2. About Wetlands

A wetland is a land area that is saturated with water, either permanently or seasonally, and supports a distinct ecosystem of plants and animals adapted to wet conditions. Wetlands are found all over the world, from the tropics to the Arctic, and they come in a variety of forms, including marshes, swamps, bogs, and fens.

2.1. Importance of Wetlands

• Wetlands are some of the most biologically diverse ecosystems on Earth. They provide habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are specially adapted to these waterlogged environments. They serve as breeding grounds and nurseries for numerous aquatic and terrestrial species.
• Wetlands act as natural water filters. They can remove excess nutrients, pollutants, and sediment from water, improving water quality and helping to purify drinking water sources. This filtration function is critical for maintaining clean and healthy ecosystems.
• Wetlands act as natural sponges, absorbing excess rainfall and reducing the risk of flooding. They store water during periods of heavy rainfall and gradually release it, helping to control downstream flooding and erosion.
• Wetlands store and sequester significant amounts of carbon, which can help mitigate climate change. They also play a role in regulating local and regional climate patterns by influencing temperature and humidity.
• Wetlands are often valued for their aesthetic beauty and recreational opportunities. People visit wetlands for activities like birdwatching, fishing, and nature appreciation. This can support local economies through tourism and outdoor recreation.
• Many indigenous and local communities have deep cultural and traditional connections to wetlands. These ecosystems hold spiritual and cultural significance, and they often provide resources for traditional practices and livelihoods.
• Wetlands offer unique opportunities for scientific research and education. They help us better understand ecosystem dynamics, species interactions, and environmental processes.
• Wetlands can provide economic benefits through activities like fishing, agriculture, and forestry. They can also act as natural infrastructure for storm protection, reducing the economic costs of disasters.
• Many species, including endangered and threatened ones, rely on wetlands for their survival. By conserving wetland ecosystems, we can protect these species and their habitats.

2.2. Types of Wetlands

Wetlands come in various types, each with its unique characteristics and ecological functions. Some of the primary wetland types include:

• Swamps are forested wetlands dominated by trees and woody shrubs. They often occur in areas with slow-moving or standing water. Swamps are important for providing habitat to numerous bird and amphibian species. They can be freshwater or saltwater, depending on their location.
• Marshes are herbaceous wetlands dominated by grasses, reeds, sedges, and other non-woody plants. They are typically found near the edges of lakes, rivers, and coastlines. Marshes are vital for water purification and provide habitat for a wide range of wildlife, including birds, amphibians, and insects. They can be freshwater, brackish, or saltwater.
• Bogs are acidic wetlands characterized by waterlogged, spongy ground and a distinctive peat layer. They tend to be low in nutrients and are often fed by rainwater. Bogs support unique plant communities, including sphagnum mosses and carnivorous plants. They are important for carbon storage and can be sources of groundwater recharge.
• Fens are similar to bogs but have alkaline or mineral-rich water sources. They typically have a higher nutrient content and support different plant species. Fens are essential for water filtration and can be important for maintaining water quality in certain regions.
• Vernal Pools are temporary or seasonal wetlands that often appear in the spring and dry up during the summer or fall. They provide breeding habitats for amphibians and invertebrates. Because they are ephemeral, vernal pools are not always wetlands in the traditional sense, but they serve important ecological functions.
• Tidal Wetlands are influenced by the ebb and flow of ocean tides. They include salt marshes and mangrove swamps. These wetlands are important for shoreline stabilization, habitat for numerous marine species, and protection against coastal erosion and storm surges.
• Freshwater Wetlands are found in various settings, including along rivers, lakes, ponds, and in the interior of continents. They are essential for water purification, flood control, and providing habitat for numerous species.
• Saltwater Wetlands such as salt marshes and mangroves, occur in coastal areas and estuaries where saltwater from the ocean mixes with freshwater from rivers. They are vital for coastal protection, as well as supporting a range of marine life.
• Estuarine Wetlands are transitional zones where freshwater rivers and saltwater bodies meet, creating a unique mix of conditions. They are important for supporting diverse and specialized species, acting as nurseries for fish and providing food and habitat for numerous wildlife species.

