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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 28 NOVEMBER 2025

GDP AND GVA

1. Context

The International Monetary Fund’s annual review has given India’s national accounts statistics — including Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross Value Added (GVA) — a grade of ‘C’, the second-lowest rating.

2. GDP and GVA

  • GDP and GVA are two main ways to ascertain the country's economic performance. Both are measures of national income.
  • The GDP measures the monetary measure of all "final" goods and services that are bought by the final user produced in a country in a given period.
  • The GDP does this by adding up the total expenditures in the economy; in other words, it looks at who spent how much. That is why GDP captures the total "demand" in the economy.
Broadly speaking there are four key "engines of GDP growth". These are 
  1. All the money Indians spent on their private consumption (that is, Private Final Consumption Expenditure or PFCE).
  2. All the money the government spent on its current consumption, such as salaries (Government, Final Consumption Expenditure or GFCE).
  3. All the money is spent towards investments to boost the economy's productive capacity. This includes business firms investing in factories or the governments building roads and bridges (Gross Fixed Capital Expenditure).
  4. The net effect of exports (What foreigners spent on our goods) and imports (what Indians spent on foreign goods) (Net Exports or NE).
  • The GVA calculates the same national income from the supply side. 
  • It does so by adding up all the value added across different sectors. 
According to the RBI, the GVA of a sector is defined as the value of output minus the value of its intermediary inputs. This "value added" is shared among the primary factors of production, labour and capital.
 
  • By looking at GVA growth one can understand which sector of the economy is robust and which is struggling.

3.  How are the two related?

  • When looking at quarterly it is best to look at GVA data because this is the observed data.
  • The GDP is derived by looking at the GVA data.
The GDP and GVA are related by the following equation; GDP= (GVA)+ (Taxes earned by the Government)- (Subsidies provided by the government).
 
  • As such, if the taxes earned by the government are more than the subsidies it provides, the GDP will be higher than GVA.
  • Typically, that is how it is. For the second quarter too, the GDP (at 38, 16, 578 crores) is much higher than the GVA (Which is at Rs 35, 05, 5999 crores).
  • The GDP data is more useful when looking at annual economic growth and when one wants to compare a country's economic growth with its past or with another country.

4. GVA data

4.1 Manufacturing sector

  • It is a contraction in the manufacturing sector.  In Q2, manufacturing GVA declined by 4.3 per cent. 
  • This is significant because manufacturing carries a huge potential for job creation and can soak up excess labour from the agriculture sector.
  • The contraction has meant that manufacturing GVA has grown by just 6.3 per cent over the three years since the Covid pandemic; look at the change between FY23 and FY20 in the Chart.
  • However, it would be a mistake to believe that only Covid and its after-effects are responsible for the lacklustre manufacturing performance.
  • The fact is, as borne by the data, manufacturing GVA grew by just 10.6 per cent between FY 17 and FY20.
  • For perspective, it is important to remember that between FY14 and FY17, manufacturing GVA grew by 31.3 per cent. 
  • In other words, Indian manufacturing has been struggling to add value for the past six years.
  • This would explain why data from the Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) shows that jobs in the manufacturing sector halved between 2016 and 2020.

4.2 Trade and hotels

  • Almost 15 per cent growth in services such as trade and hotels etc. 
  • This is also a huge sector for job creation. But again, if one looks at the Q2FY23 level and compares it to the pre-Covid level (Q2 of FY20), the growth is barely over 2 per cent.
  • That this sector grew by over 26 per cent in the three years between FY17 and FY20 when India was experiencing a serious economic declaration shows how badly it has been affected by the Covid disruption.

4.3 Mining and quarrying

  • Another sector crucial for job creation, even though it is smaller in terms of overall contribution to India's GVA, is mining and quarrying it, too, has contracted by almost 3 per cent.
  • Looking back over the past six years, it has contracted by 3.5 per cent between FY17 and FY20 and grown by just 2.5 per cent since then.

4.4  Agriculture 

  • One positive story emerging from the GVA pertains to agriculture (along with forestry and fishing), which has done better than expected by growing at 4.6 per cent.
  • Typically, this is a good growth rate for this sector and has happened despite some worries that the sowing of crops did not happen in time.
  • Overall, while the GVA has grown by 5.6 per cent year-on-year, the growth is just 7.6 per cent when compared to the pre-Covid level set in FY20.

5. GDP data 

5.1 Private Consumption Expenditure

  • GDP is the biggest engine of growth in private consumption expenditure.
  • It typically contributes over 55 per cent of India's total GDP.
  • This component is also crucial because if this is depressed, it robs the business of any incentive to make fresh investments; and expenditures towards investments are the second biggest contributors to the GDP, accounting for around 33per cent of the total.
  • Data shows that private consumption has grown by a healthy 9.7 per cent over the past year.
  • However, the growth is relatively modest just 11 per cent when compared over the last three years.
  • That between FY 14 and FY17, this component grew by almost 28 per cent providing some perspective.

5.2 Investment expenditure

  • The investment expenditures have grown by 10.4 per cent over FY21 and by almost 21 per cent between FY20 and FY23.
  • This is the best growth over any three years going back to FY14.
  • This suggests brighter prospects for the economy over the medium term.

5.3  Government final consumption expenditures

  • The biggest surprise though from the GDP is the contraction in government final consumption expenditures.
  • While these types of expenditures account for just about 10-11 per cent of the GDP, they can prop up an economy during tough times when people and businesses hold back spending.
  • Oddly enough, data shows that not only did government consumption expenditure contract by 4.4. per cent in Q2 (Over the Q2 of 2021), but that it is almost 20 per cent below the pre-covid level.

