WESTERN GHATS - LANDSLIDES
1. Context
Action committee to protest outside District Collectorate against ‘apathy of governments’; land identified for settlement is caught in legal tangle; 131 survivors did not get aid, it says; CM says rehabilitation will happen with or without Centre’s help
2.What are the possible causes for landslides in Western ghat?
- Experts agree that multiple factors contribute to landslides, both natural and human-induced. Nearly half of Kerala’s land—19,301 sq km or 49.7%—is susceptible to landslides, according to the Geological Survey of India (GSI).
- The region’s heavy rainfall and the steep slopes of the Western Ghats make Wayanad particularly vulnerable, with 31.54% of the district at high risk, as per IIT-Delhi research.
- Human activities have heightened the risk of natural disasters; increased construction and changes in agricultural practices are key contributors.
- Wayanad has seen a tourism boom in recent years, with homestays and monsoon tourism gaining popularity. Ecologist Madhav Gadgil highlights the construction of resorts, artificial lakes, and abandoned quarries as inappropriate developments in this sensitive zone.
- Long-term land use changes, beginning with British-era tea plantations and continuing post-Independence, have also played a role.
- A 2022 study in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health reported a 62% decrease in forest cover and an 1,800% increase in plantation areas from 1950 to 2018. Monocropping has led to the destabilization of topsoil previously held by forest roots.
- Climate change has indirectly contributed by altering rainfall patterns in the state. The warming Arabian Sea fosters deep cloud systems, resulting in intense rainfall over short periods.
- Such events have become more frequent even as the number of rainy days during the monsoon has decreased.
- Despite Wayanad receiving 527 mm of rainfall in 48 hours before the landslide, the district has had normal monsoon rainfall averages, while Kerala has experienced deficits, according to the India Meteorological Department.
- The previously cool, humid environment with consistent drizzles and monsoon rains is now characterized by hotter, drier summers and intense monsoon downpours.
- This shift increases landslide risks, as dry soils absorb less water and heavy rains cause runoff, leading to landslides
3.What are the natural and man-made factors that triggered large-scale death and destruction in Kerala?
Large-scale death and destruction in Kerala have been triggered by a combination of natural and man-made factors:
Natural Factors
- Kerala experiences intense monsoon rains, which can lead to flooding and landslides. The Western Ghats, with their steep slopes, are particularly prone to such events
- The topography of regions like Wayanad, which have a significant slope, makes them highly susceptible to landslides
- Changes in climate patterns have resulted in more intense and concentrated rainfall events, even though the overall number of rainy days has decreased. The warming Arabian Sea has contributed to the formation of deep cloud systems that lead to heavy downpours
Man-Made Factors
- There has been a significant reduction in forest cover due to plantation agriculture and other developmental activities. This loss of vegetation weakens the soil structure, making it more prone to landslides
- Unregulated construction, including resorts, homestays, and other infrastructure, has destabilized the land. Inappropriate development in sensitive zones, such as the construction of artificial lakes and abandonment of quarries, has exacerbated the risk.
- Changes in crop patterns, including the shift to monocropping, have degraded the land. Monocropping loosens the topsoil, which was previously held together by the roots of diverse forest plants
- The rise in tourism, particularly monsoon tourism, has led to increased construction and human activity in vulnerable areas, further destabilizing the environment
- Long-term changes in land use, starting with British-era tea plantations and continuing in the post-independence era, have had a lasting impact on the region's ecological stability
4. What are Gadgil Committee reccomendations?
The Gadgil Committee, formally known as the Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel (WGEEP), was established by the Ministry of Environment and Forests of India in 2010 under the chairmanship of ecologist Madhav Gadgil. The committee was tasked with assessing the ecological status of the Western Ghats and providing recommendations for its conservation and sustainable development.
Here are some of the key recommendations made by the Gadgil Committee:
- Ecologically Sensitive Zones (ESZ): The committee proposed classifying the entire Western Ghats into three zones based on their ecological sensitivity:
- ESZ 1: Highest sensitivity areas where stringent regulations should apply.
- ESZ 2: Moderate sensitivity areas with moderate regulations.
- ESZ 3: Lowest sensitivity areas where the least restrictive regulations would apply
- Ban on Certain Activities in ESZ 1: Activities such as mining, quarrying, and large-scale constructions should be banned in ESZ 1. Deforestation and conversion of public lands for private purposes should also be prohibited.
- Regulation of Developmental Activities: Developmental activities in ESZ 2 and ESZ 3 should be carefully regulated to ensure they do not harm the environment. This includes control over tourism, infrastructure projects, and industrial activities
- Protection of Forests: Emphasis on the conservation and regeneration of natural forests. Plantation activities should be eco-friendly, promoting native species.
