A carbon trading platform, also known as a carbon market or emissions trading platform, is a financial marketplace where organizations and entities can buy and sell carbon credits or emissions allowances. The primary goal of carbon trading platforms is to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change by creating economic incentives for entities to reduce their carbon emissions.

Here's how a carbon trading platform typically works:

• Emissions Allowances: Governments or regulatory bodies set an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is typically established to limit emissions and reduce environmental impact.
• Allocation of Allowances: Under the cap-and-trade system, emissions allowances are distributed or allocated to participating entities, often based on historical emissions or other criteria. These allowances represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases.
• Buying and Selling: Entities that emit fewer greenhouse gases than their allocated allowances can sell their excess allowances to those who exceed their allocated limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances.
• Carbon Credits: In addition to emissions allowances, carbon trading platforms may also involve the trading of carbon credits. Carbon credits are typically generated by activities that result in emissions reductions or removals, such as reforestation, renewable energy projects, or energy efficiency initiatives. These credits can be sold to entities looking to offset their emissions.
• Price Determination: The price of emissions allowances or carbon credits is determined by supply and demand in the carbon market. As emissions reduction targets become stricter or as entities seek to voluntarily reduce their carbon footprint, the price of carbon credits can fluctuate.
• Compliance and Offset: Some carbon trading platforms are mandatory and designed to help entities comply with government emissions reduction targets or regulations. Others are voluntary and allow organizations to offset their emissions voluntarily.
• Transparency and Verification: To ensure the integrity of the carbon market, transactions are often subject to rigorous monitoring, reporting, and verification processes. Independent third parties may verify emissions reductions and the validity of carbon credits.
• Environmental Benefits: Carbon trading platforms aim to incentivize emissions reductions, promote the transition to cleaner technologies, and fund projects that have positive environmental impacts.

One of the most well-known carbon trading platforms is the European Union Emissions Trading System (EU ETS), which operates in the European Union and covers various industries, including energy production, manufacturing, and aviation. Other countries and regions have also established their own carbon trading systems to address emissions reduction goals.

Overall, carbon trading platforms play a crucial role in the global effort to combat climate change by putting a price on carbon emissions and encouraging businesses and governments to reduce their environmental impact.

3. What are Carbon Credits?

Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, are a key component of carbon trading and cap-and-trade systems aimed at mitigating climate change. They represent a measurable reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere. Carbon credits are typically measured in metric tons of CO2 or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases, such as methane (CH4) or nitrous oxide (N2O).

Here's how carbon credits work:

• Emission Reduction or Removal: Carbon credits are generated through activities or projects that either reduce greenhouse gas emissions (e.g., by using cleaner energy sources or improving energy efficiency) or remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere (e.g., through reforestation or afforestation projects).
• Measurement and Verification: The reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and verified according to established standards and methodologies. Independent third-party organizations often perform this verification to ensure the credibility of the carbon credits.
• Issuance: Once the emissions reduction or removal has been verified, carbon credits are issued. Each carbon credit represents one metric ton of CO2 or its equivalent that has been prevented from entering the atmosphere or removed from it.
• Trading and Sale: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets or through specialized trading platforms. Entities that have exceeded their emissions limits or wish to voluntarily offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions.
• Compliance and Voluntary Markets: Carbon credits serve different purposes in different markets. In compliance markets, entities purchase credits to comply with emissions reduction regulations or obligations set by governments or regulatory bodies. In voluntary markets, organizations and individuals purchase credits as a means of voluntarily offsetting their carbon footprint.
• Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund emissions reduction projects and activities that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These may include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, afforestation, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
• Additionality: One key principle in carbon credit generation is "additionality," which means that the emissions reductions or removals achieved by a project must be above and beyond what would have occurred in the absence of the project. This ensures that credits represent real and additional climate action.
• Sustainability and Co-Benefits: Many carbon credit projects are designed not only to reduce emissions but also to provide social, economic, or environmental co-benefits to local communities, such as job creation, biodiversity conservation, or improved air and water quality.

It's important to note that the carbon credit market is subject to various standards and regulations to maintain transparency, integrity, and credibility. Independent organizations and registries play a role in verifying and tracking the issuance and retirement of carbon credits to prevent double counting and ensure that the emissions reductions are genuine.

