Current Affair

Back
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 15 JANUARY 2026

VULTURES AND PANDEMICS

 
 
 
1. Context
 
The Tamil Nadu Forest Department has informed the Madras High Court of having begun the process of establishing Vulture Safe Zones (VSZs) in the State in order to create a safe environment for the species that is free from threats, especially the use of toxic veterinary non-steroidal and anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), like diclofenac, used to treat cattle, which have been a major cause of vulture mortality.
 
2. India's Vultures
 
  • For centuries, vultures have served as natural cleaners, disposing of carcasses and curbing the spread of dangerous pathogens such as anthrax, rabies, and Clostridium botulinum. Until the 1980s, it was common to see large gatherings of vultures at dumping grounds.
  • India alone had a population exceeding 40 million, but since the 1990s their numbers have plummeted by over 95% because of the use of diclofenac.
  • This crisis is not merely ecological—it is also a growing public health concern, showing how biodiversity loss can amplify the risk of future pandemics.
  • India’s vultures form an essential part of the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), a major migratory route that links Central Asian breeding habitats to wintering sites across South Asia.
  • This flyway, stretching across 30+ countries, is used by millions of migratory birds each year. As vultures and raptors traverse this corridor, they connect ecosystems—and the potential transmission of diseases—across international borders.
  • Sites like landfills, carcass dumps, or temporary stopovers can easily become disease hotspots, making the CAF not just a biodiversity highway but also a corridor of public health importance.
  • Strengthening conservation within this pathway provides a crucial chance to integrate ecological security with pandemic prevention.
  • Yet, regional collaboration faces hurdles due to funding shortages and weak structural support. Vulture conservation programmes remain under-resourced, fragmented, and insufficiently tied into national One Health frameworks.
  • Meanwhile, persistent threats such as poisoning from toxic veterinary drugs and electrocution from power lines continue to undermine recovery efforts
 
3. Vultures and Pandemics
 
  • Vultures are directly linked to pandemic risks because of the ecological role they play in controlling disease spread. These birds are highly efficient scavengers that consume animal carcasses rapidly, leaving little opportunity for pathogens to multiply and spread in the environment.
  • In their absence, dead animals remain exposed for longer periods, attracting stray dogs, rats, and other scavengers that are far more likely to transmit diseases to humans.
  • For instance, with the decline of vultures in India due to the veterinary drug diclofenac, there was a noticeable rise in feral dog populations feeding on carcasses.
  • This led to an increase in dog bites and rabies cases, showing how biodiversity loss can create new public health challenges.
  • Moreover, vultures are part of the Central Asian Flyway, a major migratory corridor linking over 30 countries. Their movement, and that of other raptors, connects ecosystems across borders.
  • If vultures decline, carcasses left unmanaged along this corridor can become hotspots for zoonotic spillovers—where pathogens jump from animals to humans. This is especially critical because many pandemics, including COVID-19, have zoonotic origins.
  • Therefore, conserving vultures is not only about protecting a species but also about maintaining a natural barrier against disease outbreaks, highlighting the strong intersection between biodiversity conservation and global health security
  • With the National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2016–2025) approaching its end, India now has the chance to integrate vulture protection into broader strategies for pandemic preparedness.
  • By consuming animal carcasses, vultures reduce the risk of zoonotic spillover and thus act as an important line of defence for public health.
  • As the earliest scavengers to reach dead animals, they can also serve a crucial role in monitoring and ensuring safe carcass disposal.
  • However, their importance in this regard has seldom been formally acknowledged. Likewise, local communities that coexist with vultures remain an overlooked yet vital part of conservation efforts.
  • Despite the modest funding required for vulture protection compared to the enormous expenses of managing disease outbreaks, financial frameworks have not yet recognised conservation as a form of pandemic prevention
 
4. India Protecting Vultures
 
  • A post-2025 national roadmap for vulture conservation could be built around five core pillars. The first would involve nationwide satellite tracking to identify habitats, carcass disposal sites, and potential spillover hotspots.
  • The second would establish a Decision Support System (DSS) that combines wildlife, livestock, and human health data for real-time risk monitoring in line with International Health Regulations.
  • The third would focus on strengthening inter-agency cooperation through a One Health framework, linking environmental, veterinary, and public health institutions.
  • The fourth would emphasize cross-border collaboration along the Central Asian Flyway (CAF), in line with the Convention on Migratory Species and regional preparedness for disease threats.
  • Finally, the fifth would promote community involvement, particularly empowering women, youth, and local groups to act as frontline agents for surveillance and awareness.
  • Together, these five pillars would safeguard a keystone species, enhance public health systems, and lower pandemic risks while aligning with the World Health Organization’s South-East Asia Regional Office Strategic Roadmap for Health Security (2023–27).
  • In essence, by expanding on the current Vulture Action Plan and embedding it within a broader health security framework, India can move from species-specific recovery to a comprehensive resilience strategy.
  • This would not only protect vultures but also mitigate zoonotic spillovers and strengthen India’s position as a global leader in biodiversity-driven health security
 
 
5. Way Forward
 

A new framework that brings together surveillance of human, animal, and environmental health, shortens the gap between detection and response, and promotes regional cooperation can help build systemic resilience. This approach is also economically prudent: the investment needed for vulture protection—through satellite tracking, safer veterinary practices, and reducing infrastructure-related risks—is minimal when compared to the massive economic and human costs of managing a disease outbreak.

