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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 14 OCTOBER 2025

RETAIL INFLATION

 

1. Context

Retail inflation fell to a more than eight-year-low of 1.54% in September on falling food and fuel prices, official data showed on Monday. This is once again below the Reserve Bank of India’s lower comfort bound of 2%.

2. What is Inflation?

  • It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
  • In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
  • Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.

3. Retail Inflation

Consumers often directly buy from retailers. So, the inflation experienced at retail reflects the actual price rise in the country. It also shows the cost of living better. In India, the index that reflects the inflation rate at the retail level is known as Consumer Price Index (CPI). Unlike WPI, CPI includes both goods and services. CPI is used to calculate the Dearness Allowance (DA) for government employees.

4. How Inflation is measured?

  • In India, inflation is primarily measured by two main indices- WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index), Which measures Wholesale and retail-level price changes, respectively.
  • The CPI calculates the difference in the price of commodities and services such as food, medical care, education, electronics, etc, which Indian consumers buy for use.
  • On the other hand, the goods or services sold by businesses to smaller businesses for selling further are captured by the WPI.
  • Both WPI (Wholesale Price Index) and CPI (Consumer Price Index) are used to measure inflation in India. 

5. What is the Inflation Target?

  • Under Section 45ZA, in consultation with the RBI Act, the Central Government determines the inflation target in terms of the Consumer Price Index (CPI), once in five years and notifies it in the Official Gazette.
  • Accordingly, on August 5, 2016, the Central Government notified in the Official Gazette 4 percent Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation as the target for the period from August 5, 2016, to March 31, 2021, with the upper tolerance limit of 6 percent and the lower tolerance limit of 2 percent.
  • On March 31, 2021, the Central Government retained the inflation target and the tolerance band for the next 5-year period-April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2026.
  • Section 45ZB of the RBI Act provides for the constitution of a six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) to determine the policy rate required to achieve the inflation target.

6. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)

  • The MPC is a statutory and institutionalized framework under the RBI Act, of 1934, for maintaining price stability, keeping in mind the objective of growth. It was created in 2016.
  • It was created to bring transparency and accountability in deciding monetary policy.
  • MPC determines the policy interest rate required to achieve the inflation target.
  • The committee comprises six members and Governor RBI acts as an ex-officio chairman. Three members are from RBI and three are selected by the government. The inflation target is to be set once every five years. It is set by the Government of India, in consultation with the Reserve Bank of India.
  • The current inflation target is pegged at 4% with -2/+2 tolerance till March 31, 2021.

7. What Caused the drop in Inflation?

  • Retail Inflation or price gains based on the Consumer Price Index, slowed to 6.77 % last month, from September's 7.41%, aided by an appreciable deceleration in food price inflation.
  • The year-on-year inflation based on the Consumer Food Price Index eased by almost 160 basis points in October, to 7.01%, from the preceding month's 8.60%, helped by a 'decline in prices of vegetables, fruits, pulses and oils, and fats', the Government said.
  • With the food and beverages sub-index representing almost 46% of the CPI's weight, the slowdown in food price gains understandably steered overall inflation lower even as price gains in three other essential categories, namely clothing, and footwear, housing, and health remained either little changed from September or quickened.
  • Inflation at the Wholesale Prices Level also continued to decelerate, with the headline reading easing into single digits for the first time in 19 months. A favorable base effect along with a distinct cooling in international prices of commodities including crude oil and steel amid gathering uncertainty in advanced economies was largely instrumental in tempering wholesale price gains.

8. Recent Measures by the Government

To soften the prices of edible oils and pulses, tariffs on imported items have been rationalized from time to time. The stock limits on edible oils are also maintained, to avoid hoarding.
The Government has taken trade-related measures on wheat and rice to keep domestic supplies steady and curb the rise in prices.
The impact of these measures is expected to be felt more significantly in the coming months.

For Prelims & Mains

 

For Prelims: Inflation, MPC, CPI, WPI, food Inflation, RBI, Headline inflation, Core inflation

For Mains: 
 1. Explain the concept of inflation and its impact on an economy. Discuss the various causes of inflation and the measures that can be taken to control it, with specific reference to India. (250 Words)
2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with managing inflation in India? Evaluate the effectiveness of recent policy measures in addressing inflationary pressures and maintaining price stability. Suggest strategies for sustainable economic growth while managing inflation risks. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. Consider the following statements:  (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? 
A. 1 and 2 only    B.  2 and 3 only     C. 1 and 3 only     D. 1, 2 and 3
 
 
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
  1. Bank rate
  2. Open Market Operations
  3. Public debt
  4. Public revenue

Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy?

(a) 1 only   (b) 2, 3 and 4    (c) 1 and 2     (d) 1, 3 and 4

 

3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013)

(a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall.
(b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks.
(c) Central bank is following an easy money policy.
(d) Central bank is following a tight money policy.
 

4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 

1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A. 1 only      B.  1 and 2 only      C. 3 only      D. 2 and 3 only

 
5. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (UPSC 2021)
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
A. 1 only        B. 2 only           C. Both 1 and 2         D.  Neither 1 nor 2
 
 
6. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 2 and 3 only        C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3
 
 
7. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015) 
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
 
 
8. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only     B.  2 only        C. 2 and 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-D, 6-B, 6-C, 7-B
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 

UTTARAKHAND'S UNIFORM CIVIL CODE 

 
 
 
 
1. Context 
 
 
The Uttarakhand government on Monday approved a crucial amendment in the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) bringing relief to citizens of Nepali and Bhutanese origin who are living in the State and do not have an Aadhaar card as identity proof to register their marriage.