2.3. Threats to Wetlands

Wetlands, despite their ecological importance, face numerous threats that can lead to their degradation or loss. Some of the primary threats to wetlands include:

• One of the most significant threats to wetlands is urban and industrial development. Construction of roads, buildings, and infrastructure often involves draining or filling wetlands, leading to their destruction. Urbanization can also introduce pollution and increased runoff, degrading water quality.
• Agriculture, including the drainage of wetlands for crop cultivation or livestock grazing, can lead to the loss of wetland habitats. The use of fertilizers and pesticides in agricultural areas can also result in pollution of wetlands.
• Pollution from various sources, including urban, industrial, and agricultural runoff, can contaminate wetland water, affecting the health of aquatic life and undermining the water purification function of wetlands.
• Altering the natural flow of water, such as through dam construction, water diversion for irrigation, or urban drainage systems, can disrupt the natural hydrology of wetlands. Changes in water levels can negatively impact the plants and wildlife that rely on these ecosystems.
• The introduction of non-native or invasive species can threaten wetland ecosystems. Invasive plants, in particular, can outcompete native species and alter the wetland's natural composition and functions.
• Climate change can lead to rising sea levels and increased temperatures, affecting coastal and freshwater wetlands. Altered precipitation patterns can also impact wetland hydrology. Climate-related factors can lead to shifts in wetland ecosystems and can exacerbate other threats.
• Excessive water extraction from wetland areas, often for agricultural or industrial use, can lead to the depletion of wetland resources and the drying up of these habitats.
• Conversion of wetlands into other land uses, such as residential or commercial developments, can result in the loss of wetland ecosystems. This often involves drainage and filling activities.
• Large infrastructure projects like road construction, mining, and the development of hydropower facilities can disrupt or destroy wetlands. Dams, in particular, can alter water flow and reduce wetland habitat.
• Fragmentation of wetlands due to human activities can isolate populations of plants and wildlife, making it challenging for species to move and maintain genetic diversity.
• Dredging and channelization of water bodies for navigation and flood control can modify natural watercourses and negatively impact wetland ecosystems.
•  Practices such as overgrazing, deforestation, and soil erosion can result in sedimentation and nutrient runoff into wetlands, degrading their water quality.

3. The Convention on Wetlands (Ramsar Convention)

• The Convention on Wetlands, commonly known as the Ramsar Convention, is an international treaty dedicated to the conservation and sustainable use of wetlands.
• It is named after the city of Ramsar in Iran, where the convention was adopted on February 2, 1971, and officially entered into force on December 21, 1975.
• The Ramsar Convention is the only global environmental treaty that focuses on a single ecosystem type, specifically wetlands.

3.1. Key aspects of the Ramsar Convention include

• The primary mission of the Ramsar Convention is to ensure the conservation and wise use of wetlands around the world.
• The term "wise use" in the context of the convention refers to the sustainable use of wetlands to maintain their ecological character and provide for the well-being of human communities that depend on them.
• Parties to the convention designate wetlands within their territories as "Wetlands of International Importance," often referred to as Ramsar Sites. These sites are recognized for their significance in terms of biodiversity, water resources, and human well-being.
• The Ramsar Convention emphasizes the importance of conserving wetlands in a manner that maintains the ecological character of the site and provides benefits for both nature and people.
• The convention recognizes a wide range of wetland types, including lakes, rivers, marshes, peatlands, and coastal areas. It encompasses both freshwater and saltwater wetlands.
• The Ramsar Convention promotes international cooperation and information sharing related to wetland conservation and management. It encourages countries to work together on transboundary wetland issues.
• The convention supports capacity building, scientific research, and public education to raise awareness about the value of wetlands.
• As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there were over 170 countries that were parties to the Ramsar Convention. These countries commit to implementing the convention's principles within their territories.
• February 2nd of each year is celebrated as World Wetlands Day to raise awareness about the importance of wetlands and the need for their conservation.

