ENFORCEMENT DIRECTORATE (ED)
1. Context
The Supreme Court on Friday ruled that it is enough for the Enforcement Directorate (ED) to orally inform an accused of the grounds of their arrest at the time of arrest.
However, the court said that the written grounds of arrest must be supplied to the accused within 24 hours of their arrest.
2. About the Directorate of Enforcement
- The Directorate of Enforcement (ED) is an agency in India that primarily deals with the enforcement of economic laws and regulations to combat money laundering, foreign exchange violations, and financial fraud.
- The ED is part of the Department of Revenue under the Ministry of Finance, Government of India.
3. Establishment and History
- The Directorate of Enforcement was established on 1st May 1956, as the "Enforcement Unit" within the Department of Economic Affairs.
- Its primary focus was on preventing and detecting violations of the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1947.
- Over the years, the agency's role expanded, and in 1999, the Enforcement Directorate was established as a separate entity under the Ministry of Finance.
- The enactment of the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) in 2002 further broadened its jurisdiction, giving it the power to investigate cases related to money laundering.
- Since its establishment, the ED has played a crucial role in combating economic offences and ensuring compliance with economic laws in India.
- It has been involved in several high-profile cases, including those related to financial scams, money laundering by influential individuals, and cross-border financial crimes.
- The ED collaborates with various domestic and international agencies, including financial intelligence units, law enforcement agencies, and Interpol, to gather information, share intelligence, and effectively coordinate efforts to combat economic offences.
4. Functions and Roles of ED
4.1. Enforcing Economic Laws
- The primary function of the ED is to enforce two key economic laws in India: the Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA) and the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA).
- It ensures compliance with these laws and investigates money laundering, foreign exchange violations, and economic fraud cases.
4.2. Money Laundering Investigations
- The ED investigates cases involving money laundering, which is the process of concealing the origins of illegally obtained money to make it appear legitimate.
- It identifies and seizes properties and assets derived from illicit activities and prevents their further use.
4.3. Foreign Exchange Violations
- The ED is responsible for investigating cases related to violations of foreign exchange laws and regulations.
- It monitors and controls foreign exchange transactions to maintain the stability of the Indian rupee and prevent illegal activities such as smuggling and illegal money transfers.
4.4 Financial Frauds
- The ED also investigates and takes action against financial frauds, including bank frauds, Ponzi schemes, and other fraudulent activities affecting the Indian financial system.
- It works closely with other law enforcement agencies, such as the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI), to tackle complex financial crimes.
5. Challenges
5.1. The complexity of economic crimes.
- Economic crimes are often complex and involve a variety of financial transactions.
- This can make it difficult for the ED to trace the proceeds of crime and to build a case against the perpetrators.
5.2. The difficulty of tracing the proceeds of crime
- The proceeds of crime are often hidden in complex financial structures, making it difficult for the ED to track them down.
- The ED also faces challenges in obtaining information from foreign jurisdictions, where the proceeds of crime may have been transferred.
5.3. The lack of international cooperation
- Economic crime is often transnational, making it difficult for the ED to cooperate with foreign law enforcement agencies.
- This is due to differences in legal systems, as well as political and economic considerations.
5.4. Political interference
- The ED has been accused of being used as a political tool by the ruling party to target its opponents and critics.
- This has raised questions about the independence and impartiality of the ED.
5.5. Lack of transparency
- The ED has been criticized for its lack of transparency.
- The agency does not publish its annual reports, and it is difficult to obtain information about its investigations.
- This has made it difficult for the public to hold the ED accountable.
5.6. Human rights violations
- The ED has been accused of violating the human rights of those it investigates.
- The agency has been accused of using coercive tactics, such as prolonged detention and interrogation, to extract confessions from suspects.
5.7. The limited resources
- The ED is a relatively small agency with limited resources.
- This can make it difficult for the ED to investigate complex economic crimes and prosecute the perpetrators.
6. Conclusion
- The Directorate of Enforcement in India plays a crucial role in enforcing economic laws, preventing money laundering, and combating financial crimes.