- Biodiversity Conservation: Measures to protect the rich biodiversity of the Western Ghats, including the establishment of wildlife corridors and conservation areas.
5. Significance of Western Ghats
The Western Ghats, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, hold immense ecological, climatic, cultural, and economic significance:
- The Western Ghats are one of the world's eight "hottest hotspots" of biological diversity. They host over 7,400 species of flowering plants, 139 mammal species, 508 bird species, 179 amphibian species, 6,000 insect species, and 290 freshwater fish species, many of which are endemic.
- A significant proportion of the species found in the Western Ghats are endemic, meaning they are not found anywhere else in the world. This includes many unique species of plants, animals, and microorganisms
- The region provides crucial ecosystem services, such as water purification, climate regulation, soil stabilization, and carbon sequestration
- The Western Ghats play a critical role in the Indian monsoon system. They intercept the moisture-laden winds from the southwest, causing heavy rainfall on the western side, which supports lush forests and agriculture
- The forests of the Western Ghats act as a climate buffer, moderating temperatures and maintaining regional climate stability
- The Western Ghats are the source of numerous rivers, including the Godavari, Krishna, and Cauvery, which provide water to millions of people in peninsular India. These rivers are crucial for drinking water, irrigation, and hydropower
- The Western Ghats are home to numerous indigenous communities and tribal groups who have lived in harmony with the environment for centuries. These communities have rich cultural traditions and knowledge systems linked to the forests and biodiversity
- Many areas in the Western Ghats are considered sacred by local communities and host numerous temples, shrines, and pilgrimage sites.
- The Western Ghats support diverse agricultural systems, including spice plantations (pepper, cardamom), tea, coffee, and rubber. These crops are economically significant both domestically and for export
6.Way forward
The Geological Survey of India (GSI) has been appointed as the primary agency for conducting landslide studies and developing an early warning system and protocols for reducing landslide risks. However, according to a senior GSI official, this system is still in the experimental phase and will require an additional four to five years before it is ready for public implementation. Since the start of the 2024 monsoon, regional landslide forecast bulletins have been issued to state and district authorities in Wayanad, mostly indicating a "low" probability of landslides, with a "moderate" probability predicted on July 30, 2024
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For Prelims: Western Ghats, Eastern Ghats, Landslides, Flash floods
For Mains: GS 1 - Indian Geography
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Previous year questions
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1. Which of the following statements in respect of landslides are correct? (NDA 2022) 1. These occur only on gentle slopes during rain.
2. They generally occur in clay-rich soil.
3. Earthquakes trigger landslides.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: (B) For Mains: 1. Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (250 words) (2021)
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Source: The Hindu
NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (NCAP)
1. Context
The concentration of particulate matter in the city’s air has gone up over 10 times the safe limit prescribed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the situation is likely to get worse in coming days.
2. Abour National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was initiated by the Indian government to address the alarming levels of atmospheric pollution, particularly the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM). Under NCAP, cities in India exceeding annual PM levels are required to develop and execute Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs) annually. To support this initiative, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change has allocated ₹10,422.73 crore.
Challenges in NCAP Implementation
Despite the proactive submission of CAAPs by most cities, the implementation of NCAP has faced inconsistencies. According to the Ministry, only 60% of the allocated funds have been utilized on average, with 27% of cities spending less than 30% of their designated budgets. Notably, cities like Visakhapatnam and Bengaluru have spent minimal percentages of their NCAP funds, hindering progress.
Barriers to Implementation
- Delays in implementation primarily stem from bureaucratic hurdles and a lack of standard operating procedures.
- Approval delays from competent authorities, such as technical specifications for tendering processes and procurement of necessary equipment like mechanical sweepers and electric buses, have been significant impediments.
- Additionally, the absence of well-defined timelines and time-consuming tasks further exacerbate delays.
- Overcoming these challenges requires a systematic approach integrating Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modelling, and Source Apportionment (SA).
- Recent findings questioning the efficacy of outdoor smog towers have also fueled doubts among decision-makers, necessitating a comprehensive reevaluation of proposed mitigation measures.
3. Role of Scientific Tools in Pollution Management
Scientific tools play a crucial role in addressing air pollution challenges, particularly in identifying and understanding its origins.
- EI studies provide valuable insights into local pollution sources and their contributions, enabling experts to forecast future emissions and shape targeted pollution control strategies.
- Despite their usefulness, EI studies have limitations, especially in assessing the impact of transboundary pollution sources, such as stubble burning outside Delhi, on local air quality.
- SA studies offer detailed analyses of contributions from various pollution sources, including distant ones.
