ADITYA-L1
1. Context
- The recently launched Aditya-L1 mission, marks a significant milestone for India as it ventures into the elite group of nations studying the Sun through space probes.
- While India has previously conducted solar experiments via satellites, Aditya-L1 stands as the nation's maiden dedicated solar mission.
2. About Aditya-L1
- Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
- This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.
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Image Source: ISRO
3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations
- India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
- With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.
4. Space weather alerts
- Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
- These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
- Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
- Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
- While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
- With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
- Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
- Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
- It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.
5. The Significance of L1
- Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
- This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
- After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
- Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
- The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
- The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
- Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
- L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.
12. The Way Forward
- The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
- Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.
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For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit,
For Mains:
1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research
Answer: A
3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
Answer: C
4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
HUBBLE CONSTANT
1. Context
About 13.8 billion years ago, a really small, really dense, and really hot spot lying beyond spacetime began to expand. Its expansion and cooling – in an event that scientists have called the Big Bang – produced the universe as we know it. The universe continued to expand, at first really rapidly before slowing down to a great degree. Then, about five or six billion years ago, dark energy – an unknown and largely uncharacterized form of energy – accelerated its expansion again. Scientists confirmed that the universe was indeed expanding at an accelerating rate in 1998.
2. Hubble Constant
- Hubble's Constant, denoted as "H0," is a fundamental cosmological parameter that represents the rate at which the universe is expanding.
- It is named after the American astronomer Edwin Hubble, who, in 1929, provided the first observational evidence for the expansion of the universe. Here are some key points about Hubble's Constant:
- Hubble's Constant is a measure of how fast galaxies are receding from each other as the universe expands. It quantifies the relationship between the velocity at which a galaxy is moving away from us (or any observer) and its distance from us.
- Edwin Hubble made groundbreaking observations of galaxies beyond our Milky Way using the redshift of their light. He noticed that the light from these galaxies was shifted towards longer wavelengths, indicating that they were moving away from us. The greater the distance, the higher the redshift.
- Hubble's Constant is encapsulated in Hubble's Law, which is expressed as v = H0 * d. Here, 'v' represents the velocity of a galaxy moving away from us, 'H0' is Hubble's Constant, and 'd' is the distance to the galaxy.
- Hubble's Constant is typically measured in units of kilometers per second per megaparsec (km/s/Mpc). It represents the rate at which the universe is expanding per unit distance.
3. Measuring the Hubble Constant
To calculate the Hubble constant, scientists need two details: the distance between the observer and astronomical objects and the velocity at which these objects are moving away due to the universe's expansion.
Three methods are used for measurement:
- Supernova Brightness: Scientists compare the observed brightness of supernovae with their expected brightness to determine their distance. They also measure the redshift, the stretching of light's wavelength, to calculate their moving-away velocity.
- Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB): Changes in the CMB, radiation from the Big Bang, are used to estimate the Hubble constant.
- Gravitational Waves: These ripples in spacetime, produced by massive objects colliding, are detected by gravitational wave detectors. The shape of the waves helps calculate the energy released in the collision, enabling the estimation of distance. Redshift is used to determine moving-away speed.
4. The Discrepancy in Hubble Constant Measurements
- Measurements from the first method indicate a Hubble constant roughly two units higher than the second method. The third method is not yet precise enough for measurement.
- The discrepancy could be attributed to methodological errors or suggest that the Hubble constant is changing over time.
- This arises because the three methods estimate the Hubble constant for today but rely on information from different cosmic eras. The CMB method relates to a younger universe, while the other two pertain to an older universe, closer to the present day.
5. Lensed Gravitational Waves
- In 1919, Arthur Eddington observed the bending of starlight by the Sun's gravitational field during a solar eclipse, a phenomenon known as gravitational lensing.
- In 2021, researchers with gravitational-wave detectors in the U.S. and Italy began searching for lensed gravitational waves in existing data, inspired by the idea that gravitational waves could also be lensed.
- Although no lensed gravitational waves have been found yet, upcoming detectors are expected to detect about a million gravitational waves annually, increasing the chances of finding them.