Carbon credits are a tool for addressing climate change by incentivizing emissions reductions and supporting projects that contribute to a more sustainable and low-carbon future. They are used by governments, businesses, and individuals to take action against climate change and reduce their carbon footprint.

Carbon trading and carbon credits are closely related concepts within the broader framework of climate change mitigation strategies. They are instrumental in addressing the issue of greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. Here's a detailed explanation of both terms:

Carbon Trading:

• Definition: Carbon trading, also known as emissions trading or cap-and-trade, is a market-based approach to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. It allows entities, such as companies or countries, to buy and sell emissions allowances, effectively putting a price on carbon emissions.
• How It Works: Under a carbon trading system, a regulatory authority or government sets an overall cap on the total amount of greenhouse gas emissions allowed within a specific jurisdiction or sector. This cap is often progressively reduced over time to achieve emissions reduction targets.
• Emissions Allowances: Entities subject to the cap are allocated a certain number of emissions allowances, which represent the right to emit a specific amount of greenhouse gases. These allowances are often distributed based on historical emissions, with the goal of gradually reducing emissions over time.
• Trading of Allowances: Entities that emit less than their allocated allowances can sell their surplus allowances to entities that exceed their limits. This creates a market for emissions allowances, and the price of allowances is determined by supply and demand.
• Compliance and Penalties: Entities are required to surrender a number of allowances equal to their actual emissions at the end of a compliance period. Failure to do so results in penalties. Entities that reduce emissions below their allowances can profit by selling their excess allowances.
• Environmental Goals: Carbon trading aims to achieve emissions reduction goals cost-effectively by allowing entities to find the most efficient ways to reduce emissions, either by reducing emissions directly or by purchasing allowances from others.
• Types of Markets: Carbon trading can occur in both compliance markets, where entities are legally obligated to participate, and voluntary markets, where entities choose to offset their emissions voluntarily.

Carbon Credits:

• Definition: Carbon credits, also known as carbon offsets or emission reduction credits, represent a quantified reduction in greenhouse gas emissions or the removal of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent from the atmosphere.
• Generation: Carbon credits are generated through specific activities or projects that reduce emissions or remove carbon from the atmosphere. These activities can include renewable energy projects, energy efficiency initiatives, reforestation, methane capture from landfills, and more.
• Measurement and Verification: To ensure the credibility of carbon credits, the reduction or removal of emissions must be accurately measured and independently verified according to established standards and methodologies.
• Sale and Use: Carbon credits can be bought and sold on carbon markets. Entities that wish to offset their emissions can purchase these credits to compensate for their own emissions, effectively balancing their carbon footprint.
• Environmental Benefits: The purchase of carbon credits helps fund projects that have positive environmental and climate benefits. These projects contribute to emissions reduction, biodiversity conservation, sustainable development, and more

"Net Zero" and "Carbon Neutral" are related but distinct concepts in the context of addressing climate change and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. They both aim to achieve a balance between the amount of greenhouse gases emitted and the amount removed or offset, but they do so in slightly different ways. Here's the difference between the two terms:

PRIME MINISTER'S SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION ADVISORY COUNCIL (PM-STIAC)

1. Context

India barely spends 0.7 per cent of its GDP on research and development, which is extremely low compared to many other countries. The gross expenditure on R&D declined from 0.84 per cent in 2008 to about 0.69 per cent in 2018, the last year for which confirmed figures are available. 

2. About PM-STIAC

• The Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) is an overarching council that advises the Prime Minister of India on science, technology, and innovation (STI) policy.
• It was established in 2016 to provide strategic guidance on STI priorities, identify and address major challenges, and promote cross-sectoral collaboration.
• The PM-STIAC is chaired by the Principal Scientific Adviser to the Government of India and has a membership of eminent scientists, technologists, and industry leaders.
• The council meets regularly to discuss STI priorities, review progress on ongoing initiatives, and develop new strategies.
• The PM-STIAC has identified nine national science missions that aim to address major scientific challenges to ensure India's sustainable development. These missions are:
• Deep Ocean Mission
• Natural Language Translation Mission
• AI Mission
• Quantum Frontier Mission
• Clean Energy Mission
• Climate Change Mission
• Health Mission
• Food Mission
• Water Mission

The PM-STIAC is also working on several other initiatives, including:

• Swachh Bharat Unnat Bharat Abhiyan: This initiative aims to leverage global technological capabilities to create socio-economic benefits for 1.3 billion Indians by addressing the issues of waste disposal, deteriorating air quality, and increasing pollution of water bodies.
• Empowered Technology Group (ETG): This group is working to identify and address major technology challenges facing India.
• National Research Foundation (NRF): This proposed foundation would be responsible for coordinating and funding research in India.

