MEITEI TRIBE
1. Context
Claiming that the Nagas are increasingly becoming victims of an ethnic conflict they are not involved in, an apex organisation of the Nagas in Manipur — the United Naga Council (UNC) has asked the Meiteis and Kuki-Zos to insulate the community from the violent clashes erupting in the State.
The UNC made the request to the two communities while issuing a list of atrocities committed against the Nagas both in the Meitei-dominated Imphal valley, as well as the hills, which are primarily inhabited by the Kuki-Zo people.
The Meiteis, Nagas, and Kuki-Zos form the principal communities in Manipur. The Nagas, since the conflict between the Meiteis and Kuki-Zos broke out on May 3 last year, had decided on a “position of neutrality”, declining to take a side
2. About Manipur's ethnic composition
- Geography has a lot to do with Manipur's problems. Four highways, two of them lifelines for the State, are the valley's access points to the world beyond.
- The valley, which comprises about 10 per cent of Manipur's landmass, is dominated by the nontribal Meitei who account for more than 64 per cent of the population of the State and yields 40 of the State's 60 MLAs.
- The hills comprising 90 per cent of the geographical area are inhabited by more than 35 per cent recognised tribes but send only 20 MLAs to the Assembly.
- While a majority of the Meities are Hindus followed by Muslims, the 33 recognised tribes, broadly classified into "Any Naga Tribes" and Any Kuki Tribes" are largely Christians.
3. Meitei's arguments
- Hearing a petition by eight people representing the Meeti (Meitei) Tribe Union, the Manipur High Court directed the State government to submit, within four weeks, a 10-year-old recommendation to the Union Tribal Affairs Ministry for the inclusion of the Meitei community in the ST list.
- The court referred to the Ministry's letter in May 2013 to the Manipur government seeking specific recommendations along with the latest socioeconomic survey and ethnographic report.
- The letter followed a representation submitted by the Scheduled Tribe Demand Committee of Manipur (STDCM), which began demanding ST status for the Meiteis in 2012.
- The petitioners told the High Court that the Meiteis were recognised as a tribe before the merger of the State with the Union of India in 1949.
- They argued that the ST status is needed to "preserve" the community and "save the ancestral land, tradition, culture and language" of the Meities.
- The STDCM also said the Meiteis needed constitutional safeguards against outsiders, stating that the community has been kept away from the hills while the tribal people can buy land in the "shrinking" Imphal Valley.
4. Reasons for the tribal groups against ST status for Meiteis
- The tribal groups say the Meiteis have a demographic and political advantage besides being more advanced than them academically and in other aspects.
- They feel the ST status to the Meiteis would lead to loss of job opportunities and allow them to acquire land in the hills and push the tribals out.
- Groups such as the All Tribal Students Union of Manipur point out that the language of the Meitei people is included in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution and many of them have access to benefits associated with the SC, OBC or EWS status.
- To the hill tribal people of Manipur, the demand for ST status is a ploy to attenuate the fervent political demands of the Kukis and Nagas as well as a tacit strategy of the dominant valley dwellers to make inroads into the hill areas of the State.
5. Factors that led to the unrest
- Pro-government groups in Manipur claim some tribal groups with vested interests are trying to scuttle Chief Minister Nongthombam Biren Singh's crusade against drugs.
- The anti-drug drive began with destroying poppy fields and the theory that "illegal settlers" from Myanmar ethnically related to the KukiZomi people of Manipur are behind clearing forests and government lands to grow opium and cannabis.
- The first violent protest was against the eviction of the residents of a Kuki village.
- This made the State government withdraw from the suspension of operations with two Kuki extremist groups accused of inciting the protesters.
- The large-scale arson and violence claiming the life of at least one person on May 3 and 4, 2023, following a "Tribal solidarity rally" against the reported move to include the Meiteis in the ST list.
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For Prelims: Meitie tribe, opium, cannabis, Naga Tribes, Kuki Tribes, Imphal Valley,
For Mains 1. Who are Meitei's People? Discuss the Reasons why the tribal groups are against ST status for Meiteis. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Non-scheduled population concentrated in central valley of Manipur is called (BPSC CDPO 2018)
1. Meitei
2. Mishmi
3. Kuki
4. Apatanis
5. None of the above/More than one of the above
Answer: 1
2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2018)
Tradition State
1. Chapchar Kut festival Mizoram
2. Khongjom Parba ballad Manipur
3. Thang-Ta dance Sikkim
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 C. 3 only D. 2 and 3
Answer: B
3. Which of the following statements related to tribes in India are correct? (UPSC CAPF 2017)
1. Tharu tribes are found in Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand
2. Irula, Chenchu and Sumali tribes are found in Kerala
3. Garasia tribes are found in Goa
4. Gaddi tribes are nomadic herders of Jammu & Kashmir and Himachal Pradesh
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 4 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1, 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C