5.4 Net Exports data

  • The last component of the GDP equation is the Net Exports data.
  • Typically, since India imports far more than it exports, the NX value is negative. 
  • In Q2, this negative value swelled by 89 per cent. 
  • Over the past three years, this drag on GDP has also increased in size by almost 150 per cent.

For Prelims and Mains

For Prelims: GDP, GVA, India's economic growth data, Net Exports data, Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE), Government final consumption expenditures, Investment expenditure, Private Consumption Expenditure, Mining and quarrying,  Agriculture, Trade and hotels, Manufacturing sector, 
For Mains:
1. What is the difference between GDP and GVA and discuss their contributions to National development? (250 Words)
2. What are the engines of GDP growth? Explain the factors influencing economic growth. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC GS1, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade.
2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (b)
  • Statement 1 is incorrect: The rate of growth of Real GDP in India did not steadily increase in the last decade. While it started high in the late 2000s, it declined in the early 2010s due to the global financial crisis and other factors, before recovering in recent years.
  • Statement 2 is correct: The nominal GDP of India, measured in rupees, has indeed steadily increased over the last decade. This is because even if the rate of growth of real GDP fluctuates, a general inflation in prices leads to an increase in nominal GDP even if the volume of goods and services produced remains the same
2.A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC GS1, 2015)
1. Slowing economic growth rate
2. Less equitable distribution of national income
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2
 Answer (a)
  • 1. Slowing economic growth rate: A decrease in the tax-to-GDP ratio can indeed be an indicator of a slowing economic growth rate. When the economy grows slower, people and businesses generate less income, leading to lower tax revenue collected by the government. However, it's important to note that this is not always the case. There could be other factors like changes in tax policy or tax evasion that contribute to a declining tax-to-GDP ratio even with sustained economic growth.
  • 2. Less equitable distribution of national income: While income inequality can impact tax revenue, it's not a direct consequence of a declining tax-to-GDP ratio. For example, even with a more equitable income distribution, the overall economic slowdown could still lead to a drop in tax revenue and hence the ratio
UPSC Mains Question 
1.Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC GS3, 2020)
2.Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC GS3, 2021)
Source: The Indian Express
 
 
 

 

DELHI  AIR POLLUTION

 

1. Context

Each winter, as Delhi slips back into its familiar grey haze, India reaches for the same set of quick fixes, treating the pollution crisis as if it were temporary. Cloud seeding, smog towers, water sprinkling, odd-even rules, and festival crackdowns reappear in a predictable cycle. These are all high-visibility steps that promise urgency, but they change little on the ground (or in the air).

2.PIL on High Pollution level

  • In March 1995, the Supreme Court, while hearing a plea by environmentalist and lawyer M.C. Mehta about Delhi’s polluting industries, noted that Delhi was the world’s fourth most polluted city in terms of concentration of suspended particulate matter (SPM) in the ambient atmosphere as per the World Health Organization’s 1989 report.
  • The Court took note of two polluting factors — vehicles and industries, and in 1996 ordered the closure and relocation of over 1,300 highly-polluting industries from Delhi’s residential areas beyond the National Capital Region (NCR) in a phased manner.
  •  In 1996, Mr. Mehta filed public interest litigation (PIL) alleging that vehicular emissions were leading to air pollution and that it posed a public health hazard. In the same year, a report about Delhi’s air pollution by the Centre for Science and Environment made the apex court issue a notice to the Delhi government to submit an action plan to curb pollution. Both matters were later merged

3.Perilous level of pollution in Delhi

  • UrbanEmissions.Info re-analyzed the pan-India PM2.5 concentration from 1998 to 2020 and found that Delhi was the most polluted of all States/UTs each year through all 23 years. Delhi's annual PM2.5 levels increased by 40% from 80 g/ m3 to 111 g/m3.
  •  Another study by the U.S. - based Health Effects Institute released this year, studying data between 2010 and 2019, also found Delhi to be the most polluted city in the world in terms of PM2.5 levels.
  • In the winter of 2016, Delhi witnessed one of its worst incidents of pollution-induced smog, with PM2.5 and PM10 levels reaching a whopping 999 ug/m3 in parts of Delhi on November 1.

4.Measures are taken to Curb Pollution

4.1.Environmental Pollution Control Authority of Delhi NCR (EPCA)

The Supreme Court, recognizing the need for technical assistance and advice in decision-making and implementation of its orders, asked the Ministry of Environment and Forests (now the Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change — MoEFCC) to establish an authority for Delhi, leading to the creation of the Environmental Pollution Control Authority of Delhi NCR (EPCA) in 1998

  • The EPCA submitted its report containing a two-year action plan in June of that year and the Supreme Court subsequently ordered the Delhi Trasport Corporation (DTC) bus fleet, taxis, and autos to switch to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), and the phasing out of all pre-1990 autos.
  • Other measures between the late 1990s and early 2000s included the complete removal of leaded petrol, removal of 15 and 17-year-old commercial vehicles, and a cap of 55,000 on the number of two-stroke engine auto rickshaws (which reports at the time said were contributing to 80% of pollution in the city).
  • Coal-based power plants within Delhi were also converted to gas-based ones.
4.2.National Air Quality Programme (NAMP)

The Centre decided to establish a network of monitoring stations under the National Air Quality Programme (NAMP) to measure key pollutants. Under the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) specified by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), pollutants like PM10 (particulate matter with a diameter exceeding 10 microns), sulphur dioxide, and nitrogen oxides were measured.