Given that India hosts a significant portion of the vulture populations along the Central Asian Flyway—such as the Himalayan griffon, cinereous vulture, and Eurasian griffon—and has proven its ability to innovate, it is well placed to demonstrate how conserving biodiversity can function as a strategy for pandemic prevention. By expanding telemetry, putting a Decision Support System (DSS) into operation, and embedding vulture protection within national and regional One Health programmes, India could set an example for neighbouring countries and potentially for the wider world

 

For Prelims: Central Asian Flyway (CAF), India’s National Action Plan for Vulture Conservation (2016-25)
 
For Mains: GS III - Environment and Ecology
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Which of the following are the Objectives of 'National Nutrition Mission'? (UPSC 2017)
1. To Create Awareness relating to malnutrition among pregnant women and lactating mothers
2. To reduce the incidence of anaemia among young children, adolscent girls, and women
3. To promote the Consumption of millets, coarse cereals, and unpolished rice
4. To promote the consumption of poultry eggs
Select the correct answer using the code given below
A. 1 and 2 Only       B.1, 2 and 3         C. 1, 2 and 4           D. 3 and 4
 
2. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (UPSC 2019)
A. Poverty rates vary from State to State
B. Price levels vary from State to State
C. Gross State Product varies from State to State
D. Quality of public distribution varies from State to State

3.Vultures which used to be very common in Indian countryside some years ago are rarely seen nowadays. This is attributed to (2012)

(a) the destruction of their nesting sites by new invasive species

(b) a drug used by cattle owners for treating their diseased cattle

(c) scarcity of food available to them

(d) a widespread, persistent and fatal disease among them.

Answer (b)
 
The drastic decline in vulture populations in India since the 1990s was primarily due to the veterinary drug Diclofenac, given to cattle to treat inflammation and pain. When vultures fed on carcasses of cattle treated with this drug, it caused kidney failure and death in vultures
 
Answers: 1-A, 2- B, 3-b
Source: The Hindu
 
 
 

UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION (UGC)

 
 
 
1. Context: 
 
The University Grants Commission (UGC) has notified new regulations to address caste-based discrimination in higher education institutions across the country. The new rules mandate the setting up of equity committees on campuses and specify punishments, which can range from being debarred from offering degrees or programmes, for non-compliance.
 
2. University Grants Commission (UGC)
 
The University Grants Commission (UGC) is a statutory body in India that was established to oversee and maintain the standards of higher education. It was formed in 1956 under the University Grants Commission Act of 1956 and operates under the Ministry of Education, Government of India
 

The primary functions of the UGC include:

  1. Allocating funds to universities and colleges.
  2. Formulating and implementing academic standards for higher education institutions.
  3. Monitoring and maintaining the quality of teaching, research, and examinations in universities.
  4. Providing guidance and coordination among universities and colleges in the country.
  5. Supporting and promoting innovations and improvements in the education system
 
3. Appointment, Tenure, Eligibility
 

University Grants Commission (UGC) Appointment, Tenure, and Eligibility

Position Appointment Method Tenure Minimum Eligibility
Chairperson Appointed by the President of India 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges.
Member Appointed by the President of India 5 years, extendable for another 5 years (subject to review) Renowned scholar/expert with: * Proven track record in teaching/research/administration in relevant field. * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor/equivalent in a University/College/Institute of national importance. * Demonstrated commitment to higher education development.
Vice-Chancellor (University) Appointed by Executive Council of the University 5 years, extendable for another 5 years Distinguished academician with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in a University system or 10 years in equivalent position at a reputed research/academic administrative organization. * Eminence in the sphere of higher education. * No connection with the concerned university or its colleges.
Dean (Faculty) or Director (School/Institute) Appointed by Executive Council of the University/Governing Council of the Institute 5 years, extendable for another 5 years Eminent scholar with: * Minimum 10 years of experience as Professor in relevant field. * Exceptional research record and contributions to the discipline. * Strong administrative and leadership skills.
Professor Through Selection Committee constituted by the University Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Proven track record of research publications in peer-reviewed journals. * Significant contribution to the discipline. * Experience in research supervision.
Associate Professor Through Selection Committee constituted by the University Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review Ph.D. in relevant subject with: * Good academic record and publications. * Minimum 8 years of teaching/research experience in relevant field.
Assistant Professor Through Selection Committee constituted by the University Up to 5 years (initially), extendable based on performance review Master's degree with at least 55% marks and Ph.D. in relevant/allied/cognate discipline OR Master's degree with NET/SLET/SET qualification.
 
 
4. University Grants Commission - Statutory Provisions
 

The University Grants Commission (UGC) operates under statutory provisions outlined primarily in the University Grants Commission Act, 1956. Here are some of the key statutory provisions governing the UGC:

  • University Grants Commission Act, 1956: This is the primary legislation that established the UGC. It defines the roles, functions, powers, and responsibilities of the Commission. It also outlines the composition of the UGC, appointment procedures, and its authority to allocate funds to universities and colleges.

  • UGC (Institutions Deemed to be Universities) Regulations, 2016: These regulations provide guidelines for institutions seeking the status of "Deemed to be University." They specify the criteria, application process, and conditions for granting this status.

  • UGC (Minimum Standards of Instruction for the Grant of the First Degree through Non-formal/Distance Education) Regulations, 2017: These regulations specify the minimum standards for offering programs through distance education mode, ensuring quality education delivery.

  • UGC (Open and Distance Learning) Regulations, 2017: These regulations govern the standards and norms for open and distance learning programs offered by universities and institutions in India.

  • UGC (Establishment and Maintenance of Standards in Private Universities) Regulations, 2003: These regulations outline the norms and standards for the establishment and functioning of private universities, ensuring quality education.

  • UGC (Prevention, Prohibition, and Redressal of Sexual Harassment of Women Employees and Students in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2015: These regulations mandate higher educational institutions to establish mechanisms for preventing and addressing sexual harassment.

  • UGC (Promotion of Equity in Higher Educational Institutions) Regulations, 2012: These regulations aim to promote equity in higher education, focusing on providing opportunities to disadvantaged sections of society.

