a mission started around 2018 to promote exports of raw sugar from India. This was especially in view of the production glut at home, with closing stocks of sugar, at 105 lt in 2017-18, equivalent to five months of domestic consumption
- Much of the world sugar trade is in ‘raws’ that are transported in bulk vessels of 40,000-70,000 tonnes capacity
- ‘Whites’, on the other hand, are usually packed in 50-kg polypropylene bags and shipped in 12,500-27,000-tonne container cargoes over shorter distances
- Raw sugar requires no bagging or containerisation and can be loaded in bulk; the buyer here is the refiner, not the end-consumer
4. India's raw Advantage
- Apart from the time window and freight cost savings, the delegation highlighted two specific advantages of Indian raw sugar.
- First, it is free of dextran, a bacterial compound formed when sugarcane stays in the sun for too long after harvesting
- Our raw sugar has no dextran, as it is produced from fresh cane crushed within 12-24 hours of harvesting
- Second, Indian mills could supply raws with a very high polarisation of 98.5-99.5%. Polarisation is the percentage of sucrose present in a raw sugar mass
- The more the polarisation it is only 96-98.5% in raws from Brazil, Thailand and Australia the easier and cheaper it is to refine
- The efforts to push exports of raws got a further boost when Indonesia, in December 2019, agreed to tweak its ICUMSA norms to enable imports from India
- The Southeast Asian nation previously imported only raw sugar of 1,200 ICUMSA or more, largely from Thailand
- Those levels were brought down to 600-1,200 to allow its refiners to process higher purity raws from India
- Out of India’s total 110 lt sugar exports in 2021-22, raws alone accounted for 56.29 lt
| The biggest importers of Indian raw sugar were Indonesia (16.73 lt), Bangladesh (12.10 lt), Saudi Arabia (6.83 lt), Iraq (4.78 lt) and Malaysia (4.15 lt). The country also exported 53.71 lt of white/ refined sugar, the leading destinations for which included Afghanistan (7.54 lt), Somalia (5.17 lt), Djibouti (4.90 lt), Sri Lanka (4.27 lt), China (2.58 lt), and Sudan (1.08 lt) |
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Previous year Questions:
1. With reference to the International trade of India at present, Which of the following statements is/ are correct (UPSC 2020)
1. India's merchandise exports are lesser than India's merchandise Imports
2. India's Imports of iron and steel, chemicals, fertilizers, and machinery have decreased in recent years
3. India's exports of services are more than its imports of services
4. India suffers from an overall trade/current deficit
Select the correct code from the following
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 3 Only D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer (D)
From April 2019 to January 2020, the export of dyes increased by 9.12% y- o- y US$ 2.27 billion . Cosmetics and toileteries increased by 5.62% , So Statement 2 is incorrect
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Source: indianexpress
WHO
The World Health Organization (WHO) has urged countries in Southeast Asia to strengthen surveillance in view of the increasing cases of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 and its JN.1 variant and influenza.
The WHO also urged people to take protective measures.
“The COVID-19 virus continues to evolve, change, and circulate in all countries globally. While current evidence suggests the additional public health risk posed by JN.1 is low, we must continue to track the evolution of these viruses to tailor our response. For this, countries must strengthen surveillance and sequencing, and ensure sharing of data,” said Poonam Khetrapal Singh, Regional Director, WHO-Southeast Asia
- The World Health Organization (WHO) was born three years later, when its constitution came into effect on April 7, 1948
- It states that health is a human right that every human being is entitled to, “without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition” and that “the health of all peoples is fundamental to the attainment of peace and security.”
- The organization’s headquarters are based in Geneva, Switzerland, with six regional and 150 country offices across the world
- WHO leads global efforts to expand universal health coverage
- They direct and coordinate the world’s response to health emergencies and promote healthier lives from pregnancy care through old age
- WHO’s work remains firmly rooted in the basic human right to health and well-being principles, as outlined in their 1948 Constitution.