2. The objective of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in India

  • A Uniform Civil Code (UCC) aims to establish a consistent set of laws to replace the diverse personal laws associated with different religions. These laws pertain to crucial aspects like marriage, divorce, adoption, and inheritance. The constitutional basis for the UCC is found in Article 44, which directs the state to "endeavour to secure for the citizens a uniform civil code throughout the territory of India." This provision falls under the Directive Principles of State Policy, playing a significant role in governance, even though it is not legally enforceable.
  • The inclusion of the UCC provision sparked intense debates during the deliberations of India's Constituent Assembly. There was a profound discussion on whether it should be considered a fundamental right or a directive principle. Opponents raised concerns that implementing a UCC might compromise the rights of religious minorities and erode India's cultural diversity. Some argued that it could conflict with the freedom of religion guaranteed under Article 19 (now Article 25) of the draft Constitution.
  • While some, like Member K.M. Munshi, advocated for the UCC, emphasizing its potential to promote gender equality and eliminate discriminatory practices against women, others, like Member Naziruddin Ahmad, expressed reservations. Ahmad highlighted the need for community consent for implementing such a uniform set of laws.
  • Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, taking a more ambivalent stance, expressed the desirability of a UCC but recommended that it be "purely voluntary" in its initial stages. He argued that since the provision was recommendatory and not mandatory, it should not be imposed on all citizens.
  • The matter was ultimately settled with a 5:4 majority vote, led by the sub-committee on fundamental rights headed by Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. The decision was that the establishment of a UCC should not be categorized as a fundamental right.

3. Development of Uttarakhand's Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

  • In June 2022, the Uttarakhand government established an expert committee led by former Supreme Court judge Justice Ranjana Prakash Desai to explore avenues for implementing a Uniform Civil Code (UCC). This initiative to implement a UCC in the state if re-elected. Despite the Chief Minister's announcement in June of that year that a draft UCC was prepared, the committee faced delays in submitting its report. The original deadline in November 2022 was extended multiple times.
  • Right from the outset, the proposal encountered opposition from rival political parties, with Congress representatives in the state claiming that the UCC initiative was merely a political strategy to influence voters in the lead-up to the general elections. The tribal community, constituting 2.9% of the population, had not given consent to the UCC. Additionally, the Van Gujjar tribe, a Muslim nomadic group with around 60,000 members, expressed concerns about the proposed law.
  • The controversies surrounding community consent and political motivations added complexity to the discussions surrounding the proposed implementation of the UCC in the state.

4. Anticipated Changes in Uttarakhand's Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

  • The forthcoming draft of the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) in Uttarakhand is poised to bring about significant changes, primarily focusing on gender equality within legal frameworks. Notable provisions include equal treatment of men and women, particularly in matters related to inheritance. The UCC is expected to eliminate practices associated with marriage and divorce, such as polygamy, iddat (mandatory waiting period for women after the dissolution of a Muslim marriage), and triple talaq. Furthermore, the proposed Code is likely to ensure an equal property share for Muslim women, surpassing the current 25% share stipulated by Muslim personal law.
  • Despite these amendments, the minimum age for marriage is anticipated to remain unchanged, with 18 years for women and 21 years for men. The UCC is set to encompass a range of issues, including divorce, marriage registrations, adoption, and provisions for the social security of ageing parents. Additionally, the committee has recommended the mandatory registration of live-in relationships.
  • In clarifying the intentions behind the UCC, the proposed changes are not geared towards appeasing any specific community but rather aim to empower all sections of society. The implementation of the UCC would not impact reservations, marital rights, customs, or any other class-specific considerations. The emphasis is on fostering equality and empowerment across diverse segments of the population.

5. Supreme Court's Stance on Uniform Civil Code (UCC) and Related Petitions

Over the years, the Supreme Court has engaged in discussions on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) through various judgments. However, it has consistently refrained from issuing directives to the government, emphasizing that law-making falls exclusively within the domain of Parliament. In the 1985 Shah Bano Begum case, the Court expressed regret over Article 44 remaining a "dead letter" and urged its implementation. This sentiment was echoed in subsequent cases like Sarla Mudgal versus Union of India (1995) and John Vallamattom versus Union of India (2003).

Petitions for Uniformity in Laws

Between 2021 and 2022, six petitions were filed in the Supreme Court seeking uniformity in divorce, maintenance, and alimony laws, asserting that existing laws discriminated against women and thereby violated constitutional provisions under Article 14 (right to equality) and Article 15 (right against discrimination based on religion and gender). In March of the previous year, a Bench led by Chief Justice of India (CJI) D.Y. Chandrachud dismissed these petitions, emphasizing that such matters are within the exclusive legislative purview of Parliament.

Dismissal of Petition Challenging Uttarakhand's UCC Committee

In January of the same year, the Supreme Court dismissed a petition challenging the Uttarakhand government's establishment of an expert committee on the UCC. The Court highlighted that Article 162 permits the exercise of executive powers, stating, "Article 162 of the Constitution indicates that the executive power of a State extends to matters concerning which the Legislature of the State has power to make laws." The order emphasized that the constitution of such a committee, as per Entry 5 of the Concurrent List, dealing with "marriage and divorce; infants and minors; adoption; wills, intestacy, and succession," could not be challenged as ultra vires.


6. Law Commission's Perspective on the Uniform Civil Code (UCC)

  • In 2016, the government sought the Law Commission of India's guidance on formulating a Uniform Civil Code (UCC) due to the diverse personal laws existing in the country. In response, the 21st Law Commission, led by former Supreme Court judge Justice Balbir Singh Chauhan, submitted a 185-page consultation paper in August 2018 titled "Reforms of family law." The paper concluded that, at that stage, the formulation of a UCC was deemed "neither necessary nor desirable." It emphasized that a unified nation did not inherently require "uniformity" and that secularism should not contradict the diverse cultural and religious practices prevailing in the country. While rejecting the immediate need for a UCC, the commission recommended amendments to eliminate discriminatory practices and stereotypes present in the existing personal laws.
  • On June 14 of the following year, the 22nd Law Commission, led by Justice (Retd) Rituraj Awasthi, issued a notification seeking input from various stakeholders, including the public and religious organizations, on the UCC. Notably, Justice Awasthi, during his tenure as Chief Justice of the Karnataka High Court, had ruled in favour of the Karnataka government's order prohibiting the wearing of hijab in educational institutions.
  • The Law Commission's transition from deeming a UCC as unnecessary in 2018 to actively seeking public opinion in 2022 signifies a shift in perspective. While the 2018 report emphasized the importance of maintaining cultural and religious diversity, the subsequent move to engage stakeholders suggests a willingness to reconsider and evaluate the need for a UCC, taking into account diverse viewpoints and societal changes.