4.3.Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)

 The Supreme Court in November 2016 told Delhi and NCR authorities to form a plan to deal with the air pollution, and the MoEFCC in early 2017 came out with the Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP), which involved coordination between multiple agencies in Delhi to activate pollution control measures corresponding to the increasing Air Quality Index (AQI) levels.

 5.Revised standards of Air quality 

The NAAQS was revised in 2009 to include 12 categories of pollutants including PM2.5 (particulate matter with a diameter under 2.5 microns) — noxious pollutants which can penetrate deep into the lungs and even enter the bloodstream, resulting in cardiovascular and respiratory impacts.

 Particulate Matter (PM) is primarily generated by fuel combustion from different sectors, including transport, energy, households, industry, and agriculture. According to the revised NAAQS, the acceptable annual limit for PM2.5 is 40 micrograms per cubic metre (ug/m3) and 60 ug/m3 for PM10. The renewed WHO standards meanwhile, prescribe an accepted annual average of 5 ug/m3 for PM2.5 and 15 ug/m3 for PM10. While PM2.5 as a pollutant was only included in 2009

6.Causes Behind High Pollution level in Delhi

6.1.Rapid growth in Delhi’s population: Population density grew from 9,340 persons per sq km in 2001 to 11,320 persons per sq km in 2011

 6.2.Industrialization : The Najafgarh drain basin, which houses multiple industrial areas, is the most polluted cluster in India with its air and water being in the ‘critical’ category

 6.3.Urbanization: Increase in motorized private vehicle fleets led to the high concentration of air pollutants such as particulate matter, nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and ozone. From around 4.2 million motor vehicles registered in 2004 in Delhi alone, the registered vehicles increased to around 10.9 million in March 2018

7.Loopholes And Solutions

7.1.Holistic Policy Approach

Multiple researchers have alleged that the policy approach and measures taken by the Central and State authorities for specific polluting sectors over the years have been fragmented and often reactive

7.2.Public Transport

Due to the Supreme Court’s 55,000 cap on two-stroke auto rickshaws, the sector could not grow, leading to black marketing of permits. Studies note that between 1997 and 2011, Delhi’s population grew by 45% and registered cars and two-wheelers grew by 250%, meaning the lower availability of autos could have likely contributed to increased private vehicle ownership. Besides, Delhi still does not have the required public bus fleet vis-a-vis demand

7.3.Odd Even Formulae On Freight Vehicles

Although vehicular emissions contribute 25% to Delhi’s PM2.5 levels, passenger vehicles contribute just 8%, of which cars constitute 5%. This means that if all passenger vehicles within Delhi stopped operating, PM2.5 levels would reduce by an average of 8%, but the remaining 17%, contributed by heavy freight vehicles, would remain as it is not covered under the odd-even rule. Experts also point out that a coordinated response factoring in Delhi’s waste management has to be taken to reduce air pollution.

7.4.Delhi Waste Management

While the daily waste generation rate in Delhi is over 10,000 tons, the capacity of its already overflowing landfills to collect and manage garbage is under 6,000 tons. This leads to the practice of burning waste around residential areas

7.5.Stubble Burning

Burning of farm residue or stubble in Delhi’s neighbouring States, Haryana, Punjab, Uttar Pradesh, and Rajasthan, researchers have emphasized the need for airshed management, along with improved machinery subsidies from the government and alternatives to crop burning. An airshed is a common geographic area where pollutants get trapped

 

For Prelims: Environmental Pollution Control Authority of Delhi

National Air Quality Programme, Graded Response Action Plan

For Mains 

1.What are the causes of high pollution level in Delhi .suggest measures to control it?
 
 
 
 
Source:The Hindu
 
 

INDIA-BANGLADESH 

 
 
 
 
1. Context
 
 
India on Wednesday confirmed that Bangladesh has sent a request for extradition of ousted Prime Minister of Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina. This is the second time that Dhaka has sent the extradition request.
 

2. The Evolution of India-Bangladesh Ties

  • The genesis of India's relationship with Bangladesh traces back to the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War when India played a crucial role in providing military and material support for Bangladesh's fight for independence from Pakistan.
  • However, in the aftermath, relations faced challenges as military regimes took control, leading to a rise in anti-India sentiment in the mid-1970s.
  • Issues such as boundary disputes, insurgency, and water-sharing disputes contributed to the strained ties.
  • The situation persisted for several decades until Sheikh Hasina assumed power in 1996, ushering in a new era in bilateral relations.
  • Under her leadership, a significant milestone was reached with the signing of a treaty on the sharing of Ganga waters.
  • Since then, India and Bangladesh have successfully fostered cooperation in various areas, including trade, energy, infrastructure, connectivity, and defence.

3. India-Bangladesh Economic Ties

  • Over the past decade, bilateral trade between India and Bangladesh has demonstrated consistent growth.
  • Bangladesh has emerged as India's largest trade partner in South Asia, with bilateral trade surging from $10.8 billion in 2020-21 to $18 billion in 2021-2022.
  • However, a slight dip occurred in 2022-23 due to the impact of the pandemic and the Russia-Ukraine war.
  • In return, India stands as Bangladesh's second-largest trade partner, with exports amounting to $2 billion in the Indian markets.
  • In 2022, both countries successfully concluded a joint feasibility study on a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA).
  • This agreement, designed to reduce or eliminate customs duties on traded goods and streamline trade norms, is expected to unlock broader social and economic opportunities.
  • The CEPA gains added significance as Bangladesh is poised to lose its Least Developed Country (LDC) status after 2026, thereby forfeiting its duty-free and quota-free market access in India.
  • Dhaka is keen to finalize a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with New Delhi and simultaneously pursue the China-backed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). This dual-track approach raises concerns for India.
 