 3. Make in-India Programme

 

• The Make in India programme is a national initiative launched by the Government of India in 2014 to transform India into a global design and manufacturing hub.
• The programme aims to attract foreign direct investment (FDI), foster innovation, enhance skill development, protect intellectual property, and build best-in-class manufacturing infrastructure.
• The Make in India programme has identified 25 focus sectors for investment, including automobiles, electronics, pharmaceuticals, chemicals, textiles, and food processing.
• The government has also taken several steps to make it easier for businesses to invest and operate in India, such as streamlining the regulatory environment, reducing bureaucracy, and offering tax incentives.
• The Make in India programme has been successful in attracting significant FDI into India.
• In the first five years of the programme, FDI inflows into India increased by over 50%.
• The programme has also helped to create millions of new jobs in the manufacturing sector.

4. About the National Research Foundation

• The National Research Foundation (NRF) is a proposed apex body under the Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India.
• It is intended to replace the Science and Engineering Research Board (SERB) and provide high-level strategic direction for research, innovation, and entrepreneurship in India.
• The NRF is expected to play a key role in shaping India's research and innovation landscape.
• It will be responsible for developing and implementing a national research strategy, allocating funding to research institutions, and promoting collaboration between academia, industry, and government.
• The NRF will also be responsible for developing a culture of innovation in India.
• It will do this by supporting early-stage research, providing mentorship to researchers, and creating opportunities for researchers to commercialise their ideas.
• The NRF is expected to have a significant impact on India's economic development.
• By supporting research and innovation, the NRF will help to create new businesses, generate new jobs, and improve India's global competitiveness.
• The NRF is still under development, but it has the potential to be a major force for good in India.
• By providing strategic direction and funding for research, the NRF can help India become a global leader in science and technology.

5. The Way Forward

• India has embarked on a journey to strengthen its position in science, technology, and innovation.
• By addressing its R&D challenges, fostering collaboration, and effectively implementing its initiatives, India can position itself as a global leader in these critical areas, leading to economic growth, job creation, and improved quality of life for its citizens.

 