7. Future Developments in the Uniform Civil Code (UCC) Landscape

  • Following Uttarakhand's lead, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat have also established committees to kickstart the formulation of a Uniform Civil Code (UCC). This push for a UCC was included in the BJP's election manifesto for the Karnataka Assembly polls, although the Congress eventually secured a significant victory in that election.
  • The question of whether the central government will propose a UCC on a pan-India level remains a topic of debate. The central government will likely proceed cautiously, observing the outcomes of the initiatives undertaken by individual states. The awaited report from the 22nd Law Commission is anticipated to carry persuasive weight in shaping the discourse.
  • The renewed momentum towards a UCC may also be influenced by a pending query before the Supreme Court concerning the "scope and ambit of the right to freedom of religion under Article 25 of the Constitution." This question originated in the Sabarimala case and was framed by a Constitution Bench for reference to a larger bench. Despite three years passing, there has been no substantial progress on this matter.
  • The evolving landscape of UCC initiatives in various states, coupled with the legal and political considerations at the national level, indicates a complex and dynamic situation. The outcome of these state-level efforts, coupled with the pending Supreme Court query, will likely influence the trajectory of discussions on the UCC at both the state and national levels. The UCC debate continues to be shaped by legal, political, and societal dynamics, with potentially far-reaching implications for India's legal framework and cultural diversity.
8. The Way Forward
 
The UCC debate in India remains complex and dynamic, with Uttarakhand's proposed Bill being a key example. Understanding the historical context, legal aspects, and diverse perspectives is crucial for informed discussions about this sensitive issue. Uttarakhand's initiative and developments in other states, along with the ongoing legal discourse, will shape the future of the UCC in India.
 
 
For Prelims: Uniform Civil Code, Article 44, Article 14, Article 15,  Article 25, Shah Bano Begum Case, Law Commission
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the potential impact of the UCC on the rights of religious minorities in India. How can their concerns be addressed while simultaneously pursuing the goal of gender equality? (250 Words)
2.  Discuss the possible scenarios for the future of the UCC in India, considering the initiatives in Uttarakhand and other states, as well as the pending Supreme Court query. What are the potential challenges and opportunities?  (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. The purpose of Uniform Civil Code incorporated in Article 44 of Indian Constitution is for: (OPSC OAS 2021)
A. National Security       B. Cultural Integration      C. National Unity   D. Welfare of Minorities 
 
2. Consider the following provisions under the Directive Principles of State Policy as enshrined in the Constitution of India: (2012)
  1. Securing for citizens of India a uniform civil code
  2. Organizing village Panchayats
  3. Promoting cottage industries in rural areas
  4. Securing for all the workers reasonable leisure and cultural opportunities

Which of the above are the Gandhian Principles that are reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy?

(a) 1, 2 and 4 only       (b) 2 and 3 only           (c) 1, 3 and 4 only             (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

 

3. A legislation that confers on the executive or administrative authority an unguided and uncontrolled discretionary power in the matter of the application of law violates which one of the following Articles of the Constitution of India?

(a) Article 14        (b) Article 28          (c) Article 32                (d) Article 44

Answer: 1-C, 2-B, 3- A

Mains

1. Discuss the possible factors that inhibit India from enacting for its citizen a uniform civil code as provided for in the Directive Principles of State Policy. (UPSC 2015)

Source: The Hindu
 
 

MULLAPERIYAR DAM

 
 
 
1. Context

The Supreme Court on Monday said that certain directions may be necessary to ensure the reinforcement of the 130-year-old limestone-and-surkhi-made Mullaperiyar dam in Kerala, in light of concerns regarding its safety and structural integrity.

 

2. New Guidelines 

  • The CWC (Central Water Commission) implemented a set of guidelines for dam construction following Kerala's preparation of the DPR (Detailed Project Report) in 2011. Those informed about the situation mentioned that the costs for various project components have increased since the last DPR, hence the need for a revision.
  • Recently, the State government approached the CWC to expedite approval for a new dam's construction. Additionally, the State expressed its readiness to supply water to Tamil Nadu from this new dam.
  • Kerala and Tamil Nadu have been embroiled in a prolonged legal dispute regarding the stability and other related aspects of the current dam. Kerala has been advocating for a new dam primarily on safety grounds.
  • Both states witnessed significant protests after Kerala raised safety concerns and called for the decommissioning the existing dam
 

3. What do we Know about the Mullaperiyar Dam?

 

The Mullaperiyar Dam is located in the southern Indian state of Kerala, but it's owned and operated by the Government of Tamil Nadu.

Here are some key points about the dam:

  • Situated in the Western Ghats, the Mullaperiyar Dam is built across the Periyar River in the state of Kerala
  • Although the dam is located in Kerala, it is owned, maintained, and operated by the Government of Tamil Nadu based on a 999-year lease agreement signed in 1886
  • The primary purpose of the dam is to divert water from the Periyar River's catchment area to the Vaigai River basin in Tamil Nadu for irrigation and drinking water purposes
  • The dam has been a subject of contention between Kerala and Tamil Nadu due to concerns over its structural integrity. Kerala has raised concerns about the dam's safety due to its age and the potential risk to downstream areas in case of a dam failure. Tamil Nadu contends that the dam is safe and necessary for meeting its water needs
  • The two states have engaged in a prolonged legal battle over the Mullaperiyar Dam's safety and the need for a new dam. Kerala has called for decommissioning the existing dam and constructing a new one, while Tamil Nadu has insisted on raising the dam's water level, citing its necessity for irrigation
  • The issue has reached the Supreme Court of India multiple times, and the court has issued various directives regarding the water level and safety measures to address concerns from both states
4.What is the Dispute regarding Mullaperiyar dam?
 