- The World Health Assembly is the decision-making body of WHO and is attended by delegations from all Member States
- The Global Health Histories project was established within the WHO headquarters in late 2004 and expanded into the regional offices from 2009 onwards
- An official WHO activity, its mission is based on the principle that understanding the history of health, especially during the last 60 years, helps the global public health community to respond to the challenges of today and help shape a healthier future for everyone, especially those most in need
- One of the biggest successes in the WHO’s quest to ensure the global population’s well-being came in 1980, when the organization officially announced it had wiped out a common but deadly centuries-old infectious disease
- Smallpox eradication was a perfect example of when the WHO works best
- During the Cold War, there was wide-reaching agreement across the two blocs that the eradication of smallpox was a goal to be tackled. That’s when the WHO has seen its biggest successes: When members agree on which projects are worthy to be undertaken and how
- 2014 Ebola outbreak in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leoneoffers an example of a WHO job less well done
- The organization was criticized, among other things, for not reacting swiftly enough to address the epidemic
- There were unrealistic expectations for WHO, with many expecting, to go in force to the affected countries to confront the outbreak
- This is not within the WHO’s mandate. Its role is to guide the response, develop guidance, but not to go into a country to help address a specific health threat
- In fact, the WHO has no authority to take action in a member state unless that member state asks for help
- After the Ebola epidemic from 2014 to 2016, the organization made significant changes to its structure
- Example: It now relies to a lesser degree on national governments for crucial health information, thus lowering the chances of missing the start of another serious disease outbreak
- The organization’s agreement to give up on trying to eradicate malaria in the 1960s represents another example of what some consider a botched job
- The WHO launched the Global Malaria Eradication Programme (GMEP) in 1955.
- It looked promising, with 15 countries and one territory managing to eradicate the disease
- But there was little to no progress in sub-Saharan Africa under the program, and in many places, failure to sustain GMEP actually led to a resurgence of malaria. In 1969, the program was discontinued
- One reason that the eradication didn’t work, is that malaria isn’t solely a human disease, but has reservoirs in nature. This differentiates it from smallpox
- Some critics, then-US-President Donald Trump among them, complained at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic that the WHO was not doing enough to support member states in their fight against the disease
- But experts like El-Sadr and Gradmann say that it wasn’t the WHO’s job to take action and introduce initiatives at the height of the coronavirus pandemic
- During COVID, the WHO provided data and did administrative work, But initiatives to fight The disease had to come from the individual member states. I don’t think the WHO played a large role in the COVID pandemic
- Members’ national governments were in charge of making decisions on how to best contain the pandemic in their country
SUSPENSION OF MPs
1. Context
Declining Rajya Sabha Chairman Jagdeep Dhankhar’s invitation to meet him on Monday, Congress president Mallikarjun Kharge, who is away from Delhi, said in a letter that the mass suspension of MPs was “premeditated” and “weaponised” by the BJP to sabotage parliamentary practices.
Mr. Kharge was replying to a second letter written by Mr. Dhankhar on Saturday inviting him for the meeting saying “we need to move ahead”. In the letter, Mr. Dhankhar said the parliamentary disorder was “deliberate and strategised”.
While agreeing with the Chairman on the need to move ahead, Mr. Kharge said that a discussion in his chamber would not resolve the problem “if the government is not keen on running the House”
2. Suspension of MPs
- It is the role and duty of the Presiding officer- Speaker of Lok Sabha and Chairman of Rajya Sabha to maintain order so that the House can function smoothly.
- In order to ensure that proceedings are conducted in the proper manner, the Speaker/Chairman is empowered to force a member to withdraw from the House.
3. Why do MPs disrupt Parliament?
- Over the years, the presiding officers of the legislature and political leaders have discussed and identified four broad reasons leading to disorder in the legislature.
- One reason is the lack of time available to MPs for raising important matters; a second is the "unresponsive attitude of the government and retaliatory posture by Treasury benches".
- The other two reasons are deliberate disruption by parties for political or publicity purposes, and the absence of prompt action against MPs disrupting parliamentary proceedings.
4. Rules under which the Presiding Officer/Chairman acts
4.1 For Loksabha
Rule number 373 of the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business.
- It empowers presiding officers to direct an MP to withdraw from the house for any disorderly conduct.
- This rule says that any Member so ordered to withdraw shall remain absent during the remainder of the day's sitting.
Rule Number 374 and 374A
- To deal with more recalcitrant (uncooperative)
- Rule 374 empowers the Presiding officers to name the legislators of the MP who continue disrupting the House even after repeated warnings.
- After that, the House can move a motion to suspend the MP for a period not exceeding the remainder of the session.
- Rule 374A was incorporated into the Rule book in December 2001. The intention was to circumvent the necessity of adopting a motion for suspension.