5. University Grants Commission - Powers and Functions
 
 
The University Grants Commission (UGC) in India is entrusted with several powers and functions aimed at promoting and regulating higher education in the country.
Some of its key powers and functions include:
  • UGC allocates funds to universities and colleges for their development, improvement, and maintenance
  • Provides financial assistance to encourage and support research activities in various academic disciplines
  • UGC establishes and maintains academic standards in higher education to ensure quality across universities and colleges
  • Develops frameworks and guidelines for curriculum development in different academic programs
  • UGC recognizes universities in India and provides approval for the establishment of new universities
  • Monitors the quality of education, teaching, research, and examinations in universities to ensure adherence to set standards
  • UGC promotes and supports research activities by providing grants, fellowships, and scholarships to students and faculty members
  • Facilitates coordination and cooperation among universities and other higher educational institutions
  • Advises the Central and State governments on matters related to higher education policies, regulations, and development
  • Provides guidance, assistance, and recommendations to universities for enhancing their academic and research standards
  • Conducts assessments and accredits higher education institutions to ensure and improve quality
  • Undertakes periodic reviews and assessments to maintain and enhance the quality of education
  • Implements programs and initiatives to promote access to higher education for underprivileged and marginalized sections of society
  • Develops and revises regulations and guidelines governing various aspects of higher education, such as distance education, deemed universities, private universities, etc
  • Collects, analyzes, and maintains data related to higher education for policy formulation and decision-making purposes
 
6.Institutions which grant Degree
 
 
In India, degrees are granted by various types of institutions that are recognized and authorized to award them.
These institutions include:
  • Central Universities: Established by an Act of Parliament and are under the purview of the central government.
  • State Universities: Established by state governments within their respective states.
  • Deemed Universities: Granted the status of "Deemed to be University" by the University Grants Commission (UGC)
  • Many colleges are affiliated with universities and offer undergraduate and postgraduate programs. The degrees awarded by these colleges are conferred by the affiliated university
  • Some colleges have been granted autonomy by the University Grants Commission or the respective university. These colleges have the authority to design their curriculum and conduct examinations, and they award degrees on their own
  • Certain institutes, like the Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs), National Institutes of Technology (NITs), Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs), and others designated as Institutes of National Importance, have the authority to award degrees
  • Institutions like Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU) and others recognized by the Distance Education Bureau (DEB) offer distance education programs and award degrees
These institutions adhere to the guidelines and regulations set by regulatory bodies like the University Grants Commission (UGC), All India Council for Technical Education (AICTE), Bar Council of India (BCI), Medical Council of India (MCI), and others to maintain the quality and standards of education while awarding degrees in their respective fields of expertise
 
7. Challenges regarding the University Grants Commission
 
The University Grants Commission (UGC) in India, despite its significant role in regulating and fostering higher education, faces several challenges:
Insufficient Funding: The allocated funds might not always meet the growing needs of universities and colleges, impacting infrastructure development, research, and educational quality
Ensuring Quality: Maintaining and assuring consistent quality across a diverse range of institutions, especially in rapidly evolving fields, can be challenging.
Accreditation Processes: Some institutions struggle to meet accreditation criteria, impacting their ability to offer recognized degrees
Rapid Changes in Education: Keeping regulations updated and aligned with the evolving educational landscape, including emerging technologies and global standards, poses a challenge
Global Rankings: Enhancing the global competitiveness of Indian higher education institutions in terms of rankings and international collaborations is an ongoing challenge
Industry-Relevant Skills: Aligning educational programs with industry needs to enhance employability requires continuous curriculum updates and industry collaboration
 
8. University Grants Commission - Historical Background

The University Grants Commission (UGC) in India has a rich historical background that traces back to the pre-independence era and has evolved significantly over time:

Pre-Independence Era:

  • 1920s-1940s: Before India gained independence, the idea of a body to oversee and promote higher education emerged. The need for such an institution was discussed during the 1920s and 1930s.

Post-Independence Formation:

  • 1947: After India gained independence in 1947, discussions intensified regarding the establishment of a commission to oversee higher education and allocate funds to universities and colleges.
  • 1950: The UGC was initially set up as an ad-hoc committee to oversee the allocation of grants to universities and colleges.
  • 1956: The University Grants Commission Act was passed on December 28, 1956, establishing the UGC as a statutory body. This formalized its role in overseeing and promoting higher education.

Evolution and Functions:

  • Early Years: Initially, the UGC focused on disbursing grants and fostering the development of universities and colleges.
  • Expanding Role: Over time, the UGC's role expanded to encompass setting academic standards, promoting research, and advising the government on higher education policies.
  • Regulatory Functions: It started playing a more regulatory role by formulating guidelines and regulations for various aspects of higher education.

Milestones and Amendments:

  • 1960s-1970s: The UGC underwent amendments to accommodate changes in the higher education landscape and to enhance its effectiveness.
  • Subsequent Decades: The UGC continued to evolve, adapting to the changing needs of higher education, introducing reforms, and addressing emerging challenges.
 9. Way forward
 
 Throughout its history, the UGC has adapted to the changing educational scenario in India, expanding its functions and responsibilities to meet the evolving needs of higher education. It remains a key institution in the Indian education system, contributing significantly to the development and enhancement of higher education across the country
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

GIG ECONOMY

 
 
1. Context
 
Amid the ongoing debate about working conditions of gig workers engaged with delivery aggregators such as Blinkit, Swiggy and Zomato, the Ministry of Labour and Employment has intervened to ask the companies to drop the “10-minute delivery” deadline.
 
2. What is the gig economy?
 
The gig economy refers to a labor market characterized by short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs. It includes a wide range of activities, from ride-sharing and food delivery to freelance writing and graphic design. Workers in the gig economy are typically independent contractors who perform specific tasks or projects, often mediated through digital platforms. This economy offers flexibility and autonomy for workers but also presents challenges such as lack of job security, benefits, and consistent income
 
3.What is the difference between the formal and informal labour markets?
 