- With its specialized expertise, investigative capabilities, and coordination with domestic and international partners, the ED contributes to the integrity of the financial system, national security, and the country's overall socio-economic development.
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For Prelims: Directorate of Enforcement, Financial Action Task Force, Prevention of Money Laundering Act (PMLA), the Foreign Exchange Management Act (FEMA), Supreme Court, Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (FERA) of 1947, Central Bureau of Investigation,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the establishment and evolution of the Directorate of Enforcement in India. Explain its key functions and roles in combating economic offences. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Which one of the following is not correct in respect of Directorate of Enforcement ? (CDS 2021)
A. It is a specialized financial investigation agency under the Department of Revenue, Ministry of Finance.
B. It enforces the Foreign Exchange Management Act, 1999.
C. It enforces the Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002.
D. It enforces the Prohibition of Benami Property Transaction Act, 1988.
Answer: D
2. The Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002 become effective since which one of the following dates? (UKPSC RO/ARO 2012)
A. July 2002 B. August 2003 C. July 2004 D. July 2005
Answer: D
3. FEMA (Foreign Exchange Management Act) was finally implemented in the year (UPPSC 2013)
A. 1991 B. 1997 C. 2000 D. 2007
Answer: C
4. The Foreign Exchange Regulation Act was replaced by the ______ in India. (SSC Steno 2020)
A. Foreign Exchange Currency Act
B. Foreign Exchange Finances Act
C. Foreign Exchange Funds Act
D. Foreign Exchange Management Act
Answer: D
5. "Central Bureau of Intelligence and Investigation" is listed in the __________ list given in the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India. (SSC CGL 2017)
A. Union B. State C. Global D. Concurrent
Answer: A
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Source: The Indian Express
CENTRAL CONSUMER PROTECTION AUTHORITY(CCPA)
1. Context
HIGHLIGHTING the lack of proper functioning of State Consumer Protection Council (SCPCs) in the northeastern states, a Parliamentary Standing Committee has asked the Centre to see that the mandates of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 are fulfilled in each state in the region so that the consumers feel assured of their rights and have a sense of belonging with the rest of the country
2. The Consumer Protection Act, 2019-Key Highlights
The Consumer Protection Act of 2019 introduces several key highlights aimed at safeguarding consumer rights and interests:
- This Act provides for the establishment of the CCPA to promote, protect, and enforce consumer rights. The CCPA has the authority to investigate, recall unsafe goods, order discontinuation of unfair trade practices, and impose penalties for misleading advertisements affecting consumers
- The Act enumerates the rights of consumers, including the right to be informed, right to choose, right to be heard, right to seek redressal, and the right to consumer education
- It prohibits unfair trade practices such as false advertising, misleading information, deceptive packaging, and selling goods/services that pose a danger to consumers' lives and safety
- The Act introduces the concept of product liability, holding manufacturers, sellers, and service providers accountable for any harm caused by defective products or deficient services
- The Act establishes Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions at the district, state, and national levels to expedite the resolution of consumer disputes. These commissions provide simple, speedy, and cost-effective dispute resolution mechanisms
- It includes provisions specifically addressing consumer rights and liabilities related to e-commerce transactions and direct selling, ensuring adequate protection for consumers engaged in online purchases and transactions
- The Act emphasizes the importance of consumer awareness and education through outreach programs, campaigns, and educational initiatives to empower consumers with knowledge about their rights and responsibilities
- The penalties for misleading advertisements, unfair trade practices, and violations of consumer rights have been increased, along with provisions for compensating consumers for any loss or injury suffered due to a defective product or deficient service
3.What is State Consumer Protection Council?
The State Consumer Protection Council (SCPC) is a pivotal body established under the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, and continued under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, in India. This council operates at the state level and works towards safeguarding consumer rights and promoting their interests within the respective state.
Here's a breakdown of the SCPC's key functions:
Composition:
- Each SCPC is headed by the Minister-in-charge of Consumer Affairs in the state government.