4. With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
1. It is a song and dance performance.
2. Cymbals are the only musical instruments used in the performance.
3. It is performed to narrate the life and deeds of Lord Krishna.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 1 and 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 only
Answer: B
5. Comprehension
Nagaland, one of India's smallest states, is located in the north-east. It is bounded by Myanmar on the east, Arunachal Pradesh on the north, Assam on the west and Manipur on the south. Nagaland is mostly mountainous except the part bordering the Assam valley. Mount Saramati is the highest peak and forms a natural barrier between Nagaland and Myanmar. The Nagas, inhabitants of Nagaland, form more than twenty tribes. Konyak is the largest of the Naga tribes. Traditionally, the Nagas wear colourful tribal outfits with bamboo shields and decorated spears. They are simple at heart, are known for their festive spirit and burst into dance and music on such occasions as festivals, marriages and harvest. Folk songs and ballads popular among the Nagas uphold such values as bravery, love, generosity, etc. Dances are mostly woven around war themes and are performed with amazing mock war emotions. Bamboo dance is a well-known dance of the Nagas. Colourfully dressed young girls performing the bamboo dance at an incredible speed and with great accuracy present a fascinating sight. The Nagas celebrate their festivals with great enthusiasm. Almost every Naga tribe has its own festival. Sankarni is the major festival of the Zemis tribe. This religious festival coincides with Shivratri. Sekrenyi is a festival celebrated by the Angamis tribe to ensure the health and well-being of the community. Moatsu is the most important festival celebrated by the Aos tribe after the sowing is over. Feasting and merry-making invariably accompany festivals. Wood-carving is a famous Naga craft. The Konyaks, the best wood-carvers among all the Naga tribes, are skilled in carving human and animal figures. Weaving is a traditional Naga art in which each tribe has its own special designs and colours. Shawls, shoulder bags, and intricately woven mats and baskets make magnificent souvenirs for the tourists.
The largest Naga tribe is (Odisha Police SI 2022)
A. Konyak.
B. Zemis.
C. Aos
D. Angami
Answer: A
6. Which of the following tribes belongs to Nagaland? (NTPC 2021)
A. Bonda
B. Limboo
C. Rengma
D. Pnar
Answer: C
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Source: The Hindu
OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES
1. Context
The Lok Sabha on Tuesday passed the Jammu and Kashmir Local Bodies (Amendment) Bill, 2024, to provide reservation for the Other Backward Classes (OBC) in panchayat and municipal bodies in the Union Territory
2. About the sub-categorization of OBCs
- The concept of sub-categorization of OBCs involves creating sub-groups within the larger OBC category for reservation purposes.
- Currently, OBCs are granted 27% reservation in jobs and education under the central government.
- However, there has been a debate over the equitable distribution of these benefits among the various OBC communities.
- Some argue that a few affluent communities within the Central List of OBCs have disproportionately secured the majority of the reservation benefits.
- Creating sub-categories aims to ensure a fairer distribution of representation among all OBC communities.
3. The Rohini Commission's Brief
- To examine the extent of inequitable distribution of reservation benefits among the OBC castes or communities included in the Central List.
- To devise a scientific approach for sub-categorization within the OBCs, including defining the mechanism, criteria, norms, and parameters.
- To identify respective castes, communities, sub-castes, or synonyms in the Central List of OBCs and classify them into their respective sub-categories.
- To study the Central List of OBCs and rectify any repetitions, ambiguities, inconsistencies, and errors.
- The Commission's progress has faced various challenges, including the absence of data on the population of different communities to compare their representation in jobs and education.
- Initially, the Commission had requested an all-India survey to estimate the caste-wise population of OBCs but later decided against it.
- Additionally, the government has remained silent on the collection of OBC data in the Census, despite demands from OBC groups.
4. The Extent of OBC Recruitment in Central Jobs
- As part of its findings, the Commission analyzed data from the preceding five years on OBC quota-based central jobs and admissions to central higher education institutions.
- It revealed that a disproportionate number of jobs and educational seats went to a small fraction of OBC sub-castes, with 37% of the total OBC communities having no representation in jobs and educational institutions.
- Regarding OBC representation in central jobs, as of March 17, the data showed that 20.26% of Group A to Group C employees were OBCs.
- However, the representation drops to 16.88% in Group A, where the reservation for OBCs is 27%.
5. The Way Forward
- Despite the challenges faced, the Commission has made significant progress, including drafting a report on sub-categorization.
- However, the final report is yet to be submitted. The extended tenure will provide the Commission with additional time to address the complexities of OBC sub-categorization and propose measures to achieve equitable distribution of reservation benefits among all OBC communities.