4. About Ramsar Sites

4.1. Importance of Being a Ramsar Site

1. Designation as a Ramsar Site confers international recognition of the wetland's ecological and cultural importance. It places the site on a global platform, highlighting its significance.
2. Ramsar Sites receive increased attention and support for their conservation. This often leads to improved protection measures and management practices to safeguard the ecological character of the wetland.
3. Many Ramsar Sites are vital for the conservation of rare and endangered species. Protecting these areas helps ensure the survival of these species and maintains the overall biodiversity of the region.
4. Ramsar Sites provide essential ecosystem services, such as water purification, flood control, and water storage. These services benefit both the environment and human communities, making them crucial for sustainable development.
5. Designated Ramsar Sites often become focal points for scientific research and monitoring. They contribute to our understanding of wetland ecosystems and their functioning.
6. Ramsar Sites can attract eco-tourism, providing opportunities for recreation, research, and environmental education. They can serve as platforms for raising awareness about wetland conservation.
7. Being a Ramsar Site promotes international cooperation and collaboration, as many wetlands are transboundary in nature. Neighbouring countries often work together to manage and protect these shared resources.
8. Many Ramsar Sites have cultural and traditional significance for local communities. Recognition under the convention can support the continuation of cultural practices and livelihoods.

5. About the National Wetland Inventory and Assessment (NWIA)

The National Wetland Inventory and Assessment (NWIA) is a comprehensive program initiated by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) in India to map, classify, and assess the wetlands of the country. The primary objective of the NWIA is to generate a reliable database of wetlands, understand their distribution and characteristics, and assess their ecological status and conservation needs.

5.1. The NWIA is implemented in two phases

National Wetland Inventory (NWI)

The NWI involves the mapping and classification of wetlands using satellite imagery and ground-truthing surveys. The NWI aims to identify and delineate the extent of wetlands, classify them into different types based on their hydrological, ecological, and geomorphological characteristics, and create a spatial database of wetlands.

National Wetland Assessment (NWA)

• The NWA involves the assessment of the ecological status and conservation needs of wetlands.
• The NWA aims to evaluate the ecological health of wetlands, identify threats and pressures affecting them, and prioritize wetlands for conservation and management interventions.
• The NWIA provides a valuable tool for wetland conservation and management in India.
• It helps in understanding the distribution and status of wetlands, identifying priority areas for conservation, and informing policy and decision-making related to wetland management.
• The NWIA also contributes to raising awareness about the importance of wetlands and their role in maintaining ecological balance and providing ecosystem services.

5.2. The key benefits of the NWIA

1. The NWIA provides a comprehensive database of wetlands, including their location, extent, type, and ecological characteristics. This information is essential for understanding the distribution and diversity of wetlands in India.
2. The NWA evaluates the ecological health of wetlands and identifies threats and pressures affecting them. This information helps in prioritizing wetlands for conservation and management interventions.
3. The NWIA provides scientific data and information to support policy and decision-making related to wetland conservation and management. This includes identifying priority areas for conservation, developing management plans, and implementing conservation measures.
4. The NWIA contributes to raising awareness about the importance of wetlands and their role in providing ecosystem services, such as water purification, flood control, and biodiversity conservation.
5. The NWIA aligns with international efforts to conserve wetlands, such as the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. It provides data and information that can be shared with the international community to support global wetland conservation initiatives.

(CAR) T CELL THERAPY

 

 

1. Context

For treating relapsed-refractory B-cell lymphoma and leukemia, Mumbai-based Immunoadoptive Cell Therapy Private Limited (ImmunoACT) announced the approval of India’s first chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy by the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization (CDSCO) on October 13, 2023.

 

2. (CAR) T Cell Therapy

 

• Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is a revolutionary form of immunotherapy used to treat certain types of cancer, primarily blood cancers like leukaemia and lymphoma. This innovative approach harnesses the power of a patient's own immune system to target and destroy cancer cells
• CAR T-cell therapy has shown remarkable success in treating certain blood cancers, particularly in cases where other treatments have failed. However, it is not without potential side effects, including cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and neurologic toxicity, which can be severe in some cases
• Two well-known CAR T-cell therapies that have received approval from regulatory agencies like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) are Kymriah (tisagenlecleucel) and Yescarta (axicabtagene ciloleucel), used to treat certain types of leukemia and lymphoma. Research and development in this field are ongoing, with efforts to expand the application of CAR T-cell therapy to other types of cancers and improve its safety and effectiveness