4. India's Infrastructural Investments in Bangladesh

  • As a significant development partner for Bangladesh, India has been actively contributing to various infrastructure and connectivity projects.
  • Since 2010, India has provided Lines of Credit totalling over $7 billion. A milestone in this collaboration was achieved last year when Prime Minister Modi and Sheikh Hasina inaugurated the Akhaura-Agartala rail link, connecting Bangladesh and the northeast through Tripura.
  • This link grants India access to Chattogram and Mongla ports in Bangladesh, facilitating cargo movement and poised to stimulate small-scale industries while fostering the development of Assam and Tripura.
  • In the energy sector, Bangladesh imports nearly 2,000 megawatts of electricity from India.
  • The BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity is instrumental in connecting major transport projects in India, Bangladesh, Myanmar, and Thailand, thereby establishing a comprehensive shipping network.
  • India's focus is likely to be on the Matarbari Port, situated approximately 100 km from Tripura, being developed by Bangladesh.
  • This port will play a pivotal role in establishing a crucial industrial corridor, connecting Dhaka with the northeastern part of India.
 

5. Navigating Challenges in the India-Bangladesh Relationship

 
  • Several points of tension mark the diplomatic landscape between India and Bangladesh.
  • Foremost among them is the impending Teesta dispute, which holds a central position in the agenda of the Hasina-led government.
  • This dispute revolves around the equitable sharing of Teesta's waters, with Bangladesh seeking a fair distribution.
  • Another source of contention is the Rohingya issue. The Hasina government aims for the peaceful repatriation of Rohingyas to Myanmar, but talks with the military junta have proven unsuccessful thus far.
  • Bangladesh seeks India's cooperation to influence Myanmar, but the Modi government, with ties to the junta, asserts its intention to deport Rohingyas from its mainland.
  • Cross-border terrorism and infiltration pose additional threats to internal security. The rise of majoritarian forces adds complexity to the already intricate landscape.
  • While violence against Muslims has increased in India in recent years, Prime Minister Hasina has consistently condemned these attacks and expressed dissatisfaction with comments by Indian leaders concerning "illegal" immigrants.

 

6. Global Influences on the India-Bangladesh Relationship

  • The Awami League government under Sheikh Hasina has faced vocal criticism from the U.S., particularly concerning "democratic backsliding."
  • In 2021, the Biden administration imposed sanctions on a Bangladeshi anti-crime and anti-terrorism task force, citing human rights violations.
  • Tensions escalated further as the U.S. announced a policy to restrict visas for Bangladeshis deemed responsible for undermining the election process in the country. This external pressure has implications for the global ties of Bangladesh.
  • Adding to India's concerns is the deepening relationship between Bangladesh and China, marked by substantial Chinese investments in infrastructure in recent years.
  • According to the Chinese Ambassador to Bangladesh, China has undertaken the construction of 12 highways, 21 bridges, and 27 power and energy projects in Bangladesh.
  • However, Prime Minister Hasina has asserted that her government is "very much careful" about its partnership with China.
 
7. The Way Forward
 
Despite challenges, the India-Bangladesh relationship boasts strong potential for further growth. Open communication, constructive dialogue, and focus on shared interests are crucial for navigating the complexities and ensuring a prosperous future for both nations.
 
 
For Prelims: India-Bangladesh, Free Trade Agreement, Rohingyas, Teesta River, BIMSTEC, Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement
For Mains: 
1.  Assess the role of China's growing influence in Bangladesh and its implications for the India-Bangladesh relationship. How can India navigate this complex geopolitical landscape? (250 Words)
2. Discuss the potential benefits of the BIMSTEC Master Plan for Transport Connectivity for India, Bangladesh, and the broader region. What are the key considerations for effective implementation and ensuring equitable benefits? (250 Words)
 
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1. With reference to river Teesta, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)

  1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
  2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
  3. River Teesta flows into Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 3 only               (b) 2 only               (c) 2 and 3 only                    (d) 1, 2 and 3

 
2. Consider the following countries: (UPSC 2018)
1. Australia
2. Canada
3. China
4. India
5. Japan
6. USA
Which of the above are among the free-trade partners' of ASEAN? 
A.  1, 2, 4 and 5        B. 3 , 4, 5 and 6        C. 1, 3, 4 and 5          D. 2, 3, 4 and 6
 

3. Increase in absolute and per capita real GNP do not connote a higher level of economic development, if (UPSC 2018)

(a) Industrial output fails to keep pace with agricultural output.
(b) Agricultural output fails to keep pace with industrial output.
(c) Poverty and unemployment increase.
(d) Imports grow faster than exports.

4. The SEZ Act, 2005 which came into effect in February 2006 has certain objectives. In this context, consider the following: (UPSC 2010)

  1. Development of infrastructure facilities.
  2. Promotion of investment from foreign sources.
  3. Promotion of exports of services only.

Which of the above are the objectives of this Act?