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For Prelims: Rohini Commission, OBCs, Central List
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of the government in addressing the demand for the enumeration of OBCs in the Census and its potential impact on OBC representation and welfare." (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who was appointed as the head of the OBC Sub-categorisation Commission?
(Maharashtra Talathi 2019)
A. Justice Geeta Mittal
B. Justice Manjula Chellur
C. Justice Tahilramani
D. Justice G. Rohini
Answer: D
2. Which of the following pairs of list and contents is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. State list Public health and sanitation
2. Union list Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
3. Concurrent list Legal, medical and other
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA
1. Context
Competition Commission of India (CCI) approves acquisition of certain shareholding of Shadowfax Technologies Private Limited by NewQuest Asia Fund IV (Singapore) Pte. Ltd.
2. Competition Commission of India
- The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a regulatory authority established in India to promote and protect fair competition in the marketplace.
- It was established under the Competition Act, 2002, and became fully functional in 2009.
- The primary objective of the CCI is to prevent anti-competitive practices, ensure a level playing field for businesses, and promote consumer welfare
- The Competition Commission of India (within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs) has been established to enforce the competition law under the Competition Act, 2002.
- It should be noted that on the recommendations of Raghavan committee, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002
- The Commission consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government
- It is the statutory duty of the Commission to eliminate practices having an adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants, in markets in India as provided in the Preamble as well as Section 18 of the Act.
- The Commission is also mandated to give its opinion on competition issues to government or statutory authority and to undertake competition advocacy for creating awareness of competition law.
- Advocacy is at the core of effective competition regulation. Competition Commission of India (CCI), which has been entrusted with implementation of law, has always believed in complementing robust enforcement with facilitative advocacy. It is a quasi-judicial body.
3. Key functions and responsibilities
Here are some key functions and responsibilities of the Competition Commission of India:
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Competition Advocacy: The CCI engages in advocacy and education activities to promote competition awareness among businesses, government agencies, and the public.
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Antitrust Enforcement: The CCI investigates and takes action against anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance by companies, and anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions. It can impose penalties and remedies on entities found to be in violation of competition laws.
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Merger Control: The CCI reviews and approves or disapproves mergers, acquisitions, and combinations that may have an adverse impact on competition in the Indian market. It assesses whether these transactions are likely to cause a substantial lessening of competition.
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Market Studies and Research: The CCI conducts studies and research to understand market dynamics, competition issues, and emerging trends. This information helps in formulating policies and recommendations to improve competition.
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Competition Advocacy: The commission engages in advocacy efforts to promote competition principles and practices among businesses, government agencies, and the public.
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Consumer Protection: While primarily focused on promoting competition, the CCI also indirectly promotes consumer welfare by ensuring that markets remain competitive and that consumers have choices and access to fair prices.
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Regulation of Anti-Competitive Practices: The CCI addresses practices such as price-fixing, bid rigging, and abuse of market power that can harm competition and consumers.
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Legal Proceedings: The CCI has the authority to conduct investigations, hold hearings, and pass orders. Its decisions can be appealed to higher courts in India.
4. What is the Competition Act?
- The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.
- The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, and abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and M&A), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India
- In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the Competition Commission of India and the Competition Appellate Tribunal have been established
- The government of India replaced Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) with the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) in 2017
- The provisions of the Competition Act relating to anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position were notified on May 20, 2009
| Competition is the best means of ensuring that the ‘Common Man’ or ‘Aam Aadmi’ has access to the broadest range of goods and services at the most competitive prices. With increased competition, producers will have maximum incentive to innovate and specialize. This would result in reduced costs and wider choice to consumers. A fair competition in market is essential to achieve this objective. Our goal is to create and sustain fair competition in the economy that will provide a ‘level playing field’ to the producers and make the markets work for the welfare of the consumers |
5. What is Cartelisation?
Cartels can be difficult to define. According to CCI, a “Cartel includes an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders or service providers who, by agreement amongst themselves, limit, control or attempt to control the production, distribution, sale or price of, or, trade in goods or provision of services”
The International Competition Network, which is a global body dedicated to enforcing competition law, has a simpler definition. The three common components of a cartel are:
- an agreement;
- between competitors;
- to restrict competition.
6. Way forward
CCI needs to revisit its definition of ‘relevant market’. In the age of digital world, defining relevant market has been a tough task for regulators world-wide. Technological developments like Web 3.0, AI, IoT, Blockchain and issues like data protection and privacy, search bias, platform neutrality, confidentiality, etc, have created a need for a robust competition law. Such a law should meet the demands of the technological era we live in.
