UNIFORM CIVIL CODE (UCC)
1. Context
The 22nd Law Commission of India Wednesday (June 14) sought the views of religious organisations and the public on the issue of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC)
This comes eight months after the Centre told the Supreme Court that the Constitution obligated the State to have a UCC for its citizens, saying that people of different religions and denominations following different property and matrimonial laws was an “affront to the nation’s unity”
2. 22nd law commission on UCC
- Underlining that the Uniform Civil Code is “neither necessary nor desirable at this stage”, the 21st Law Commission of India, in 2018, argued for reform of family laws of every religion through amendments and codification of certain aspects so as to make them gender-just
- In its ‘Consultation Paper on Family Law Reforms’, the Law Commission took a stand in favour of “equality ‘within communities’ between men and women” (personal law reform), “rather than ‘equality between’ communities” (UCC)
- According to the 22nd Law Commission Cultural diversity cannot be compromised to the extent that our urge for uniformity itself becomes a reason for threat to the territorial integrity of the nation
- women must be guaranteed their freedom of faith without any compromise on their right to equality
3. What is the Uniform Civil Code
- A UCC would provide for one law for the entire country, applicable to all religious communities, in their personal matters such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, adoption etc
- Currently, Indian personal law is fairly complex, with each religion adhering to its own specific laws
- Separate laws govern Hindus including Sikhs, Jains and Buddhist, Muslims, Christians, and followers of other religions
- Moreover, there is diversity even within communities. All Hindus of the country are not governed by one law, nor are all Muslims or all Christians
- For instance, in the Northeast, there are more than 200 tribes with their own varied customary laws
- The Constitution itself protects local customs in Nagaland. Similar protections are enjoyed by Meghalaya and Mizoram. Even reformed Hindu law, in spite of codification, protects customary practices
- The exception to this rule is the state of Goa, where all religions have a common law regarding marriages, divorces, and adoption
4. Constitution on UCC
- Article 44 of the Constitution lays down that the state shall endeavour to secure a UCC for citizens throughout the territory of India
- Article 44 is among the Directive Principles of State Policy. Directive Principles are not enforceable by court, but are supposed to inform and guide governance
- However, in some senses, Article 44 is unique in this manner. While Article 44 uses the words “state shall endeavour”, other Articles in the ‘Directive Principles’ chapter use words such as “in particular strive”; “shall in particular direct its policy”; “shall be obligation of the state
- The phrase “by suitable legislation” is absent in Article 44. All this implies that the duty of the state is greater in other directive principles than in Article 44
5. Uniform Code for Personal Law
Article 25 lays down an individual’s fundamental right to religion; Article 26(b) upholds the right of each religious denomination or any section thereof to “manage its own affairs in matters of religion”
Article 29 defines the right to conserve distinctive culture
An individual’s freedom of religion under Article 25 is subject to “public order, health, morality” and other provisions relating to fundamental rights, but a group’s freedom under Article 26 has not been subjected to other fundamental rights
6. Way forward
Over the next 30 days, the Law Commission will receive views of the public and stakeholders
The notice said the stakeholders concerned are at liberty to make submissions in the form of consultation/discussion/working papers on any of the issues pertaining to the UCC to the Member Secretary, Law Commission of India
After reviewing the submissions, the Law Commission will again make observations/recommendations regarding a UCC, which may or may not differ from the previous Commission’s observations
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For Prelims: Unifrom Civil Code (UCC), DPSP, Fundamental rights, Law Commission
For Mains: 1. What is the Uniform Civil Code? What are the challenges in implementing a Uniform Civil Code in a diverse country like India?
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Source: indianexpress
KAMALA SOHONIE
1. Context
- The Google Doodle on June 18 commemorated the 112th Birth anniversary of scientist Kamala Sohonie.
- Sohonie holds the distinction of being the first Indian woman to earn a PhD degree in a scientific discipline.
- She was honoured with the Rashtrapati Award for her significant contributions to Neera research, a palm extract that showed potential in combating malnutrition among children from tribal communities in India.
- However, her journey was filled with numerous obstacles, particularly gender bias within the scientific community, including encounters with Nobel laureate CV Raman.
2. Early Life and Education
- Kamala Sohonie was born on June 18, 1911, in Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India.
- Her father, Narayanarao Bhagvat, and his brother Madhavrao Bhagvat were chemists who had studied at the Tata Institute of Sciences, which is now known as the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru.