- However, they lack predictive capabilities and require substantial resources for chemical analysis.
- Additionally, SA studies struggle to differentiate between pollution origins with similar chemical signatures, such as emissions from diesel trucks nearby versus those further away.
- AQ modelling bridges gaps left by EI and SA studies by informing our understanding of pollution dispersion, including from distant sources.
- By simulating the movement of pollutants in the atmosphere, AQ modelling enhances our ability to assess and mitigate air pollution's impacts.
4. Utilization of Scientific Data in Air Pollution Management
- Cities ideally utilize Emissions Inventory (EI) and Source Apportionment (SA) data to identify air pollutants and devise targeted mitigation measures for each polluting activity.
- However, according to the Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities, only 37% of cities have completed EI and SA studies, leaving 63% without a clear understanding of their air pollution sources.
- This lack of data raises concerns about the effectiveness of Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs), as cities may not accurately gauge the emission reduction potential of proposed measures.
- To address this, cities must establish proper yearly targets based on their potential and infrastructure capabilities.
Challenges and Considerations
- The reliance of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) on concentration data, which measures population exposure to pollution, adds complexity.
- Pollution from high-emitting industries and sources beyond city limits, transported into urban areas by wind, complicates urban air quality management.
- Additionally, many existing control measures primarily target primary PM emissions, overlooking their secondary precursors.
- There's a need for a shift towards comprehensive strategies addressing both primary and secondary pollutants.
- Furthermore, while NCAP aims to establish infrastructure for air quality forecasting, only a few cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad have implemented decision-support systems.
- Implementing such systems across cities is crucial for timely and effective pollution management.
5. Key Factors for NCAP Success
The success of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) relies on several critical elements beyond just data and models.
- Efficient implementation on the ground is paramount. To achieve this, implementation agencies must streamline bureaucratic processes by adopting shared, standardized technical evaluations. This will expedite the execution of NCAP initiatives and ensure timely action on pollution reduction measures.
- Given that NCAP funding is tied to cities' performance in reducing annual average PM concentrations, proactive budgeting and meticulous time management are essential. Initial plans should encompass thorough assessments of technical feasibility, budget requirements, and timeframes to facilitate successful execution.
- NCAP's vision for cleaner air in India necessitates a multifaceted approach. Success requires integrating rigorous scientific studies, strategic allocation of funds, and prompt, efficient implementation of mitigation measures.
6. The Way Forward
The successful implementation of the NCAP requires concerted efforts to address challenges, utilize scientific data effectively, and adopt a comprehensive approach towards pollution management. By addressing these key factors, India can make significant progress towards achieving cleaner air for its citizens.
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For Prelims: National Clean Air Programme, Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, Clean Air Action Plans For Mains:
1. What are the challenges and opportunities presented by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for improving air quality in Indian cities? Discuss the measures required to overcome implementation hurdles and ensure the effective management of air pollution. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 1, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 2. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (UPSC 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
3. What is the ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? (UPSC 2016) (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions
(b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies.
(c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022
(d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank
4. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (UPSC 2013) (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature
(d) high concentration of NO2 O3 and CO in the evening
5. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment (UPSC 2013, 2022) (a) Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
(b) Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
(c) Ozone and Carbon Dioxide
(d) Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (UPSC 2017) (a) Measuring oxygen level in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions
7. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
8. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington B. Geneva C. Moscow D. London
9. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
10. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank.
Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
12. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
13. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs (UPSC 2012)
A. the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
B. the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
C. all the solar radiations
D. the infrared part of the solar radiation
14. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a balanced diet, to avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should NOT exceed _______ of total energy intake. (UPSSSC Mandi Inspector 2019)
A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 40%
15. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (UPSC 2012)
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
16. Which of the following ultraviolet rays is more dangerous? (UPTET 2017)
A. UV-A B. UV-B C. UV-C D. None of the above
17. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
18. Which of the following is a VOC? (MP Vyapam 2022)
A. Toulene B. Water C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
19. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are of great concern because (UGC NET Environmental Science 2020)
A. Once such compounds are in the vapour state, they are difficult to control in the environment.
B. Most of them are ozone-depleting substances
C. They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
D. They are less soluble in water.
Answers: 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, 5-D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-A, 10-D, 11-B, 12-A, 13-D, 14-B, 15-A, 16-C, 17-D, 18-A, 19-C
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Source: The Hindu
CARBON BORDER ADJUSTMENT MECHANISM (CBAM)
1. Context
Carbon credits are an important new instrument of climate finance.The green-coloured piece of paper printed by the Reserve Bank of India and circulated by the government is worth 20 rupees. The person who possesses it can buy a packet of biscuits by transferring that value to the seller. There are different ways to acquire such pieces of paper. For example, people do different kinds of jobs to earn money. Carbon credits are similar
2. What is a carbon trading platform?
A carbon trading platform, also known as a carbon market or emissions trading platform, is a financial marketplace where organizations and entities can buy and sell carbon credits or emissions allowances. The primary goal of carbon trading platforms is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change by creating economic incentives for entities to reduce their carbon emissions.