(a) 1 and 2 only           (b) 3 only            (c) 2 and 3 only            (d) 1, 2 and 3

 

5. A “closed economy” is an economy in which (UPSC 2011)

(a) the money supply is fully controlled
(b) deficit financing takes place
(c) only exports take place
(d) neither exports or imports take place

 

6. Consider the following pairs:(UPSC 2016)
Community is sometimes mentioned in the news                  In the affairs of
1. Kurd                                                                                       Bangladesh
2. Madhesi                                                                                  Nepal
3. Rohingya                                                                                Myanmar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2            B. 2 only              C. 2 and 3                 D. 3 only
 
 
7.  With reference to the BIMSTEC, which of the following statements is/are true? (UPPSC 2022)
1. P. M. Narendra Modi addressed the 5th BIMSTEC Summit on 30th March 2022.
2. 5th Summit of BIMSTEC had been chaired by India.
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
A. Neither 1 nor 2
B. Both 1 and 2
C. Only 2
D. Only 1
 
 
8. Which of the following statement/s is/are true about the three-day international Seminar on 'Climate Smart Farming System' for BIMSTEC countries held during December 11-13, 2019? (UPPSC 2020)
1. It was held at Katmandu, Nepal.
2. It was aimed to have experience sharing for more resilience to climate change through an ecological approach to enable the improvement of tropical small-holding farming systems.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
A. Only 1             B. Only 2              C. Both 1 and 2               D. Neither 1 nor 2
 
 
9. The term 'Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership; often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as (UPSC 2016) 
A. G20         B.  ASEAN        C. SCO          D. SAARC
 
 
10.  Recently, with which one of the following countries did India sign the 'Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement' ? (UPSC CAPF 2022) 
A. Egypt           B.  Israel          C. South Africa           D. United Arab Emirates
 
Answers: 1-B, 2-C, 3-C, 4-A, 5- D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-B, 10- D
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

 
 
1.Context
 
The Union Cabinet Wednesday approved a Rs 7,280-crore rare earth manufacturing programme, as India looks to cut reliance on imports for the critical elements crucial to sectors ranging from electric vehicles and aerospace to defence and electronics.
 
2.About rare earth metals
 
Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table  the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium, which tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides, and have similar chemical properties
 
The 17 rare earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y)
 
Despite their classification, most of these elements are not really “rare”. One of the rare earths, promethium, is radioactive
Source:Thermo Fisher Scientific
 
 
3.Applications of rare earths
  • These elements are important in technologies of consumer electronics, computers and networks, communications, clean energy, advanced transportation, healthcare, environmental mitigation, and national defence, among others
  • Scandium is used in televisions and fluorescent lamps, and yttrium is used in drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cancer
  •  Rare earth elements are used in space shuttle components, jet engine turbines, and drones
  • Cerium, the most abundant rare earth element, is essential to NASA’s Space Shuttle Programme
  • In recent years, rare earths have become even more important because there has been an increase in demand for green energy
  • Elements like neodymium and dysprosium, which are used in wind turbine motors, are sought-after more than ever as wind mills across the world continue to grow
  • Moreover, the push for switching from internal combustion cars to electric vehicles has also led to a rise in demand for rare earth magnets made from neodymium, boron, and iron and batteries
 
 4. China's export restrictions and impact on India
 
  • China has imposed restrictions on the export of seven rare earth elements (REEs) — dysprosium, gadolinium, lutetium, samarium, scandium, terbium, and yttrium — which are part of the 17 REEs.
  • The country dominates the global refining of heavy REEs, giving it substantial control over critical supply chains, ranging from consumer electronics to defense. Although these measures do not constitute a complete export ban, they may cause temporary supply disruptions, as exporters navigate the permit process.
  • India may not face an immediate disruption due to these restrictions. Despite government efforts to enhance domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and defense systems, the more sophisticated phases of production largely take place abroad, particularly in China and Japan. Japan, in anticipation of such issues, has already built stockpiles to buffer against REE-related supply shocks.
  • Recognizing the strategic importance of REEs, India is aware that it holds around 6% of global deposits. However, the country’s capacity for mining and refining is minimal, largely due to the environmental challenges associated with such operations.
  • India does extract some light REEs through its state-run firm, Indian Rare Earths Ltd, including monazite from coastal sands in Kerala. Nonetheless, imports still play a role.
  • According to a recent statement by the Ministry of Mines in the Lok Sabha, India imported approximately 2,270 tonnes of REEs in 2023–24. Consequently, the national approach involves a mix of increasing domestic output and maintaining import channels
 
5. Way Forward
 

To support the strategic use of essential resources such as rare earth elements, India has launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM). This initiative aims to strengthen the country’s supply chain for critical minerals by boosting domestic production and establishing alternative international supply partnerships. According to a presentation by the Ministry of Mines in January, global events like China’s export restrictions, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and other geopolitical factors have exposed vulnerabilities in the global critical mineral supply, underscoring the urgency of diversifying sources.

As part of the NCMM, the Indian government plans to oversee or support around 1,200 mineral exploration projects. It also intends to offer exploration licenses to encourage private sector participation and conduct auctions for additional critical mineral blocks

 

 
For Prelims: Applications of rare earths, rare earth elements
For Mains:
1.Europe’s largest known deposit of rare earth elements found in Sweden: Could the discovery change geopolitics?
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1.Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why? (2012)

  1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
  2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.
  3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer (c)
 
Source:indianexpress
 
 

ARAVALLI RANGE

 

1. Context

On November 20, the Supreme Court accepted the recommendations of a Union Environment Ministry panel on the definition of Aravalli Hills ostensibly to restrict mining: any landform that is at an elevation of 100 m or more above the local relief will be considered as part of Aravalli Hills along with its slopes and adjacent land.