For Prelims: PM-STIAC, Science and technology, GDP, National Research Foundation, Science and Engineering Research Board, Deep Ocean Mission, Natural Language Translation Mission, AI Mission, Quantum Frontier Mission, Clean Energy Mission, Climate Change Mission, Health Mission, Food Mission, Water Mission, Swachh Bharat Unnat Bharat Abhiyan, Empowered Technology Group For Mains:  1. Critically examine the role of the Prime Minister's Science, Technology and Innovation Advisory Council (PM-STIAC) in shaping India's research and innovation landscape to become a global leader in science and technology. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to India economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)  1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only    B. 2 only        C. Both 1 and 2           D. Neither 1 nor 2   Answer: B   2. If National Water Mission is properly and completely implemented, how will it impact the country? (UPSC 2012) 1. Part of the water needs of urban areas will be met through recycling of waste-water. 2. The water requirements of coastal cities with inadequate alternative sources of water will be met by adopting appropriate technologies that allow for the use of ocean water. 3. All the rivers of Himalayan origin will be linked to the rivers of peninsular India. 4. The expenses incurred by farmers for digging bore-wells and for installing motors and pumpsets to draw ground-water will be completely reimbursed by the Government. Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A. 1 only    B. 1 and 2 only          C. 3 and 4 only            D. 1, 2, 3 and 4 Answer: B 3. Natural language processing (NLP) is a branch of artificial intelligence that helps computers ______ human language. (SSC CHSL 2023) I. understand              II. Interpret              III. manipulate A. I, II and III only       B.  I and III only           C.  I and II only         D.  II and III   Answer: A   4. With the present state of development, Artificial Intelligence can effectively do which of the following? (UPSC 2020)  1. Bring down electricity consumption in industrial units. 2. Create meaningful short stories and songs. 3. Disease diagnosis. 4. Text-to-Speech Conversion. 5. Wireless transmission of electrical energy. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2, 3 and 5 only         B. 1, 3 and 4 only    C. 2, 4 and 5 only        D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 Answer: B   5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement(II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018)   Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy.   A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true   Answer: C   6. With reference to National Rural Health Mission, which of the following are the jobs of 'ASHA' a trained community health worker? (UPSC 2012) 1. Accompanying women to the health facility for antenatal care checkup 2. Using pregnancy test kits for early detection of pregnancy 3. Providing information on nutrition and immunization 4. Conducting the delivery of baby Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only         B. 2 and 4 only         C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: A    7. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it. 2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately. 3. It has seamless portability across the country. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only       B. 3 only          C. 1 and 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B   8. An objective of the National Food Security Mission is to increase the production of certain crops through area expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable manner in the identified districts of the country. What are those crops? (UPSC 2010) A. Rice and wheat only B. Rice, wheat and pulses only C. Rice, wheat, pulses and oil seeds only D. Rice, wheat , pulses, oil seeds and vegetables   Answer: B   9. The National Food Security Mission (NFSM) aims to enhance the production of : (HPPSC GS 2018) (I) Pulses (II) Vegetables (III) Rice (IV) Wheat (V) Fruits (VI) Coarse cereals Select the correct answer using the codes given below: A. I, II, III and IV only                  B. I, III, IV and VI only C. II, IV, V and VI only                 D. III, IV, V and VI only   Answer: B   10. Consider the following statements regarding Jal Jeevan Mission. (IB ACIO Grade II 2021) 1. It rains to provide piped drinking water to all rural households by 2024. 2. It aims to provide 25 litres of tapped water per person per day to all households by 2024. 3. Goa has become the first 'Har Ghar Jal State' to provide 100% household tap connections in rural areas. 4. The Jal Shakti Ministry is the nodal ministry for the implementation of the scheme. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. Only 1 and 2          B. Only 1, 2 and 3     C. Only 1, 3 and 4    D. Only 1 and 3 Answer: C   11. What is the aim of the programme 'Unnat Bharat Abhiyan'? (UPSC 2017) A. Achieving 100% literacy by promoting collaboration between voluntary organizations and government's education system and local communities. B. Connecting institutions of higher education with local communities to address development challenges through appropriate technologies. C. Strengthening India's scientific research institutions in order to make India a scientific and technological power. D. Developing human capital by allocating special funds for health care and education of rural and urban poor, and organizing skill development programmes and vocational training for them Answer: B   12. Unnat Bharat Abhiyan is related with: (NTPC 2021)  A. Developing India by identifying and creating 'Smart Cities' B. Developing rural India with the help of higher education institutions C. Improving the living conditions by improving cleanliness and public sanitation D. Making India a super power through investments in science and technology   Answer: B   13. Which of the following is/are the aim/aims of "Digital India" Plan of the Government of India? (UPSC 2018)  1. Formation of India's own Internet companies like China did. 2. Establish a policy framework to encourage overseas multinational corporations that collect Big Data to build their large data centres within our national geographical boundaries. 3. Connect many of our villages to the Internet and bring Wi-Fi to many of our schools, public places and major tourist centres. Select the correct answer using the code given below. A.1 and 2 only          B.  3 only        C. 2 and 3 only      D.  1, 2 and 3   Answer: B

 

Source: PIB & Invest India

CHIEF ELECTION COMMISSIONER AND OTHER ELECTION COMMISSIONERS AMENDMENT BILL 2023

 

1. Context

Ahead of the special session of Parliament next week, there is disquiet in a section of the establishment, including the Election Commission (EC), over a provision in a Bill-listed for discussion and passage that seeks to downgrade the service conditions of the three election commissioners and, consequently, threatens to erode their authority.

2. The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Bill, 2023

• The Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service, and Term of Office) Bill, 2023, was introduced in Rajya Sabha on August 10, 2023.  It repeals the Election Commission (Conditions of Service of Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991.