Subject Formal Labor Market Informal Labor Market
Regulation Regulated by government laws and policies Not regulated by formal labor laws
Job Security Generally offers job security Often lacks job security
Benefits Provides benefits like health insurance and retirement plans Rarely provides benefits
Legal Protections Employees have legal protections and must adhere to standards Workers lack legal protections
Income Regular and predictable income Irregular and uncertain income
Employment Contracts Jobs usually involve formal contracts Work is often done without formal contracts
Examples Corporate jobs, government positions Freelance work, informal vendors, day labourers
 
 
4. What is the current state of the labour market in India?
 
  • Maintaining the impressive growth rates of recent years into the medium to long term, while expanding the consumption base, will be difficult given that a significant portion of the country's workforce remains stuck in low-productivity jobs.
  • Recent government surveys indicate that the number of informal businesses in the country has increased from 57.6 million in 2010-11 to 63.4 million in 2015-16, and further to 65 million in 2022-23
  • If the economy were generating more productive employment opportunities, both the number of informal firms and the workforce within them would be significantly decreasing.
  • Combining the 110 million workers in non-farm informal businesses with the approximately 230 million engaged in agriculture accounts for almost two-thirds of the labor force still employed in low-productivity jobs in less efficient sectors—sectors that now contribute an even smaller share of the total economic value added than before.
  • This is in addition to those informally employed in construction and the formal parts of the economy.
  • In the absence of low or semi-skilled job opportunities in the more productive formal manufacturing sector, and without the necessary education to enter more skilled formal employment in both manufacturing and high-end services, their only alternatives are precarious forms of employment in the gig economy.”
  • The issue of job scarcity has long been a part of India's development narrative, not limited to the current administration.
  • However, recent changes include the youth bulge, increasing labor force participation rate—particularly among women driven into the workforce by financial distress—the declining share of value added by the informal sector, and the growing capital intensity in production sectors that contribute more to value addition and are labor-intensive by nature
  • The consequences of failing to create a sufficient number of more productive jobs, and the resulting deepening labor market duality, are likely to be manifested in various ways, including reduced social mobility and high-income inequality.
  • As others have noted, this will determine whether the country follows the path of East Asia or takes the route of Latin America
5. What are the causes of the rising gig economy in India?
 
  • The proliferation of smartphones and the internet has facilitated the growth of digital platforms that connect gig workers with customers. Apps and websites have made it easier to find and offer short-term jobs
  • India has a large youth population that is tech-savvy and open to flexible work arrangements. The gig economy offers opportunities that appeal to the younger generation seeking autonomy and varied work experiences
  • The formal sector has not been able to generate enough jobs to match the growing labor force. As a result, many individuals turn to gig work for income, as it often requires lower barriers to entry compared to traditional employment
  •  Financial distress and the need for supplementary income have pushed more people towards gig work. This includes individuals who may already have a job but need additional income to meet their financial needs
  • The gig economy offers flexibility in work hours and the choice of assignments, which attracts individuals who prefer non-traditional work arrangements over the constraints of full-time employment.
  • Companies are increasingly outsourcing tasks to freelancers to reduce costs associated with full-time employees, such as benefits and office space. This shift towards a more flexible workforce model has contributed to the growth of gig work
  • The ability to work remotely has opened up international opportunities for gig workers. Indian freelancers can now find work with companies around the world, broadening their employment prospects
  • The regulatory framework in India is still catching up with the gig economy, providing a more lenient environment for gig platforms and workers compared to the heavily regulated formal sector
  • The gig economy allows workers to leverage diverse skill sets and explore multiple career paths simultaneously. This appeals to individuals looking to diversify their professional experience
  • There is growing consumer demand for services that gig workers provide, such as food delivery, ride-hailing, home services, and freelance professional services. This demand fuels the expansion of gig opportunities
6.What are the advantages and disadvantages of the gig economy?
 
Advantages Disadvantages
Workers can choose their own hours and work location Gig workers often face uncertain income and job stability.
Diverse Opportunities No Employment Benefits
Access to a variety of job types and industries Absence of benefits like health insurance, retirement plans, and paid leave
Increased Income Potential Income Variability
Potential to earn more by taking multiple gigs or high-paying tasks Earnings can be unpredictable and inconsistent.
Opportunity to develop and diversify skill sets. Many gig workers are not protected by labor laws and regulations
Easier entry into the workforce without extensive qualifications. Limited opportunities for career advancement and long-term growth
Greater control over the type of work undertaken and methods of working Flexibility can lead to overworking and blurred boundaries between work and personal life
Ability to work for international clients and companies Gig workers may miss out on the social aspects and support networks found in traditional workplaces
Companies can save on costs related to full-time employees (benefits, office space, etc.). Potential for gig workers to be underpaid and overworked without proper oversight
Can quickly adapt to changing market demands and consumer needs Limited access to training and professional development resources
 
7. What are the challenges associated with the gig economy?
  • Gig workers often face unpredictable and inconsistent income, making financial planning difficult
  • Gig workers typically do not receive traditional employment benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, paid leave, and unemployment benefits
  • The temporary and project-based nature of gig work means that workers lack job security and can be easily terminated
  • There is often a lack of clear legal frameworks to protect gig workers, leading to issues with worker rights, minimum wage enforcement, and job classifications.
  • The flexibility of gig work can lead to overworking and difficulty in maintaining a work-life balance, as the lines between personal and professional time can become blurred.
  • Gig workers can be vulnerable to exploitation, including low pay, long hours, and lack of proper working conditions, without sufficient oversight and protection
  • Gig workers may miss out on the social interactions and support networks that come with traditional workplaces, leading to feelings of isolation and lack of community
  • There are limited opportunities for career advancement, professional development, and skill enhancement in the gig economy
  • Gig workers often lack access to training and development programs that can help them improve their skills and advance their careers
  • Gig workers are usually responsible for managing their own taxes, which can be complex and burdensome without proper knowledge and resources
  • Reliance on digital platforms and technology can pose challenges, including the need for constant internet access and the risk of being affected by platform changes or technical issues
  • Without formal workplace regulations, gig workers may face unsafe working conditions and lack proper health and safety protections
 
 
For Prelims: Gig Economy
For Mains: GS III- Gig Economy and Associated Problems around
 
 
Source: Indianexpress
 

BRICS

 

1. Context

On a day when the United States threatened nations trading with Iran, including India, with a 25 per cent additional penalty tariff, External Affairs Minister S Jaishankar spoke Tuesday of shared challenges and India’s objective of global welfare.