3. How does it work?

• A patient's own T-cells (a type of immune cell) are collected from their blood through a process called leukapheresis
• The collected T-cells are then genetically engineered in a laboratory to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) on their surface. This CAR is designed to specifically recognize a particular protein or antigen found on the surface of cancer cells. This engineering process enables the T-cells to target cancer cells more effectively
• The expanded CAR T-cells are infused back into the patient's body through an intravenous (IV) infusion
• Once in the patient's body, these CAR T-cells seek out and bind to cancer cells that express the target antigen. This binding activates the T-cells, leading to the destruction of the cancer cells

4. Conclusion

In comparison to other CAR T-cell therapies, the safety profile of CRS and the absence of neurotoxicity indicates a significant improvement, the company vouched. Dr Jain, an associate professor at Tata Memorial Centre, said in a press release, “NexCAR19 has shown an excellent balance of efficacy and low toxicity, which is a significant advantage in clinical management (post-infusion) of the patients in our resource-constrained settings.”

 

Source: DownToEarth

REAR EARTH ELEMENTS

1. Context

The Indian government has recently amended a key law, enabling the specification of competitive royalty rates for the mining of three strategically significant minerals: lithium, niobium, and rare earth elements (REEs). This decision comes after the removal of six minerals from the list of 'specified' atomic minerals, paving the way for private-sector participation through the auctioning of mining concessions.

2. About the Minerals

• Lithium is a soft, silvery-white alkali metal, lithium is a crucial component of rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, powering electric vehicles, laptops, and mobile phones. India recently discovered a significant lithium deposit in Jammu and Kashmir.
• Niobium is a light grey, crystalline metal with a resistance to corrosion due to a layer of oxide on its surface. It is utilized in strengthening stainless steel alloys and found in applications like jet engines, structural beams, and oil and gas pipelines. Niobium also plays a crucial role in superconducting magnets used in particle accelerators and MRI scanners.
• Rare Earth Elements (REEs) are a group of 17 similar lustrous, silvery-white heavy metals. They find use in electrical and electronic components, lasers, and magnetic materials.

3. Government's Regulatory Changes

• The government has made amendments to the Second Schedule of the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, which now allows for the specification of new royalty rates.
• This shift is particularly important as it lowers the royalty rates to align with global benchmarks, making commercial exploitation of these minerals feasible through auctions conducted by the central or state governments.

4. Revised Royalty Rates

• Lithium is a royalty of 3% based on the London Metal Exchange price.
• Niobium is a 3% royalty calculated on the average sale price, applicable to both primary and secondary sources.
• REEs is a royalty of 1% based on the average sale price of Rare Earth Oxide, the primary ore containing REEs.

The Ministry of Mines has outlined the method for calculating the average sale price of these minerals, which will be used to determine auction parameters.

5. Economic and Environmental Impact

• The primary objective behind these changes is to stimulate domestic mining and reduce the dependence on imports of these critical minerals.
• This, in turn, will support the growth of industries like electric vehicles (EVs) and energy storage solutions.
• As India strives to meet its commitment to transition to cleaner energy sources and achieve net-zero emissions by 2070, these minerals are of paramount importance.

6. Lithium in Focus

• India currently imports all of its required lithium, but efforts are underway to explore domestic sources, including the lithium-rich brine pools in Rajasthan and Gujarat, as well as mica deposits in Odisha and Chhattisgarh.
• It's essential to note that India is relatively late in entering the lithium value chain at a time when the EV sector is poised for transformation, with potential advancements in lithium-ion battery technology.
• The nation has imported a substantial number of lithium batteries from overseas, particularly from China.

7. Challenges in Rare Earth Elements

• REEs, despite their small quantities, pose a significant challenge in the EV supply chain.
• Much of the global production and processing of rare earth elements are concentrated in China, making it difficult to secure a consistent supply.
• In the context of electric vehicles, rare earth elements are utilized in motors rather than batteries.
• Permanent magnet motors rely on magnets made from REEs such as neodymium, terbium, and dysprosium.
• However, mining and processing these elements often entail environmentally damaging practices, including open-pit mining and the potential contamination of water sources with acids, heavy metals, and radioactive materials when not properly regulated.