• Election Commission: As per Article 324 of the Constitution, the Election Commission consists of the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and such number of other Election Commissioners (ECs), as the President may decide.  The CEC and other ECs are appointed by the President.  The Bill specifies the same composition of the Election Commission.  It adds that the CEC and other ECs will be appointed by the President on the recommendation of a Selection Committee.

• Selection Committee: The Selection Committee will consist of (i) the Prime Minister as Chairperson, (ii) the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha as a member, and (iii) a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister as a member.  If the Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha has not been recognized, the leader of the single largest opposition party in Lok Sabha will assume the role.

• Search Committee: A Search Committee will prepare a panel of five persons for the consideration of the Selection Committee.  The Search Committee will be headed by the Cabinet Secretary.  It will have two other members, not below the rank of Secretary to the central government, having knowledge and experience in matters related to elections.  The Selection Committee may also consider candidates who have not been included in the panel prepared by the Search Committee.

• Qualification of CEC and ECs: Persons who are holding or have held posts equivalent to the rank of Secretary to the central government will be eligible to be appointed as CEC and ECs.   Such persons must have expertise in managing and conducting elections.

• Salary and allowances: The 1991 Act provides that the salary of the ECs will be equal to that of a Supreme Court judge.  The Bill provides that the salary, allowance, and service conditions of the CEC and other ECs will be the same as that of the Cabinet Secretary.

• Term of office: The 1991 Act mandates that the CEC and other ECs will hold office for a term of six years or until they reach the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier.  If an EC is appointed as the CEC, his total term cannot exceed six years.  The Bill retains the same tenure.  Further, under the Bill, the CEC and other ECs will not be eligible for re-appointment.

• Conduct of business: All business of the Election Commission is to be conducted unanimously.  In case of a difference of opinion between the CEC and the other ECs on any matter, it shall be decided through the majority.

• Removal and resignation: Under Article 324 of the Constitution, the CEC can only be removed from his office in a manner similar to that of a Supreme Court judge.  This is done through an order of the President, based on a motion passed by both Houses of Parliament in the same session. The motion for removal must be adopted with (i) majority support of total membership of each House, and (ii) at least two-thirds support from members present and voting.  An EC can only be removed from office on the recommendation of the CEC.  The Bill retains this removal procedure.

• Further, the 1991 Act provides that the CEC and other ECs may submit their resignation to the President.  The Bill has the same provision. 

3. Election Commission of India

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is an autonomous constitutional authority responsible for administering election processes in India at both the national and state levels. Its primary functions are to conduct free and fair elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People), Rajya Sabha (Council of States), State Legislative Assemblies, and State Legislative Councils. Here are some key points about the Election Commission of India:

• Constitutional Body: The Election Commission of India is a constitutional body established under Article 324 of the Indian Constitution. It was set up in 1950.
• Independence: The Election Commission is designed to be an independent and impartial body. The Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and other Election Commissioners are appointed by the President of India and can only be removed through impeachment by the Parliament.
• Composition: The Election Commission consists of a Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and a maximum of two Election Commissioners, although it can function with just the CEC.
• Election Management: The ECI is responsible for overseeing all aspects of election management, including voter registration, candidate nominations, the conduct of elections, and the counting of votes.
• Electoral Rolls: It maintains and updates the electoral rolls (voter lists) for all elections in the country. Ensuring the accuracy of these rolls is essential for fair elections.
• EVMs and VVPATs: The ECI oversees the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) to ensure transparency and accuracy in the voting process.
• Code of Conduct: It enforces the Model Code of Conduct during elections, which sets ethical standards and guidelines for political parties and candidates during the election period.
• Delimitation: The ECI is responsible for delimitation (redefining) of constituencies, which is done periodically to ensure equitable representation.
• Election Observers: The ECI appoints election observers to monitor the conduct of elections and report any violations.
• Educational Programs: It conducts voter education and awareness programs to encourage voter participation and inform citizens about the electoral process.
• Advisory Role: The ECI provides advice to the President of India and the Governors of States on matters related to disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Regulatory Functions: The ECI also registers political parties and allocates symbols to them. It monitors campaign finance and enforces rules related to political donations and expenditures.
• Transparency: The ECI strives to ensure transparency, fairness, and integrity in the electoral process to uphold the principles of democracy in India.