2. BRICS

  • The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
  • Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

Formation and Evolution

  • BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
  • Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.
3.Push back against liberal international order 
 
  • A core principle in international relations is the absence of a central global authority. While nations may come to agreements on certain rules, there’s no global body with the power to universally enforce them. Scholars often refer to this as an “anarchic system”—not because it's chaotic, but because there is no supreme governing structure overseeing international conduct.
  • States primarily pursue their national interests. Although collaboration between countries is possible, it tends to be unstable. Power dynamics are crucial—stronger nations usually assert their will, while weaker ones often have limited choices, echoing themes from the Melian Dialogue in Thucydides’ History of the Peloponnesian War. Global power is unevenly shared, and those who hold more influence often shape international norms to benefit themselves.
  • Following World War II, the Western powers—led by the United States—established the liberal international order. This system, built through institutions like the IMF, World Bank, and WTO, mirrored Western ideals such as market liberalism, democratic governance, and the central role of the US dollar in global finance.
  • This framework functioned effectively for the Western world for decades. However, in the current century, many countries are beginning to question the relevance of a system rooted in the post-1945 era.
  • While rising nations like China, India, Brazil, and South Africa once accepted this order, they are now challenging it due to shifting economic power and the emergence of a multipolar world. The BRICS group has become the most prominent symbol of this growing resistance
4. De-dollarisation and global power shift 
 
  • One of the strongest themes to emerge from the BRICS summit in Brazil was the push toward de-dollarisation. While the term may sound technical, its implications are heavily political.
  • This concept has been gaining momentum over the years, but recent developments—particularly the use of financial systems as tools for sanctions—have made it more urgent. Currently, global trade and finance rely heavily on the US dollar.
  • For example, India typically pays in dollars when importing oil from Russia, Brazil often borrows in dollars, and China's overseas investments usually pass through dollar-based networks like SWIFT. This entrenched dependence grants the US both economic power and political influence.
  • During the Brazil summit, BRICS nations revisited the proposal of creating a common currency—not as an immediate goal, but as a statement of direction. In the short term, they are encouraging trade using their own national currencies.
  • Russia and China now conduct the majority of their bilateral trade in roubles and yuan. India has started settling some payments with countries like Iran and Sri Lanka in rupees, and has begun conducting oil transactions with the UAE in rupees and dirhams.
  • The New Development Bank, established by BRICS, is also moving toward issuing loans in local currencies to minimize reliance on the dollar. This shift is not just about cutting transaction fees—it's about gaining independence from a financial system that many nations in the Global South feel is skewed against their interests.
  • The path toward de-dollarisation will be challenging. The US dollar continues to dominate global finance due to its stability, global trust, and the strength of America’s financial infrastructure.
  • However, the repeated calls by BRICS for alternatives reflect a growing dissatisfaction. While this transition won’t happen quickly, the direction is clear: reduce dependency on a system largely controlled by Washington
5. South-South Cooperation
 
  • BRICS positions itself as a collective voice for nations that were excluded from shaping the global order established after World War II. It portrays itself as an advocate for the Global South, promoting equitable development, more inclusive trade frameworks, and the restructuring of major international institutions.
  • Unlike the IMF or World Bank, the New Development Bank (NDB) provides financing without the usual political conditions. BRICS members are also collaborating on joint ventures in sectors like infrastructure and renewable energy.
  • There have also been discussions about setting up a BRICS-led credit rating agency to reduce reliance on dominant Western agencies. The group consistently calls for changes to institutions such as the UN Security Council and the World Bank, aiming to amplify the influence of emerging economies.
  • Within BRICS, countries like Brazil, India, and South Africa act as intermediaries. As democratic nations with expanding economies, they are often seen as relatable leaders among developing states.
  • China contributes significant financial resources and geopolitical clout, while Russia, increasingly distanced from Western alliances, is seeking closer ties with non-Western countries.
  • This drive to create new systems and mechanisms stems from a common dissatisfaction with a global order that many feel does not account for the realities and needs of the developing world. BRICS is not only advocating for policy reforms but also striving to reshape global perceptions of development and leadership

6. Geopolitical Relevance

  • Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
  • Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.

7. Economic Cooperation and Growth

  • Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
  • Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.

8. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities

  • Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
  • Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.

9. India's Role and Beyond

  • India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
  • Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.

10. BRICS New Members Dynamics

  • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
  • Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
  • China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
  • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
  • Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
  • Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
  • Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.

11. Implications for India

  • Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
  • Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
  • Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
  • Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
  • Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
  • Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.
For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
 

Previous year Questions

1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
 
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
 
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of  (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
Source: The Hindu
 
 

COMMISSION FOR AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT (CAQM)

 
 
1. Context
 

CAQM conducts inspection of road stretches maintained by Municipal Corporation of Faridabad

2. Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
 
  • The Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) in the National Capital Region (NCR) and nearby areas was initially established through an ordinance in 2020, which was subsequently replaced by an Act of Parliament in 2021.
  • Its primary mandate is to enhance coordination, conduct research, identify issues, and address challenges related to air quality and associated concerns.
  • At its inception, the CAQM comprised 15 members, including current and former officials from the Ministry of Environment and other Union government departments, along with representatives from various State governments, NGOs, and other organizations. Currently, the commission, led by Rajesh Verma, has expanded to 27 members.
  • The CAQM succeeded the Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA), which was created by the Supreme Court in 1998. Unlike the CAQM, the EPCA lacked statutory authority, which experts criticized as limiting its ability to enforce compliance among defiant agencies.
  • Nevertheless, several initiatives now overseen by the CAQM, such as the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)—a framework of temporary emergency measures to combat air pollution—were originally implemented under the EPCA's guidance
 