Here's how a carbon trading platform typically works:
- Emissions Allowances: Governments or regulatory bodies set an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is typically established to limit emissions and reduce environmental impact.
- Allocation of Allowances: Under the cap-and-trade system, emissions allowances are distributed or allocated to participating entities, often based on historical emissions or other criteria. These allowances represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases.
- Buying and Selling: Entities that emit fewer greenhouse gases than their allocated allowances can sell their excess allowances to those who exceed their allocated limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances.
- Carbon Credits: In addition to emissions allowances, carbon trading platforms may also involve the trading of carbon credits. Carbon credits are typically generated by activities that result in emissions reductions or removals, such as reforestation, renewable energy projects, or energy efficiency initiatives. These credits can be sold to entities looking to offset their emissions.
- Price Determination: The price of emissions allowances or carbon credits is determined by supply and demand in the carbon market. As emissions reduction targets become stricter or as entities seek to voluntarily reduce their carbon footprint, the price of carbon credits can fluctuate.
- Compliance and Offset: Some carbon trading platforms are mandatory and designed to help entities comply with government emissions reduction targets or regulations. Others are voluntary and allow organizations to offset their emissions voluntarily.
- Transparency and Verification: To ensure the integrity of the carbon market, transactions are often subject to rigorous monitoring, reporting, and verification processes. Independent third parties may verify emissions reductions and the validity of carbon credits.
- Environmental Benefits: Carbon trading platforms aim to incentivize emissions reductions, promote the transition to cleaner technologies, and fund projects that have positive environmental impacts.
One of the most well-known carbon trading platforms is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which operates in the European Union and covers various industries, including energy production, manufacturing, and aviation. Other countries and regions have also established their own carbon trading systems to address emissions reduction goals.
Overall, carbon trading platforms play a crucial role in the global effort to combat climate change by putting a price on carbon emissions and encouraging businesses and governments to reduce their environmental impact.
3. What are Carbon Credits?
Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, are a key component of carbon trading and cap-and-trade systems aimed at mitigating climate change. They represent a measurable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere. Carbon credits are typically measured in metric tons of CO2 or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O).
Here's how carbon credits work:
- Emission Reduction or Removal: Carbon credits are generated through activities or projects that either reduce greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., by using cleaner energy sources or improving energy efficiency) or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (e.g., through reforestation or afforestation projects).
- Measurement and Verification: The reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and verified according to established standards and methodologies. Independent third-party organizations often perform this verification to ensure the credibility of the carbon credits.
- Issuance: Once the emissions reduction or removal has been verified, carbon credits are issued. Each carbon credit represents one metric ton of CO2 or its equivalent that has been prevented from entering the atmosphere or removed from it.
- Trading and Sale: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets or through specialized trading platforms. Entities that have exceeded their emissions limits or wish to voluntarily offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions.
- Compliance and Voluntary Markets: Carbon credits serve different purposes in different markets. In compliance markets, entities purchase credits to comply with emissions reduction regulations or obligations set by governments or regulatory bodies. In voluntary markets, organizations and individuals purchase credits as a means of voluntarily offsetting their carbon footprint.
- Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund emissions reduction projects and activities that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These may include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, afforestation, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
- Additionality: One key principle in carbon credit generation is "additionality," which means that the emissions reductions or removals achieved by a project must be above and beyond what would have occurred in the absence of the project. This ensures that credits represent real and additional climate action.
- Sustainability and Co-Benefits: Many carbon credit projects are designed not only to reduce emissions but also to provide social, economic, or environmental co-benefits to local communities, such as job creation, biodiversity conservation, or improved air and water quality.
It's important to note that the carbon credit market is subject to various standards and regulations to maintain transparency, integrity, and credibility. Independent organizations and registries play a role in verifying and tracking the issuance and retirement of carbon credits to prevent double counting and ensure that the emissions reductions are genuine.
Carbon credits are a tool for addressing climate change by incentivizing emissions reductions and supporting projects that contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon future. They are used by governments, businesses, and individuals to take action against climate change and reduce their carbon footprint.