 
The dispute surrounding the Mullaperiyar Dam primarily revolves around several key issues:
 
  • Kerala has raised serious concerns about the dam's structural integrity due to its age and the potential risks associated with a dam failure. There have been apprehensions that the dam, which is over a century old, might not withstand a major earthquake or natural calamity, posing a threat to the downstream areas in Kerala
  • Tamil Nadu, which owns and operates the dam, asserts its rights to receive a certain amount of water from the Periyar River through the dam for irrigation purposes in the Vaigai River basin. There have been disagreements between the two states regarding the permissible water level in the dam and the quantity of water to be released to Tamil Nadu
  • The disagreement between Kerala and Tamil Nadu has escalated into a legal battle that has been ongoing for decades. Both states have filed numerous cases and counter-cases in courts, including the Supreme Court of India, seeking decisions on issues related to the dam's safety, water sharing, and the need for a new dam
  • The Mullaperiyar Dam issue has significant political implications for both states. It has been a point of contention in the political landscape of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, with each state advocating for its respective stance on the dam's safety and water-sharing agreements
 
Periyar river
 
  • Originating in the Western Ghats of Kerala, the Periyar River is one of the longest rivers in the state, flowing through parts of Tamil Nadu before draining into the Arabian Sea
  • The river plays a vital role in sustaining the biodiversity of the region, notably within the Periyar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary. This sanctuary is known for its rich flora and fauna, including diverse species of birds, mammals, and reptiles.
  • The Periyar River is harnessed for hydroelectric power generation through the Idukki and Idamalayar dams. These dams contribute significantly to the power supply in Kerala
  • It serves as a crucial water source for both irrigation and drinking purposes in the regions through which it flows, supporting agricultural activities and serving as a primary water source for local communities
  • The river is associated with the Mullaperiyar Dam, which has been a subject of dispute between Kerala and Tamil Nadu due to concerns over its structural safety and disagreements regarding water-sharing agreements
  • The Periyar River has historical and cultural significance, with various communities relying on it for their livelihoods and traditions. It is integral to the socio-economic fabric of the regions it traverses
 
 
 
5. What is the Dam Safety Act?
 
  • The Dam Safety Act, introduced to the Rajya Sabha in December 2021, aimed to address issues of inadequate monitoring and maintenance that have led to dam-related disasters.
  • This legislation outlined specific duties and required the establishment of both national and state-level bodies to enforce its provisions.
  • It proposed the creation of a National Committee on Dam Safety responsible for overseeing policies and regulations, a National Dam Safety Authority tasked with implementation and the resolution of state-level disputes, designating the Chairman of the Central Water Commission (CWC) to lead national dam safety protocols, and the formation of State Committees on Dam Safety (SCDS) and State Dam Safety Organizations (SDSO)
  • The Dam Safety Act (DSA) 2021 was enacted by the Union Government of India to prevent dam failure-related disasters. The act focuses on the proper surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of specified dams. It also establishes an institutional mechanism to ensure their safe functioning
  • The act was notified by the Government of India on December 14, 2021, and came into effect on December 30, 2021.
  • The act provides for institutional mechanisms for surveillance, inspection, operation, and maintenance of the specified dams. The Central Water Commission (CWC) provides technical expertise and guidance on all matters related to dams.
  • Failure to comply with any provision of the act is punishable with imprisonment and/or fines. If such obstruction or refusal to comply with directions results in loss of lives or imminent danger thereof, the entity shall be punishable with imprisonment for a term which may extend to two years
 
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1. Which one of the following pairs is not correctly matched? (UPSC CSE 2010)

     Dam/Lake       River

(a) Govind Sagar :   Satluj
(b) Kolleru Lake   :   Krishna
(c) Ukai Reservoir:   Tapi
(d) Wular Lake :       Jhelum

Answer: (b)

2.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2009)

  1. There are no east flowing rivers in Kerala.
  2. There are no west flowing rivers in Madhya Pradesh.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: (d)

 
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

 

1. Context

Non-communicable diseases account for nearly two-thirds of the world’s total mortality and morbidity, led by ischaemic heart disease, stroke and diabetes, says the latest Global Burden of Disease (GBD) report launched at the World Health Summit, Berlin, and published in The Lancet.

2. Non-Communicable Diseases

  • Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are chronic medical conditions that are not caused by infectious agents and cannot be transmitted from person to person. These diseases typically have a long duration and progress slowly over time.
  • NCDs are also referred to as chronic diseases and are often characterized by complex and multifactorial causes, including genetic, lifestyle, environmental, and behavioral factors.
  • NCDs are a major global health concern, accounting for a significant proportion of morbidity, disability, and premature mortality worldwide.
  • They impose a substantial burden on individuals, families, healthcare systems, and economies. Risk factors for NCDs include unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, and environmental factors such as air pollution.
  • Prevention and control strategies for non-communicable diseases involve a combination of health promotion, early detection, access to quality healthcare services, lifestyle modifications, and effective management of existing conditions.
  • Public health interventions aim to reduce NCD risk factors and promote healthy behaviors to mitigate the impact of these diseases on individuals and populations.