 

For Prelims: lithium, niobium, Rear Earth Elements, neodymium, terbium, dysprosium, the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957, electric vehicles (EVs),  For Mains:  1. Examine the challenges and opportunities associated with India's efforts to develop a domestic supply of lithium and rare earth elements. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC CSE 2012) 1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export. 2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?  A. 1 only          B. 2 and 3 only        C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2022) 1. Monazite is a source of rare earths. 2. Monazite contains thorium. 3. Monazite occurs naturally in the entire Indian coastal sands in India. 4. In India, Government bodies only can process or export monazite. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1, 2 and 3 only        B. 1, 2 and 4 only        C. 3 and 4 only         D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: B   3. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017)  A.Lead Acid           B. Manganese           C. Lithium ion           D. Nickel metal hydride Answer: C   4. Choose the correct option regarding FAME Scheme? (SBI Clerk 2021) A.To promote the manufacturing of electric and hybrid vehicle technology B.FAME stands for Faster adoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid and Electric vehicles C.FAME India is part of the National Electric mobility Mission Plan D. All of the above   Answer -D   5. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020) A. Madhya Pradesh B. Uttar Pradesh C. Delhi D. Tamil Nadu   Answer: C   6. Consider the following minerals: (UPSC 2020) 1. Bentonite 2. Chromite 3. Kyanite 4. Sillimanite In India, which of the above is/are officially designated as major minerals? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 2, 3 and 4 only Answer: D  7. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010) Mineral             90% Natural sources in 1. Copper :        Jharkhand 2. Nickel :          Orissa 3. Tungsten :      Kerala Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 8. What is/are the purpose/purposes of ‘District Mineral Foundations’ in India? (UPSC 2016) 1. Promoting mineral exploration activities in mineral-rich districts 2. Protecting the interests of the persons affected by mining operations 3. Authorizing State Governments to issue licences for mineral exploration Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B

 Source: The Indian Express

DEEPFAKES

1. Context

As the country heads to Lok Sabha elections in 2024, the Centre is looking to invoke a controversial law that would require WhatsApp to share details about the first originator of a message on account of rising artificial intelligence (AI)-led misinformation on the messaging platform

2. What are Deepfakes

• Deepfake is a type of synthetic media in which a person in an already-existing video or image is replaced with another person. It manipulates the audio/video, which has the propensity to the device, using machine learning and artificial intelligence.
• Due to the ease with which bogus news, celebrity pornographic content, etc. get shared online, it has drawn attention.
• It makes a fake version of original or real audio-visual content by superimposing a new audio or image over an existing media file.
• In September 2019, the AI company Deeptrance discovered 15,000 deep fakes videos online-nearly tripling in just nine months. A starting 96% of them were pornographic, and 99% of them matched the faces of famous women to porn actors.
• Deepfakes can be used to damage reputation, fabricate evidence, defraud the public, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
• All this can be achieved with fewer resources, with scale and speed, and even microtargeted to galvanize support.

3. How did Deepfakes Work?

• Deepfake content is created by using two competing AI algorithms- one is called the generator and the other is called the discriminator.
• The discriminator is tasked with determining if the fake multimedia content produced by the generator is real and manufactured.
• A generative adversarial network is created when the generator and discriminator work together (GAN). Every time the discriminator correctly recognizes the content as being fake, it gives the generator important insights into how to make the next deep fakes better.
• The first step in establishing a GAN is to identify the desired output and create a training dataset for the generator.
• Video clips can be supplied to the discriminator after the generator starts producing output at a level that is acceptable.

4. Who are the Victims?

• The first case of malicious use of deep fake was detected in pornography. According to sensity.ai, 96% of deepfakes are pornographic videos, with over 135 million views on pornographic websites alone. Deepfake pornography exclusively targets women.
• Pornographic deepfakes can threaten, intimidate, and inflict psychological harm. It reduces women to sexual objects causing emotional distress, and in some cases, leading to financial loss and collateral consequences like job loss.
• Deepfake could act as a powerful tool by a malicious nation-state to undermine public safety and create uncertainty and chaos in the target country. Deepfake can undermine trust in institutions and diplomacy.

