GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)
There are three primary ways to calculate GDP:
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Production Approach (GDP by Production): This approach calculates GDP by adding up the value-added at each stage of production. It involves summing up the value of all final goods and services produced in an economy.
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Income Approach (GDP by Income): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the incomes earned in an economy, including wages, rents, interests, and profits. The idea is that all the income generated in an economy must ultimately be spent on purchasing goods and services.
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Expenditure Approach (GDP by Expenditure): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the expenditures made on final goods and services. It includes consumption by households, investments by businesses, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).
3. Measuring GDP
GDP can be measured in three different ways:
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Nominal GDP: This is the raw GDP figure without adjusting for inflation. It reflects the total value of goods and services produced at current prices.
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Real GDP: Real GDP adjusts the nominal GDP for inflation, allowing for a more accurate comparison of economic performance over time. It represents the value of goods and services produced using constant prices from a specific base year.
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GDP per capita: This is the GDP divided by the population of a country. It provides a per-person measure of economic output and can be useful for comparing the relative economic well-being of different countries.
The GDP is a useful measure of economic health, but it has some limitations. For example, it does not take into account the distribution of income in an economy. It also does not take into account the quality of goods and services produced.
Despite its limitations, the GDP is a widely used measure of economic health. It is used by economists, policymakers, and businesses to track the performance of an economy and to make decisions about economic policy
4. Gross Value Added (GVA)
Gross Value Added (GVA) is a closely related concept to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is used to measure the economic value generated by various economic activities within a country. GVA represents the value of goods and services produced in an economy minus the value of inputs (such as raw materials and intermediate goods) used in production. It's a way to measure the contribution of each individual sector or industry to the overall economy.
GVA can be calculated using the production approach, similar to one of the methods used to calculate GDP. The formula for calculating GVA is as follows:
GVA = Output Value - Intermediate Consumption
Where:
- Output Value: The total value of goods and services produced by an industry or sector.
- Intermediate Consumption: The value of inputs used in the production process, including raw materials, energy, and other intermediate goods.
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are both important economic indicators used to measure the size and health of an economy, but they focus on slightly different aspects of economic activity and include different factors. Here are the key differences between GDP and GNP:
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Definition and Scope:
- GDP: GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders, regardless of whether the production is done by domestic or foreign entities. It only considers economic activities that take place within the country.
- GNP: GNP measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, whether they are located within the country's borders or abroad. It takes into account the production of residents, both domestically and internationally.
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Foreign Income and Payments:
- GDP: GDP does not consider the income earned by residents of a country from their economic activities abroad, nor does it account for payments made to foreigners working within the country.
- GNP: GNP includes the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and activities abroad, minus the income earned by foreign residents from their investments within the country.
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Net Factor Income from Abroad:
- GDP: GDP does not account for net factor income from abroad, which is the difference between income earned by domestic residents abroad and income earned by foreign residents domestically.
- GNP: GNP includes net factor income from abroad as part of its calculation.
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Foreign Direct Investment:
- GDP: GDP does not directly consider foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into or out of a country.
- GNP: GNP considers the impact of FDI on the income of a country's residents, both from investments made within the country and from investments made by residents abroad.
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Measurement Approach:
- GDP: GDP can be calculated using three different approaches: production, income, and expenditure approaches.
- GNP: GNP is primarily calculated using the income approach, as it focuses on the income earned by residents from their economic activities.
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For Prelims: GDP, GVA, FDI, GNP
For Mains: 1.Discuss the recent trends and challenges in India's GDP growth
2.Examine the role of the service sector in India's GDP growth
3.Compare and contrast the growth trajectories of India's GDP and GNP
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Previous Year Questions
1.With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (b)
2.A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2015) 1. Slowing economic growth rate 2. Less equitable distribution of national income Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer (a)
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme: Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC CSE GS3, 2020) Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2021) |
EUROPEAN UNION (EU)
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The European Parliament (EP) represents the citizens of EU member states. Its main roles include negotiating EU laws with member state governments, which are represented by the European Council.
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The EP also has the authority to approve the EU budget, vote on international agreements, and decide on the enlargement of the bloc. Additionally, it can approve or reject the appointment of the European Commission president — currently Germany’s Ursula von der Leyen — and the commissioners.
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Unlike national parliaments, the EP does not have the right to propose laws; it can only negotiate those proposed by the executive European Commission.