- It includes other official and non-official members representing various interests, such as:
- Members of the state Legislative Assembly
- Representatives from consumer organizations
- Representatives from farmers, manufacturers, traders, and industrialists
- Experts in consumer affairs and law
Responsibilities:
- The SCPC organizes awareness campaigns to educate consumers about their rights and responsibilities. It also disseminates information about consumer laws and redressal mechanisms.
- The SCPC receives and investigates consumer complaints against unfair trade practices, defective goods and services, and misleading advertisements. It can recommend action against businesses violating consumer rights.
- The SCPC advises the state government on matters related to consumer protection. This includes proposing new laws, policies, and initiatives to strengthen consumer rights within the state.
- The SCPC monitors the market for unfair trade practices and emerging consumer issues. It may conduct research and studies to identify and address emerging consumer concerns.
- The SCPC coordinates with the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) and other consumer protection agencies to ensure effective enforcement of consumer rights across the country
4. What is the Central Consumer Protection Authority?
The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is a significant regulatory body established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, in India. This authority is designed to protect, promote, and enforce consumer rights more effectively.
The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) is a quasi-judicial regulatory body established under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019, in India. It plays a pivotal role in promoting, protecting, and enforcing consumer rights at the national level.
Functions:
The CCPA is empowered with a wide range of functions to safeguard consumer interests, including:
- It can investigate unfair trade practices, misleading advertisements, and violations of consumer rights. Additionally, it has the authority to prosecute entities found guilty of such offenses.
- The CCPA can order the recall of unsafe or defective products from the market. It can also direct businesses to issue refunds or replacements for defective products or services.
- The CCPA can impose significant penalties on businesses found indulging in unfair trade practices, misleading advertisements, or violating consumer rights.
- It can file class-action suits on behalf of groups of consumers affected by the same unfair practice.
- The CCPA can issue guidelines and standards for product safety and service quality.
- It can undertake initiatives to raise awareness about consumer rights and educate consumers about redressal mechanisms.
- The CCPA collaborates with State Consumer Protection Councils (SCPCs) to ensure effective consumer protection across the country.
Structure:
The CCPA is headed by a Chief Commissioner and three other Commissioners, all appointed by the Central Government. It also has a team of supporting staff that assists in carrying out its various functions.
5.Way forward
The Committee, therefore, desire that the Central Government should see that the mandates of Section 6(3) and 8 of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 are fulfilled in each of the states of the North East so that consumers in the region feel assured of their rights and have a sense of belonging with the rest of the country,” the committee said in its report on “Initiatives in the North East in the Field of Consumer Rights Protection”
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which of the following statements about the 'Consumer Protection Act 2019' is not true? (UGC NET 2020)
A.It has widened the definition of consumer
B.It provides for E-filing of complaints
C.It establishes Central Consumer Protection Authority
D.It ignores mediation as an alternate disputes resolution mechanism
Answer (D)
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Source: Indanexpress
JN.1
1. Context
With cases of the Covid-19 sub-variant JN.1 on the rise across several countries, the World Health Organization (WHO) on Tuesday designated it as a “variant of interest” separate from its ancestor BA.2.86 that is commonly referred to as Pirola.
The Union health ministry has written to states and Union Territories, asking them to monitor cases of influenza-like illnesses, conduct adequate testing, and send all positive samples for whole genome sequencing.
Karnataka has asked senior citizens to mask up. State health minister Dinesh Gundu Rao Monday said an order would be issued in this regard.
Another 15 cases of the JN.1 variant were detected in samples from Goa, according to officials familiar with the matter.
2. Key takeaways
- The JN.1 sub-variant, which stems from the BA.2.86 variant (known as Pirola), isn't entirely new. It was first identified in the US in September, with its global presence dating back to January this year.
- JN.1 differs from Pirola by having just one extra mutation on the spike protein. Pirola, in contrast, carries over 30 mutations on this protein.
- The significance lies in spike protein mutations as they facilitate the virus's entry into human cells by binding to receptors. Researchers have kept a close eye on JN.1 due to these spike protein alterations within Pirola
Could it trigger a surge in cases or more severe symptoms?
- So far, there's no indication that JN.1 leads to exacerbated symptoms or spreads faster than the already circulating variants.