5. Challenges with Deepfake

• Deepfake causes financial fraud, which poses problems for the entire financial system.
• In the era of the threat of fake news, it also poses a threat to the security of cyber systems and the validity of online registration.
• Deepfakes in phishing efforts would make it more challenging for people to recognize a hoax.
• In any nation, deep fakes can be used to sabotage democratic procedures like elections.
• The potential for harm to people, organizations, and societies is enormous since it can be used to generate phony pornographic videos and make politicians appear to say things they did not.
• Any genuine evidence of a crime can be easily discounted as false because the public is so distrustful due to the prevalence of deep fakes.
• Fake movies are likely to become more popular outside the world of celebrities as new technology enables unskilled people to create deep fakes with just a few images. This will feed the growth of revenge porn.
• The use of fake identities and impostor frauds in cybercrime is rising.

6. What is the Solution?

• Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public. Media literacy for consumers is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deep fakes.
• We also need meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, Civil society, and policymakers to develop legislative solutions to disincentivize the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes.
• Social media platforms are taking cognizance of the deepfake issue, and almost all of them have some policy or acceptable terms of use for deepfakes.
• We also need easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deepfakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deepfake Technology,  and AI algorithms. For Mains: 1. What are deepfakes and explain the challenges with deep-fake technology in the present technological world.

 

Source: The Hindu

PASMANDA MUSLIMS

 

1.Context

The BJP’s Minority Morcha organised a programme under the Sufi Samvad Maha Abhiyan in Lucknow on October 12 2023, where nearly 200 Sufis from more than 100 dargahs were present. They were requested to take the message of the Modi government’s policies and schemes to Muslims across India

 

2.Who are Pasmanda Muslims?

 

• Pasmanda, a Persian word, means the "Ones left behind" and is used to describe depressed classes among Muslims who have been deliberately or consciously excluded.
• Pasmanda has become an umbrella identity used by backward, Dalit and tribal Muslims to push back against caste-based discrimination within the community.
• The term Pasmanda Muslim was first used in 1998 by Ali Anwar Ansari when he founded the Pasmanda Muslim Mahaz.
• Pasmandas include Dalits as of now, but all Pasmandas are not Dalits. Constitutionally speaking, they are OBC.
• But going forward, They want Dalit Muslims to be recognised Separately. 

 

3.Are Muslims divided along caste lines?

• Muslim society in India can be broadly classified into Ashrafs (the Noble elite or honourable ones), Ajiafs (Backward Muslims) and Arzals (Dalit Muslims).
• Ashrafs claim to be either descendant of Muslims from Arabia, Persia, Turkey, or Afghanistan (Syeds, Sheikhs, Mughals and Pathans) or upper-caste Hindu converts (Rajput, Gaur, Tyagi Muslims etc).
• Ajlafs are middle-caste converts who were into ritually "Clean occupations, they include Momins or Julahas (Weavers), Darzi or idiris (Tailors) and rayeens or kunjaras (Vegetable sellers).
• Arzals was first recorded in the 1901 census are from the lowest, "Untouchable" castes like halalkhors, heals, lalbegis or bhangis (Scavengers), dhobis (Washermen), Nais or Hajjams (barbers), chiks (butchers) and faqirs (beggars).
• While Islam does not mandate the creation of such groups these caste categories are a lived reality for Muslims across the country.

 

The Rajinder Sachar Committee was formed in 2005 to study the social, economic and educational conditions of Indian Muslims in its report. The Three groups among the Muslims

1. Those without any social disabilities, the Ashrafs
2. Those equivalents to Hindu OBCs, the Ajlafs and 
3. Those equivalents to Hindu SCs, the Arzals.

The Justice Ranganath Mishra Commission submitted its report in May 2007, noting that the caste system impacted all religious communities in India, including Muslims.

 

4.What percentage of Indian Muslims are Pasmanda and where do they live?