3. Findings of the Study on Non-communicable Diseases in India

  • Diabetes and Prediabetes: India has 101 million people with diabetes and 136 million with prediabetes.
  • High Blood Pressure: 315 million people in India were found to have high blood pressure.
  • Obesity: Generalized Obesity: 254 million individuals in India were classified as obese. Abdominal Obesity: 351 million people in India had abdominal obesity.
  • Hypercholesterolemia and High LDL Cholesterol: Hypercholesterolemia: 213 million individuals in India had high cholesterol levels. High LDL Cholesterol: 185 million people had elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol.
  • Study Details: The study was funded by the Indian Council of Medical Research and the Department of Health Research, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. The Madras Diabetes Research Foundation coordinated the decade-long nationwide study. The findings of the study will be published in The Lancet Diabetes and Endocrinology journal.

4. Significance of the Study on Non-communicable Diseases in India

  • Comprehensive Epidemiological Research: The study is the first comprehensive epidemiological research paper on non-communicable diseases in India. It includes participants from 31 states and some Union Territories, with a large sample size of 1,13,043 individuals.
  • Increased Prevalence of NDCs: The study reveals that diabetes, hypertension, obesity, and dyslipidemia are more common in India than previously estimated. It highlights the urgent need for preventive measures and healthcare interventions to address the high prevalence of these diseases.
  • Rural Diabetes Explosion: While urban areas currently have higher rates of metabolic NCDs, except for prediabetes, the study warns of an upcoming diabetes explosion in rural India if left unregulated.
  • Inter-regional Variations: The study identifies variations in disease prevalence among different states and regions. Goa, Puducherry, and Kerala have the highest diabetes prevalence, while Sikkim has a high prevalence of Prediabetes, and Punjab has the highest hypertension rates.
  • Implications for Policy: The findings highlight the need for state-specific policies and interventions to address the rising epidemic of metabolic NCDs in India. Urgent actions are required to stabilize diabetes rates in developed states and control the increasing prevalence in other regions.
  • Study Details: The research used a cross-sectional, population-based survey of adults aged above 20 years. The study employed a stratified, multistage sampling design and is titled "Metabolic non-communicable health report of India- the ICMR-INDIAB National Cross-sectional Study.

5. Impact of Rising NCDs in India:

  • Increased Burden of Diabetics and Hypertensive Individuals: Over the past four years, India has experienced a significant increase in the number of people affected by diabetes and hypertension. Generalized and abdominal obesity are contributing factors to this growing burden.
  • Warning Signs for Future Health Issues: The study serves as an early warning, highlighting that if left uncontrolled, this population is at high risk of developing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and life-altering medical conditions, including strokes.
  • Dual Problem of Malnutrition and Obesity: Experts explain that India faces a dual problem of malnutrition and obesity. Although surplus food is available, factors such as exposure to fast food, lack of sleep, inadequate exercise, and increased stress contribute to the perfect environment for NCDs to thrive.

6. Addressing the Rising NCDs

  • The solution to combating NCDs lies in adopting a wellness approach and embracing a lifestyle that includes a healthy diet and regular exercise.
  • The Health Ministry recognizes four major NCDs Cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes.
  • These diseases share common behavioral risk factors, including unhealthy diet, lack of physical activity, and tobacco and alcohol use.
  • The Health Ministry has implemented Programs to strengthen health infrastructure and develop human resources.
  • Health-promotion initiatives and awareness campaigns focus on prevention, early diagnosis, and ensuring appropriate referrals for NCDs.
For Prelims: Non-Communicable Diseases, Diabetes, and Prediabetes, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and ICMR.
For Mains: 1. Explain the significance of the study on metabolic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India and their implications for public health policies. (250 Words).
 Source: The Hindu
 

PRODUCTION LINKED INCENTIVE (PLI) SCHEME

 
 
 
1. Context
 
As the world turns inwards with new visa barriers and tariffs, India under Modi is turning its own confidence outward, transforming adversity into acceleration.
 
 
2. About Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme

 

The Production-Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme is an initiative by the Indian government to boost domestic manufacturing in specific sectors. It incentivizes companies, both domestic and foreign, to set up or expand production facilities in India by offering financial rewards based on incremental sales achieved over a set period.

  • The government announces a PLI scheme for a particular sector with specific targets for production and sales.
  • Companies apply for the scheme and submit their production plans.
  • If selected, companies receive a percentage of their incremental sales (over a base year) as an incentive.
  • The incentive amount varies depending on the sector and the level of incremental sales achieved.
  • The scheme typically runs for several years, providing companies with long-term financial support.

 

3. Sectors with Current PLI Schemes

 

  • Mobile phone manufacturing and specified electronic components have been successful in attracting major players like Apple and Samsung to set up production in India.
  • Large-scale electronics manufacturing to boost domestic production of TVs, laptops, and other electronics products.
  • High-efficiency solar PV modules to make India a global leader in solar energy production.
  • Automobiles and auto components incentivize the production of electric vehicles, hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, and advanced auto components.
  • Man-made fibre (MMF) apparel and textiles to boost domestic production of high-quality MMF textiles.
  • White goods (air conditioners, refrigerators, etc.) to make India a global hub for white goods manufacturing.

 

4. Sectors Likely to See PLI Schemes in the Future

 

  • The pharmaceuticals and medical devices sector is crucial for national health security and has the potential for significant growth.
  • Green hydrogen and ammonia fuels are essential for achieving climate goals and could benefit from PLI support.
  • Advanced manufacturing technologies include robotics, 3D printing, and artificial intelligence, which are crucial for future industries.
  • The food processing sector has vast potential for value creation and job creation, and PLI could help address inefficiencies.

 

5. Benefits of the PLI Scheme

 

  • PLI attracts investment and encourages companies to manufacture in India, reducing dependence on imports.
  • New manufacturing units and increased production lead to job creation in various sectors.
  • PLI attracts global companies with advanced technology, leading to knowledge transfer and skill development in India.
  • Increased domestic production can lead to higher exports and strengthen the Indian economy.
 