 
Powers of CAQM
 
The Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act, 2021, empowers the CAQM to undertake any necessary measures, issue directives, and address grievances aimed at safeguarding and enhancing air quality in the NCR and surrounding regions. According to Section 14 of the Act, the commission is authorized to take strict action against officials who fail to comply with its directives
 
 
3. Supreme Court on CAQM
 
  • The Supreme Court recently criticized the Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM) for delays in enforcing stricter anti-pollution measures as Delhi's air quality worsened.
  • Despite the Air Quality Index (AQI) reaching hazardous levels, the CAQM postponed the implementation of Stage 4 measures under the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), prompting the Court to question the lack of urgency in addressing the crisis.
  • The justices emphasized that such measures should be triggered as soon as AQI levels indicate severe pollution to prevent further deterioration.
  • The Court also highlighted systemic failures, including inadequate action against stubble burning in Punjab and Haryana, and criticized the CAQM for focusing on meetings without concrete enforcement of rules.
  • It warned against scaling down measures prematurely and stressed the need for stricter penalties and immediate action to curb pollution sources effectively
 
4. Challenges
 
  • Although the CAQM formulates strategies and coordinates with various agencies, the actual implementation of these measures rests with the respective agencies.
  • A CAQM official noted that the commission has significantly improved coordination and planning efforts.
  • For instance, while paddy stubble burning—a major contributor to severe air pollution—occurs primarily in October and November, discussions with State officials begin as early as February and continue throughout the season.
  • In 2022, the CAQM collaborated with Punjab and Haryana to develop action plans for managing stubble burning, which are reviewed and updated annually.
5. Way Forward
 
Discussing the challenges faced, the official acknowledged that while the commission has focused heavily on tackling stubble burning in the past, there is now a shift towards addressing multiple pollution sources. Moving forward, greater emphasis will be placed on controlling dust and vehicular emissions alongside agricultural pollution
 
For Prelims: Graded Response Action Plan, National Capital Region (NCR),Environmental pollution(prevention control)Authority (EPCA).
For Mains:
1. What is GRAP? What is the Delhi-NCR action plan as air pollution increases? (250 words). 
 
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION (PSC)

 
 
1. Context
 
The 2025 national conference of chairpersons of the State Public Service Commissions (PSCs) is being hosted by the Telangana State Public Service Commission on December 19 and 20. Every year, whenever State PSCs conduct examinations for recruitment, they are mired in one controversy or the other. 
 
2. What is the history of PSCs?
 
  • The origin of Public Service Commissions in India goes back to the British era, when the need for a merit-based and impartial civil service was increasingly recognised. Before formal commissions were established, civil services appointments were largely controlled by the British administration without a clear, independent recruitment mechanism.
  • The first major step towards an independent recruitment body came in 1926, when the Government of India Act, 1919 provided for the creation of the first Public Service Commission at the national level..
  • This body, known simply as the Public Service Commission, was tasked with advising the government on service-related matters and conducting examinations for certain posts, although its powers were still quite limited.
  • A more robust framework emerged with the Government of India Act, 1935, which laid the foundation for a Federal Public Service Commission and also allowed for the establishment of Provincial Public Service Commissions. This was the beginning of what we now recognize as the Union and State Public Service Commissions.
  • After independence, the Constitution of India (1950) strengthened and formalized the system.
  • The old Federal PSC became the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), and each state was empowered to set up its own State Public Service Commission (SPSC). These commissions were granted constitutional status under Articles 315 to 323, ensuring independence and protection from political interference.
  • Over time, PSCs evolved into key institutions responsible for recruiting civil servants through competitive examinations, maintaining merit-based selection, and advising governments on disciplinary matters, promotions, and appointments
 
 
3. How are Public Service Commissions Structured?
 
 
  • The UPSC operates within an environment that is largely insulated from political influence. Its members are chosen for their competence and extensive experience in public administration, with care taken to ensure representation from all regions of the country.
  • Although the Constitution does not specify minimum age or qualifications, most UPSC members tend to be over 55 years old and are known for maintaining a non-partisan stance.
  • In contrast, State Public Service Commissions function in settings where political influence is more pronounced, and appointments often reflect elements of a patronage system. As a result, traditional expectations such as minimum age, qualifications, and administrative experience are frequently overlooked.
  • The Union government, with its large administrative structure, has significant staffing requirements and the financial capacity to manage pension commitments and new recruitments.
  • To streamline personnel matters, it set up the Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances and Pensions in 1985, which oversees policies related to human resource management.
  • This institutional framework ensures that vacancies are declared on time, allowing the UPSC to issue notifications, hold examinations, and announce results consistently and efficiently.
  • On the other hand, the staffing needs of State governments are smaller and often irregular. Many States face budgetary constraints that make it difficult to fulfil retirement and hiring obligations, resulting in raising the retirement age or postponing fresh recruitment.
  • Most States also lack a dedicated personnel ministry. Consequently, vacancies are not announced in a timely manner, which means that State PSCs do not conduct examinations with the same regularity as the UPSC
 