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For Prelims: Statutory board, Constitutional body
For Mains: 1.Discuss the role and functions of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in promoting and ensuring fair competition in the Indian market
2.Examine the challenges and limitations faced by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in effectively regulating and promoting competition in the digital economy
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Previous year Questions
1. Competition Commission of India is which kind of body? (RSMSSB Sanganak 2018)
A. Statutory body
B. Constitutional.
C. Single Member
D. Private
Answer (A)
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Source: indianexpress
THE PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS (PREVENTION OF UNFAIR MEANS) BILL, 2024
1. Context
The Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, was introduced in Lok Sabha on Monday (February 5), and passed on February 6. The Bill aims to prevent “unfair means” in order to “bring greater transparency, fairness and credibility to the public examinations system”.
2.Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024
- The 2024 Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, presented by Union Minister of State for Personnel Jitendra Singh, outlines various offenses, including the leakage of question papers or answer keys, unauthorized assistance to candidates, and tampering with computer networks.
- The bill also addresses the creation of fake websites for deception or financial gain, conducting fake examinations, issuing counterfeit admit cards or offer letters, and manipulating seating arrangements and scheduling to facilitate cheating.
- Under this proposed legislation, individuals or entities engaging in unfair practices could face imprisonment ranging from three to five years and fines up to ten lakh rupees.
- Additionally, service providers contracted by examination authorities may be fined up to Rs 1 crore, and the proportional examination costs will be recovered from them. Such service providers will be prohibited from participating in any public examination responsibilities for four years.
- The bill defines a service provider as any entity engaged by the public examination authority for conducting exams, encompassing agencies, organizations, businesses, and other entities.
- It also includes measures to combat organized gangs, mafia elements, and malpractices, holding government officials accountable for collusion. Offenses such as threatening or obstructing the conduct of public examinations are punishable under the proposed law.
- The bill prohibits unauthorized individuals from entering examination centers with the intent to disrupt tests, emphasizing the detrimental impact of malpractices on the aspirations of countless yout
2.1. Objectives
- The bill's aim is to enhance transparency, fairness, and credibility within public examination systems, providing assurance to the youth that their genuine efforts will be justly rewarded, ensuring a secure future.
- It is designed to effectively and legally deter individuals, organized groups, or institutions engaging in various unfair practices that negatively impact public examinations for financial or wrongful gains.
- Under the proposed legislation, a candidate, defined as an individual authorized by the public examination authority to participate in the public examination, including someone authorized to act as a scribe on their behalf, will not be subject to legal action.
- The bill is intended to serve as a template for states to adopt voluntarily. This approach is expected to assist states in preventing criminal elements from disrupting the conduct of their state-level public examinations, as outlined in the objectives and reasons of the proposed law.
- The investigation of any offense mentioned in the proposed Act is assigned to an officer not below the rank of Deputy Superintendent of Police or Assistant Commissioner of Police
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Which are the Exam Boards Covered in the bill?
The proposed legislation encompasses recruitment assessments carried out by various entities, including the Union Public Service Commission (UPSC), Staff Selection Commission (SSC), Railway Recruitment Boards (RRBs), Institute of Banking Personnel Selection (IBPS), and the National Testing Agency (NTA). It also includes the ministries or departments of the central government, along with their attached and subordinate offices, responsible for staff recruitment. Furthermore, any authority designated by the central government for the administration of government job recruitment falls within the scope of the bill
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3.What is meant by the use of “unfair means” in an examination?
- Section 3 of the Bill enumerates a minimum of 15 actions categorized as the use of unfair means in public examinations "for monetary or wrongful gain."
- These actions encompass activities such as the "leakage of question paper or answer key or part thereof" and collusion in such leakage, the unauthorized "accessing or taking possession of question paper or an Optical Mark Recognition response sheet," and the "tampering with answer sheets including Optical Mark Recognition response sheets."
- Additionally, the section addresses offenses like "providing solutions to one or more questions by any unauthorized person during a public examination" and "directly or indirectly assisting the candidate" in a public examination.
- Furthermore, the section outlines actions such as "tampering with any document necessary for short-listing of candidates or finalizing the merit or rank of a candidate," "tampering with the computer network or a computer resource or a computer system," "creation of fake website," and "conduct of fake examination, issuance of fake admit cards or offer letters to cheat or for monetary gain" as prohibited acts
4.Way forward
Overall, the Public Examinations (Prevention of Unfair Means) Bill, 2024, is a significant step towards addressing the issue of cheating in public examinations in India. However, it is important to ensure that the law is implemented effectively and does not infringe on individual rights
Source: Indianexpress
TOTAL FERTILITY RATE (TFR)
1. Context
While presenting the 2024 budget, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman promised a committee to study India’s population growth to ensure that the nation is on target to meet the Viksit Bharat goal by 2047. Coming nearly 50 years after the brutal implementation of the population control programme in 1976, I hope this move reflects a shift in public discourse regarding the course of India’s demographic transformation.
2. About the Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is a key demographic indicator that helps us understand the average number of children a woman in a specific population will have during her lifetime, assuming current birth patterns persist. It's different from the crude birth rate, which simply measures the number of births per 1,000 people in a population in a given year.