6. Challenges in the PLI Scheme

 

  • Companies need significant upfront investment to set up new production facilities, which can be a deterrent for some.
  • The application and approval process for PLI schemes can be lengthy and complex, discouraging some companies.
  • The government needs to ensure the long-term sustainability of PLI schemes to avoid dependence on subsidies.

 

7. The Way Forward

 

The PLI scheme is a promising initiative with the potential to transform India's manufacturing landscape. By addressing the challenges and continuously improving its design, the government can further incentivize domestic production and boost India's economic growth.

 
For Prelims: Production Linked Incentive scheme,  industrial policy
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the role of the government in promoting domestic manufacturing. Should the focus be on incentives like the Production Linked Incentive scheme or on creating a conducive business environment? (250 Words)
 
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1. Consider, the following statements : (UPSC 2023)

Statement-I : India accounts for 3.2% of global export of goods.

Statement-II : Many local companies and some foreign companies operating in India have taken advantage of India's ‘Production-linked Incentive’ scheme.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

(a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I

(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I

(c) Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect

(d) Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct

Answer: D

 

Source: The Indian Express

ETHANOL BLENDING

1. Context

The programme for blending of ethanol in petrol was initiated primarily to help sugar mills make timely payments to farmers, by creating an additional revenue stream from the processing of cane.
 
2. Ethanol
  • Ethanol, also known as ethyl alcohol, is a type of alcohol commonly used as a biofuel and a key ingredient in alcoholic beverages.
  • It is a clear, colorless liquid with a characteristic odor and a slightly sweet taste.
  • Ethanol has a wide range of applications and is produced through the fermentation of sugars by yeast or other microorganisms.

3. Ethanol Blending

  • Ethanol blending refers to the practice of mixing ethanol with gasoline or other fuels to create a blended fuel.
  • Ethanol is a biofuel derived from renewable sources such as sugarcane, corn, or other plant materials.
  • It is commonly used as an additive to gasoline in various parts of the world to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote cleaner fuel options.
  • In the context of transportation, the most common form of ethanol blending is with gasoline, creating a blend known as ethanol-gasoline blend or gasohol.
  • The most common ethanol-gasoline blends are E10 and E15, indicating the percentage of ethanol in the mixture. For example, E10 contains 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline, while E15 contains 15% ethanol and 85% gasoline.

4. Benefits of Ethanol blending

  • Ethanol is considered a renewable fuel because it is derived from plant materials that absorb carbon dioxide during their growth. When blended with gasoline, ethanol can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, as it emits fewer greenhouse gases compared to pure gasoline.
  • By blending ethanol with gasoline, countries can reduce their reliance on imported fossil fuels and promote energy security.
  • Ethanol has a higher octane rating than gasoline, which can improve engine performance and increase fuel efficiency.
  • Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, providing economic benefits to farmers and rural communities.
  • Ethanol-gasoline blends can help reduce harmful pollutants such as carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds, contributing to improved air quality.
  • Mixing 20 percent ethanol in petrol can potentially reduce the auto fuel import bill by a yearly $4 billion, or Rs 30,000 crore. 
  • Another major benefit of ethanol blending is the extra income it gives to farmers. Ethanol is derived from sugarcane and also foodgrains. Hence, farmers can earn extra income by selling their surplus produce to ethanol blend manufacturers.

5. What is E20 Fuel?

  • E20 fuel is a type of blended fuel that contains 20% ethanol and 80% gasoline.
  • It is an ethanol-gasoline blend, similar to other common blends like E10 (10% ethanol) and E15 (15% ethanol).
  • The percentage of ethanol in the blend is denoted by the "E" followed by the percentage of ethanol content.
  • E20 fuel is considered a higher ethanol blend compared to E10 and E15, which are more widely available in various countries.
  • The use of E20 is part of efforts to promote renewable fuels and reduce greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector.

6. Significance of E20 fuel

  • Reduced Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Ethanol is derived from renewable plant sources, and blending it with gasoline can help reduce the carbon footprint of transportation fuels, contributing to efforts to combat climate change.
  • Energy Security: By using more domestically produced ethanol, countries can reduce their dependence on imported fossil fuels and enhance energy security.
  • Improved Engine Performance: Ethanol's higher octane rating can enhance engine performance and increase fuel efficiency in certain vehicles.
  • Support for Agriculture: Ethanol production often relies on agricultural feedstocks, supporting farmers and rural economies.

7. Challenges in Ethanol Blending Programme

While ethanol blending in transportation fuels offers various benefits, there are several challenges that countries may face in implementing and sustaining a successful ethanol blending program. Some of these challenges include:

  • Infrastructure and Distribution: Establishing the necessary infrastructure for blending and distributing ethanol-gasoline blends can be a significant challenge. This includes ensuring that fuel stations have the proper storage facilities and compatible pumps to dispense blended fuels.
  • Compatibility with Vehicles: Not all vehicles are designed to run on high ethanol blends like E20 or E85. Older vehicles or vehicles from certain manufacturers may not be compatible with these blends, leading to potential engine damage or decreased performance.
  • Fuel Quality and Standards: Maintaining consistent fuel quality is essential to prevent engine damage and ensure consumer confidence. Governments and fuel suppliers must adhere to strict quality standards and monitor the blending process to avoid issues with fuel performance.
  • Feedstock Availability and Cost: The production of ethanol relies on agricultural feedstocks, such as corn, sugarcane, or other biomass. The availability and cost of these feedstocks can vary, affecting the overall cost of ethanol production and blending.
  • Land Use and Food Security Concerns: Utilizing agricultural land for ethanol production can raise concerns about competing with food production and potentially impacting food security in some regions.
  • Competing Uses for Ethanol: Ethanol has various applications beyond fuel blending, such as in the production of alcoholic beverages, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemicals. Competing uses can influence the availability and cost of ethanol for blending.