- Inspired by her father and uncle, Kamala pursued a Bachelor of Science (BSc) degree in Chemistry (principal) and Physics (subsidiary) from Bombay University, where she excelled and topped the merit list in 1933.
Image Source: Wikipedia3. Encounter with CV Raman
- Sohonie applied for a Master of Science (MSc) degree at the IISc, which was headed by CV Raman at the time.
- However, Raman dismissed her application, stating, "I am not going to take any girls in my institute."
- Undeterred by this gender-based discrimination, Kamala Sohonie travelled to Bengaluru to confront Raman directly.
- In 1997, during an event organized by the Indian Women Scientists' Association (IWSA) at the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Sohonie expressed her disappointment with Raman's narrow-mindedness, stating, "Though Raman was a great scientist, he was very narrow-minded. I can never forget the way he treated me just because I was a woman."
- She challenged Raman by declaring her determination to excel in the course, ultimately leading him to reluctantly admit her.
- However, he imposed several conditions, including her status as a non-regular student, the requirement of Raman's approval for her work to be officially recognized, a probationary period, and restrictions to prevent her from "distracting" her male peers.
4. Work at Cambridge and Beyond
- Kamala Sohonie accomplished remarkable academic achievements despite the obstacles she faced.
- She completed her course with distinction and earned admission to Cambridge University in England in 1936.
- Her determination and success compelled Raman to reconsider his opinion of women, leading him to admit a few female students each year thereafter.
- Sohonie completed her PhD in just 14 months, submitting a concise 40-page thesis.
- Her research at Cambridge focused on potatoes, and she made a significant discovery: the enzyme 'Cytochrome C,' which is a protein found in mitochondria and plays a crucial role in cellular respiration.
- After completing her studies, Sohonie returned to India in 1939 to serve her country.
- She held various positions, including the head of the Department of Biochemistry at Lady Hardinge College in New Delhi.
- She also served as Assistant Director of the Nutrition Research Lab in Coonoor before joining the Royal Institute of Science in Mumbai.
- During her tenure, she conducted extensive studies on different food items to identify their nutritional composition.
5. Contributions to Neera Research
- Here, she studied different food items to identify the nutrients present in them.
- According to an article on the website of the Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER), Kolkata, she worked on ‘neera’, a drink made from palm extract on the suggestion of the First Indian President of India, Dr Rajendra Prasad.
- Her studies established that ‘neera’ was a good source of Vitamin C along with other vitamins, moreover, there are sulfhydryl compounds in Neera that protect vitamins during storage.
- Realising that this would be a cheap and good supplement for poor tribals, she went to popularise this drink.
- The introduction of neera in the diet of tribal malnourished children and pregnant women improved their health significantly.
- She also worked with the administration of the Aarey Milk project to improve the quality of the milk produced.
6. Personal Life and Legacy
- In 1947, she married MV Sohonie, an actuary. The couple lived in Mumbai.
- Apart from her academic work, Kamala Sohonie was among the founding members of the consumer protection body Consumer Guidance. Kamala Sohonie passed away on June 28, 1998.
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For Prelims: Kamala Sohonie, Neera, CV Raman, Cambridge University, Cytochrome C, Tata Institute of Sciences, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bengaluru, Bombay University, Dr Rajendra Prasad, Vitamin C
For Mains:
1. Examine Kamala Sohonie's research on Neera and its potential in addressing malnutrition among children from tribal communities in India. Discuss the significance of her findings and their implications for public health. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who among the following scientists is famous for her notable work on sugarcane and eggplant? (SSC Graduation Level 2022)
A. Asima Chatterjee
B. Kamala Sohonie
C. Janaki Ammal
D. Soumya Swaminathan
Answer: C
2. Sir C.V. Raman received the Nobel Prize for Physics in the year 1930 for his groundbreaking work in the field of (IB ACIO Grade II 2015) (WBCS Prelims 2020)