- Under this rule, the speaker can name an MP, who shall then automatically stand suspended for five days or the remaining part of the session, whichever is less.
- Provided that the House may, at any time, on a motion being made, resolve that such suspension be terminated.
4.2 For Rajya Sabha
Rule 255 of the Rule Book of Rajya Sabha
Rule 256
- This rule empowers the Chairman to name the members who persistently disregard the authority of the Chair or abuse the rules of the Council.
- After that, the House may adopt a motion suspending the Member for a period not exceeding the remainder of the session.
- It should be noted that, unlike Lok Sabha (under rule 374A), Rajya Sabha can not suspend its members without passing a motion for the same.
5. Can courts intervene in a matter of suspension of MPs?
- Article 122 of the Indian Constitution says parliamentary proceedings cannot be questioned before a court.
- In some cases, however, courts have intervened in the procedural functioning of legislatures.
- For example, the Maharashtra Legislative Assembly passed a resolution in its 2021 Monsoon Session suspending 12 BJP MLAs for a year.
- The matter came before the supreme court, which held that the resolution was ineffective in law beyond the remainder of the Monsoon Session.
6. What has Parliament done to address these issues?
- The government and not Parliament decides the parliamentary calendar.
- Therefore, the decision about the time available with Parliament for discussions rests with the government.
- The parliamentary procedure also prioritizes government business over other debates that take place in the legislature.
- In this regard, Parliament has not updated its rules over the last 70 years to give Opposition parties a say in deciding the agenda for discussion.
- The stance of political parties on uninterrupted parliamentary functioning depends on whether they belong to the ruling party/coalition or are in the opposition.
- In 2001, Lok sabha amended its rules to give the speaker more powers to discipline MPs who disrupt House proceedings.
7. Other Key information
8. What is the legal basis for setting up the special committee?
- The House can set up a committee and decide its terms of reference. It is entirely within its power.
- A special committee could be formed by moving a motion for the establishment of such a committee and its terms of reference.
- The offense will have to be defined before anyone can be punished for it.
A committee that was similar to the one that was set up to investigate the cash-for-votes scandal in 2008 could be formed to investigate and punish an MP. - A mechanism to look into the “moral and ethical conduct of the members” already exists in the Ethics Committee of Lok Sabha.
- However, the BJP does not want Rahul’s case to be “one of the many issues before the committee”.
- Instead, it wants a special committee along the lines of the one constituted to look into the cash-for-query scandal in 2005.
Previous year Question
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1. Regarding the office of the Lok Sabha speaker, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. He/She holds the office during the pleasure of the President.
2. He/She need not be a member of the House at the time of his/her election but has to become a member of the House within six months from the date of his/her election.
3. If he/she intends to resign, the letter of his/her resignation has to be addressed to the Deputy Speaker.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1, 2 and 3 D. None
Answer: B
The Speaker is elected by the members of Lok Sabha from amongst its members (as soon as may be, after its first sitting).
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For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Lok Sabha, Rajya Sabha, Speaker of Lok Sabha, Chairman of Rajya Sabha, Rule Number 373, 374, and 374A of Lok Sabha, Rule 255 and Rule 256 of the Rule Book of Rajya Sabha, Special Committee.
For Mains: 1. The Indian Constitution has provisions for holding joint session of the two houses of the Parliament. Enumerate the occasions when this would normally happen and also the occasions when it cannot, with reasons thereof. (UPSC 2017).
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INDIA - MALDIVES
Hydrography is the scientific study and mapping of bodies of water, including oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, and other waterways, along with the surrounding coastal areas. It involves measuring and describing various features of these water bodies, such as their depths, tides, currents, shorelines, and the physical characteristics of the seabed or riverbed.
The main goals of hydrography include:
Nautical charting: Creating detailed maps or charts used for navigation by ships and vessels. These charts display water depths, underwater obstructions, currents, and other relevant information critical for safe maritime navigation.
Understanding water bodies: Studying the physical properties, topography, and bathymetry (the underwater equivalent of topography) of oceans, seas, and inland water bodies to comprehend their features and variations.
Environmental management: Monitoring and managing water resources, coastal zones, and underwater habitats for environmental conservation and sustainable use.
Hydrographers use various tools and techniques, including sonar, satellites, depth soundings, and geographic information systems (GIS), to collect and analyze data about water bodies. This data is crucial for creating accurate and up-to-date navigational charts, understanding changes in sea level or coastal erosion, conducting marine research, supporting offshore activities like oil and gas exploration, and ensuring safe and efficient maritime transportation.