 
4. How do they Work?
 
  • The UPSC periodically sets up expert committees that include not just academics but also civil servants, social workers, and other specialists to review and update the examination syllabus.
  • This helps maintain a balance between academic knowledge and current developments. Because it can draw on talent from across the country, the UPSC is able to design and evaluate question papers with high quality and reliability.
  • It also uses a well-established system of inter-se moderation at various stages of the exam to reduce subjective differences in marking.
  • Moreover, the UPSC manages to uphold both transparency and confidentiality by promptly addressing any errors and making necessary systemic improvements, which reduces the need for candidates to approach the courts with complaints.
  • In comparison, most State PSCs do not regularly constitute committees to revise their syllabi. They also have limited access to subject experts, often relying only on local academic resources.
  • As a result, achieving uniform moderation during evaluation becomes difficult. In addition, State PSCs must handle complicated calculations involving both vertical and horizontal reservations, and in some cases, regional or zonal quotas, which increases the complexity of the recruitment process. These challenges frequently lead to legal disputes, causing significant delays in finalizing selections.
  • Such issues are among the major factors affecting the effectiveness and public trust in State PSCs.
  • Many frustrated candidates express that they no longer have confidence in their State Commissions and would prefer the UPSC to conduct these examinations. To rebuild credibility, timely structural and procedural reforms are essential
 
5. Constitutional Provisions
 
 
  • Article 315 establishes that India must have a UPSC for the Union and separate Public Service Commissions for each State. Two or more States may also form a Joint PSC if their legislatures agree. The UPSC can assist any State if the Governor requests and the President approves.
  • Article 316 states that the President appoints members of the UPSC and Joint PSCs, while Governors appoint members of State PSCs. About half of the members must have at least ten years of government service. Members serve for six years or until they reach the age limit—65 for UPSC and 62 for State PSCs—and cannot be reappointed after their term ends.
  • Article 317 provides that UPSC or State PSC members can be removed only by the President, based on a Supreme Court inquiry, except in cases like insolvency, outside paid employment, or physical/mental incapacity. The President or Governor may suspend a member while the inquiry is ongoing.
  • Article 318 empowers the President or a Governor to determine the number of members and staff of the Commission and their service conditions, which cannot be altered to their disadvantage after appointment.
  • Article 319 restricts former members from taking up further government jobs. The UPSC Chairperson cannot hold any future government office, while State PSC chairpersons or members may move to UPSC or another State PSC but not to other government posts.
  • Article 320 outlines the functions of the Commissions, mainly conducting recruitment exams and advising on recruitment, promotions, transfers, disciplinary matters, and claims related to costs or pensions. Governments may make rules specifying matters where consultation with the PSC is not required.
  • Article 321 allows Parliament or State Legislatures to assign additional duties to the PSCs.
  • Article 322 states that PSC expenses are charged to the Consolidated Fund of India or the respective State, ensuring financial independence.
  • Article 323 requires UPSC and State PSCs to submit annual reports on their work. These reports must be placed before Parliament or the State Legislature along with explanations wherever the PSC’s advice was not accepted
 
6. Roles and Functions of PSC
 
  • The Constitution requires governments to consult the Public Service Commission on appointments and other matters listed under Article 320. The Commission’s responsibilities include holding examinations for State civil service posts and advising the government on recruitment methods, principles for appointments, promotions, inter-service transfers, suitability of candidates, and disciplinary cases involving State civil servants.
  • Articles 229 and 234 further mandate consultation with the Commission for appointments to specific posts in the High Court establishment and the State Judicial Service. Several statutory bodies also follow similar requirements for certain categories of posts.
  • Article 321 additionally empowers the State Legislature to assign extra functions to the Commission in relation to State services or local bodies, although no such legislation has been enacted so far.
  • The State Government seeks the Commission’s advice for most civil service recruitments, but some posts are excluded through regulations framed under the proviso to Article 320(3). In West Bengal, for example, these exclusions are listed in the West Bengal Public Service Commission (Exemption from Consultation) Regulations, 2008
 
7. Way Forward
 
Reforms are also needed in the examination processes. The syllabus must be revised regularly, reflecting academic changes and aligning with UPSC standards. Any proposed revision should be made public, inviting feedback before implementation. State-specific topics—such as regional history, economy, or geography—can be evaluated through objective-type questions to reduce subjective bias. While the preliminary exam may remain fully objective, the mains should include both objective and descriptive papers. Translation of question papers should combine technology with human oversight to avoid errors. Frequent changes in question patterns can prevent overreliance on AI-generated answers
 
 
 
For Prelims: Union Public Service Commission, Lord Thomas Macaulay, Haileybury College, Satyendranath Tagore, Indian Constitutional Reforms, Government of India Act, 1919, Public Service Commission, Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926,  Government of India Act, of 1935, Article 378 of the Constitution, Consolidated Fund of India, 
For Mains:
1. What is Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)? Discuss its evolution and Explain the functions of UPSC. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. The Union Public Service Commission of India has been established under the Article ______  (MP Patwari 2017)
A. 315                   B. 234                    C. 421                             D. 56
 
Answer: A
 
2. T.B. Macaulay has penned his 'Minute on Education' in the year  (AP SET 2016)
A.1735                B. 1753                  C. 1853                             D.1835
 
Answer: D
 
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Mill's History of British India? (UGC NET 2019) 
A. It founded the traditional institutions of India static and retrogressive
B. The analysis made by Mill suited the needs of imperial government.
C. It became a textbook on India for the British officers of the Indian Civil Services at Haileybury College
D. It was not informed by the English utilitarian philosophy
 
Answer: D
 
4. Who among the following was the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service?  (NDA 2019)
1. Satyendranath Tagore
2. Surendranath Banerjee
3. R.C. Dutt
4. Subhas Chandra Bose
 
Answer: A
 
5. Which among the following events happened earliest? (UPSC 2018)
A. Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.
B. Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan
C. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.
D. Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
 
Answer: B
 
6. In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into "Reserved" and "Transferred" subjects. Which of the following were treated as "Reserved" subjects? (UPSC 2022)
1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3             B. 2, 3 and 4              C.  1, 3 and 4           D. 1, 2 and 4
 
Answer: A
 
7. Features of the Government of India Act 1935 are: (Rajasthan Police SI 2016)
(a) The provincial autonomy
(b) The establishment of Federal Court
(c) The establishment of All India Federation at the Centre
1. a and b               2.  b and c             3. a and c                     4. a, b and c
 
Answer: 4
 
8. With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015) 
1. The Department of Revenue responsible for the preparation of Union Budget that is presented to the Parliament.
2. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the authorization from the Parliament of India
3. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need authorization from the Parliament of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only      B. 2 and 3 only    C. 2 only     D.  1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: C
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

CONSUMER RIGHTS

 
 
1. Context
 
Every year, National Consumer Rights Day is observed on 24th December to raise awareness about consumer rights and promote fair trade practices. In this context, let’s know about the history of this day and consumer rights in detail.
 