What it measures
- The average number of children a woman will have throughout her reproductive lifespan.
- It considers age-specific fertility rates, which means it takes into account the different birth rates at different ages within the population.
- Provides a longer-term perspective on population dynamics compared to the crude birth rate.
Significance
- Helps assess population growth trends and predict future population size.
- Informs policy decisions related to education, healthcare, social security, and economic development.
- Understanding TFR is crucial for analyzing the potential demographic dividend, which refers to the economic and social benefits that can arise from a large working-age population due to declining fertility rates.
Calculation
- Summing the age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) for all fertile age groups (typically 15-49 years) and multiplying by five.
- ASFRs represent the average number of births per 1,000 women in a specific age group.
Key TFR levels
- Replacement fertility rate: Around 2.1 children per woman, ensures population stability without growth or decline due to births and deaths (excluding migration).
- TFR below replacement: Indicates a declining population, with potential implications for workforce size and economic growth.
- TFR above replacement: Leads to population growth, requiring investments in infrastructure and resources to support the growing population.
3. What does the Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 mean?
A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 means that, on average, each woman in the population is expected to give birth to two children over her reproductive lifetime. This value represents the replacement level of fertility, where each generation replaces itself in the population. When the TFR is around 2.0, it indicates that the population is stable, with births balancing deaths over time.
A Total Fertility Rate (TFR) of 2.0 indicates several key things
- Average Children per Woman: In that specific population, on average, a woman will have two children during her lifetime, assuming current birth patterns remain unchanged. This means that each generation of women is replacing itself, without population growth or decline due solely to births and deaths (excluding migration).
- Replacement Fertility Rate: A TFR of 2.0 is often referred to as the replacement fertility rate. This is because it signifies the level of fertility needed to maintain a stable population size over time, considering only births and deaths. However, it's important to note that the exact replacement level can vary slightly depending on mortality rates, particularly child mortality.
- Demographic Transition: A TFR of 2.0 suggests that the population is likely in the later stages of the demographic transition. This transition involves a shift from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates. In this stage, populations typically experience a decline in fertility, followed by a decline in mortality, leading to a stabilization of population size.
- Global Context: While 2.0 is the replacement fertility rate, the global average TFR is currently around 2.3, indicating slight population growth. However, many developed countries have TFRs below replacement level, which can lead to an ageing population and potential challenges for social security systems and workforce size.
- Policy Implications: Understanding the TFR is crucial for policymakers in various areas like education, healthcare, social security, and economic development. A TFR below replacement may necessitate policies encouraging childbirth or attracting immigration to address potential workforce shortages. Conversely, a high TFR might require investments in infrastructure and resources to support a growing population.
4. What is the Replacement Fertility Rate?
The Replacement Fertility Rate (RFR) is the level of fertility required to maintain a stable population size in a given area, considering only births and deaths (excluding migration). This means that each generation of women has just enough daughters to replace themselves and their mothers in the population.
Key Points about RFR
- Typically around 2.1 children per woman This number varies slightly depending on a country's mortality rates, especially child mortality rates. Higher child mortality necessitates slightly higher fertility to ensure replacement.
- When the TFR matches the RFR, the population neither grows nor declines due to births and deaths.
- Reaching RFR suggests a population in the later stages of the demographic transition, characterized by declining birth and death rates.
- Though the global average TFR is 2.3 (slightly above RFR), many developed countries have TFRs below RFR, leading to ageing populations.
Significance of RFR
- Understanding RFR helps policymakers formulate effective policies in areas like education, healthcare, social security, and economic development.
- TFR below RFR may require policies to encourage childbirth or attract immigration to address potential workforce shortages and support ageing populations. Conversely, a high TFR might necessitate investments in infrastructure and resources to sustain a growing population.
- Analyzing TFR about RFR offers insights into potential population growth or decline, aiding in planning and resource allocation.
5. How is the Total Fertility Rate calculated?
The Total Fertility Rate (TFR) is calculated by considering the age-specific fertility rates (ASFRs) of a population.
- Age-specific fertility Rates (ASFRs) represent the average number of births per 1,000 women within a specific age group. Typically, ASFRs are calculated for five-year age groups ranging from 15-49 years, covering the typical childbearing years for women. Data for calculating ASFRs usually comes from population censuses or demographic surveys.
- Once you have the ASFRs for each age group, you need to sum them all up. This gives you the total number of births expected per 1,000 women across all fertile age groups.
- Since age groups may have different sizes, simply summing ASFRs wouldn't be entirely accurate. To account for this, the sum is multiplied by the average number of women in each age group. This ensures the TFR reflects the fertility rates across all age groups proportionally.