A. Brownian motion B. Scattering of light C. String Theory D.Nuclear Physics
Answer: B
3. Sir C.V Raman is famous for ________. (SSC MTS 2017)
A. Raman diagram B. Gravitational laws C. Law of Refraction D. Raman effect
Answer: D
4. The two famous universities of Oxford and Cambridge are located in which country?
(UPSSSC Lower PCS 2019)
A. France B. United States of America C. United Kingdom D. Italy
Answer: C
5. Select the most appropriate word to fill in the blank. Scientists at Cambridge University are ______ how plants can give us sustainable energy. (SSC CGL 2019)
A. investigating B. inspecting C. scrutinizing D. looking
Answer: A
6. What is the correct sequence of cytochromes in ETS? (UP TGT Biology 2011)
A. c1, c, b, a3, B. a n, c1, c, a3, C. a b, c1, c, a3, D. a c1, b, c, a, a3
Answer: C
7. Match List I with List II correctly and select your answer using the codes given below: (TNPSC Group-I 2011)
List I List II
a) TIFR 1. Thiruvananthapuram
b) Space Physics Laboratory 2. Bengaluru
c) SHAR center 3. Mumbai
d) ISRO satellite centre 4. Sriharikota
1. (a) - (3), (b) - (1), (c) - (4), (d) - (2)
2. (a) - (1), (b) - (2), (c) - (3), (d) - (4)
3. (a) - (4), (b) - (2), (c) - (1), (d) - (3)
4. (a) - (2), (b) - (3), (c) - (4), (d) - (1)
Answer: 1
8. Scientists of which university have developed a new material called ‘black gold’ which can absorb light and carbon dioxide? (DSSSB PRT 2019)
A. Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR)
B. IIT Kharaghpur
C. IIT Madras
D. IISC Bangalore
Answer: A
9. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The "Bombay Manifesto" signed in 1936 openly opposed the preaching of socialist ideals.
2. It evoked support from a large section of the business community from all across India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
10. Who is the director of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), India’s premier research institute based in Mumbai, as per information available as of March 2019? (UPSSSC Chakbandi Lekhpal 2019)
A. K. R. N. Vyas
Shalini Bhatt
Rakesh Bhatnagar
Sandeep P. Trivedi
Answer: D
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Source: The Indian Express
MIYAWAKI PLANTATION
1. Context
Prime Minister Narendra Modi during his latest ‘Mann ki baat’ episode spoke about Miyawaki plantation, the Japanese method of creating dense urban forests in a small area. The PM also cited the example of a Kerala-based teacher, Raafi Ramnath, who used the Miyawaki technique to transform a barren land into a mini forest called Vidyavanam by planting 115 varieties of trees
Meanwhile, to fight climate change, curb pollution levels, and increase the green cover of the financial capital, the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation (BMC) has been creating Miyawaki forests in several open land parcels of Mumbai
2. What is the Miyawaki plantation method?
- It is Named after Japanese botanist Akira Miyawaki, this method involves planting two to four different types of indigenous trees within every square metre
- In this method, the trees become self-sustaining and they grow to their full length within three years
- The methodology was developed in the 1970s, with the basic objective to densify green cover within a small parcel of land
- The plants used in the Miyawaki method are mostly self-sustaining and don’t require regular maintenance like manuring and watering
- Over the years, this cost-effective method has become the go-to solution for the civic body to restore the green cover in a space-starved city like Mumbai
3. Significance of the Miyawaki method
- The dense green cover of indigenous trees plays a key role in absorbing the dust particles of the area where the garden has been set up
- The plants also help in regulating surface temperature
- Some of the common indigenous plants that are used for these forests include Anjan, Amala, Bel, Arjun and Gunj
- With several infrastructure projects like real estate metro rail construction in progress in Mumbai over the past few years, it was recorded that the surface temperature in certain pockets of Mumbai has increased. Therefore, to fight this challenge, such forests are being created
- At the industrial neighbourhood in Marol (Andheri East), the BMC is creating an urban forest with the Miyawaki method
- These green patches play a major role in regulating the carbon levels of a given area, which may in return help in maintaining a clean year
- Also, these forests encourage new biodiversity and an ecosystem is developed around it, which in turn increases the fertility of the soil and regulates surface temperature
4. Statistics of Miyawaki forests
- According to the civic body’s data, 64 Miyawaki forests have been planted in Mumbai so far
- The Miyawaki drive was launched under BMC’s urban forest project on January 2, 2020 and the first such forest was created in Bhakti Park at Chembur in the eastern suburbs
- The largest Miyawaki forest under this project was created at Chandivali’s Nahar Amrut Shakti Udyan, wherein over 41,000 plants were planted over 13 acres
- Civic officials said that more than 4,00,000 trees have been planted in these 64 forests so far
- The BMC’s Garden cell had earmarked 1,100 plots across Mumbai for setting up these forests, back in 2020, out of which more than 60 have been completed
5. Way forward
In the next one year, the BMC aims to create 14 more urban forests by planting 80,400 trees of various indigenous species
Pardeshi said that Chief Minister Eknath Shinde has given the BMC a target of planting 1,00,000 saplings by the end of this year in various plots that have been earmarked for this project
The civic body said that some of the new Miyawaki forests are expected to be developed at an open plot close to BEST Colony, Chandivali’s Swami Vivekanand Udyan and a plot at Jogeshwari’s Mahakali caves road, which, with a total bank of 30,000 plants, is going to be the largest in the project
Source: indianexpress
MASSIVE GRAIN STORAGE PLAN
1. Context
The Union Cabinet recently approved the constitution of an Inter-Ministerial Committee (IMC) to facilitate the "world's largest grain storage plan in the cooperative sector".