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The EP consists of 720 Members (MEPs) who are elected every five years. These MEPs then elect their president for a term of two and a half years.
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In 21 member states, individuals aged 18 and above can vote.
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Citizens living in another EU country can choose to vote for candidates either from their home country or from their country of residence.
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In some member states, voters can only choose closed lists where they cannot change the order of preferred candidates, while in others, they can select individual candidates in a preferential system.
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All candidates must be EU citizens. Depending on the country, voters may choose from individual candidates or political parties’ delegates. Once elected, politicians from each nation join the European groups in the Parliament based on their political orientations. Elected individuals cannot hold positions in national governments or other political bodies such as the EU Commission
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What are the member countries of the EU?
Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden
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1945-1957: Post-War Integration Efforts
- 1945: After the devastation of World War II, European countries seek to ensure lasting peace and economic stability.
- 1951: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is established by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. This organization aims to integrate the coal and steel industries of member countries, making war between them "materially impossible."
1957: The Treaties of Rome
- 1957: The Treaties of Rome are signed, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The EEC aims to create a common market and a customs union among its members
960s-1980s: Growth and Challenges
- 1973: The first enlargement of the EEC occurs, with Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joining the Community.
- 1981: Greece becomes a member, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986.
- 1986: The Single European Act is signed, aiming to create a single market by 1992, ensuring the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.
1990s: Political and Economic Union
- 1992: The Maastricht Treaty is signed, formally establishing the European Union. The treaty introduces new forms of cooperation between governments, such as a common foreign and security policy, and lays the foundation for economic and monetary union, including the creation of a single currency.
- 1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join the EU.
- 1999: The euro is introduced as the single currency for 11 EU countries, with physical currency (banknotes and coins) entering circulation in 2002.
2000s: Major Enlargement and Institutional Reforms
- 2004: The EU undergoes its largest expansion, with ten new countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joining.
- 2007: Bulgaria and Romania join the EU.
- 2009: The Lisbon Treaty comes into force, reforming the EU's institutional structure and increasing its powers in areas such as justice, security, and foreign policy
2010s: Economic Crises and Brexit
- 2010: The eurozone faces a significant debt crisis, prompting reforms and financial support mechanisms to stabilize the economies of member states.
- 2013: Croatia becomes the EU's 28th member state.
- 2016: The United Kingdom votes to leave the EU in a referendum, leading to Brexit.
- 2020: The UK officially leaves the EU on January 31, 2020
- The European Council comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy also participates
- The European Council meets at least four times a year, usually in Brussels, Belgium. Additionally, extraordinary meetings can be convened to address urgent issues
- The European Council sets the EU's general political agenda and provides strategic leadership on key issues facing the EU. While it does not legislate or adopt laws, its decisions and recommendations guide the work of other EU institutions
- The European Council operates on the basis of consensus, with decisions typically reached through discussions and negotiations among its members. However, unanimity is not always required for certain decisions, particularly in areas where EU treaties allow for qualified majority voting
India and the European Union (EU) engage in cooperation across various sectors, reflecting their shared interests and objectives.
Some of the key areas of cooperation between India and the EU include:
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Trade and Investment: Both India and the EU are major trading partners. Efforts are underway to enhance bilateral trade relations through negotiations for a comprehensive free trade agreement known as the EU-India Broad-Based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA). Additionally, initiatives aim to promote investment flows between India and the EU.
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Political Dialogue and Strategic Partnership: India and the EU engage in regular political dialogues to discuss regional and global issues of mutual concern, including security, counter-terrorism, climate change, and sustainable development. They have established a strategic partnership framework to deepen cooperation in these areas.
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Research and Innovation: Collaboration in research and innovation is a growing area of cooperation between India and the EU. Joint research projects, technology partnerships, and academic exchanges are promoted to address common challenges and foster technological innovation.
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Education and Culture: India and the EU cooperate in the fields of education, culture, and people-to-people exchanges. Programs such as Erasmus+ facilitate student and academic mobility between India and EU member states, while cultural events and initiatives promote mutual understanding and appreciation.
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Energy and Climate Change: India and the EU collaborate on energy security, renewable energy, and climate change mitigation efforts. Dialogues and partnerships focus on promoting clean energy technologies, sustainable development, and the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.