- Often, instead of using the actual number of women in each age group, a standard factor of "5" is used for convenience. This assumes that each age group has roughly the same number of women, which is a reasonable approximation for many populations.
Therefore, the TFR formula becomes: TFR = (Sum of ASFRs across all age groups) * 5
Example:
Imagine a hypothetical population with the following ASFRs:
- 15-19 years: 30 births per 1,000 women
- 20-24 years: 80 births per 1,000 women
- 25-29 years: 120 births per 1,000 women
- 30-34 years: 90 births per 1,000 women
- 35-39 years: 50 births per 1,000 women
- 40-44 years: 20 births per 1,000 women
- 45-49 years: 10 births per 1,000 women
Using the formula:
- TFR = (30 + 80 + 120 + 90 + 50 + 20 + 10) * 5
- TFR = 400 * 5
- TFR = 2000 births per 1,000 women
Therefore, in this example, the TFR is 2.0, indicating that on average, a woman in this population would have 2 children during her lifetime based on the current age-specific fertility rates.
6. The difference between birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
While both birth rate and Total Fertility Rate (TFR) measure fertility within a population, they have key differences that offer distinct insights:
| Features | Birth Rate | Total Fertility Rate (TFR) |
| Definition | Number of births per 1,000 people in a year | Average number of children per woman throughout her life |
| Focus | Current fertility level | Long-term fertility pattern |
| Data | Requires population size and number of births | Requires age-specific fertility rates |
| Calculation | Simple division | Summing and adjusting age-specific fertility rates |
| Advantages | Easy to understand, tracks short-term trends | Considers age structure, reflects future potential, informs policy |
| Limitations | Ignores age structure, limited future insight, misleading in fluctuating populations |
Requires complex data, less intuitive, may not perfectly predict future |
7. About demographic dividend
A demographic dividend refers to the potential economic and social benefits that can arise when a large share of the population is in the working-age (typically 15-64 years) compared to the dependent populations (children and elderly). This shift in population structure is often caused by a decline in fertility rates without a corresponding decline in mortality rates, leading to a "bulge" in the working-age population.
Key Features
- A larger working-age population translates to a larger pool of available labour, potentially boosting economic growth and productivity.
- The ratio of dependents (children and elderly) to the working-age population decreases, leading to increased savings and investment as fewer resources are needed to support dependents.
- The potential for increased investments in education and healthcare due to a smaller dependent population, leading to a more skilled and healthy workforce.
Conditions for a Dividend
- A significant and sustained decline in fertility rates is crucial for the demographic dividend to occur.
- The benefits of a demographic dividend can only be realized if the working-age population is adequately educated, skilled, and healthy.
- Expanding job opportunities is essential to absorb the growing workforce and prevent unemployment.
Challenges and Considerations
- The demographic dividend may not be evenly distributed across regions or social groups, potentially leading to inequalities.
- Governments and businesses need to adapt policies and infrastructure to accommodate the changing population structure.
- Ensuring social security and healthcare for the ageing population is crucial to sustain the benefits of the dividend.
Examples
- Several East Asian countries, like China and South Korea, experienced significant economic growth due to their demographic dividends in the latter half of the 20th century.
- India is currently experiencing a demographic transition with a declining fertility rate, creating the potential for a future dividend. However, realizing this potential requires investments in education, healthcare, and job creation.
8. The Way Forward
Understanding the TFR and its implications is crucial for India's future development. By analyzing population dynamics and formulating data-driven policies, the country can harness the potential of its demographic transition and achieve the Viksit Bharat goals sustainably and inclusively.
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For Prelims: Viksit Bharat, Population control goal, Total Fertility Rate, Replacement Fertility Rate
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the significance of Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in understanding population dynamics and formulating development policies in India. Discuss the potential challenges and opportunities associated with India's projected demographic transition. (250 Words)
2. What are the potential security implications of India's changing population structure? How can these be addressed through proactive policy measures? (250 Words)
3. Imagine you are part of the committee formed by the Finance Minister to study India's population growth. What key recommendations would you propose, considering both demographic trends and the aspirations of a Vikasit Bharat? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The total fertility rate is: (HPPSC GS 2018) (MPSC 2015)
A. The birth of women divided by the total female population
B. The number of births divided by the total population
C. The number of children a woman will likely bear in her lifetime
D. The births to women of a given age divided by the total number of women at that age
Answer: C
Mains
1. "Empowering women is the key to control the population growth.’’ Discuss. (UPSC 2019)
2. Critically examine the effect of globalization on the aged population in India. (UPSC 2013)
3. Discuss the main objectives of Population Education and point out the measures to achieve them in India in detail. (UPSC 2021)
4. Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC 2020)
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Source: The Indian Express
DELIMITATION EXERCISE
1. Context
The delimitation of constituencies for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies is to be carried out based on the first Census after 2026. The 2021 Census was originally postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequently due to delays on the part of the Central government.