4. Carbon Trading and Carbon Credit
Carbon trading and carbon credits are closely related concepts within the broader framework of climate change mitigation strategies. They are instrumental in addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Here's a detailed explanation of both terms:
Carbon Trading:
- Definition: Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading or cap-and-trade, is a market-based approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It allows entities, such as companies or countries, to buy and sell emissions allowances, effectively putting a price on carbon emissions.
- How It Works: Under a carbon trading system, a regulatory authority or government sets an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is often progressively reduced over time to achieve emissions reduction targets.
- Emissions Allowances: Entities subject to the cap are allocated a certain number of emissions allowances, which represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases. These allowances are often distributed based on historical emissions, with the goal of gradually reducing emissions over time.
- Trading of Allowances: Entities that emit less than their allocated allowances can sell their surplus allowances to entities that exceed their limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances, and the price of allowances is determined by supply and demand.
- Compliance and Penalties: Entities are required to surrender a number of allowances equal to their actual emissions at the end of a compliance period. Failure to do so results in penalties. Entities that reduce emissions below their allowances can profit by selling their excess allowances.
- Environmental Goals: Carbon trading aims to achieve emissions reduction goals cost-effectively by allowing entities to find the most efficient ways to reduce emissions, either by reducing emissions directly or by purchasing allowances from others.
- Types of Markets: Carbon trading can occur in both compliance markets, where entities are legally obligated to participate, and voluntary markets, where entities choose to offset their emissions voluntarily.
Carbon Credits:
- Definition: Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, represent a quantified reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere.
- Generation: Carbon credits are generated through specific activities or projects that reduce emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere. These activities can include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
- Measurement and Verification: To ensure the credibility of carbon credits, the reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and independently verified according to established standards and methodologies.
- Sale and Use: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets. Entities that wish to offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions, effectively balancing their carbon footprint.
- Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund projects that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These projects contribute to emissions reduction, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and more
5. Difference between ‘Net Zero’ and ‘Carbon Neutral’
"Net Zero" and "Carbon Neutral" are related but distinct concepts in the context of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They both aim to achieve a balance between the amount of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount removed or offset, but they do so in slightly different ways. Here's the difference between the two terms:
| Net Zero | Carbon Neutral |
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Definition: Carbon neutrality, also known as "climate neutrality" or "carbon neutrality," means that an entity (e.g., a company, event, or country) has balanced its carbon emissions with an equivalent amount of carbon emissions reductions or removals, typically within a specific timeframe. |
| Emissions Reduction: Achieving net zero requires a significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. Organizations, governments, or individuals commit to reducing their emissions as much as possible through various measures, such as transitioning to renewable energy, improving energy efficiency, and adopting sustainable practices. | Scope: Carbon neutrality specifically focuses on balancing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. While other greenhouse gases may be considered, the primary emphasis is on achieving neutrality for CO2 emissions. |
| Carbon Removal: To reach net zero, any remaining emissions that cannot be eliminated through reduction measures are offset by activities that remove an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This can include activities like afforestation (planting trees), reforestation, carbon capture and storage (CCS), and investment in carbon removal technologies. | Achievement: Achieving carbon neutrality can be accomplished through a combination of emissions reduction measures (e.g., using renewable energy, improving energy efficiency) and purchasing carbon offsets or credits to compensate for any remaining emissions. |
| Scope: Net zero encompasses all greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide (CO2). It accounts for emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), and other greenhouse gases as well. | Timeliness: Carbon neutrality can be achieved on an annual basis, and it may not necessarily involve a long-term commitment to zero emissions. |
| Long-Term Goal: Net zero is often seen as a long-term goal, with organizations and countries committing to achieve it by a specific target year, such as 2050. | Application: Carbon neutrality is a term commonly used by businesses, events, and individuals to describe their efforts to reduce and offset carbon emissions. It is a practical approach for organizations looking to take immediate action to reduce their carbon footprint. |
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For Prelims: Carbon credits, carbon neutral, Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), Net Zero’, ‘Carbon Neutral’, and the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS).
For Mains: 1. Explain the concept of the Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) and its objectives in the context of climate change mitigation. Discuss the potential benefits and challenges associated with its implementation. (250 words)
2. What are the key principles and mechanisms underlying the proposed Carbon Border Adjustment Tax (CBAT) policies in various regions? Analyze how CBATs can influence international trade and environmental sustainability. (250 Words).
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following adopted a law on data protection and privacy for its citizens known as ‘General Data Protection Regulation’ in April, 2016 and started implementation of it from 25th May, 2018? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) Australia Answer: (c) 2.‘Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA)’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of negotiations held between India and (UPSC CSE 2017) (a) European Union Answer: (a) |
ELECTRIC VEHICLES
1. Context
In a major push toward achieving India’s climate targets, the Union Cabinet recently approved the PM Electric Drive Revolution in Innovative Vehicle Enhancement (PM E-DRIVE) scheme, which allocates funding for electric vehicles (EVs) across many segments.