3. India's Expertise on Hydrography
India has been steadily expanding its expertise in hydrography over the years. The country's hydrographic expertise and capabilities have been developed primarily through its navy and specialized hydrographic agencies.
India has actively participated in the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) since 1955. The Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD) originated in 1874 in Kolkata and serves as the central authority for hydrographic surveys.
Operating a fleet of contemporary survey vessels developed within the country, the INHD collaborates with various nations in the Indian Ocean Region as well as African and East Asian countries like Mauritius, Seychelles, Tanzania, Maldives, Mozambique, Vietnam, Myanmar, Kenya, and Sri Lanka.
Over time, the INHD's role has expanded due to the increasingly global nature of hydrography and its recognized potential in enhancing maritime diplomacy as a significant force multiplier. The National Institute of Hydrography, a part of the INHD, has provided training to personnel from 39 different countries
Here are some key points about India's expertise in hydrography:
Indian Naval Hydrographic Department (INHD): The Indian Navy operates the INHD, which is responsible for conducting hydrographic surveys, charting coastal and navigational waters, and producing nautical charts. It plays a critical role in ensuring safe navigation for both military and civilian vessels in Indian waters.
Hydrographic Surveys: India has been actively conducting hydrographic surveys in its territorial waters, including along the coastline, ports, and harbors, to gather data on water depths, currents, and navigational hazards. These surveys contribute to updating nautical charts and ensuring safe maritime navigation.
International Collaboration: India collaborates with various international hydrographic organizations and partners to exchange hydrographic data, techniques, and best practices. This collaboration helps in improving the accuracy and coverage of hydrographic surveys and charts.
Modernization Efforts: India has been investing in modernizing its hydrographic capabilities by acquiring advanced survey vessels, employing state-of-the-art surveying equipment, and leveraging technology for data collection, processing, and chart production.
Training and Education: India offers training programs in hydrography to personnel from its navy and other relevant agencies. These programs focus on equipping individuals with the necessary skills and knowledge required for conducting hydrographic surveys and producing accurate nautical charts
4.Significance of 2019 MoU
- The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was signed in June 2019 during Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the Maldives. This marked Mr. Modi's second trip to the Maldives following his attendance at President Solih's inauguration in 2018.
- Prior to the MoU, President Solih and the Maldivian Democratic Party (MDP) had achieved a significant victory in the general elections.
- Both neighboring nations, supported by strong public mandates, pledged to collaborate closely on developmental, defense, and maritime security matters. The initial Joint Commission on Hydrography convened in the Maldives in September 2019.
- Subsequent to this agreement, the Maldives National Defence Force (MNDF) and the Indian Navy conducted joint hydrographic surveys in 2021, 2022, and 2023
- While President Muizzu hasn't explicitly addressed the MoU regarding the joint hydrographic survey, a high-ranking official informed the Maldivian media that the decision aligned with the current administration's commitment to cancel any agreements with foreign entities that jeopardize the national security of the Maldives.
- The official emphasized the importance of enhancing the Maldivian military's capabilities to safeguard national sovereignty, advocating for independent surveillance and monitoring of the country's waters without involvement from foreign parties. Mohamed Firzul, Under Secretary for Public Policy, conveyed this message during a media briefing.
- This stance seemed consistent with Mr. Muizzu's overarching election promises, which included the removal of Indian troops and a focus on "restoring the Maldives's sovereignty." Upon assuming office, President Muizzu's initial official announcements echoed the key demand of the 'India Out' campaign, spearheaded by former President Abdulla Yameen
6. History of India-Maldives ties
- The relationship between India and the Maldives dates back centuries, rooted in cultural, historical, and geographical connections. Here's an overview of the history of their ties:
- India and the Maldives share historical connections through trade, cultural exchanges, and interactions that span centuries. There's evidence of Indian cultural influence in the Maldives, particularly in language, religion, and traditions.
- The Maldives gained independence from British protection in 1965. Since then, India and the Maldives have maintained diplomatic relations, focusing on areas like trade, defense cooperation, education, and cultural exchanges.
- Over the years, India has played a significant role in assisting the Maldives in defense and security matters. This includes providing training to Maldivian defense personnel, conducting joint military exercises, and offering assistance during times of crisis or natural disasters.