2. About Aravalli Range

  • The Aravalli Range, often referred to as the Aravalli Mountains, is one of the oldest mountain ranges in India, stretching approximately 800 kilometers across the northwestern states of Rajasthan, Haryana, and Gujarat.
  • It is a significant geographical feature with a diverse history, rich biodiversity, and cultural importance.
  • The Aravalli Range dates back millions of years and is believed to have formed during the Proterozoic era through tectonic processes.
  • It is classified as a fold mountain range, which means it was created by the folding and uplift of ancient rock layers due to the collision of tectonic plates.
  • Over geological time, the region experienced various phases of tectonic activity, resulting in the formation of the present-day mountain range.
  • The Aravalli Range is characterized by its gentle to moderate slopes and irregular ridges. The range generally runs in the northeast-to-southwest direction, separating the arid Thar Desert to the northwest from the fertile plains of northern and central India to the east.
  • Several rivers, including the Banas, Luni, and Sabarmati, originate in the Aravalli Range, contributing to the region's hydrology and supporting agriculture and human settlements.

3. Biodiversity and Ecology

  • The Aravalli Range boasts diverse flora and fauna, making it a significant ecological hotspot.
  • The forests here are a mix of dry deciduous and thorn forests, providing habitat to a variety of plant and animal species.
  • Leopards, sambar deer, chinkara, and various bird species are some of the wildlife found in these mountains.
  • Additionally, the Aravalli Range is known for its unique geological formations, including rock formations and caves, which add to its ecological importance.

4. Water Resource and Conservation

  • The Aravalli Range acts as a natural water divide, directing the flow of rivers towards the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal.
  • It serves as a critical watershed, contributing to the groundwater recharge in the surrounding areas.
  • However, over the years, the mountains have faced environmental threats, including deforestation, mining, and urbanization, which have impacted the region's hydrological balance and biodiversity.
  • Conservation efforts have been undertaken to protect the Aravalli Range from further degradation.
  • Various initiatives aim to promote afforestation, control mining activities, and raise awareness about the importance of preserving this ecologically sensitive region.

5. Fold Mountain

  • A fold mountain is a type of mountain formed by the folding of rock layers due to tectonic forces.
  • These mountains are created when tectonic plates converge, leading to the compression and bending of the Earth's crust.
  • Over millions of years, the continuous pressure causes the rock layers to fold and buckle, resulting in the formation of long mountain chains with parallel ridges and valleys.
  • Fold mountains are common on Earth and can be found on different continents.

6. Highest Peak of the Aravalli Range

The highest point of the Aravalli Range is Guru Shikhar, located in the state of Rajasthan, India. Guru Shikhar stands at an elevation of approximately 1,722 meters (5,650 feet) above sea level. It is a prominent tourist destination and a sacred place for locals and visitors alike.

7. Significance of Aravalli Range

  • The Aravalli Range is one of the oldest fold mountain ranges in the world, representing millions of years of geological history. It's formation and geological features provide valuable insights into the Earth's ancient tectonic processes and uplift mechanisms.
  • The Aravalli Range acts as a natural water divide, separating the watersheds of several major rivers. It directs the flow of rivers in different directions, contributing to the water supply of regions on both sides of the mountain range.
  • The Aravalli Range is known for its rich biodiversity, harboring a diverse array of flora and fauna. The region's forests, grasslands, and rocky terrain support a variety of plant and animal species, some of which are endemic and endangered.
  • The mountains play a crucial role in regulating the region's hydrological cycle by influencing rainfall patterns and groundwater recharge. The forest cover helps retain water and prevent soil erosion.
  • The Aravalli Range has immense cultural significance, with numerous historical and religious sites dotting its landscape. Ancient temples, forts, and monuments stand as a testimony to the region's vibrant past and architectural heritage.
  • The scenic beauty of the Aravalli Range and its surrounding areas draws tourists from far and wide. Popular tourist destinations like Udaipur, Mount Abu, and Ajmer attract visitors with their natural beauty and historical charm.
  • The range serves as a significant groundwater reservoir, supplying water to numerous wells, lakes, and ponds. It plays a vital role in sustaining agriculture and human settlements in the region.
For Prelims: Aravalli range, River Banas, River Luni, River Sabarmati, Guru Shikhar.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the geological history of the Aravalli Ranges, its ecological significance, and the challenges faced in ensuring sustainable conservation. (250 words).
 
Previous year Question
1. Which one of the following is the correct order of formation of geological systems in India in terms of their age? (Starting with the oldest) (UPSC CAPF 2016)
A. Dharwars - Aravallis - Vindhyans - Cuddapahs
B. Aravallis - Dharwars - Cuddapahs - Vindhyans
C. Vindhyans - Dharwars - Aravallis - Cuddapahs
D. Cuddapahs - Vindhyans - Dharwars - Aravallis
Answers: B
 Source: Down to earth
 

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY

1. Context

Five years after the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 recommended it, the central government is set to table a draft law for a single regulatory authority for higher education.

2. About NEP 2020

The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 is a comprehensive policy document that aims to transform the Indian education system into a world-class system that is aligned with the 21st-century needs of the country. It was released by the Government of India in July 2020.
  • The NEP provides a broad direction and is not mandatory. Education is a concurrent subject, requiring collaboration between the central and state governments. The target for full implementation is set for 2040.
  • Subject-wise committees, comprising members from relevant ministries at both levels, will develop implementation plans, outlining actions for various bodies, including the HRD Ministry, state Education Departments, and others. Progress will be jointly reviewed annually.

3. Impact on Mother Tongue/Regional Language Instruction

  • While the NEP emphasizes teaching in the mother tongue or regional language "wherever possible," it is not mandatory for states.
  • Private schools are unlikely to be forced to change their medium of instruction.
  • The policy acknowledges multilingual families and encourages a bilingual approach for students whose home language differs from the medium of instruction.
  • Single-stream institutions like IITs are already diversifying their offerings, including humanities and social sciences departments.
  • This multidisciplinary approach aligns with global trends, ensuring graduates are well-rounded and equipped to address complex challenges.