- Initially, there were worries that Pirola's numerous mutations might enable it to evade the immune response more readily and propagate swiftly. However, that scenario hasn't materialized.
- Notably, a WHO assessment on COVID-19 Vaccine Composition found that both Pirola and JN.1 were effectively neutralized by serum from individuals who had been infected and vaccinated.
- Pirola and JN.1 are classified as Variants of Interest (VOI) but haven't been labeled as Variants of Concern (VOC).
Here's what distinguishes VOI and VOC:
- VOI refers to variants less neutralized by antibodies from infection or vaccination in lab settings and have potential to spread.
- A variant earns VOI status if it displays a growth advantage over other variants, showing increased proportions alongside rising case numbers.
- Additionally, it could be designated as VOI if it's predicted or confirmed to alter characteristics like transmissibility, virulence, antibody evasion, or susceptibility to therapies and diagnostics.
- Once recognized as VOI, the WHO monitors its global spread, assesses its public health risk, and encourages sharing isolates. Member states are required to report VOI cases, monitor, and conduct field investigations to understand the variant's potential impact.
- On the other hand, VOC are variants that drive heightened transmission, severe disease leading to hospitalization, and diminished vaccine effectiveness.
3. What has led to the current concerns?
- Pirola and its close relative JN.1 are causing a noticeable uptick in global cases. Their presence has been identified in various locations such as the USA, several European nations, Singapore, and China.
- According to the WHO, Pirola and its offspring made up 17% of the Sars-CoV-2 sequences uploaded to the Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data (GISAID) database.
- By early December, over half of these sequences were attributed to JN.1. In the United States, JN.1 comprised between 15% and 29% of the circulating Covid-19 variants.
- During the week of December 4 to 10, Singapore recorded an estimated 56,043 cases and observed a rise in hospitalizations, particularly among individuals aged 60 and above
4. Way forward
While data from Singapore shows that those who had received their last Covid-19 vaccine dose more than a year ago were 1.6 times more likely to need hospitalisation, experts said that a wide coverage of vaccination and subsequent non-symptomatic infections are likely to have resulted in a significant level of protection in India.
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UPSC Practice Question
1.Concerning ‘Varient of Interest’ (VOI), seen in the news due to the new Covid-19 sub-variant, consider the following statements: 1. A variant is designated as VOI by WHO if it shows a growth advantage over other circulating variants — meaning its proportion increases along with any increase in the total number of cases. 2. A variant can be designated as VOI if it is predicted to or known to change characteristics such as transmissibility, virulence, antibody evasion, or susceptibility to therapies and diagnostics. 3. Once designated as VOI, the WHO monitors, tracks its global spread and the body also keeps assessing its public health risk and facilitates the sharing of isolates. Which of the above statement/s is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer (d) |
Source: indianexpress
OPPOSITION IN A DEMOCRACY
1. Context
A day after 78 Opposition MPs were suspended from Parliament in the highest single-day suspensions so far, another 49 Lok Sabha members were suspended for the rest of the session recently, taking the total to 141 – 95 from Lok Sabha and 46 from Rajya Sabha.
2. What is Opposition in a democracy?
- In a democracy, the opposition refers to political parties or groups that are not in power but operate within the framework of the political system.
- The opposition provides an alternative perspective to the ruling party or coalition and serves as a check on the government's actions and policies.
- Members of the opposition are elected representatives who express dissent, critique government decisions, and propose alternative policies.
- A robust opposition is crucial for the functioning of a healthy democracy as it ensures accountability, transparency, and a diversity of voices in governance.
3. The Role of the Opposition in the Parliament
- The opposition closely examines the government's actions, questioning policies, decisions, and spending. They aim to expose any wrongdoing or misuse of power, ensuring transparency and preventing abuse of authority.
- The opposition provides valuable critiques of government policies and offers alternative solutions based on their own ideologies and platforms. This healthy debate leads to improved legislation and policies, taking into account diverse perspectives.