- Both countries have collaborated on various regional and international platforms, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA), to address common challenges and promote regional cooperation.
- India has been involved in several developmental projects in the Maldives, including infrastructure development, healthcare, education, and capacity building. Economic cooperation and assistance have been integral aspects of the bilateral relationship.
- Despite the historically close ties, there have been instances of strained relations between India and the Maldives, particularly during political transitions in the Maldives that led to uncertainties in bilateral relations. However, efforts have been made to address and overcome such challenges.
- In recent years, the two countries have focused on enhancing cooperation in various sectors, including maritime security, counter-terrorism, trade, tourism, and people-to-people exchanges. Efforts are ongoing to strengthen these ties through mutual cooperation and understanding
7. What does this mean for India-Maldives ties?
Based on recent events, it seems that New Delhi is set to encounter a challenging period in its partnership with Male. Maldives, a participant in the Colombo Security Conclave, an effort to bolster maritime security in the Indian Ocean involving India, Sri Lanka, and Mauritius, took a notable step by skipping the latest high-level meeting of the Conclave held in Mauritius earlier this month. This decision coincided with the visit of Maldivian Vice-President Hussain Mohamed Latheef to China, where he participated in the China-Indian Ocean Region Forum on Development Cooperation, expressing the Maldives' interest in exploring new avenues of collaboration with China.
Additionally, India's Ministry of External Affairs (MEA) responded to the termination of the joint hydrographic initiative with India by emphasizing New Delhi's belief in the potential benefits of neighbouring countries leveraging India's expertise. Observers are keen to see how India manages the complex dynamics with its southern neighbour amidst these developments
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Previous Year Questions 1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (UPSC CSE 2014) (a) Andaman and Nicobar Answer: (a) Mains 1. What do you understand by ‘The String of Pearls’? How does it impact India? Briefly outline the steps taken by India to counter this. (UPSC CSE GS II 2013) 2. Discuss the political developments in the Maldives in the last two years. Should they be of any cause for concern to India? (UPSC CSE GS II 2013) |
Source: The Hindu
BHARATIYA NYAYA (SECOND) SANHITA BILL, 2023
2. Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023
- The revised Bill aligns the definition of terrorism in Section 113 with Section 15 of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 (UAPA). This modification narrows the scope, removing vague acts and potential categorization of non-violent speech as terrorism.
- Elimination of vague acts from the definition, focusing on specific elements of threat to national integrity and public safety.
- Widening the definition to cover the production, smuggling, or circulation of any counterfeit Indian currency or material, departing from the UAPA's limitation to high-quality counterfeit material.
Prosecution Authority: Explanation allows a Superintendent of Police to decide whether the prosecution should continue under the UAPA or Section 113 of this Bill.
Penalties: Punishable by death or imprisonment for life and Individuals involved in conspiracy, abetment, incitement, or facilitation of a terrorist act could face imprisonment ranging from five years to life.
The revised Bill introduces a definition for "cruelty" against women by their husbands and relatives, punishable with a jail term of up to three years. Defines cruelty as willful conduct likely to drive a woman to suicide or cause grave injury, or harassment to coerce her or any related person to meet an unlawful demand for property or valuable security.
- Restrictions on Reporting Court Proceedings (Section 73): A new provision stipulates a two-year jail sentence and a fine for printing or publishing 'any matter' concerning court proceedings in rape or sexual assault cases without permission.
- Terminology Updates and Inclusion of Intellectual Disability: The revised Bill addresses regressive terminology concerns by replacing the term 'mental illness' with 'unsoundness of mind' in a majority of the provisions. Additionally, 'intellectual disability' is added alongside 'unsoundness of mind' in section 367.
- Removal of Minimum Punishment for Mob Lynching: The revised Bill removes the minimum punishment of seven years for mob lynching, aligning the penalty with murder.
Ignored Recommendations
- The Bill does not incorporate recommendations to include gender-neutral provisions criminalizing adultery and non-consensual sex between individuals of all genders.
- The panel's recommendation to address Section 377 IPC concerns is not reflected in the revised Bill, potentially leaving certain individuals without legal remedies against sexual offences.
- The revised Bill introduces a precise definition of 'petty organized crime,' focusing on criminal acts committed by members of a group or gang.
- Included Acts: Theft, snatching, cheating, unauthorized selling of tickets, unauthorized betting or gambling, selling of public examination question papers, or any similar criminal act.