4. NEP 2020 and Sustainable Development Goals

  • Both the NEP 2020 and SDG 4 aim to provide inclusive and equitable quality education for all.
  • They emphasize improving the quality of education, enhancing learning outcomes, and ensuring access to education at all levels.
  • SDG 4.5 focuses on eliminating disparities in access to education and promoting inclusive education.
  • The NEP 2020 also emphasizes inclusive education by addressing the needs of diverse groups, including marginalized communities, children with disabilities, and those in remote areas.
  • Both the NEP 2020 and SDGs prioritize gender equality in education.
  • They aim to eliminate gender-based discrimination in education and promote equal opportunities for girls and boys in schools and higher education.
  • SDG 4.2 emphasizes the importance of early childhood education and care.
  • The NEP 2020 incorporates a similar focus by introducing a 5+3+3+4 structure that includes early childhood education, aligning with the SDG's goal of ensuring that all children have access to quality pre-primary education.
  • Both the NEP 2020 and SDG 4. c emphasize the importance of adequately trained and qualified teachers.
  • They promote continuous professional development for educators to improve the quality of teaching and learning.
  • SDG 4.6 promotes lifelong learning opportunities for all. The NEP 2020 recognizes the need for lifelong learning by introducing a four-year multidisciplinary undergraduate program with multiple exit options, encouraging continuous skill development.
  • SDG 4.7 encourages global citizenship education and values for sustainability.
  • While the NEP 2020 does not explicitly mention this goal, its emphasis on critical thinking, experiential learning, and holistic development aligns with the idea of nurturing responsible global citizens.
  • SDG 17 calls for global partnerships to achieve the SDGs. The NEP 2020 acknowledges the importance of collaboration between various stakeholders, including governments, civil society, and international organizations, to implement education reforms effectively.
  • Although the primary focus of the NEP is on education, it indirectly contributes to SDG 13 (Climate Action) and other environmental goals by promoting environmental awareness, sustainability education, and holistic development that includes a sense of responsibility towards the environment.

5. The salient features of NEP 2020

The salient features of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 include:

  • The NEP 2020 proposes a new school curriculum that is more holistic and multidisciplinary. It also emphasizes the importance of early childhood education and foundational literacy and numeracy.
  • The NEP 2020 proposes to open up the Indian higher education sector to foreign universities. This will allow students to access world-class education without having to leave India.
  • The NEP 2020 proposes to discontinue the M Phil programme. This is in line with the global trend of moving towards a four-year undergraduate degree followed by a direct PhD programme.
  • The NEP 2020 proposes to introduce multiple entry and exit options in undergraduate and postgraduate programmes. This will give students more flexibility and allow them to tailor their education to their needs.
  • The NEP 2020 emphasizes the importance of research and innovation in higher education. It proposes to increase funding for research and to create a more supportive environment for researchers.
  • The NEP 2020 aims to internationalize the Indian education system. It proposes to increase student and faculty mobility and to collaborate with foreign universities.

6. Education policies in India and its fundamental objectives

  • The primary objective of the first education policy was to promote social justice and reduce disparities in access to education.
  • It aimed to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14 (universalization of elementary education).
  • The second education policy aimed to modernize and expand the education system while maintaining a focus on access and equity.
  • It introduced the 10+2 structure of school education and emphasized vocational education and adult literacy.
  • This revision of the 1986 policy focused on restructuring the curriculum and examination systems.
  • It aimed to promote greater flexibility in course choices and reduce the emphasis on board exams.
  • The NPE 2020 aims to transform the Indian education system to meet the demands of the 21st century.
  • It emphasizes the universalization of early childhood education, a flexible and multidisciplinary approach to education, and the use of technology for learning.
  • It also focuses on improving the quality of education, promoting research and innovation, and ensuring inclusivity and equity in education.
  • India has also had various other policies and initiatives related to specific aspects of education, such as the Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) for elementary education, the Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) for secondary education, and the Skill India initiative to promote vocational education and skill development.

7. Kothari Commission (1964–1966) recommendations to formulate a coherent education policy

  • The Kothari Commission, officially known as the "Indian Education Commission" or the "Education Commission 1964-66," was a high-level commission appointed by the Government of India to review the state of education in the country and make recommendations for the development of education policies.
  • The commission was chaired by Dr Daulat Singh Kothari, who was the Chairman of the University Grants Commission (UGC) at the time.
  • The commission's recommendations played a significant role in shaping India's education policies in the decades that followed.

The key recommendations made by the Kothari Commission

  • The commission emphasized the need to provide free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14.
  • This recommendation laid the foundation for the goal of universalizing elementary education in India.
  • The commission stressed the importance of improving the quality of education at all levels.
  • It recommended measures to enhance the qualifications and training of teachers, revise curricula, and promote innovative teaching methods.
  • The Kothari Commission recommended a flexible and broad-based curriculum that would cater to the diverse needs and interests of students.
  • It emphasized the importance of holistic education and the inclusion of vocational education.
  • The commission recognized the importance of teaching in the mother tongue or regional languages, especially at the primary level, to ensure better comprehension and retention among students. It recommended bilingual education where necessary.
  • The commission called for a comprehensive and long-term educational plan to guide the development of education in India.
  • It recommended the establishment of educational planning bodies at the national, state, and district levels.
  • The Kothari Commission proposed the expansion and improvement of higher education in India.
  • It recommended the establishment of new universities, including regional universities, and the development of research and postgraduate education.
  •  The commission highlighted the need for quality teacher education programs and recommended the establishment of teacher training institutes to ensure a continuous supply of well-trained educators.
  • Recognizing the importance of technical and vocational education for economic development, the commission recommended the expansion of such programs and the establishment of polytechnics and industrial training institutes.
  • The commission suggested changes in the examination system to reduce the emphasis on rote learning and encourage critical thinking and problem-solving skills.
  • The Kothari Commission emphasized the importance of addressing educational disparities among different social and economic groups.
  • It recommended affirmative action policies to promote social justice in education.