- The opposition acts as a counterbalance to the governing party, preventing them from becoming complacent or authoritarian. They can raise public awareness about issues the government might neglect, ensuring a robust public discourse.
- By presenting different viewpoints and challenging the status quo, the opposition encourages political competition and innovation. This leads to a more dynamic and adaptable political system, constantly evolving to meet the needs of the people.
4. Importance of Debate in Parliamentary Procedure
Debate is the lifeblood of parliamentary democracy. It provides a platform for open discussion, where legislators can articulate their positions, exchange arguments, and ultimately reach a consensus or compromise.
- Through reasoned debate, parliamentarians can critically analyze proposed legislation, considering potential implications and unintended consequences. This leads to more informed and well-rounded decisions that serve the public interest.
- Parliamentary debates are often open to the public, either physically or through media coverage. This allows citizens to witness the legislative process, understand the rationale behind decisions, and hold their representatives accountable.
- Constructive debate can bridge ideological divides and encourage legislators to find common ground. This is essential for passing important legislation and managing diverse opinions within a democratic system.
5. Challenges and Considerations
- In some cases, strong opposition can lead to excessive polarization and obstructionism, hindering progress and hindering effective governance.
- The opposition's role is not simply to criticize but to offer constructive alternatives and engage in meaningful dialogue with the government.
- The media's portrayal of parliamentary debates can influence public opinion and create a distorted image of the opposition's role.
6. The Way Forward
The opposition and parliamentary debate are vital components of a healthy democracy. They act as checks and balances, ensure transparency, and encourage the evolution of effective policies. By fostering open dialogue and critical thinking, they safeguard the rights of citizens and contribute to a thriving political system.
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For Prelims: Democracy, opposition, Parliament For Mains: 1. Examine the challenges posed by strong opposition, including concerns about excessive polarization and obstructionism. How can a balance be maintained to ensure effective governance while preserving the vital role of the opposition in democratic societies? (250 Words) 2. Discuss the role of the opposition in promoting robust public discourse and ethical governance. Evaluate how the opposition's actions contribute to a more dynamic and adaptable political system in the interest of citizens. (250 Words) |
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Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following statements:
The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (UPSC 2013)
1. consists of not more than 25 members of the Lok Sabha.
2. scrutinizes appropriation and finance accounts of the Government.
3. examines the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
2. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC 2018)
A. Committee on Government Assurances
B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
C. Rules Committee
D. Business Advisory Committee
3. According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the event of a person being elected to both houses of Parliament, he has to notify within ______ days in which house he intends to function. (Delhi Police Constable 2020)
A. 22 B. 10 C. 20 D. 15
4. Democracy's superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into activity (UPSC 2017) A. the intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.
B. the methods for strengthening executive leadership.
C. a superior individual with dynamism and vision.
D. a band of dedicated party workers.
5. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018) 1. In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party.
2. In the Lok Sabha, a "Leader of the Opposition" was recognized for the first time in 1969.
3. In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognized as the Leader of the Opposition.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
6. With reference to the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the election of Deputy Speaker shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix.
2. There is a mandatory provision that the election of a candidate as Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha shall be from either the principal opposition party or the ruling party.
3. The Deputy Speaker has the same power as of the Speaker when presiding over the sitting of the House and no appeal lies against his rulings.
4. The well-established parliamentary practice regarding the appointment of a Deputy Speaker is that the motion is moved by the Speaker and duly seconded by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 3 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 only D. 2 and 4 only Answer: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-A, 5-B, 6-A
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Source: The Indian Express
COP28: CLIMATE SUMMIT
1. Context
The 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in Dubai concluded with mixed results, leaving the global community with a glimmer of progress amidst persisting challenges in tackling the climate crisis. This annual gathering of nations under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) saw intense negotiations on crucial aspects like emissions reduction, adaptation strategies, financial support, and the responsibilities of developed and developing countries. While some areas witnessed advancements, others remained unresolved, prompting concerns about the future trajectory of global climate action.
2. COP28
COP28, the 28th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, took place in Dubai from November 30th to December 12th, 2023. It was a significant event for the global climate movement, with a focus on accelerating progress towards the goals of the Paris Agreement.