2. About delimitation
- Delimitation refers to the process of determining the number of seats and defining the boundaries of electoral constituencies for the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.
- It also involves allocating seats specifically reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) within these legislative bodies.
- As outlined in Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution, the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, as well as the demarcation of constituencies, is subject to adjustment following each Census.
- This delimitation process is overseen by a Delimitation Commission established by an act of Parliament.
- Such redistricting exercises have historically occurred following the 1951, 1961, and 1971 Censuses.
3. Constitutional Requirements and Current Status
- The constitutional requirement for democratic governance stipulates that the government should be elected by the people, with the principle of 'one citizen-one vote-one value' being paramount.
- Historically, the number of seats in the Lok Sabha was determined based on population figures from the 1951, 1961, and 1971 Censuses, resulting in an average population per seat of 7.3 lahks, 8.4 lahks, and 10.1 lahks respectively.
- However, since the 1971 Census, the number of seats has been frozen to incentivize population control measures, ensuring that states with higher population growth do not gain disproportionately higher representation.
- This freeze was initially implemented through the 42nd Amendment Act until the year 2000 and extended by the 84th Amendment Act until 2026.
- Consequently, seat allocation is based on the population figures from the 1971 Census, with adjustments slated to occur following the first Census after 2026.
- Ordinarily, the delimitation process, including determining the number of seats, defining territorial constituency boundaries, and allocating reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), would align with the Census of 2031, being the first Census post-2026.
- However, with the postponement of the 2021 Census and the approach of the year 2026, discussions are underway regarding the impending delimitation exercise.
5. International Practices in Seat Allocation
- In the United States, the number of seats in the House of Representatives, akin to India's Lok Sabha, has remained fixed at 435 since 1913. Despite the population increase from 9.4 crore in 1911 to an estimated 33.4 crore in 2023, the method of equal proportion is utilized to redistribute seats among states following each Census. This method aims to maintain fairness, ensuring that no significant gain or loss occurs for any state. For instance, after the 2020 Census, 37 states saw no change in their number of seats, while Texas gained two seats, five states gained one seat each, and seven states lost one seat each.
- In the European Union Parliament, comprised of 720 members, seat allocation among its 27 member countries follows the principle of degressive proportionality. This principle entails that the ratio of population to the number of seats increases as population size increases. For example, Denmark, with a population of around 60 lahks, has 15 seats (with an average population of 4 lahks per member), while Germany, with a population of 8.3 crores, has 96 seats (with an average population of 8.6 lahks per member).
6. Proposed Ideal Solution
- The dilemma between democratic and federal principles in delimitation can be effectively addressed by striking a balance that acknowledges the significance of both. A harmonious solution can be achieved by giving equal weight to democratic representation and federal structure.
- The number of Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Lok Sabha could be capped at the current level of 543 seats. This ensures continuity in representation from various states, thereby upholding the federal principle. MPs primarily legislate on matters listed in the Union List, such as Defense, External Affairs, Railways, Telecommunication, and Taxation, and hold the Central government accountable.
- To meet democratic representational requirements, the number of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state can be increased in alignment with the current population. This adjustment can be made without altering the number of seats in the Rajya Sabha, thereby addressing the need for fair representation at the state level.
- Crucially, to strengthen democracy at the grassroots level, empowering local bodies like panchayats and municipalities is imperative. These entities engage directly with citizens on a daily basis and play a vital role in governance. Significant devolution of powers and finances to these bodies is essential to enhance democracy at the grassroots level, ensuring effective citizen participation in decision-making processes.
7. The Way Forward
Finding a balanced approach to delimitation that considers democratic representation, federal stability, and local governance empowerment is crucial for India's future. This proposed solution offers a starting point for discussion and debate to ensure a fair and effective delimitation process that strengthens the nation's democracy.
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For Prelims: Delimitation, Census, Covid-19 Pandemic, Article 82, Article 170 For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the potential conflict between the principle of "one citizen-one vote" and the freezing of Lok Sabha seats based on the 1971 Census in the context of delimitation. Discuss how this can impact federalism and representation in India. (250 Words)
2. How can the delimitation exercise be conducted in a manner that fosters national integration and strengthens the federal structure of India? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
2. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)
A. Bamboo Industry
B. Petroleum Production
C. Cottage Industries
D. Tea Cultivation
3. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)
A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton
4. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3
5. The provisions in Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to (UPSC 2015)
A. protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes
B. determine the boundaries between States
C. determine the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
D. protect the interests of all the border States
Answers: 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-B, 5-A
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Source: The Hindu
ONE NATION-ONE ELECTION
1. Context
High Level Committee (HLC) on One Nation One Election Chaired by Shri Ram Nath Kovind held personal interactions with representatives of three political parties on holding of simultaneous elections in the country
2. About the ONOE Plan
- The ONOE plan revolves around a core concept synchronizing the timing of Lok Sabha (India's lower house of Parliament) and State Assembly elections across all states.