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Security and Counter-Terrorism: Cooperation in security and counter-terrorism is a priority for India and the EU. They exchange information, share best practices, and coordinate efforts to combat terrorism, cyber threats, and other transnational security challenges.
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Migration and Mobility: India and the EU engage in dialogue on migration and mobility issues, including legal migration, visa facilitation, and irregular migration management. Cooperation aims to promote safe, orderly, and regular migration flows while addressing challenges related to migration governance.
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Healthcare and Public Health: Collaboration in healthcare and public health is increasingly important, especially in areas such as pandemic preparedness, disease surveillance, and healthcare infrastructure development. India and the EU work together to strengthen health systems and respond to global health challenges.
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: GS-II:GS-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023)
The ‘Stability and Growth Pact’ of the European Union is a treaty that 1. limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union 2. makes the countries of the European Union to share their infrastructure facilitie 3. enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologie How many of the above statements are correct (a) Only one (b) Only two (c) All three (d) None Answer (a)
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UNLAWFUL ACTIVITIES (PREVENTION) ACT (UAPA)
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) is an Indian law that was enacted in 1967 to effectively prevent unlawful activities that pose a threat to the sovereignty and integrity of India.
Key highlights of the UAPA
- Objective: The primary objective of the UAPA is to provide law enforcement agencies with effective tools to combat terrorism and other activities that threaten the security of the nation.
- Definition of Unlawful Activities: The act defines unlawful activities to include actions that intend to or support the cession of a part of the territory of India or disrupt the sovereignty and integrity of the country.
- Powers of Designation: The government has the authority to designate an organization as a terrorist organization if it believes that such an organization is involved in terrorism. This designation has significant legal consequences, including the freezing of assets.
- Powers of Arrest and Detention: The UAPA provides law enforcement agencies with powers of arrest and detention to prevent individuals from engaging in unlawful activities. The act allows for preventive detention to curb potential threats before they materialise.
- Banning of Terrorist Organizations: The government can proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, making their activities illegal. This includes banning these organisations, freezing their assets, and taking other measures to curb their operations.
- Admissibility of Confessions: The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. This provision has been a point of contention, with concerns about potential misuse and coercion.
- Designation of Individuals as Terrorists: In addition to organizations, the UAPA allows the government to designate individuals as terrorists. This designation carries legal consequences, including restrictions on travel and freezing of assets.
- Amendments and Stringency: Over the years, the UAPA has undergone several amendments to strengthen its provisions and make it more effective in dealing with emerging threats. However, these amendments have also been criticized for potential violations of civil liberties.
- International Cooperation: The UAPA allows for cooperation with foreign countries in matters related to the prevention of unlawful activities. This includes extradition of individuals involved in such activities.
3. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Human Rights
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and human rights lie in the impact the act can have on various fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution of India and international human rights standards.
The key points connecting the UAPA and human rights:
- The UAPA allows for preventive detention, which means individuals can be detained without formal charges based on suspicions of involvement in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to liberty, as individuals may be deprived of their freedom without the presumption of innocence until proven guilty.
- The admissibility of confessions made to police officers under the UAPA raises issues related to the right against self-incrimination. There is a risk that such confessions might be obtained under duress or coercion, compromising the fairness of legal proceedings.
- Designating individuals as terrorists and proscribing organizations without due process may impinge on the right to a fair trial. This includes the right to be informed of charges, the right to legal representation, and the right to present a defense.
- The UAPA provides authorities with the power to proscribe organizations as terrorist organizations, limiting their activities. Critics argue that this may infringe upon the right to freedom of association, particularly when such designations are made without sufficient evidence or proper legal procedures.
- The potential for misuse of the UAPA to target individuals or organizations critical of the government raises concerns about freedom of expression. If the act is used to suppress dissent or stifle legitimate political or social activities, it can undermine this fundamental right.
- The UAPA grants authorities the power to intercept communications and conduct surveillance on individuals suspected of engaging in unlawful activities. This raises concerns about the right to privacy, as individuals may be subjected to intrusive surveillance without adequate safeguards.
- Human rights standards require that any restrictions on rights, such as those imposed by the UAPA, must be proportionate and necessary for achieving a legitimate aim. Critics argue that the broad scope of the UAPA may lead to disproportionate measures that unduly restrict individual rights.
- The UAPA's compatibility with international human rights standards, including the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), is a critical point of consideration. Ensuring that the act aligns with these standards is essential to upholding human rights principles.
4. Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Constitution
The Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and Article 22 of the Indian Constitution lie in how the UAPA's provisions for arrest and detention intersect with the constitutional safeguards provided under Article 22.
- Article 22 provides certain protections to individuals who are arrested or detained. It outlines the rights of arrested individuals, emphasizing safeguards to prevent arbitrary or unlawful detention.
- Article 22(1) states that every person who is arrested and detained shall be informed, as soon as may be, of the grounds for such arrest. This provision ensures that individuals are aware of the reasons behind their arrest, preventing arbitrary or secret detentions.
- Article 22(1) also guarantees the right of an arrested person to consult and be defended by a legal practitioner of their choice. This ensures that individuals have access to legal assistance during the legal process, contributing to a fair and just legal system.
- The UAPA includes provisions for preventive detention, allowing authorities to detain individuals to prevent them from committing certain offences. However, Article 22(4) allows preventive detention only under specific circumstances, and certain safeguards must be followed, such as providing the detenu with the grounds for detention and an opportunity to make a representation against the detention.
- Article 22(4) further mandates that a person detained under a law providing for preventive detention must be afforded the earliest opportunity to make a representation against the detention. Additionally, the case of every person detained is required to be placed before an advisory board within three months.
- The UAPA allows for confessions made to police officers to be admissible in court, subject to certain safeguards. However, this provision has been a point of concern concerning Article 22, as confessions obtained under duress or coercion may violate the right against self-incrimination.
- Article 22(2) ensures the right to be brought before the nearest magistrate within 24 hours of arrest, excluding the time necessary for the journey. This provision aims to prevent prolonged detention without judicial oversight and contributes to the right to a speedy trial.
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For Prelims: Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act, Article 22, Terrorism
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key provisions of the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA) and analyze how they may impact fundamental human rights. Elaborate on the balance between national security concerns and the protection of individual rights. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Under Article 22 of the Constitution of India, with the exception of certain provisions stated there in, what is the maximum period for detention of a person under preventive detention? (MPSC 2014) A. 2 months B. 3 months C. 4 months D. 6 months
2. Article 22 of the Constitution ensures (CTET 2016) A. Right not to be ill-treated during arrest or while in custody B. Right to Constitutional Remedies C. Right against Exploitation D. Right to Education Answers: 1-B, 2-A Mains 1. Indian government has recently strengthed the anti-terrorism laws by amending the Unlawful Activities(Prevention) Act, (UAPA), 1967 and the NIA Act. Analyze the changes in the context of prevailing security environment while discussing scope and reasons for opposing the UAPA by human rights organizations. (UPSC 2019) |
Source: The Indian Express
ADITYA-L1
1. Context
2. About Aditya-L1
- Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
- This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.
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3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations
- India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
- With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.
4. Space weather alerts
- Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
- These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
- Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
- Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
- While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
- With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
- Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
- Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
- It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.
5. The Significance of L1
- Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
- This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
- After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
- Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
- The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
- The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
- Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
- L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.
12. The Way Forward
- The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
- Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.
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For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit,
For Mains:
1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research
Answer: A
3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
Answer: C
4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: C
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INDIA-BHUTAN
1. Context
Recent high-level engagements between India and Bhutan, including Bhutanese Prime Minister Tshering Tobgay’s participation in the School of Ultimate Leadership (SOUL) conclave 2025
2. Historical Ties between India and Bhutan
India and Bhutan have a long and close history of diplomatic and economic ties, characterized by cooperation and mutual respect. Their relations can be traced back to ancient times when they had cultural and economic interactions.
- The modern era of India-Bhutan relations formally began with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan in 1949. This treaty laid the foundation for diplomatic, economic, and security cooperation. It also affirmed Bhutan's sovereignty while recognizing India's role in guiding its foreign policy.
- India has played a crucial role in ensuring Bhutan's security. During the border dispute between Bhutan and China in 2017, India supported Bhutan's stance, reinforcing their security cooperation.
- India has been a major source of economic aid and development assistance for Bhutan. Various Indian projects in Bhutan have focused on infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and other sectors, contributing to Bhutan's socio-economic progress.
- One of the significant areas of economic collaboration has been hydropower. India has been involved in the development of several hydropower projects in Bhutan, providing a source of revenue for the Bhutanese economy. These projects have also enhanced regional energy security.