2. Need for the grain storage plan in India
- India, the most populous country in the world, accounts for 18 per cent (1.4 billion) of the global population (7.9 billion).
- However, it accounts for only 11 per cent (160 million hectares) of the arable land (1, 380 million hectares) in the world.
- Also, India runs the world's largest food programme under the National Food Security Act, of 2013, which covers about 81 crore people.
- Therefore, to ensure the food security of a billion-plus population, a robust network of foodgrain storage facilities becomes essential.
- At present, India has a foodgrain storage capacity of 145 million metric tonnes (MMT) against the total food production of 311 MMT leaving a gap of 166 MMT.
In the absence of sufficient storage facilities, food grains are stored in the open, which results in damage. - According to the Ministry of Cooperation, several countries have better storage capacities.
- For instance, against the total foodgrain production of 615 MMT, China has a storage capacity of 660 MMT.
- USA, Brazil, Russia, Argentina, Ukraine, France and Canada are among other countries with the capacity to store more food grains than they produce.
- India has a storage capacity of 47 per cent of its total foodgrains production.
- At the regional level, only a few southern states have a storage capacity of 90 per cent and above.
- In northern states like Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, it is below 50 per cent.
3. Grain storage plan in the Cooperative sector
- At present, multiple government agencies, like the Food Corporation of India (FCI), Central Warehouse Corporation, Warehouse Development Regulatory Authority, Railways and the Civil Supply departments of states are involved in grain management. However, that has not yielded the desired results.
- Under the new plan, the Ministry of Cooperation aims to set up a network of integrated grain storage facilities through Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) across the country.
- According to the ministry, there are more than 1, 00, 000 PACS has a huge member base of more than 13 crore farmers across the country.
4. About Inter-Ministerial Committee
- The Union Cabinet has approved an IMC for the scheme to be constituted under the Chairmanship of the Minister of Cooperation.
- Three other ministers, the Minister of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and the Minister of Food Processing Industries and Secretaries will be members of the committee.
- The IMC will "modify guidelines/ implementation methodologies of the schemes of the respective ministries as and when the need arises, within the approved outlays and prescribed goals" for facilitation of the scheme, "by the creation of infrastructure such as godowns, etc, for Agriculture and Allied purposes, at selected viable Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS)".
4.1. The budgetary allocation
- Though the plan does not have a separate allocation, it will be implemented by the convergence of 8 schemes.
- These schemes are the Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF), Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure Scheme (AMI), Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH) and Sub Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM) under the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare.
- It includes two schemes of the Ministry of Food Processing Industries: Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme (PMFME) and Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana (PMKSY).
- Besides, the Plan also includes two schemes of the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution: Allocation of food grains under the National Food Security Act, and Procurement operations at Minimum Support Price.
4.2. The benefits of the plan
According to the government, "The plan is multi-pronged It aims to address not just the shortage of agricultural storage infrastructure in the country by facilitating the establishment of godowns at the level of PACS but would also enable PACS to undertake various other activities, viz: Functioning as Procurement centres for State Agencies/ Food Corporation of India (FCI); Serving as Fair Price Shops (FPS); Setting up custom hiring centres; Setting up common processing units, including assaying, sorting, grading units for agricultural produce, etc".
4.3. Benefits of the new initiative
The new initiative would result in multiple benefits:
- It would reduce post-harvesting losses
- It would bring down the food grain handling and transportation cost
- Farmers would have a choice to sell their produce depending on the market conditions and not be forced into distress sales.
4.4. Integrated facilities
- Spread over 1 acre of land, the facility will be built for Rs 2.25 crores. The integrated modular PACS will have a custom hiring centre, a multi-purpose hall procurement centres, primary processing units for cleaning and winnowing a storage shed, container storage and silos.