Loss and Damage Fund Operationalized at COP-28
- Following the consensus achieved at COP-27 to establish a 'Loss and Damage' (L&D) fund, the subsequent year was dedicated to negotiations on fund management and financing.
- In a landmark decision, the Loss and Damage fund was officially operationalized during COP-28.
- Despite the significant milestone, only a modest $790 million has been pledged thus far by a handful of nations. This falls significantly short of the required corpus, estimated to be between $100 billion to over $400 billion annually. Notably, the United States, the largest historical emitter, committed a relatively small sum of $17.5 million.
- The World Bank has been designated to oversee and administer the fund. However, concerns have arisen from the experiences of developing countries, particularly regarding issues of legal autonomy, flexibility, and decision-making authority. Additionally, there is a general scepticism about the fund's agility in responding promptly to emergencies.
- A prevailing sentiment among countries emphasizes the need for affected communities to directly access funding. Furthermore, there is a strong preference for such assistance to be in the form of grants rather than loans.
- Challenges encompass questions about the Loss and Damage fund's ability to address emergencies swiftly and efficiently and doubts about the World Bank's suitability in managing the fund based on past experiences reported by developing nations.
4. Green Finance and COP-28 Developments
- In the realm of green finance, the Global Stocktake (GST) implementation framework emphasizes the explicit responsibility of developed nations to lead in climate finance.
- Acknowledging the financial shortfalls, the framework underscores the role of the private sector in supplementing grant-oriented, concessional finance to facilitate an equitable transition in developing countries.
- However, specific details about the entities obligated to provide this grant-based finance remain unspecified.
- COP-28 marked the establishment of innovative global green finance mechanisms designed to support developing nations in transitioning to sustainable practices.
- Notably, the Green Climate Fund received a fresh injection of support amounting to $3.5 billion, enabling it to fund adaptation and mitigation projects in vulnerable regions.
- An additional $188 million was pledged to the Adaptation Fund.
- The summit also witnessed the formation of new partnerships between the public and private sectors, aimed at mobilizing investments in renewable energy, sustainable agriculture, and infrastructure.
- Under the COP-28 Presidency, the introduction of ALTÉRRA, an investment initiative, aspires to globally mobilize an unprecedented sum of $250 billion by 2030.
Despite these initiatives, the available funds fall significantly short of the annual funding requirement for adaptation, estimated by the United Nations to be in the range of $194-366 billion. Bridging this funding gap remains a crucial challenge for the international community in achieving comprehensive and effective climate adaptation measures.
5. India's Position at COP-28
UAE Declaration on Climate and Health
- At COP-28, the UAE declaration on climate and health emerged through collaboration between the COP-28 Presidency and the World Health Organization.
- This declaration, recognizing the escalating health impacts of climate change, highlights the positive outcomes of climate action, such as reduced air pollution and lower healthcare costs.
- Signed by 123 countries, the declaration collectively commits $1 billion to address the climate health crisis.
- Notably, India did not sign this declaration, citing concerns that reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the health sector might impact emissions from gases used for cooling.
- India expressed the need to prioritize the expansion of its healthcare infrastructure to meet the demands of a growing population, particularly in rural areas.
Global Methane Pledge
- The Global Methane Pledge, previously launched at COP-26, gained renewed attention at COP-28.
- The Climate and Clean Air Coalition assumed the role of the new secretariat, and partners of the pledge announced over $1 billion in new grants for projects to reduce methane emissions from agriculture, waste, and gas sectors.
- Although more than 150 countries signed the pledge to address methane pollution, India did not join.
- India's decision was influenced by its emphasis on carbon dioxide over methane, given the latter's shorter atmospheric lifetime.
- Additionally, India's methane emissions are predominantly from rice cultivation and enteric fermentation (livestock rearing), supporting the livelihoods of small and marginal farmers.
6. Key Takeaways from COP-28
Positive Developments
- The declaration on climate and health marked a significant milestone, recognizing the health impacts of climate change.
- Acknowledgement of the role of nature-based solutions for both biodiversity conservation and climate resilience.