The Election Commission plays a crucial role in the functioning of Indian democracy by ensuring that elections are conducted fairly and that the voice of the people is accurately represented in government.

4. Powers and Functions

The Election Commission of India (ECI) is vested with a wide range of powers and functions to ensure the conduct of free and fair elections in India. These powers and functions are outlined in the Indian Constitution and various election-related laws. Here are the key powers and functions of the Election Commission of India:

• Conducting Elections: The ECI is responsible for conducting elections to the Lok Sabha (House of the People), Rajya Sabha (Council of States), State Legislative Assemblies, and State Legislative Councils.
• Electoral Rolls: The ECI prepares and maintains the electoral rolls (voter lists) for all elections in India. It ensures the accuracy and completeness of these rolls.
• Delimitation: The ECI conducts delimitation exercises to define the boundaries and constituencies of electoral areas to ensure equitable representation.
• Election Schedule: It determines the schedule for elections, including the dates for filing nominations, polling, and vote counting.
• Model Code of Conduct: The ECI enforces the Model Code of Conduct (MCC) during elections, which sets ethical standards and guidelines for political parties and candidates during the election period.
• Registration of Political Parties: The ECI registers political parties and allocates symbols to them. It also monitors compliance with the rules and regulations governing political parties.
• Campaign Finance: It monitors and regulates campaign finance, including political donations, election expenditure, and the submission of audited financial reports by political parties.
• Election Observers: The ECI appoints election observers to monitor the conduct of elections, report any violations, and ensure the smooth functioning of the electoral process.
• EVMs and VVPATs: The ECI is responsible for the deployment and maintenance of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs) to ensure transparency and accuracy in the voting process.
• Voter Education: It conducts voter education and awareness programs to educate citizens about the importance of voting, the electoral process, and their voting rights.
• Disqualification of Members: The ECI advises the President of India and the Governors of States on matters related to the disqualification of members of Parliament and State Legislatures.
• Advisory Role: The ECI provides advice and recommendations to the President and Governors on various electoral matters and issues related to the election process.
• Monitoring and Enforcement: The ECI monitors political activities, party campaigns, and the conduct of elections to ensure compliance with electoral laws and regulations.
• Transparency and Accountability: It ensures transparency and accountability in the electoral process to maintain public confidence in the integrity of elections.
• Overseeing By-Elections: The ECI conducts by-elections (also known as bye-elections) to fill vacant seats in legislatures.
• Counting and Declaration of Results: The ECI oversees the counting of votes and the declaration of election results, ensuring transparency and accuracy.
• Redressal of Election-related Disputes: The ECI also plays a role in the adjudication of election disputes, along with other competent authorities.

These powers and functions empower the Election Commission of India to fulfill its crucial role in upholding the principles of democracy and ensuring that elections are conducted in a fair, transparent, and impartial manner in the world's largest democracy.

For Prelims: Election Commission of India, President, Prime Minister, Leader of Opposition, Chief Election Commissioner (CEC), Article 324, Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) and Voter Verified Paper Audit Trails (VVPATs). For Mains 1. The Election Commission of India is often hailed as the guardian of democracy. Discuss the constitutional provisions and the various measures it takes to ensure free and fair elections in the country. (250 words). 2. Examine the role of the Election Commission of India in regulating the influence of money in politics. How effective have its measures been in curbing electoral malpractice related to campaign finance? (250 words).

 

Previous year Questions 1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only Answer: D 2.With reference to the Constitution of India, prohibitions or limitations or provisions contained in ordinary laws cannot act as prohibitions or limitations on the constitutional powers under Article 142. It could mean which one of the following? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) The decisions taken by the Election Commission of India while discharging its duties cannot be challenged in any court of law. (b) The Supreme Court of India is not constrained in the exercise of its powers by laws made by the Parliament. (c) In the event of a grave financial crisis in the country, the President of India can declare a Financial Emergency without the counsel from the Cabinet. (d) State Legislatures cannot make laws on certain matters without the concurrence of the Union Legislature. Answer (b) 1.In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (UPSC Mains GS2, 2018)

Source: PSR Legislative

NATIONAL JUDICIAL DATA GRID

 

 

 

1. Context

The Supreme Court on (September 14 2023 ) onboarded its case data on the National Judicial Data Grid. The NJDG portal is a national repository of data relating to cases instituted, pending and disposed of by the courts across the country.