• In the absence of a caste census, no specific numbers are available.
• The Schar Committee put the share of OBC and SC/ST Muslims at 40 per cent (All India 2004-05).
• But the Pasmanda activists and scholars say they make up 80-85 per cent of India's Muslim population.
• This broadly tallies with the 1871 census that said only 19 per cent of Muslims in India were upper caste.
• "Ashraf and Pasmanda ideologues agree that an 80;20 (lower caste-upper caste) ratio is an accepted estimate. But during Partition, many Muslim elites migrated, so those numbers could be 85/15 now." according to Prof Khalid Anis Ansari.
• Ali Anwar Ansari also stated that the 80: 20 ballpark is largely agreed upon within the community. On where Pasmandas live. They are present in all states. Their names may differ, but, there are Muslims, there are Pasmandas.

5.What do Pasmanda Muslims want?

• They point out that despite their overwhelming numbers within the community.
• Pasmandas are under-represented in jobs, legislatures and government-run minority institutions, as well as community-run Muslim organisations.
• The Pasmanda-Ashraf divide stems from a feeling of being deliberately ignored amid the ruling elites' focus on Muslimness.
• Pasmandass oppose the demand for religion-based reservation for all Muslims, arguing that it ignores the unequal access to state resources within the community.
• The Major Pasmanda demands include conducting a caste census, restructuring existing reservation categories and state support for artisans, craftspersons and agricultural labourers, who are among the most impoverished of Muslims.
• Ahead of the 2014 Lok Sabha elections, several Pasmanda outfits demanded that Dalit Muslims should be included in the SC list and the OBC quota should be redesigned to create an Extremely Backward Castes (EBCs) category at the central and state levels for both most backward Hindus and Muslims.
• The Pasmandas point to the Bihar model, where a separate MBC category was created within the OBC list and most backward Muslim castes-27 as per Sachar was included in it.
• Pasmanda leaders say that including Dalit Muslims in the SC/ST (Prevention of Atrocities) Act is against religious targeting.
• In all their demands, the Pasmanda narrative focuses on caste and socio-economic backwardness rather than religious identity.

 

6.Pasmanda Movement

• The use of the term Pasmanda and the movement to ensure social justice for them gathered pace in the post -Mandal years, but these demands had been made even in the pre-independence era by the most important two Julaha (Weaver) leaders, Abdul Qayyum Ansari and Maulana Ali Hussain Asim Bihari.
• These leaders opposed the communal politics of the Muslim League and challenged the League's claim to represent all Muslims.
• These leaders were the pillars of the movement. Their other contemporaries fighting a similar fight were Maulana Atiqur Rehman Arvi (of the Mansoori community) and Mian Abdul Malik Tanapuri (of the rayeen community).
• The early leaders of the Pasmanda movement were leading an anti-colonial, anti-Ashraf, Anti-Mulim League fight.
• In the 1980s, the All India Muslim OBC Organisation (AIMOBCO) in Maharashtra spearheaded the fight for Pasmanda rights and went on to enlist the support of Bollywood thespian Dilip Kumar, a Pathan.
• The 1990s saw the rise of the All-India Backward Muslim Morcha (AIBMM) set up by Dr Ejaz Ali and Ali Anwar's Pasmanda Muslim Mahaz, besides other, smaller outfits in several states.
• Ali Anwar's book Masawat ki Jung (Fight for Equality) published in 2000 played a pivotal role in expanding the ambit of the movement beyond reservations by focusing on culture, social reform and the need to form a new identity.

Source: THE Indian Express

 

WILFUL DEFAULTERS

 

 

1. Context

 According to TransUnion Cibil, wilful defaults rose by nearly Rs 50,000 crore to Rs 353,874 crore involving 16,883 accounts as of March 2023 as against Rs 304,063 crore (14,899 accounts) in March 2022. The State Bank of India (SBI) reported 1,921 wilful default accounts, involving Rs 79,271 crore, Punjab National Bank Rs 41,353 crore, Union Bank Rs 35,623 crore, Bank of Baroda Rs 22,754 crore, and IDBI Bank Rs 24,192 crore

 