Community Service as Punishment (Section 23)
The revised Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, 2023 introduces a defined concept of 'community service' as a form of punishment for minor offences. This aims to benefit the community and promote a reparative approach to justice for offences such as attempted suicide, public servants unlawfully engaged in trade, theft of property less than ₹5,000, public intoxication, and defamation.
- Definition of Community Service: 'Work which the court may order a convict to perform as a form of punishment that benefits the community, for which he shall not be entitled to any remuneration.'
- Empowered Magistrates: Magistrates of the First or Second Class are specifically empowered to impose community service, emphasizing a localized and more community-oriented approach to justice.
Expansion of Police Power (Section 43(3))
The revised Bill expands the power of the police to use handcuffs, extending it beyond the time of arrest to the stage of production before the court.
- Initially permitted to prevent the escape of individuals accused of serious offences, this power has been expanded to include the stage of production before the court.
- The panel recommended restricting handcuff usage to heinous crimes like rape and murder, excluding individuals accused of 'economic offences.'
Court Proceedings and Audio-Visual Means
The revised Bill introduces changes related to the conduct of court proceedings through audio-visual means.
Additions
- Section 251 now allows the reading out of charge to the accused through audio-visual means.
- Section 262 permits hearings on discharge through audio-visual means.
- Section 266 allows the examination of witnesses through audio-visual means.
- Section 308 introduces the recording of evidence through audio-visual means.
Police Custody Concerns (Section 187(3))
The revised Bill overlooks concerns raised by the panel regarding police custody beyond the initial 15 days of arrest.
- Section 187(3) no longer contains the phrase 'otherwise than in the custody of the police,' potentially allowing an aggregate of shorter periods of custody throughout the investigation.
- Concerns are raised about the vulnerability to misuse, particularly for individuals from marginalized backgrounds, emphasizing the need for clarity in interpretation.
Detained Person's Rights (Petty Cases)
Under the revised Bill, detained individuals in petty cases must be produced before the Magistrate or released within 24 hours. Ensures that individuals in petty cases are either produced before the Magistrate or released within 24 hours, safeguarding their rights and minimizing unnecessary detention.
The Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023 addresses the admissibility of electronic evidence, introducing changes to ensure compliance with section 63. An electronic record's admissibility is now expressly subject to section 63, aligning it with the requirement of a certificate under section 65B of the Indian Evidence Act.
Concerns and Missed Opportunities
Experts have raised concerns regarding missed opportunities to address over-criminalization and expanded police powers in the three revised Bills.
- Police Custody Duration (BNSS) allowing police custody beyond the initial 15 days is criticized for endangering civil liberties.
- The BNSS expands the maximum limit of police custody from 15 days to either 60 or 90 days, depending on the nature of the offence.
- The risk of police excesses, coerced evidence, and fabricated charges due to prolonged detention.
- The expanded police powers in the BNSS are seen as a significant threat to civil liberties, raising alarm about potential abuses during extended custody.
The revised Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, 2023 addresses the specific issue of admissibility of electronic evidence. However, concerns persist among experts regarding missed opportunities to rectify broader issues of over-criminalization and expanded police powers, particularly the provision allowing extended police custody. This criticism emphasizes the need for a balanced approach to legislation that upholds civil liberties while addressing legal complexities related to electronic evidence and law enforcement powers.
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For Prelims: Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Indian Evidence Act, the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita, Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha (Second) Sanhita, Bharatiya Sakshya (Second) Bill, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, 1967 For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the revised definition of terrorism in the Bharatiya Nyaya (Second) Sanhita Bill, 2023. Does it address concerns about vagueness and potential misuse? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the merits and demerits of introducing community service as a form of punishment for minor offences. Consider its potential impact on offender rehabilitation and community engagement. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Considering the following statements in view of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872: (Rajasthan Police Constable 2022)
1. A map or plan is a document.
2. An inscription written on a metal plate or stone is a document.
3. A caricature is a document.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
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MICROBIOME
Globally, about 135 million people have low vision. The World Health Organization (WHO) says that 80% of this visual loss can be prevented or cured. Hence WHO has joined hands with the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) for a programme called VISION 2020: The Right to Sight.