8. National Biofuel Policy

  • India has a National Policy on Biofuels, which was first introduced in 2009 and later revised in 2018.  The policy aims to promote the use of biofuels to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels, enhance energy security, promote sustainable development, and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions.
  • The policy encourages the blending of biofuels with conventional fossil fuels to create biofuel blends. It focuses on the production and utilization of first-generation biofuels like ethanol and biodiesel, as well as advanced biofuels made from non-food feedstock.
  • The policy sets targets for blending biofuels with conventional fuels in the transportation sector. For instance, the policy aimed for a 20% ethanol blending in petrol and a 5% biodiesel blending in diesel by 2030.
  • The policy emphasizes the development and promotion of second-generation biofuels, which are produced from non-food feedstock, such as agricultural residues, waste, and non-edible oils. This helps avoid competition with food crops and ensures sustainability.
  • The policy supports research and development initiatives in the biofuels sector, aimed at improving production processes, enhancing feedstock availability, and developing cost-effective technologies for biofuel production.
  • The policy focuses on creating a robust supply chain for biofuels, from feedstock cultivation and collection to biofuel production, distribution, and marketing. This helps in ensuring a smooth and efficient supply of biofuels across the country.
For Prelims: Ethanol Blending, E20 fuel, Greenhouse Gas Emission, National Policy on Biofuels, Food Security, and Gasoline.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the benefits and challenges of ethanol blending in transportation fuels as a strategy to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote renewable energy sources. (250 Words).
 

Previous year Question

1. According to India's National Policy on Biofuels, which of the following can be used as raw materials for the production of biofuels? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cassava
2. Damaged wheat grains
3. Groundnut seeds
4. Horse gram
5. Rotten potatoes
6. Sugar beet
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 5, and 6 only
B. 1, 3, 4, and 6 only
C. 2, 3, 4, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6
Answer: A
Source: The Indian Express
 

NATIONAL QUANTUM MISSION

 
 
1. Context
 
In a significant breakthrough that can have profound implications for digital and online security, an Indian research group has developed new quantum techniques to generate and certify truly random numbers.
 
2. National Quantum Mission
 
  • The National Quantum Mission (NQM) is an initiative launched by the Government of India in 2023 to advance research and development in quantum science and technology. With a focus on four core areas—Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum Materials & Devices—the mission seeks to position India as a global leader in quantum innovation.
  • The mission is funded with an allocation of ₹6,003.65 crore over a span of eight years (2023-2031) and aims to drive both scientific breakthroughs and industrial applications. A key feature of the mission is the establishment of four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs), each dedicated to one of the key areas, to address specific research objectives and challenges in quantum technologies.
  • The NQM is expected to support a range of applications, from secure communication systems to advanced computing, with the potential to transform fields like healthcare, defense, and cryptography
3. What is Quantum technology?
 
  • Quantum technology refers to a broad range of technological innovations rooted in the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Scientists discovered that classical physics—including Newtonian mechanics, electromagnetism, and classical thermodynamics—could not fully explain several important phenomena at the atomic and subatomic levels, such as wave-particle duality, quantum superposition, quantum entanglement, and Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle.
  • This gap in understanding led to the creation of quantum mechanics, a new branch of physics that transformed how we perceive the quantum world. Over time, advancements in quantum mechanics were applied to develop real-world devices.
  • These theories and devices collectively form what we now refer to as quantum technology.
  • Specifically, quantum technology harnesses quantum mechanical principles, such as superposition, quantum entanglement, and interference, to enable more efficient large-scale computations. Let’s explore these concepts in more detail
 
4. Core Principles of quantum mechanics
 
  • (a) Superposition: In classical computing, the basic unit of data is a ‘bit,’ which can have a value of either ‘0’ or ‘1.’ A bit is limited to these two possible states. In contrast, quantum computing uses a ‘qubit’ (quantum bit) as its fundamental unit. Unlike classical bits, qubits can exist in a superposition of both ‘0’ and ‘1’ simultaneously, represented as a combination of probabilities for being in either state when measured.
  • This property allows quantum computers to process multiple possibilities at once, enabling them to solve complex problems more efficiently by exploring numerous potential solutions simultaneously and finding the optimal one with minimal error. Quantum algorithms like Shor’s algorithm (used for factoring large numbers) and Grover’s algorithm (for quickly searching unstructured databases) leverage superposition to deliver results far faster than classical computers, which might take months for the same task.
  • (b) Entanglement: Entanglement describes the phenomenon where two subatomic particles become linked, such that a change in one particle is instantly reflected in the other, regardless of the distance between them. This property can be used to enhance the security of quantum communication by entangling the qubits of the sender and receiver, preventing unauthorized access.
  • (c) Interference: Interference refers to the superposition of quantum states in subatomic particles, which influences the likelihood of different outcomes when those particles are measured. While entanglement is a relationship between two particles, interference involves the interaction of multiple particles. It can be constructive or destructive, making it useful in quantum algorithms to improve accuracy by amplifying high-probability outcomes and suppressing less probable ones.
  • Quantum technology, though relatively new, is a crucial interdisciplinary field with broad applications in science, research, healthcare, communication, security, and more. This brings us back to the goals and challenges of each focus area under the National Quantum Mission
5. Domains of National Quantum Mission
 