 

2. National Judicial Data Grid

• The National Judicial Data Grid (NJDG) is an online platform developed in India to provide transparency and easy access to information about the status and progress of cases in the judicial system. It was launched to promote efficiency, reduce delays, and improve accountability within the Indian judiciary.
• NJDG is a database of orders, judgments and case details of 18,735 District and subordinate Courts and High Courts created as an online platform under the eCourts Project.
• Its key feature is that the data is updated in real-time and has granular data up to the Taluka level.
• The NJDG was built as part of Phase II of the e-Courts project, which is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme
• With over 18,735 courts computerised across the country, the data is integrated with the NJDG. 
• The platform has been developed by the National Informatics Centre (NIC) in close coordination with the in-house software development team of the Computer Cell, Registry of the Supreme Court with an interactive interface and analytics dashboard
• Currently, litigants can access case status information of 23.81 crore cases and more than 23.02 crore orders/judgments

 

3.Key Features

Here are some key features and aspects of the National Judicial Data Grid:

1. Case Information: The NJDG allows users to access detailed information about pending and disposed of cases across various courts in India, from the Supreme Court to the district and subordinate courts. This includes details such as case number, case type, parties involved, and case status.

2. Real-Time Data: The platform is designed to provide real-time data, ensuring that the information available is up-to-date. This helps in tracking the progress of cases and monitoring the backlog of pending cases.

3. Search and Analytics: Users can search for specific cases or generate reports and analytics based on various criteria, such as court, case type, date of filing, or status. This feature enables legal professionals, researchers, and the public to gather insights and statistics related to the judicial system's functioning.

4. e-Courts Integration: The NJDG is closely integrated with the e-Courts project, which aims to digitize court proceedings and processes. This integration facilitates the seamless flow of case information between the two platforms.

5. Transparency and Accountability: The primary goal of the NJDG is to promote transparency and accountability within the judicial system. By providing easy access to case data, it allows stakeholders to monitor the performance of the judiciary and identify areas where improvements are needed.

6. Access for All: While the NJDG is primarily used by legal professionals, it is designed to be accessible to the general public as well. This helps citizens to track the progress of their cases and better understand the workings of the judicial system.

7. Data Security: Given the sensitive nature of case information, the NJDG places a strong emphasis on data security and confidentiality. Access to case data is typically restricted to authorized users, ensuring that private and sensitive information is protected.

4.Significance

• NJDG works as a monitoring tool to identify, manage & reduce pendency of cases. Take, for instance, the Supreme Court data.
• For the year 2023, the total pendency of registered cases in SC is 64,854. But the Cases instituted last month were 5,412 while cases disposed of in the last month were 5,033.
• This shows that the pendency in SC is largely due to legacy cases since the Court is currently disposing of approximately the same number of cases filed on an annual basis
• It also helps identify specific bottlenecks in judicial processes.
• For example, if the number of land disputes in a particular state shoots up, it helps policymakers look into whether the law needs to be strengthened.
• Referring to the data of year-wise pendency of cases, the CJI said the apex court has less than a hundred cases pending before 2000 and it gives data tools to the Chief Justice to re-organise work and dispose of the oldest cases.

5. Way forward

The National Judicial Data Grid has been a significant initiative in India to modernize and streamline the judicial system. It not only improves transparency and accountability but also enhances the efficiency of the legal process by making relevant information readily available to those who need it. This, in turn, contributes to the overall improvement of the justice delivery system in the country.