3. Economic Ties and Road Connectivity
- The discussions involved plans for improved connectivity between the two nations, especially focusing on border areas and immigration posts to support Bhutan’s initiative for a smart city at Gelephu, situated on the border between Bhutan and Assam. This development aims to fortify ties and foster regional growth.
- India's approval for the final survey on a 58 km cross-border rail link between Gelephu and Kokrajhar in Assam marks a significant step. Additionally, both nations have agreed to explore an 18 km rail link between Samtse in Bhutan and Banarhat in West Bengal, fostering greater trade opportunities. Furthermore, the agreement to extend Bhutanese trade items to Chilahati in Bangladesh from Haldibari in West Bengal indicates a broader regional trade expansion strategy.
- India’s commitment to supporting Bhutan’s socio-economic development in line with Bhutanese government priorities was reaffirmed by Prime Minister Modi. This includes support for Bhutan's 13th Five-Year Plan and the Bhutanese King's vision for a Special Economic Zone in the Sarpang district, which includes plans for an international airport at Gelephu.
- Acknowledging India's support for Bhutan's 12th Five-Year Plan, the Bhutanese King expressed gratitude, while India reiterated its commitment to assist in the upcoming 13th Five-Year Plan. The joint statement highlighted the importance of their strong bilateral ties and mutual support in various developmental efforts.
- The decision to transform the Darranga-Samdrup Jongkhar border crossing into an immigration check post is aimed at enhancing connectivity, tourism, and facilitating entry for third country nationals. Upgrading the land customs station at Dadgiri in Assam to an Integrated Check Post (ICP) and developing facilities in Gelephu on the Bhutanese side will further support the Bhutanese Special Economic Zone project, boosting trade and connectivity.
- These joint initiatives are expected to ease travel between India and Bhutan, foster increased trade with Bangladesh, and bolster tourism revenues for Bhutan, particularly important in the wake of economic challenges resulting from the pandemic. Bhutan's initiatives, led by the King, intend to create more job opportunities and enhance tourism in the country.
4. Conclusion
The recent discussions and agreements between India and Bhutan focus on improving connectivity, trade, and tourism, as well as addressing economic challenges in Bhutan through infrastructure development and international cooperation.
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For Prelims: India-Bhutan, Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan in 1949,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the prospects and challenges of the economic and infrastructure collaborations between the India-Bhutan. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. When was the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed ? (UPRVUNL AE EE 2021)
A. 1949 B. 1953 C. 1951 D. 1950
Answer: A
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THREE LANGUAGE POLICY
- There has been an ongoing dispute between the central government and the Tamil Nadu government regarding the three-language formula introduced under the New Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
- The Union government has indicated that adherence to this policy is necessary for the release of funds linked to the Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan. However, the Tamil Nadu government perceives this as an attempt to impose Hindi and maintains that it will continue with its existing two-language policy.
- As per the Constitution, Hindi is designated as the official language of the Union. Initially, English was intended to function as an official language for only 15 years following the adoption of the Constitution (until 1965).
- However, the Official Languages Act, 1963, allows for the continued use of English alongside Hindi for all official Union purposes indefinitely. Additionally, state legislatures have the authority to designate one or more regional languages or Hindi as the official language(s) for their respective states.
- Moreover, the Constitution entrusts the Union with the responsibility of promoting the Hindi language so that it may evolve as a medium of expression reflecting India’s diverse cultural heritage
- The three-language formula was initially introduced in the National Education Policy (NEP) of 1968. Along with the Official Language Resolution of 1968, this policy required non-Hindi-speaking states to include Hindi as a language in their curriculum.
- However, this directive faced resistance in Tamil Nadu, which has consistently adhered to its two-language policy, offering only Tamil and English in government schools.
- The NEP 2020 has retained the three-language formula but with a significant modification—it does not mandate the adoption of any particular language. Instead, it allows states, regions, and students to decide which languages to learn, provided that at least two of the three selected languages are of Indian origin
- Primary Objective: To promote multilingualism, cultural integration, and national unity while ensuring students gain proficiency in multiple languages.
- Languages to be Taught:
- First Language: The mother tongue or regional language.
- Second Language: In Hindi-speaking states, this is typically English or a modern Indian language (MIL). In non-Hindi-speaking states, it is usually Hindi.