  • (a) Quantum Computing: This area focuses on creating the necessary hardware, software, algorithms, and protocols for designing and developing quantum computing systems, such as quantum computers. While the National Quantum Mission is set to last for eight years (2023-2031), its progress can be broken down into three stages: developing 20-50 physical qubits within the first three years, 50-100 physical qubits within five years, and 50-1000 physical qubits by the end of eight years.
  • It’s important to note that quantum computers are not meant to replace classical computers. Instead, they are designed to handle computational tasks that classical computers struggle with. For instance, factoring large numbers using classical computers requires vast amounts of memory and time. Even with superprocessors, such tasks could take months. Quantum computers, therefore, are expected to be used primarily in laboratories for these highly complex problems, while everyday users will continue relying on classical computers.
  • (b) Quantum Communication: This focuses on developing secure satellite-based quantum communications between ground stations, which could be up to 2000 kilometers apart. This would enable secure communication both within and outside the country. The mission aims to develop inter-city quantum key distribution (QKD) networks with secure nodes, using wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) over optical fiber networks spanning large distances, up to 2000 kilometers.
  • The goal is to develop key hardware for a multi-node quantum network, which includes quantum memories, entanglement swapping (enabling two particles that haven’t interacted to become entangled through a third particle), and synchronized quantum repeaters at each node (2-3 nodes).
  • (c) Quantum Sensing & Metrology: NQM has set a dedicated goal to improve measurement accuracy and sensing capabilities. The mission plans to develop magnetometers with a sensitivity of 1 femto-Tesla/sqrt(Hz) in atomic systems, surpassing the previous 1 pico-Tesla/sqrt(Hz) benchmark. It also aims to enhance gravity measurement sensitivity beyond 100 nanometers/second² and develop atomic clocks with 10⁻¹⁹ fractional instability for more precise timing, communication, and navigation applications.
  • (d) Quantum Materials & Devices: Advancing quantum technology requires specialized materials and devices. The National Quantum Mission aims to design and synthesize quantum materials, such as superconductors that function at extremely low temperatures (-273°C). Maintaining such low temperatures presents significant energy and technical challenges. The mission also seeks to develop innovative semiconductor structures and topological materials for creating quantum devices that will be used in various quantum technologies.
  • To support each of these areas, Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) will be established. These hubs will focus on key elements like technology development, human resource training, fostering entrepreneurship and startups, and promoting international collaborations
 
 
For Prelims: National Mission on Quantum Technologies & Applications, Internet-of-Things, 
For Mains:
1. Discuss the need for implementing the National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions

1. Which one of the following is the context in which the term "qubit" is mentioned? (UPSC 2022)

A. Cloud Services

B. Quantum Computing

C. Visible Light Communication Technologies

D. Wireless Communication Technologies

Answer: B

 
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

RARE EARTH ELEMENTS

 
 
1.Context
 
Ahead of high-stakes US–China trade talks likely later this month, fresh tensions have erupted after China significantly expanded its export controls on rare earths and other critical minerals on October 9. The US has threatened to raise duties on Chinese goods by 100 per cent, triggering a sharp decline in US stock markets on Friday.
 
2.About rare earth metals
 
Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table  the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium, which tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides, and have similar chemical properties
 
The 17 rare earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y)
 
Despite their classification, most of these elements are not really “rare”. One of the rare earths, promethium, is radioactive
Source:Thermo Fisher Scientific
 
 
3.Applications of rare earths
  • These elements are important in technologies of consumer electronics, computers and networks, communications, clean energy, advanced transportation, healthcare, environmental mitigation, and national defence, among others
  • Scandium is used in televisions and fluorescent lamps, and yttrium is used in drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cancer
  •  Rare earth elements are used in space shuttle components, jet engine turbines, and drones
  • Cerium, the most abundant rare earth element, is essential to NASA’s Space Shuttle Programme
  • In recent years, rare earths have become even more important because there has been an increase in demand for green energy
  • Elements like neodymium and dysprosium, which are used in wind turbine motors, are sought-after more than ever as wind mills across the world continue to grow
  • Moreover, the push for switching from internal combustion cars to electric vehicles has also led to a rise in demand for rare earth magnets made from neodymium, boron, and iron and batteries
 
 4. China's export restrictions and impact on India
 
  • China has imposed restrictions on the export of seven rare earth elements (REEs) — dysprosium, gadolinium, lutetium, samarium, scandium, terbium, and yttrium — which are part of the 17 REEs.
  • The country dominates the global refining of heavy REEs, giving it substantial control over critical supply chains, ranging from consumer electronics to defense. Although these measures do not constitute a complete export ban, they may cause temporary supply disruptions, as exporters navigate the permit process.
  • India may not face an immediate disruption due to these restrictions. Despite government efforts to enhance domestic manufacturing of semiconductors and defense systems, the more sophisticated phases of production largely take place abroad, particularly in China and Japan. Japan, in anticipation of such issues, has already built stockpiles to buffer against REE-related supply shocks.
  • Recognizing the strategic importance of REEs, India is aware that it holds around 6% of global deposits. However, the country’s capacity for mining and refining is minimal, largely due to the environmental challenges associated with such operations.
  • India does extract some light REEs through its state-run firm, Indian Rare Earths Ltd, including monazite from coastal sands in Kerala. Nonetheless, imports still play a role.
  • According to a recent statement by the Ministry of Mines in the Lok Sabha, India imported approximately 2,270 tonnes of REEs in 2023–24. Consequently, the national approach involves a mix of increasing domestic output and maintaining import channels
 
5. Way Forward
 

To support the strategic use of essential resources such as rare earth elements, India has launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM). This initiative aims to strengthen the country’s supply chain for critical minerals by boosting domestic production and establishing alternative international supply partnerships. According to a presentation by the Ministry of Mines in January, global events like China’s export restrictions, the Russia–Ukraine conflict, and other geopolitical factors have exposed vulnerabilities in the global critical mineral supply, underscoring the urgency of diversifying sources.

As part of the NCMM, the Indian government plans to oversee or support around 1,200 mineral exploration projects. It also intends to offer exploration licenses to encourage private sector participation and conduct auctions for additional critical mineral blocks

 

 
For Prelims: Applications of rare earths, rare earth elements
For Mains:
1.Europe’s largest known deposit of rare earth elements found in Sweden: Could the discovery change geopolitics?
 
Previous Year Questions
 

1.Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called ‘rare earth metals’. Why? (2012)

  1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
  2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country.
  3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3

Answer (c)
 
Source:indianexpress
 
 
 

 


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