2. What are Electric Vehicles?
- An E-vehicle or Electric Vehicle is one that needs an electric motor to generate power and function instead of an internal-combustion engine that generates power by burning a mix of gases and fuel.
- Electric Vehicles have a battery that can be charged by an electric supply.
- This electric energy is used to run the motor. There is a hybrid electric vehicle as well, which means a combination of an electric motor and a combustion engine.
3. Types of Electric Vehicles
- Plug-in electric – Such Electric Vehicles run purely on electricity, and it is powered when it is plugged in to charge. They don’t produce emissions like petrol or diesel.
- Plug-in hybrid – Their primary source of power is electricity, but these vehicles also have a fuel engine. These cars produce emissions only when they run on fuel engines but not when they run on electricity.
- Hybrid-electric – These Electric Vehicles primarily run on petrol or diesel, but they’re also fitted with an electric battery. One can charge the battery through regenerative braking. It comes with a button that lets you switch from using a fuel engine to using an electric battery (EV mode.)
- Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs)– these vehicles use a highly efficient electrochemical process to convert hydrogen into electricity, and it powers the electric motor.
4. Initiatives by the Government
The government has set a target of 30% new sales of electric vehicles and two-wheelers by 2030. The government is working towards it by following the initiative and various government schemes.
National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP)
- It is a road map/document for India’s fuel security by promoting and faster adoption of electric vehicles in India with the initial allocation of Rs 75 crore. The ambition is to have around 6 million vehicles on the road by 2020.
- This plan is for affordable and environmentally friendly transportation in the country and to achieve automotive leadership in global manufacturing.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME)
- The scheme was announced by the government in 2015 with the objective of market creation and developing a manufacturing ecosystem with sustainable development.
- It is formulated by the Department of Heavy Industry, having 4 key areas- technology creation, demand creation, pilot projects, and infrastructure related to charging.
Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME) II
- Based on the result and experience of phase I of the scheme, phase II was launched with an allocation of Rs 10000 Crore over three years, recently approved by the cabinet.
- This scheme vision a holistic approach to the EV industry, including infrastructure for charging, manufacturing of batteries, market creation, public demand, and push for EVs in public transport.
- It also offers incentives to the manufacturer of electric vehicles and their components.
- It enables the creation of charging infrastructure in selected cities and major highways at an interval of 25 km.
5. Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020
Electric Vehicle Policy 2020 has been announced by the Delhi Government, where it put emphasis on the replacement of two-wheelers, shared vehicles, public transport, and private four-wheelers with Electric Vehicles. Some of the Features of EV Policy 2020 are given below:
- As per Electric Vehicle Policy, the focus is given to e-mobility, which includes e-buses and e-autos.
- The government has decided to give low-interest loans so that people can purchase Electric Vehicles easily.
- The main goal of the E-Vehicle Policy in India is to reduce pollution and curb health issues in Delhi.
- State EV Fund will be introduced for the expenditure of EV Policy.
6. Challenges in promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) Adoption
- Subsidy Limitations: In contrast to countries like Norway, where extensive subsidies have spurred BEV adoption, India's subsidy structure primarily benefits the middle or upper middle classes. This inequality raises concerns about the effectiveness and fairness of upfront purchase subsidies, which tend to benefit those who can afford BEVs.
- Charging Network: Investing in comprehensive charging infrastructure is crucial for driving BEV adoption. Countries like Norway and China have seen success by expanding public charging stations while providing purchase subsidies. However, India's charging infrastructure remains insufficient, particularly for two- and three-wheelers, which dominate the vehicle mix. Adapting charging strategies to accommodate different vehicle types and power requirements is essential for promoting widespread adoption.
- Electricity Source: India's reliance on coal-fired thermal plants for electricity generation poses a challenge to the potential environmental benefits of BEVs. While EVs may reduce tailpipe emissions, continued reliance on thermal plants contributes to pollution. Shifting towards renewable energy sources is necessary to mitigate these concerns and achieve cleaner electric mobility.
- Limited Access to the Global Lithium Value Chain: India's heavy reliance on imports for lithium-ion batteries raises concerns about supply chain vulnerabilities. The concentration of global lithium production and key battery components in a handful of countries creates dependency risks. Diversification of the country's battery technology and exploring alternative options to lithium-ion batteries is crucial for long-term sustainability.