- A noteworthy commitment to transition away from fossil fuels, reflecting a global recognition of the need for sustainable energy solutions.
- Agreement by 134 countries on a landmark declaration to transition toward sustainable and resilient food systems.
Persistent Challenges and Differences
- Disagreements, particularly between developed and developing countries, on the issue of phasing out fossil fuel subsidies. Developing countries, including India, expressed concerns about the implications on economic growth and development.
- Recognition of the social implications of a fossil fuel subsidy phase-out, considering communities reliant on fossil fuels (such as coal in India) for employment.
- Ongoing debates on increasing the flow of climate finance and technologies, emphasizing the principles of common and differentiated responsibilities. Developing countries called for just job transitions and inclusive development.
- Disputes over market mechanisms, financial resource allocation, the role of the World Bank in managing the Loss and Damage (L&D) fund, and private sector engagement in climate action.
Mixed Bag of Outcomes
- A positive step forward with a commitment to ramp up renewable energy targets, indicating a collective effort toward sustainable energy solutions.
- Challenges remain in areas such as L&D metrics, fund management and disbursal, market mechanisms, adoption of risky technologies, continued use of fossil fuels in various sectors, and the role of natural gas as a transitional fuel.
7. The Way Forward
COP-28 presented a mix of positive strides and lingering challenges, with commitments to renewable energy contrasting with unresolved issues related to climate finance, fossil fuel subsidies, and various contentious matters.
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For Prelims: Cop28, UNFCCC, World Health Organisation, Global Stocktake, Loss and Damage (L&D) fund, World Bank, Climate Change, Paris Agreement
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of green finance in facilitating a just transition for developing countries in the context of COP28. What are the challenges and opportunities in mobilizing finance for climate action? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the role of the private sector in climate finance. What are the challenges and opportunities in mobilizing private investments towards sustainable projects in developing countries? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has announced which country to host the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in 2023? (SSC CGL 2023) A. UAE B. US C. UK D. Russia
2. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is an international treaty drawn at (UPSC 2010) A. United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, Stockholm, 1972 B. UN Conference on Environment and Development, Rio de Janeiro, 1992 C. World Summit on Sustainable Development, Johannesburg, 2002 D. UN Climate Change Conference Copenhagen, 2009
3. UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change) entered into from - (Sr. Teacher Gr II NON-TSP G.K. 2018) A. 21 March 1994 B. 5 June 1992 C. 12 May 1991 D. 5 June 1993
4. The 'Paris Agreement' adopted in Conference of the Parties (COP 21) in December 2015 will be effective provided the document is signed by: (UPSC CAPF 2016) A. 51 UNFCCC parties accounting for at least 51% of global greenhouse gas emission
B. 51 UNFCCC parties accounting for at least 55% of global greenhouse gas emission
C. 55 UNFCCC parties accounting for at least 55% of global greenhouse gas emission
D. 75 UNFCCC parties accounting for at least 51% of global greeenhouse gas emission
5. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of (UPSC 2016) (a) pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East
6. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answers: 1-A, 2-B, 3-A, 4-C, 5-B, 6-B Mains1. ‘Climate change’ is a global problem. How India will be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC 2017) 2. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC 2021) |
Source: The Hindu
ASHFAQULLAH AND BISMIL
1. Context
n 1927, four revolutionaries of the Indian independence movement were hanged on December 17 (Rajendranath Lahiri) and December 19 (Ashfaqullah Khan, Ram Prasad Bismil, Thakur Roshan Singh). This came two years after the Kakori Train Robbery, in which members of the Hindustan Republican Association (HRA) had looted a train transporting money to the British treasury.
2. Hindustan Republican Association (HRA)
- In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi initiated the Non-Cooperation Movement, urging Indians to withdraw their support from anything that sustained the British government and economy in India. Gandhi intended this movement to be peaceful, utilizing his methods of satyagraha to achieve self-governance.
- However, a pivotal event altered the course of the movement in 1922. When police firing resulted in the deaths of three protesters in Chauri Chaura, present-day Uttar Pradesh, a subsequent mob set fire to the police station, causing the deaths of 22 policemen.
- Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru mentioned in his autobiography that this incident abruptly ended the Non-Cooperation Movement, despite significant disagreement within the Indian National Congress (INC), leading Gandhi to call it off.
- This event prompted disillusionment among a group of young men, leading to the formation of the HRA.
- Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqulla Khan, known for their poetry, were among its founders. Others included Sachindra Nath Bakshi and trade unionist Jogesh Chandra Chatterjee.
- Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh later joined the HRA. Their manifesto, released on January 1, 1925, titled Krantikari (Revolutionary), aimed to establish a federal Republic of United States of India through organized and armed revolution.
- They clarified that they were not terrorists or anarchists, yet acknowledged the use of such methods as a means of retaliation. Their envisioned republic focused on universal suffrage, socialist principles, and importantly, the eradication of systems enabling exploitation of one person by another.
3. Kakori Incident
- The Kakori train robbery marked a significant action for the HRA in August 1925. The targeted train, Number 8 Down Train, running from Shahjahanpur to Lucknow, carried treasury bags intended for the British treasury in Lucknow.
- The revolutionaries' aim was to rob this money, which they believed rightfully belonged to Indians. They sought both to finance the HRA and draw public attention to their cause.
- On August 9, 1925, as the train approached Kakori station, about 15 km from Lucknow, Rajendranath Lahiri, an HRA member already on board, pulled the train's chain to stop it. Subsequently, around ten revolutionaries, including Ram Prasad Bismil and Ashfaqullah Khan, boarded the train, overpowered the guard, looted the treasury bags (containing approx Rs 4,600), and fled to Lucknow.
- Unfortunately, due to a misfiring Mauser gun, a passenger named Ahmad Ali, a lawyer, was killed during the robbery, thwarting the revolutionaries' hopes for a positive public response.
- The British authorities responded fiercely, launching a violent crackdown and arresting many HRA members. Bismil was arrested in October, reportedly due to betrayal by two HRA members.
- Ashfaqullah managed to escape to Nepal and then Daltonganj (present-day Jharkhand) but was captured a year later. Out of the forty individuals arrested by the British, four received death sentences, while others faced lengthy prison terms.
- In 1928, a year following the execution of those involved in the Kakori Conspiracy, the HRA merged with various revolutionary groups from Punjab, Bihar, and Bengal, forming the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA).
- It gradually emphasized its Marxist leanings, collaborating with the Communist International and advocating for a revolution involving mass struggle to establish "the dictatorship of the proletariat."
- By the 1930s, the HSRA's momentum had declined, with many prominent leaders either imprisoned or deceased.
- However, during the latter part of the 1920s, the group actively participated in resistance against British rule.
- They engaged in protests against the Simon Commission, the subsequent assassination of assistant police commissioner J.P Saunders, the bombing of Viceroy Irwin’s train, and other acts of resistance. In the 1930s, the HSRA fragmented into various regional factions
4. Way forward
The severity of the British response was somewhat surprising, especially the handing out of capital sentences.
One way to view the Kakori incident is to see the symbolic message that it sent to the British Raj. While the sum stolen was paltry, such an act was unprecedented in the Raj where specifically money meant for the British treasury was looted. The revolutionaries did not touch anything else. The British response to Kakori was to set an example for future revolutionaries and restore British authority in the minds of the people.
For Indians, the Kakori incident is remembered as one of many revolutionary activities that were undoubtedly brave but ended in tragedy
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Previous Year Questions 1.Consider the following statements about the Kakori train conspiracy. (IB ACIO Grade II 2021) 1. In the incident of Kakori, the main conspirator was Ram Prasad Bismil. 2. The Kakori train robbery incident took place 16 km away from Lucknow on 9 August 1924. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A.Neither 1 nor 2 B.1 only C.2 only Both 1 and 2 Answer (B) 2.In which of the following years did the Kakori Conspiracy case take place? (SSC CGL 2021) A.1919 B.1909 C.1932 D.1925 Answer (D) |
Source: indianexpress