2. Wilful defaulter

• "Wilful defaulters" is a term used in the context of banking and finance to refer to individuals, companies, or entities that deliberately and intentionally default on their loan repayments or fail to meet their financial obligations to a lending institution, such as a bank or a financial institution. In other words, wilful defaulters are borrowers who have the ability to repay their loans but choose not to do so
• The RBI identifies wilful defaulters as those who have the ability to pay a bank’s dues but do not or divert bank funds. While large defaulter means a defaulter with an outstanding amount of Rs 1 crore and above, and whose account has been classified as doubtful or loss, a wilful defaulter means a borrower or a guarantor who has committed wilful default and the outstanding amount is Rs 25 lakh and above.
• The lender shall examine the ‘wilful default’ aspect in all accounts with outstanding amount of Rs 25 lakh and above or as may be notified by the RBI from time to time, and complete the process of classification/ declaring the borrower as a wilful defaulter within six (6) months of the account being classified as NPA
• It said the evidence of wilful default needs to be examined by an Identification Committee, to be set up by lenders
• In case of publishing photographs of wilful defaulters, lenders will have to formulate a non-discriminatory board-approved policy that clearly sets out the criteria based on which the photographs of persons classified and declared as wilful defaulters will be published
• The RBI also proposed that no additional credit facility be granted by any lender to a wilful defaulter or any entity with which a wilful defaulter is associated

3. Non-Performing Assets (NPAs)

Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), also known as Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) or bad loans, are financial assets held by banks and other financial institutions that have stopped generating income for the lender because the borrower has defaulted on their loan payments. In other words, NPAs are loans or advances that have not been serviced by the borrower according to the agreed-upon repayment schedule. NPAs are a common concern in the banking and financial industry, as they can have significant implications for financial institutions and the overall economy. Here are some key points about NPAs:

Classification Criteria: The classification of an asset as an NPA typically depends on the number of days a borrower has failed to make scheduled payments. The exact criteria for NPA classification may vary from one country's banking regulations to another. In many cases, NPAs are classified into three categories:

• • Substandard Assets: Assets where the borrower has delayed payments for a certain period (e.g., 90 days) or is unlikely to make full payments.
  • Doubtful Assets: Assets where the likelihood of full repayment is even less certain than substandard assets. These assets are often subject to significant uncertainty.
  • Loss Assets: Assets that are considered uncollectible, and full loss provisioning is required.

4.What are the impacts of High level of non-performing assets (NPAs) on India’s Economy?

A high level of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in India's banking sector can have several significant impacts on the country's economy. NPAs, also known as bad loans, are loans that borrowers have defaulted on or failed to repay, and addressing this issue is crucial for maintaining the stability and growth of the Indian economy.

High levels of non-performing assets (NPAs) can have a number of negative impacts on India's economy, including:

• Reduced profitability of banks: NPAs reduce the profitability of banks by reducing their income and increasing their expenses. This can lead to lower dividends for shareholders and less capital available for lending.
• Reduced availability of credit: When banks have high levels of NPAs, they are less likely to lend money to businesses and individuals. This can lead to a decrease in investment and consumption, which can slow down economic growth.
• Increased risk of financial instability: High levels of NPAs can increase the risk of financial instability in the economy. This is because if a large number of borrowers default on their loans, it can lead to bank failures.
• Increased cost of borrowing: When banks have high levels of NPAs, they may charge higher interest rates on loans to compensate for the increased risk. This can make it more expensive for businesses and individuals to borrow money, which can further dampen economic growth

5.Way forward

Non-Performing Assets are a critical concern for the banking and financial sector, as they impact profitability, liquidity, and the overall health of the financial system. Managing and reducing NPAs is a priority for financial institutions and regulators to maintain financial stability and support economic growth

 

 

For Prelims: Non-Performing Assets (NPAs), Wilful defaulters For Mains:1.Discuss the concept of Non-Performing Assets (NPAs) in the banking sector. What are the main factors contributing to the rise in NPAs in India, and what measures have been taken by the government and regulators to address this issue? 2.Examine the role of asset quality reviews (AQRs) in the identification and management of NPAs in Indian banks. What lessons can be drawn from international practices in dealing with NPAs?

 

Previous Year Questions 1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC ESE 2018 Paper 1) Non-performing assets (NPAs) decline in value when 1. Demand revives in the economy. 2. Capacity utilization increases. 3. Capacity utilization, though substantive, is yet sub-optimal. 4. Capacity utilization decreases consequently upon merger of unit. Which of the above statement are correct? A. 1, 3, 4 B. 1, 2 and 4 C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 1, 2, 3, 4   Answer (C)

Source: indianexpress