- Technology Agnostic Approach: While BEVs have gained traction in the two-wheeler and three-wheeler segments, the four-wheeler segment lags behind. Governments must adopt a technology-agnostic approach that encourages the adoption of various electrification technologies, including hybrids and fuel-cell vehicles. Such an approach promotes innovation, fosters competition, and allows manufacturers to meet emissions objectives irrespective of technology.
- Exploring Alternative Technologies: Hybrids serve as an intermediate step toward full electrification, offering improved fuel efficiency without relying solely on charging infrastructure. Additionally, exploring flex-fuel vehicles running on multiple fuel types, fuel cell electric vehicles, hydrogen internal combustion engine vehicles, and synthetic fuels can provide alternative options for reducing emissions and promoting sustainable mobility.
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For Prelims: Electric Vehicles, Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs), Electric Vehicle Policy, 2020, National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP), Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (hybrid and) electric vehicles (FAME), Global Lithium Value Chain.
For Mains: 1. Analyze the challenges and opportunities in promoting the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) in developing countries like India. Discuss the key factors that hinder EV penetration and propose strategies to overcome them.(250 Words)
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Previous year Question1. Which of the following Indian States/Union Territories launched Electric Vehicle Policy on 7th August 2020? (UPPSC 2020)A. Madhya Pradesh
B. Uttar Pradesh
C. Delhi
D. Tamil Nadu
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
CYBERCRIME
1. Context
India’s impressive expansion in online transactions also coincides with an unprecedented spike in cyber frauds. According to data from the Reserve Bank of India, sent in response to the authors’ Right to Information (RTI) application, ₹3,207 crore was lost because of 5,82,000 cases of cyber fraud between FY2020 and FY2024
2. About cybercrime
Cybercrime is essentially any illegal activity that involves computers, networks, or digital devices. Criminals can use these tools to steal data, commit fraud, disrupt computer systems, or cause other harm. Some common types of cybercrime include:
- Stealing someone's personal information like their name, Social Security number, or credit card details to impersonate them and commit fraud.
- Tricking people into giving up their personal information or clicking on malicious links by disguising emails or websites as legitimate ones.
- Malicious software that can be installed on a computer to steal data, damage files, or disrupt operations.
- Gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network to steal data, install malware, or cause damage.
3. What is NCRP?
The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal is an online platform established by the government of India to facilitate the reporting of cybercrimes by citizens. The portal allows individuals to report incidents of cybercrime in a streamlined and accessible manner.
Key features and functions of the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal include
- Individuals can report various types of cybercrimes such as online harassment, financial fraud, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. The portal provides specific categories for different types of cyber incidents to ensure proper documentation and handling.
- The portal places a special emphasis on crimes related to women and children, providing a dedicated section to report cases of online harassment, child pornography, and other related offences.
- The portal allows users to report crimes anonymously if they choose, ensuring the confidentiality and privacy of the complainant.
- Once a complaint is filed, the portal provides a tracking number which can be used to follow up on the status of the complaint.
- The portal offers resources and guidelines on how to protect oneself from cybercrime, as well as information on legal recourse and support available for victims.
4. What is the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)?
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), is essentially India's central command centre for combating cybercrime.
Functions
- The I4C serves as a focal point for coordinating efforts between various Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) across the country to tackle cybercrime effectively.
- It facilitates the exchange of information on cybercrime investigations, cyber threat intelligence, and best practices among LEAs. This allows for a more unified approach to combating cyber threats.
- The I4C is citizen-centric. It played a role in launching the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) which allows people to report cybercrime complaints online. There's also a National Cybercrime Helpline (1930) to report incidents and get assistance.
- The I4C identifies the need for adapting cyber laws to keep pace with evolving technology. They recommend amendments to existing laws and suggest the creation of new ones if necessary.
- The I4C works with academia and research institutes to develop new technologies and forensic tools to aid in cybercrime investigations.
- They promote collaboration between the government, industry, and academia to raise awareness about cybercrime and develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for containing and responding to cyberattacks.
5. What is the Budapest Convention?
The Budapest Convention, also known as the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, is the world's first international treaty specifically designed to address cybercrime. It came into effect in 2004 with three main objectives:
- The convention aims to improve how countries investigate cybercrime by setting standards for collecting electronic evidence and fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies.
- It facilitates cooperation among member states in tackling cybercrime. This includes sharing information, assisting with investigations, and extraditing cybercriminals.
- The convention encourages member countries to harmonize their national laws related to cybercrime. This creates a more unified approach to defining and prosecuting cyber offences.
India's Stand: India is not currently a party to the Budapest Convention. There are concerns that some provisions, like data sharing with foreign law enforcement agencies, might infringe on India's national sovereignty. India has also argued that it wasn't involved in drafting the initial convention.