 

Source: indianexpress

MOKSHAGUNDAM VISWESVARAYYA

 

 

 

1. Context

September 15 is marked as the birthday of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861-1962), credited for his role as a civil engineer and administrator in colonial India

 

2. About Viswesarayya

 

• Born on September 15, 1861, in the Muddenahalli village of Karnataka, ​​Visvesvaraya completed his school education in his hometown and later on went to study Bachelor of Arts at the University of Madras. He then pursued a diploma in civil engineering at the College of Science in Pune.
• Having played a role in major public works projects across the nation, he later served as the 19th Dewan of Mysore and wrote two books on the Indian economy. Here is a look at his life and his legacy.
• After completing his engineering from the Poona College of Science, Visvesvaraya accepted an offer to work as an Assistant Engineer in the Public Works Department (PWD) of the Government of Bombay
• He was 22 at the time and one of his first projects was to construct a pipe syphon across one of Panjra river’s channels. On November 15, 1909, he joined the Mysore service as Chief Engineer, ultimately assuming the position of the 19th Dewan of Mysore
• However, he took voluntary retirement in 1918 because he did not agree with the proposal to set aside state jobs for the “non-brahmin” community.
• After his retirement, he presided as chairman or became a member of various committees including the Bombay Technical and Industrial Education Committee, Bombay University Committee for Promoting Chemical Industries and the Cauvery Canal Committee.

3.Viswesarayya's Significant Work

Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya was a renowned Indian engineer and statesman who made significant contributions to the field of engineering and played a crucial role in the development of infrastructure in India. Some of his most significant engineering works and contributions include:

1. Krishna Raja Sagara Dam: Visvesvaraya is best known for his role in designing and supervising the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam (KRS Dam) across the river Kaveri in the state of Karnataka. The dam, completed in 1931, serves as a major water reservoir, providing water for irrigation and drinking purposes to the surrounding regions. It also produces hydroelectric power.

2. Block System: Visvesvaraya introduced the automatic weir water floodgates, which became known as the "Visvesvaraya trap" and the "block system." This innovative engineering solution allowed for efficient management of water resources in dams, preventing wastage and ensuring controlled water flow.

3. Flood Control and Irrigation: Visvesvaraya played a pivotal role in the development of irrigation and flood control systems in various parts of India, including the Mysore Plateau and the Deccan region. His work in this area greatly contributed to agricultural development and water resource management.

4. Public Works Department: Visvesvaraya served as the Chief Engineer of the Mysore State and later as the Diwan (Prime Minister) of Mysore from 1912 to 1919. During his tenure as Diwan, he implemented numerous infrastructure projects, including road and rail networks, that improved connectivity and transportation in the state.

5. Industrial Development: Visvesvaraya was a proponent of industrialization in India and played a role in setting up several industries, including the Bhadravati Iron and Steel Works in Karnataka. This project was instrumental in promoting industrial growth in the region.

6. Flood Protection in Hyderabad: He was also involved in designing a flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad, which helped mitigate the damage caused by the Musi River floods.

7. Planning and Education: Visvesvaraya was a strong advocate for scientific and technical education in India. He played a significant role in the establishment of educational institutions like the Government Engineering College in Bangalore (now known as Visvesvaraya Technological University) and contributed to the development of engineering education in India.

8. Honors and Awards: In recognition of his contributions, Visvesvaraya was awarded several prestigious honors, including the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award, in 1955.

4. His Contribution to Education

• During his three-month visit to Japan in 1898, Visvesvaraya realised that education largely determines the health of an economy.
• In his, “Memoirs of Working Life”, which was published in 1951, he noted that while in Japan there were some 1.5 million girls in school, there were only over 400,000 of them in Indian schools, “notwithstanding the vastly greater population in our country”
• Visvesvaraya was instrumental in the setting up of the University of Mysore in July 1916, as he was the Dewan of Mysore at the time.
• He believed that the aim of an educational institution should be in line with the “state of the country’s civilisation and of its material prosperity”, and that the conditions inside a university should not be very different from the ones a student has to encounter in real life
• After taking a voluntary retirement from state service in 1918, he continued work including on the Mysore Iron and Steel Works and established the Sir Jayachamarajendra Occupational Institute in Bangalore in 1943, which was later renamed Sir Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic.
• This institute was meant to impart special training to technicians keeping in mind the impending industrial development of India.

5. Way forward

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya's engineering works and contributions had a lasting impact on the development of infrastructure, water resource management, and industrialization in India. His legacy continues to inspire generations of engineers and policymakers in the country.

 

Source: indianexpress