8. NPE 1986 and NEP 2020 Compare and Contrast

The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 are two important policy documents that have shaped the Indian education system. While both policies have some common goals, there are also some key differences between them.

Similarities

  • Both policies aim to provide access to quality education for all children.
  • Both policies emphasize the importance of equity and inclusion in education.
  • Both policies stress the need for reforms in the examination system.
  • Both policies recognize the importance of teacher training and professional development.

 

The key differences between the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 and the New Education Policy (NEP) 2020:

Aspect NPE 1986 NEP 2020
Structural Changes Introduced the 10+2 structure of school education Restructured into a 5+3+3+4 format, with an emphasis on early childhood education and curriculum flexibility
Medium of Instruction Recommended a three-language formula but did not specify the medium of instruction
Recommends teaching in the mother tongue or regional language until at least Grade 5, emphasizing multilingualism
Higher Education Focused on expansion and establishment of new universities and colleges Emphasizes a multidisciplinary approach, research, and innovation in higher education
Examination System Emphasized the need for examination system reforms and reduced emphasis on board exams Recommends changes to reduce high-stakes board exams and promote competency-based evaluations
Teacher Training Highlighted the need for improving teacher training programs Stresses the importance of teacher training and professional development
Technology Integration Did not extensively address technology integration Recognizes the importance of technology in education and promotes the use of digital resources and e-learning
Quality and Access Aims to improve access and enhance quality in education Focuses on improving the quality of education, promoting research and innovation, and ensuring inclusivity and equity
Gender Inclusivity Emphasized the importance of gender equality in education Continues to prioritize gender inclusivity and recommends measures for equitable access to education
Globalization Did not extensively address globalization and internationalization of education Seeks to promote global collaboration by allowing foreign universities to set up campuses in India
Environmental Education Did not specifically address environmental education Emphasizes environmental education, sustainability, and awareness

9. The National Curriculum Framework

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) is a document in India that outlines the philosophy and guidelines for the development of curriculum and teaching practices in schools. It serves as a foundational document that informs the design, content, and implementation of school education in the country. 

  • The NCF provides the philosophical and pedagogical foundation for education in India.
  • It articulates the educational goals, values, and principles that should guide the curriculum and teaching practices.
  •  The NCF encourages flexibility in curriculum development to accommodate diverse learners' needs and the evolving educational landscape.
  • It recognizes that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be suitable for India's diverse student population.
  • The framework emphasizes holistic development, aiming to nurture not only cognitive skills but also social, emotional, and ethical aspects of a child's growth.
  • It promotes a well-rounded education that goes beyond rote memorization.
  • The NCF underscores the importance of inclusive education.
  • It addresses the needs of students from various socio-economic backgrounds, genders, and abilities. It advocates for equal access to quality education for all.
  • It encourages the integration of knowledge across subjects and promotes interdisciplinary learning.
  • The framework encourages teachers to connect various subjects and topics to provide a more comprehensive educational experience.
  • The NCF places the learner at the centre of the educational process. It emphasizes the importance of understanding students' interests, motivations, and individual learning styles.
  • The framework recognizes the critical role of teachers in implementing curriculum effectively.
  • It emphasizes the need for teacher professional development and continuous support.
  • The NCF suggests assessment practices that move beyond traditional examinations and focus on formative assessments, encouraging a more comprehensive evaluation of a student's progress and capabilities.
  • It promotes the inclusion of cultural and ethical values in education. The NCF encourages schools to foster an appreciation for India's diverse cultural heritage and ethical values.
  •  The NCF is periodically reviewed and updated to ensure its continued relevance in the changing educational landscape.
  • It takes into account advancements in education research and global best practices.

10. The Way Forward

The NEP 2020 is a unique opportunity to transform the Indian education system into a world-class system that is aligned with the needs of the 21st century. By working together, the government, educational institutions, and society as a whole can make this vision a reality.
 
For Prelims: NEP 2020, National Curriculum Framework, Sustainable Development Goals, University Grants Commission, Kothari Commission, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan, 
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the key provisions and objectives of the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020. How does it aim to transform the Indian education system, and what are its implications for inclusive development? (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2018)
1. As per the Right to Education (RTE) Act, to be eligible for appointment as a teacher in a State, a person would be required to possess the minimum qualification laid down by the State Council of Teacher Education concerned.
2. As per the RTE Act, for teaching primary classes, a candidate is required to pass a Teacher Eligibility Test conducted in accordance with the National Council of Teacher Education guidelines.
3. In India, more than 90% of teacher education institutions are directly under the State Governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 and 2         (b) 2 only            (c) 1 and 3            (d) 3 only
Answer: B

 

2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome'.
2. The Sustainable Development Goals have to be achieved by 2030.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only       B. 2 only          C.  Both 1 and 2            D. Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: B
 
3. The objective(s) of Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyaan is/are: (UKSSSC Forest Guard 2021) 
A. To provide quality based education to all children from 14 to 18 years
B. Universal standstill till the year 2020
C. To provide residential school for the students of remote areas
D. All of the above
 
Answer: D
 
Source: The Indian Express

 

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