- Of the Rs 2.25 crores, Rs 51 lakh will come as a subsidy, while the remaining will come as margin money or loan.
- The PACS is expected to earn Rs 45 lakh in a year.
- According to the Cooperation Ministry, the new storage plan is based on the hub and spoke model.
- Of the 63, 000 PACS across the country, 55, 767 will function as spoke and will have a grain storage capacity of 1, 000 metric tonnes each, while the remaining 7, 233 PACS, which will function as hubs, will have a storage capacity of 2, 000 metric tonnes each.
- Thus, all the 63, 000 PACs will have a combined grain storage capacity of 70 million tonnes.
- The PACS will purchase agricultural equipment like tillers, rotary tillers, disc harrows, harvesters and tractors under various government schemes, such as Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation (SMAM) and Agriculture Infrastructure Fund (AIF).
- It will then offer this equipment to farmers on rent.
- The modern silos will have the facility of computerised real-time monitoring systems.
- These will be rented out to the FCI and other private agencies.
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For Prelims: Agriculture Infrastructure Fund, Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation,
Inter-Ministerial Committee, National Food Security Act, of 2013, Food Corporation of India, Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, Minister of Agriculture and Farmer's Welfare, the Minister of Consumer Affairs, Food and Public Distribution and the Minister of Food Processing Industries, Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture, Pradhan Mantri Kisan Sampada Yojana, Pradhan Mantri Formalisation of Micro Food Processing Enterprises Scheme,
For Mains:
1. What is the massive grain Storage Plan for the Cooperative sector? Discuss how it will help the farmers in the country. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. In terms of short-term credit delivery to the agriculture sector, District Central Cooperative Banks (DCCBs) deliver more credit in comparison to Scheduled Commercial Banks and Regional Rural Banks.
2. One of the most important functions of DCCBs is to provide funds to the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
2. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security act, 2013 consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The families coming under the category of 'below poverty line (BPL)' only are eligible to receive subsidized food grains.
2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a 'take-home ration' of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and or six months thereafter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 3 only
Answer: B
3. With reference to the National Food Security Act, which of the following statement is/are correct? (UPPSC 2019)
I. It will cover up to 75 per cent rural and 50 percent urban population.
II. Special focus on nutritional support to women and children.
III. Eldest woman of above 18 years of age will be head of household.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. I and II are correct
B. II and III are correct
C. I, II and III are correct
D. None of these
Answer: C
4. The Food Corporation of India was set up in ______ under the Food Corporations Act, 1964 with the primary objective of purchasing, storing, moving / transporting, distributing and selling foodgrains and other foodstuffs. (SSC JE ME 2021)
A.1972
B. 1969
C. 1965
D. 1970
Answer: C
5. The economic cost of food grains to the Food Corporation of India is Minimum Support Price and bonus (if any) paid to the farmers plus (UPSC 2019)
A. transportation cost only
B. interest cost only
C. procurement incidentals and distribution cost
D. procurement incidentals and charges for godowns
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
ICMR STUDY ON DIABETES
1. Context
India is grappling with a significant burden of metabolic disorders, including diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and high cholesterol levels.
A recently published study conducted by the Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research sheds light on the prevalence of these non-communicable diseases (NCDs) among the Indian population and emphasizes the importance of targeted health policies.
2. Findings of the Study
Diabetes Prevalence
- Over a quarter of the population is either diabetic or prediabetic.
- 11.4% of India's population (101 million people) lives with diabetes.
- An additional 15.3% (136 million people) are in the prediabetic stage.
- Nearly half of prediabetics are likely to develop diabetes within five years.
Hypertension Prevalence
Hypertension affects 35.5% of the population (315 million people) in India.
Obesity Prevalence
- BMI-based obesity: 28.6% of the population would be considered obese.
- Abdominal obesity: 39.5% of the population (351 million people) have abdominal obesity.
High Cholesterol Levels
24% of the population (213 million people) live with hypercholesterolemia.
3. Significance of the Indiab Study
Extensive Data Collection
- The Indiab study spans 12 years and includes over 113,000 participants.
- It provides accurate prevalence rates of metabolic disorders in the Indian population.
- The study also revealed that only 7% of known diabetics have their sugar, BP, and cholesterol levels under control.
Representative and Large-Scale
- The study ensures representation of the Indian population by including participants from rural and urban areas.
- It is one of the largest studies ever conducted, encompassing all states and union territories.