In India, 13 lakhs are born blind, and 76 lakhs are suffering from easily treatable methods. By setting up ‘vision centres’ in rural areas and towns, by setting up well-equipped ophthalmic hospitals with able ophthalmologists, these sufferers can have the Right to Sight. Indeed, this is happening across the country. In addition, some globally recognised ‘State of the Art’ eye institutions are actively working on Vision 2020, and it appears achievable—Pashyantu Sarvejanah, or ‘so that all may see’
2. What is a Microbiome?
The microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other tiny organisms, that live in or on a specific environment or organism. In the context of humans, the microbiome typically refers to the vast collection of microorganisms that reside in various parts of the body, such as the skin, mouth, gut, and reproductive tract.
The gut microbiome, in particular, has gained a lot of attention due to its crucial role in digestion, immune system function, and overall health. This complex ecosystem of microbes helps break down certain foods, produces vitamins, regulates metabolism, and interacts with the immune system.
Research on the microbiome has revealed its significance in influencing not just physical health but also mental health, with potential connections to conditions like obesity, autoimmune disorders, mental health disorders, and even neurological conditions. Scientists continue to study the microbiome to better understand its role in maintaining health and its potential implications for treating various diseases
3. How can the microbiome affect health?
The microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining health by influencing various aspects of the body's functions. Here are some ways the microbiome affects health:
Digestive and metabolic health: The gut microbiome aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, helps break down complex carbohydrates, and produces certain vitamins (like B vitamins and vitamin K) that the body needs. Imbalances in the gut microbiota can lead to digestive issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or malnutrition.
Immune system regulation: A healthy microbiome helps regulate the immune system, distinguishing between harmful pathogens and beneficial microbes. It plays a crucial role in training the immune system to respond appropriately to threats and reducing inflammation. Imbalances in the microbiome can lead to immune system dysfunction, potentially resulting in allergies, autoimmune diseases, or increased susceptibility to infections.
Mental health and brain function: There's a growing understanding of the gut-brain connection, often referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome can influence brain function and mental health by producing neurotransmitters and communicating with the central nervous system. Imbalances in the gut microbiota have been linked to conditions like depression, anxiety, and even neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
Weight and metabolism: Studies have shown that the composition of the gut microbiome can influence metabolism and weight regulation. Imbalances in gut bacteria may contribute to conditions like obesity and metabolic disorders by affecting how the body processes food and stores fat.
Skin health: The skin microbiome, composed of various bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, plays a role in maintaining skin health. Imbalances can contribute to skin conditions like acne, eczema, or infections.
Overall inflammation and disease risk: A balanced and diverse microbiome helps regulate inflammation in the body. Imbalances can lead to chronic inflammation, which is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and certain cancers
4. What is the importance of microbiome for the Gut health?
The gut microbiome is incredibly important for gut health and overall well-being.
Here's why:
- The gut microbiome assists in breaking down complex carbohydrates, fibers, and other compounds that the human body can't digest alone. Certain gut bacteria produce enzymes that help in this breakdown, aiding in the extraction of nutrients and energy from food.
- A healthy microbiome helps maintain the integrity of the gut barrier, which prevents harmful substances, such as toxins and undigested food particles, from leaking into the bloodstream. This barrier function is essential for preventing inflammation and protecting against infections.
- The gut is a significant site for the immune system. The microbiome interacts closely with the immune cells in the gut, helping to train and regulate the immune response. A balanced gut microbiome promotes tolerance to harmless substances and prevents inappropriate immune reactions, reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergies.
- Some gut bacteria produce beneficial compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are crucial for gut health. SCFAs help maintain the health of the gut lining, provide energy to gut cells, and have anti-inflammatory properties.
- A diverse and balanced gut microbiome can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria by competing for nutrients and space, thereby reducing the risk of infections and keeping the gut environment healthy.
- The gut-brain axis, the communication network between the gut and the brain, is influenced by the gut microbiome. Changes in the gut microbiota can impact brain function and mental health, influencing conditions like anxiety, depression, and even neurological disorders.
- Studies suggest that the gut microbiome plays a role in regulating metabolism and weight. Imbalances in gut bacteria may contribute to obesity and metabolic disorders by affecting how the body processes food and stores fat.
In 2005, India had a population of 115 crores, and today it is 140 crores. Despite this increase, many eye care centres in rural India, more ophthalmologists in towns and cities, and eye research institutions in cities across the country have helped make India a votary of VISION 2020: The Right to Sight.