- The primary objective is to reduce the frequency of elections throughout the country.
3. Historical Perspective on Simultaneous Elections
- Taking a historical glance, the first-ever general elections to Lok Sabha and all State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951-1952, immediately following the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950.
- This practice persisted through three subsequent Lok Sabha elections until 1967 when it was disrupted.
- The initial disruption took place in 1959 when Article 356 of the Constitution was invoked by the Centre to dismiss the Kerala government.
- Subsequently, due to political defections and counter-defections, several Legislative Assemblies dissolved post-1960, ultimately leading to separate elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
- Presently, assembly polls in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha are held in conjunction with Lok Sabha elections.
4. Insights from Reports on ONOE
- In August 2018, the Law Commission of India (LCI), chaired by Justice B. S. Chauhan, released a draft report on simultaneous elections.
- This comprehensive report analyzed the constitutional and legal aspects of the ONOE issue.
- Notably, the LCI submitted that simultaneous elections are not feasible within the current framework of the Constitution.
- The LCI emphasized that conducting simultaneous polls would require amendments to the Constitution, the Representation of the People's Act 1951, and the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
- Furthermore, the commission recommended that this proposal receive ratification from at least 50% of the states.
- However, in terms of the benefits of simultaneous elections, the commission argued that ONOE would result in substantial cost savings, reduced strain on the administrative setup and security forces, timely implementation of government policies, and a shift of managerial focus towards development activities instead of electioneering.
- Notably, this is not the first time such a proposal has been made, as a similar recommendation was made by the LCI in 1999, headed by Justice B. P. Jeevan Reddy.
5. Concerns Surrounding ONOE
- The feasibility of ONOE is a matter of paramount concern. Articles 83(2) and 172 of the Constitution specify that the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, respectively, shall last for five years unless dissolved earlier.
- However, Article 356 provides for circumstances where assemblies can be dissolved earlier.
- Consequently, the ONOE plan raises crucial questions, such as what would happen if the Central or State government collapses mid-tenure.
- Would elections be held again in every state, or would President's rule be imposed
- Amending the Constitution to implement such a significant change would necessitate extensive consideration of various scenarios and provisions and could set a concerning precedent for further constitutional amendments.
- Another critical concern relates to the idea of ONOE not aligning with the concept of 'federalism.'
- Federalism is established on the notion that the entire nation is a "Union of States," which appears to contradict the concept of 'one nation' proposed by ONOE.
6. Benefits of Recurrent Elections
- The present system of recurrent elections is viewed by some as beneficial in a democracy.
- It allows voters to have their voices heard more frequently and ensures that issues at the national and state levels remain distinct.
- This separation of issues promotes greater accountability among elected officials.
- The Central government has highlighted the substantial costs associated with frequent elections as a key motivator for ONOE.
- The Election Commission's expenditure of ₹8,000 crore over five years, equivalent to ₹1,500 crore annually or ₹27 per voter per year, can truly be considered a 'massive' expense for maintaining India's status as the world's largest electoral democracy.
8. The Way Forward
- The 'One Nation, One Election' plan presents both advantages and challenges that warrant careful consideration and debate.
- It is essential to weigh the benefits of reduced election frequency against the potential disruption to the democratic process and the fundamental principles of federalism and accountability.
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For Prelims: One Nation-One Election, Article 356, Law Commission of India, Representation of the People's Act 1951, Article 83(2), Article 172, federalism,
For Mains:
1. What is One Nation-One Election? Explain how having simultaneous elections across Lok Sabha and State assemblies counter federalism. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (UPSC 2018)
A. the Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved.
B. the powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament.
C. Article 19 is suspended in that State.
D. the President can make laws relating to that State.
Answer: B
2. What is the provision in Article 356 of Indian Constitution? (Soldier Technical Paper 2021)
A. For jobs in reservation of backward classes
B. To impose President's rule in the states
C. For the protection of religious monument
D. To give special status to Jammu and kashmir
Answer: B
3. According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the event of a person being elected to both houses of Parliament, he has to notify within ______ days in which house he intends to function. (Delhi Police Constable 2020)
A. 22 B. 10 C. 20 D. 15
Answer: B
4. Under what Article of the Constitution of India can the President take over the administration of a state in case its constitutional machinery breaks down? (MP Police Constable 2016)
A. Article 83 B. Article 352 C. Article 356 D. Article 343
Answer: C
5. Which one of the following in Indian Polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character? (UPSC 2021)
A. The independence of judiciary is safeguarded
B. The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units
C. The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties
D. The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law
Answer: A
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Source: The Hindu