 
2. National Consumer Rights Day
 

  • National Consumer Rights Day in India marks the coming into force of the Consumer Protection Act, 1986, which received the President’s assent on 24 December 1986. In recognition of this milestone, 24 December is observed every year as National Consumer Day.

  • This historic law was enacted to protect the rights of consumers, establish an effective system for resolving complaints related to goods and services, and guarantee fair practices and access to justice in the marketplace.

 
3. Consumer Protection Act, 2019
 

  • The Consumer Protection Act, 2019 superseded the Consumer Protection Act, 1986. It identifies offences such as the supply of incorrect or deceptive information about the quality or quantity of goods or services and the publication of misleading advertisements. The Act also lays down measures to be taken when goods or services are found to be unsafe, hazardous, or harmful.

  • Section 2(28) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 explains a “misleading advertisement” as one relating to any product or service that:

    • (i) presents an untrue or incorrect description of the product or service; or

    • (ii) offers a false assurance or is likely to deceive consumers regarding the nature, composition, quantity, or quality of the product or service; or

    • (iii) communicates an implied claim which, if expressly stated by the manufacturer, seller, or service provider, would amount to an unfair trade practice; or

    • (iv) intentionally withholds material information.

  • Section 21 of the Act outlines the enforcement powers of the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) against deceptive advertising. If, after inquiry, the CCPA concludes that an advertisement is false or misleading and prejudicial to consumer interests or violates consumer rights, it may direct the trader, manufacturer, advertiser, publisher, or endorser to withdraw or suitably alter the advertisement within a specified timeframe.

  • The CCPA is empowered to levy a fine of up to ₹10 lakh and impose imprisonment up to two years on manufacturers or endorsers responsible for misleading advertisements. For repeated violations, the penalty may increase to ₹50 lakh, along with imprisonment up to five years. Additionally, the authority can prohibit endorsers from promoting any goods or services for up to one year, which may extend to three years for subsequent breaches of the Act.

 
 
4.  Government Guidelines on Misleading Ads
 

  • In November last year, the Union government issued fresh norms to curb deceptive advertising by coaching institutes, barring exaggerated or false assurances such as “100% selection” or “guaranteed employment”. These rules were framed by the Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) following a surge in complaints received through the National Consumer Helpline.

  • As per the new framework, coaching institutions are barred from making misleading statements about the nature and length of courses, qualifications of faculty, fee details and refund terms, success rates and rankings in examinations, as well as promises of assured jobs or salary hikes.

  • The guidelines clarify that the term “coaching” covers educational assistance, academic guidance, structured study programmes and tuition, while excluding counselling services, sports training, and creative or artistic pursuits.

  • Coaching centres are not permitted to use the names, images, or endorsements of successful candidates unless explicit written permission is obtained after their selection. They are also required to clearly display disclaimers and fully disclose key course-related information in their advertisements.

 
 
5. Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA)
 
 

  • The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA) functions as India’s highest consumer regulatory body. It was constituted under Section 10(1) of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and started functioning on 24 July 2020.

  • The Authority is responsible for overseeing violations of consumer rights, addressing unfair trade practices, and taking action against false or deceptive advertisements that harm the collective interests of consumers and the wider public.

  • Powers and Functions of the CCPA include:

    (i) Safeguarding, advancing, and enforcing consumer rights as a collective and preventing their infringement under the Act;

    (ii) Curbing unfair trade practices and ensuring that individuals or entities do not indulge in such practices;

    (iii) Preventing the circulation of misleading or false advertisements for goods or services that violate the Act or related rules and regulations;

    (iv) Ensuring accountability of all parties involved in publishing deceptive advertisements;

    (v) Initiating complaints before Consumer Commissions and examining issues connected to the protection of consumer rights;

    (vi) Advising on the adoption of international agreements and standards relating to consumer protection;

    (vii) Encouraging consumer awareness and supporting research in the area of consumer rights;

    (viii) Providing guidance to Central and State governments and their departments on policies and measures aimed at consumer welfare.

 
 
6. Way Forward
 
Consumer rights form the backbone of a fair, transparent, and accountable market economy. With the enactment of the Consumer Protection Act, 2019 and the establishment of the Central Consumer Protection Authority, India has significantly strengthened its institutional and legal framework to protect consumers against unfair trade practices and misleading advertisements. These measures not only empower consumers with enforceable rights and effective grievance redressal mechanisms but also promote ethical business conduct. As markets become more complex and digitalised, continuous awareness, strict enforcement, and responsive regulation are essential to ensure that consumer welfare remains central to economic growth and good governance
 
 
 
 
For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
 
Previous Year Questions
1. Which of the following statements about the 'Consumer Protection Act 2019' is not true? (UGC NET 2020)
A.It has widened the definition of consumer
B.It provides for E-filing of complaints
C.It establishes Central Consumer Protection Authority
D.It ignores mediation as an alternate disputes resolution mechanism
Answer (D)
Source: Indanexpress
 
 
Share to Social
View All Current affairs

More Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 30 MARCH 2024...

30-Mar-2024
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 15 SEPTEMBER 2023...

15-Sep-2023
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 16 FEBRUARY 2024...

16-Feb-2024
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 20 JULY 2024...

20-Jul-2024
Read more