4. Geographical Variation
Rural-Urban Divide
- Diabetes prevalence: 16.4% in urban India, and 8.9% in rural India.
- Prediabetes prevalence: Similar in rural and urban areas.
Regional Variation
- Diabetes prevalence: Higher in Southern states, Delhi, and Punjab.
- Diabetes prevalence is lowest in Uttar Pradesh.
- Hypertension prevalence is highest in Punjab.
- Highest prevalence of abdominal obesity in Puducherry.
- Highest prevalence of hypercholesterolemia in Kerala.
Tracking Changes Over Time
To study trends, follow-up data collection will be conducted in states with varying disease prevalence, such as Arunachal Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
5. Implications for Policy Development
Utilizing Granular Data
- State governments can develop targeted health policies using data specific to their regions.
- Prevention and screening programs and future health infrastructure should be prioritized based on prevalence rates.
- Government health and wellness centres already include screening and medicines for NCDs.
Lifestyle Interventions and Medications
- Encouraging lifestyle changes (diet, exercise, sleep, no smoking/alcohol) is crucial.
- Medications like statins or metformin can be provided to control cholesterol or blood glucose levels.
- By leveraging the study's findings, policymakers can address the growing burden of metabolic disorders in India and implement effective strategies for prevention, screening, and treatment.
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For Prelims: diabetes, hypertension, obesity, high cholesterol, Madras Diabetes Research Foundation and Indian Council of Medical Research, non-communicable diseases
For Mains:
1. Discuss the findings of the Indiab study on the prevalence of metabolic disorders in India, Explain the significant numbers of people living with diabetes, pre-diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and hypercholesterolemia. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Diabetes is characterized by: (MP Police Constable 2017)
A. Scanty urination
B. Loss of appetite and fatigue
C. No urination
D. Frequent urination and unusual thirst
Answer: D
2. High blood pressure is an example of : (MP Sub Engg 2018)
A. Contagious disease
B. Non-infectious disease
C. Infectious disease
D. Sexually transmitted disease
Answer: B
3. What is not true about Hypertension (MP NHM CHO 2019)
A. Occurs in urban population
B. Normally affects people above 30 yrs of age
C. Cannot be cured permanently by antihypertensive drugs
D. 90-150 is not the correct range for systolic BP
Answer: A
4. All are risk factors for Hypertension except (MP NHM 2019)
A. Obesity B. Family History C. Contaminated water D. Smoking
Answer: C
5. Diagnosis of obesity can be done by calculating BMI, which stands for (MP NHM CHO 2019)
A. Body mind index B. Body metabolic index
C. Basal metabolic index D. Body mass index
Answer: D
6. Read the following passage and answer the item that follows. Your answer to this item should be based on the passage only. (UPSC 2018)
The practice of dieting has become an epidemic; everyone is looking out for a way to attain that perfect body. We are all different with respect to our ethnicity, genetics, family history, gender, age, physical and mental and spiritual health status, lifestyles and preferences. Thereby we also differ in what foods we tolerate or are sensitive to. So we really cannot reduce so many complexities into one diet or diet book. This explains the failure of diets across the world in curbing obesity. Unless the reasons for weight gain are well understood and addressed and unless habits are changed permanently, no diet is likely to succeed.
What is the most logical and rational inference that can be made from the above passage?
A. Obesity has become an epidemic all over the world.
B. A lot of people are obsessed with attaining a perfect body.
C. Obesity is essentially an incurable disease.
D. There is no perfect diet or one solution for obesity.
Answer: D
7. Consider the following statements. (MPSC 2013)
(a) Cholesterol packaged in High-density lipoprotein is called bad cholesterol.
(b) High-density lipoprotein builds up cholesterol and causes blockage of arteries. It can also lead to plaque formation and start atherosclerosis. Now state whether
A. Both the statements are correct and second is the correct explanation of the first.
B. Neither of the statements is correct.
C. Both the statements are correct but the second is not the correct explanation of the first.
D. The first statement is correct not the second.
Answer: B
8. Cholesterol is a? (MP Police SI 2017)
A. Type of chlorophyll
B. Fatty alcohol found in animal fats
C. Derivative of chloroform
D. Chromium salt
Answer: B
9. Full form of ICMR is: (OPSC OAS 2018)
A. Indian Council of Mental Research
B. Indian Council of Medical Research
C. Indian Cultural and Management Research
D. Indian Climate and Meteorology Research
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