However, the prevailing levels of air pollution, due to very high amounts of dust all over the country, have made many people suffer from ‘pink eye’ (conjunctivitis), itching and swelling of the eye, and blurry vision (when the lens is affected), or sensitivity to bright light
Source: The Hindu
SANITATION SYSTEMS
1. Context
Properly designed sanitation systems collect, transport, treat, and dispose of (or, ideally, reuse) used water – which we should call "blackwater" or "greywater" instead of "wastewater": it's a valuable resource, not just waste.
Sanitation systems are crucial for public health and protecting the environment. While basic sanitation practices existed as far back as 4000 BC, the modern systems we rely on today, like London's built in the 1800s, are complex and vital infrastructure.
2. The types of sanitation systems
The type of sanitation system you have depends on your location's density and layout.
Rural Areas and Spacious Homes
- On-site Sanitation Systems (OSS) are like underground mini-treatment plants connected to your toilet. Options include:
- Twin Pits: Two alternating pits separated by at least 3 feet. The liquid soaks into the ground, and solids decompose. Full pit rests for 2 years before reuse.
- Septic Tanks: Watertight tanks where solids settle and scum floats. Clear liquid drains to pits or trenches. Solids need periodic pumping for treatment.
- Bio-digester Toilets, Bio-tanks, and Urine Diversion Dry Toilets are modern OSS options that offer more efficient treatment and disposal.
Densely Populated Urban Areas
- Sewer Systems: A network of underground pipes carries used water ("sewage") from homes to treatment plants.
- Gravity-fed: Pipes slope downhill for natural flow.
- Pumped: Pumps push sewage uphill if needed.
- Maintenance Access: Machine holes (not manholes!) provide access for cleaning and repairs.
4. Necessity of Sophisticated Sanitation Systems
- Water in its journey through domestic and non-domestic uses, accumulates a range of impurities both natural and human-introduced. These include organic matter, nutrients from detergents, pathogens (bacteria, viruses, parasites), and heavy metals from solvents and pesticides. Solid particles like soil, debris, minerals, and salts are also present.
- To prevent pollution and safeguard public health, it is imperative to contain, remove, and treat used water before its disposal or reuse. This process ensures that reintroduced water into natural environments does not pose risks due to impurities.
- Traditionally, sanitation systems were driven by concerns of odour and aesthetics. However, as the connections between sanitation, public health, and the environment became evident, the "out of sight" approach was deemed inadequate.
- The implementation of sanitation systems has led to significant improvements in public health. However, achieving universal access to safely managed sanitation services remains a formidable challenge.
- Challenges such as poorly designed and constructed systems, coupled with unsafe operation and maintenance practices, hinder effective management of used water. Addressing these challenges is crucial to safeguard our increasingly precious water bodies and groundwater aquifers.
5. Importance of Complex Sanitation Systems in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, complex sanitation systems play a crucial role in mitigating the spread of the virus and protecting public health for several reasons:
- COVID-19 can be transmitted through the faecal-oral route, meaning the virus present in faeces can contaminate water or food sources and infect individuals who ingest them. Proper sanitation systems effectively manage and dispose of human waste, preventing this transmission pathway.
- Complex systems with proper infrastructure and protocols safeguard sanitation workers from exposure to the virus. This includes ensuring access to personal protective equipment, safe waste handling procedures, and proper hygiene facilities.
- Inadequate sanitation can lead to the accumulation of sewage and faecal matter, creating breeding grounds for pathogens and increasing the risk of waterborne diseases. Complex systems with effective wastewater treatment and disposal minimize these risks, protecting the broader community from potential outbreaks.
- Access to clean water and sanitation facilities is essential for proper handwashing and hygiene practices, which are critical for preventing the spread of COVID-19. Complex systems can ensure reliable water supply and proper disposal of wastewater, enabling communities to maintain hygiene standards.
- Investing in robust sanitation infrastructure strengthens a community's overall resilience to future outbreaks and public health emergencies. Complex systems with redundancy and adaptability can better handle increased pressure during pandemics and other crises.
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For Prelims: universal access to safely managed sanitation services, On-site Sanitation Systems
For Mains:
1. Critically analyse the importance of sanitation systems in protecting public health and the environment. Discuss the challenges in achieving universal access to safe sanitation in developing countries. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. The India Sanitation Coalition is a platform to promote sustainable sanitation and is funded by the Government of India and the World Health Organization.
2. The National Institute of Urban Affairs is an apex body of the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in Government of India and provides innovative solutions to address the challenges of Urban India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
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