- Third Language: In Hindi-speaking states, this is a modern Indian language (not Hindi) or a foreign language. In non-Hindi-speaking states, it is often English or another Indian language
- The Annual Status of Education Research (ASER), conducted regularly by the well-known NGO Pratham, highlights significant gaps in learning outcomes. The 2022 report found that nearly 60% of Class V students were unable to read a Class II-level text.
- Similarly, the 2023 report revealed that 25% of youth aged 14-18 struggled to read a Class II-level text fluently in their regional language, while over 40% of this age group could not read basic sentences in English. Foundational numeracy skills, such as subtraction and division, also showed concerning deficiencies.
- According to the ‘Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education’ report published by the Ministry of Education in 2022, the total revenue expenditure on elementary education for 2019-20 was estimated at ₹3.03 lakh crore.
- Of this, 85% was contributed by the states, while the Centre accounted for 15%. Overall, the combined expenditure on elementary, secondary, higher, and technical education by both the Centre and states remains around 4-4.5% of GDP, falling short of the 6% target set by NEP 2020. This indicates that investment in education has yet to reach the desired level
Although English is not an indigenous language, proficiency in it has significantly contributed to India's global competitiveness, particularly in various service industries. Given India's linguistic diversity, encouraging the learning of more Indian languages in schools is a commendable goal. However, existing challenges related to learning outcomes and resource limitations suggest that government-run schools should prioritize strengthening mother tongue/local language and English instruction, alongside foundational numeracy skills. Even in private schools, where a third language is taught until Class VIII, students often achieve only limited proficiency in that language.
According to 2011 Census data, around 26% of India's population is bilingual, while 7% can speak three languages. In urban areas, these figures rise to 44% and 15%, respectively, compared to 22% and 5% in rural regions. With increasing urbanization and migration of workers across the country, these numbers are expected to rise in the upcoming Census, suggesting that both young and adult populations will continue to acquire additional languages based on their needs
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For Prelims: NEP 2020, National Curriculum Framework, Sustainable Development Goals, University Grants Commission, Kothari Commission, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the key provisions and objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. How does it aim to transform the Indian education system, and what are its implications for inclusive development? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)
1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the State Council of Teacher Education concerned.
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 (d) 3 only
Answer: B
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
3. The objective(s) of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan is/are: (UKSSSC Forest Guard 2021)
A. To provide quality based education to all children from 14 to 18 years
B. Universal standstill till the year 2020
C. To provide residential school for the students of remote areas
D. All of the above
Answer: D
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Source: The Hindu
UNITED STATES AGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT (USAID)
- The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) is recognized as the primary international humanitarian and development agency of the U.S. government, as described by the Congressional Research Service (CRS).
- The agency delivers assistance to other nations primarily by financing non-governmental organizations (NGOs), foreign governments, international institutions, and other U.S. agencies. This funding is often directed toward specific programs aimed at reducing poverty, improving access to education and healthcare, and addressing other critical needs.
- In the fiscal year 2023, USAID managed over $43 billion in funds and extended assistance to approximately 130 countries. The top 10 recipients of USAID-managed funds during this period, listed in descending order of funding, were: Ukraine, Ethiopia, Jordan, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Somalia, Yemen, Afghanistan, Nigeria, South Sudan, and Syria.
- According to CRS, USAID employed more than 10,000 individuals in FY2023, with about two-thirds of its workforce stationed overseas. This figure does not include the thousands of "institutional support contractors" who play a crucial role in implementing the agency’s programs. USAID operates through more than 60 missions worldwide, ensuring its presence and impact across the globe
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) was established on November 3, 1961, under President John F. Kennedy’s administration. Its creation marked a significant step in U.S. foreign policy, consolidating various foreign assistance programs under a single agency to streamline and enhance the effectiveness of American development and humanitarian efforts worldwide.
Origins and Early Years:
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Post-World War II Context: After World War II, the U.S. launched several aid programs, such as the Marshall Plan (1948), to rebuild war-torn Europe and counter the spread of communism. These efforts laid the groundwork for a more structured approach to international development.
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Point Four Program: In 1949, President Harry S. Truman introduced the Point Four Program, which focused on providing technical assistance to developing countries. This initiative emphasized sharing American expertise in agriculture, health, and industry to promote economic growth and stability.
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Cold War Era: During the Cold War, U.S. foreign aid became a strategic tool to counter Soviet influence. Programs like the Mutual Security Act (1951) and the Development Loan Fund (1957) were established to support allies and foster development in emerging nations.