6. What is the Global Cybersecurity Index?
The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is an initiative by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to measure and rank the cybersecurity capabilities of countries around the world. The index provides insights into the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level, assessing their strengths and identifying areas for improvement. The key aspects of the Global Cybersecurity Index
Purpose
- To promote cybersecurity awareness and foster a global culture of cybersecurity.
- To encourage countries to enhance their cybersecurity infrastructure and strategies.
- To facilitate knowledge sharing and cooperation among nations.
Assessment Criteria
The GCI evaluates countries based on five main pillars:
- Examines the existence of cybersecurity legislation and regulatory frameworks.
- Assesses the implementation of cybersecurity technologies and technical institutions.
- Looks at national cybersecurity strategies, policies, and dedicated agencies.
- Evaluate the availability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness programs.
- Measures the extent of international and national cooperation in cybersecurity efforts.
Methodology
The assessment is conducted through a comprehensive survey sent to ITU member states, followed by analysis and validation of the responses. The countries are then scored and ranked based on their overall cybersecurity posture.
Impact
The GCI serves several important functions:
- Provides a benchmarking tool for countries to assess their cybersecurity maturity.
- Helps policymakers identify gaps and prioritize areas for improvement.
- Encourages international cooperation and collaboration to tackle global cyber threats.
The GCI reports typically highlight the growing importance of cybersecurity due to increasing digital transformation and the rising number of cyber threats. They showcase best practices and successful initiatives from top-ranking countries, serving as models for others.
7. The challenges related to cyber security in India
India faces numerous challenges related to cybersecurity, reflecting its rapidly growing digital economy and increasing reliance on technology.
Increasing Cyber Threats:
- India has seen a significant rise in cybercrimes, including hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. Sophisticated, state-sponsored attacks targeting critical infrastructure and sensitive data are becoming more common.
- Many public and private sector systems rely on outdated technology, making them vulnerable to attacks. Inadequate implementation of robust cybersecurity measures and protocols leaves systems exposed.
- There is a significant gap in the number of trained cybersecurity experts needed to protect against and respond to cyber threats. Ongoing education and training programs are insufficient to keep pace with evolving cyber threats.
- The absence of a unified regulatory framework complicates cybersecurity management. While laws like the IT Act 2000 exist, enforcement and implementation remain inconsistent and weak.
- Many individuals and small businesses lack awareness of basic cybersecurity practices. Practices like using weak passwords, not updating software, and falling for phishing scams are common.
- The absence of robust data protection legislation makes it difficult to safeguard personal and sensitive data. Ensuring privacy and protection of personal information remains a significant challenge.
- Effective cybersecurity often requires international cooperation, which is currently limited and inconsistent. Cross-border cyber threats and geopolitical tensions complicate collaboration and response efforts.
- The rapid adoption of IoT devices, often with minimal security features, increases vulnerabilities. While AI can enhance security, it also introduces new risks and attack vectors.
- Sectors like banking, healthcare, and energy are increasingly targeted, requiring enhanced protection measures. Ensuring coordinated efforts among various governmental and private entities involved in critical infrastructure protection is challenging.
- Limited financial resources allocated for cybersecurity initiatives hinder the development and implementation of comprehensive security measures.
- Staying abreast of the latest cybersecurity technologies and tools is difficult due to financial and logistical constraints.
8. Way Forward
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving improved regulatory frameworks, enhanced public awareness, investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, international cooperation, and the development of a skilled workforce. By strengthening these areas, India can better safeguard its digital ecosystem against the growing threat of cybercrime.
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For Prelims: Cyber Crime, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, National Cybercrime Reporting Portal, Budapest Convention, Global Cybersecurity Index, International Telecommunication union
For Mains:
1. India witnesses a high number of cybercrimes originating from Southeast Asia. Analyze the challenges this poses for Indian Law Enforcement Agencies and suggest measures to improve cross-border cooperation in tackling cybercrime. (250 words)
2. What are the key functions of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)? Critically evaluate its effectiveness in combating cybercrime in India. (250 words)
3. The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices introduces new vulnerabilities in cyberspace. Analyze the cybersecurity challenges posed by IoT and suggest measures to mitigate these risks. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only B.1, 3 and 4 only C.2 and 3 only D.1, 2, 3 and 4
2. Global Cyber Security Index (GCI) 2020 is released by which of the following organizations? (RRB Clerk Mains 2021)
A. World Bank
B. United Nations Development Programme
C. International Telecommunication Union
D. World Economic Forum
E. None of these
Answers: 1-D, 2-C
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Source: The Indian Express