Establishment of USAID:
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In 1961, President Kennedy signed the Foreign Assistance Act, which reorganized U.S. foreign aid programs and led to the creation of USAID. The agency was tasked with managing economic assistance and humanitarian programs, focusing on long-term development rather than short-term relief.
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USAID absorbed the functions of earlier organizations, such as the International Cooperation Administration (ICA) and the Development Loan Fund, to create a unified approach to foreign aid.
Evolution and Expansion:
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1960s-1970s: USAID focused on infrastructure development, agriculture, and education in developing countries. Programs like the Green Revolution helped increase agricultural productivity in nations such as India and Pakistan.
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1980s: The agency shifted its focus to address global challenges such as population growth, environmental degradation, and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It also played a key role in supporting democratic transitions in Latin America and Eastern Europe.
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1990s: After the Cold War, USAID’s mission expanded to include promoting democracy, governance, and market-oriented reforms. It also provided humanitarian assistance during crises, such as the Rwandan genocide and the Balkan conflicts.
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2000s: USAID became a critical player in post-9/11 efforts, particularly in Afghanistan and Iraq, where it supported reconstruction, governance, and counterterrorism initiatives. It also intensified its focus on global health, particularly through programs like the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR).
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2010s-Present: USAID has increasingly emphasized innovation, partnerships with the private sector, and sustainable development. It has also addressed emerging challenges such as climate change, food security, and global pandemics like COVID-19
The United States Agency for International Development (USAID) advances U.S. foreign policy and global development through:
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Economic Development: Reduces poverty, boosts agriculture, and promotes trade and investment.
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Democracy & Governance: Strengthens institutions, fights corruption, and supports civil society.
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Global Health: Combats diseases (e.g., HIV/AIDS, malaria), improves maternal/child health, and strengthens healthcare systems.
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Humanitarian Assistance: Provides disaster relief, supports refugees, and aids crisis recovery.
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Education & Workforce Development: Expands access to education, offers skills training, and promotes higher education partnerships.
India and USAID have a long-standing partnership focused on development and humanitarian efforts, though the nature of their collaboration has evolved over time. Initially, USAID played a significant role in India’s development during the mid-20th century, particularly in areas like agriculture, health, and education. However, as India’s economy grew and it became a rising global power, the relationship shifted from traditional aid to more collaborative and strategic partnerships.
Key Areas of Collaboration:
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Agriculture and Food Security:
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USAID supported India’s Green Revolution in the 1960s, helping to increase agricultural productivity and reduce food shortages.
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Ongoing programs focus on sustainable farming, climate-resilient crops, and improving supply chains.
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Health:
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USAID has contributed to India’s efforts in combating infectious diseases like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria.
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It has also supported maternal and child health programs, immunization campaigns, and strengthening healthcare systems.
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Clean Energy and Climate Change:
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USAID collaborates with India on renewable energy projects, energy efficiency, and climate resilience initiatives.
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Programs aim to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote sustainable development.
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Education and Skill Development:
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USAID has supported initiatives to improve access to quality education, particularly for girls and marginalized communities.
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It also promotes vocational training and workforce development to enhance employability
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- The debate surrounding USAID’s role in India highlights the growing polarization in public discourse, which risks eroding national confidence and international reputation. Both the BJP and Congress have engaged in a political tussle, using USAID-funded projects and foreign affiliations as tools to target each other.
- However, much of this rhetoric is driven by misinformation and misinterpretation, often influenced by narratives from the Trump administration, which regarded international aid as an unnecessary burden on American resources.
- While the U.S. may have its own reasons for reassessing aid priorities, it is unfortunate that India’s leading political parties are adopting these arguments without deeper analysis.
- USAID has a longstanding history of supporting developmental projects in India, many of which have been carried out in collaboration with the Indian government.
- However, due to the lack of transparent and verified data on the scope and impact of these initiatives, discussions around them tend to be uninformed and biased.
- In an interconnected world, where nations compete for investment, technology, and skilled talent across borders, using foreign connections as a political weapon may serve short-term propaganda goals but ultimately harms India’s domestic political landscape and weakens its ambitions of becoming a global power
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For Prelims: Non-Government Organisation (NGO), USAID
For Mains: GS II - International organisation
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