- Lensed gravitational waves would appear as multiple copies of the same wave with time delays in the detectors.
- Researchers, including Shasvath J. Kapadia and Souvik Jana, are exploring the possibility of using these lensed waves and their time delays to gain insights into the rate of the universe's expansion, building models to study this potential relationship.
6. Independent Probe of Cosmological Parameters with Gravitational Waves
- Professor Ajith highlights the method's strength lies in its ability to independently estimate the Hubble constant from different stages of the universe's expansion, providing valuable insights.
- Souvik Jana mentions that this method can also help determine other cosmological parameters, such as the density of matter in the universe.
- A.R. Rao, a retired astrophysicist, finds the study fascinating, as it demonstrates a novel cosmological application of gravitational waves beyond their initial detection.
- Professor Bagla acknowledges the study's potential but emphasizes the need to address the challenge of a potentially low signal-to-noise ratio in identifying the source of gravitational waves, especially since this method doesn't rely on electromagnetic wave counterparts.
- The research team is exploring additional applications of their method, including investigations related to the nature of dark matter particles, as mentioned by co-author Tejaswi Venumadhav, an assistant professor of physics at UCSB.
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For Prelims: Hubble Constant, Big Bang Theory, Supernova brightness, Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), and Gravitational Waves.
For Mains: 1. Discuss the methods used to measure the Hubble constant, the challenges in obtaining a consensus value, and the potential implications of a changing Hubble constant on our understanding of the universe's evolution and structure. (250 words).
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Source: The Hindu
SANATAN DHARMA
1. Context
DMK leader Udhayanidhi Stalin equated Sanatan Dharma to "mosquitoes, dengue, malaria, and corona". His statement was met with outrage from BJP leaders, who described it as an attack on "our religion". Stalin later clarified that he was not referring to Hinduism as a whole, but to the "corrupt practices" that are often associated with it.
2. Etymology and Roots of Sanatan Dharma
- The term "Sanatan Dharma" originates from Sanskrit and can be translated in various ways, including "eternal religion," "eternal law," "unshakeable, venerable order," or "ancient and continuing guideline."
- Surprisingly, the word "sanatan" does not appear in the Vedas, the ancient sacred texts of Hinduism.
- The use of the term "sanatan" began in the Bhagavad Gita, where it refers to the knowledge of the eternal soul.
- Sanatan Dharma can be seen as encompassing religions that believe in the soul's eternal nature and the concept of rebirth.
- While Sanatan Dharma is most commonly associated with Hinduism, it is also used by Jains and Buddhists, who share the belief in rebirth.
- However, it is not applied to religions like Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which do not endorse the concept of reincarnation.
3. Sanatan Dharma in the 19th Century
- In more recent times, especially since the late 19th century, Sanatan Dharma has been used to symbolize Hinduism as a distinct religion, emphasizing a certain unity within Hinduism without specifying its exact nature.
- During the late 19th century, the term gained popularity as various organizations, or sabhas, emerged to promote Sanatan Dharma.
- In this period, Sanatan Dharma was often associated with Hindu orthodoxy, seen as a reaction to reform movements led by missionaries and groups like the Brahmo Samaj and Arya Samaj.
- Pandit Shraddha Ram in Punjab and Pandit Din Dayal Sharma played key roles in defending traditional Hindu practices against reformist movements.
- Organizations like the 'Sanatan Dharm Sabha' and 'Bharat Dharma Mahamandal' aimed to promote Sanatan Dharma during this era.
- The term "Sanatan Dharma" became synonymous with opposition to reformist concerns, rather than a specific religious doctrine.
- The orthodox Hindus of the late 19th century often identified themselves as "sanatan dharmis" in contrast to the followers of Arya Samaj and other reformist groups.
4. Conclusion
- The term "Sanatan Dharma" has a complex and contested history. It has been used to refer to a wide range of religious beliefs and practices, and its meaning has changed over time.
- In the late 19th century, it came to be used as a signifier of Hindu orthodoxy, and this meaning is still prevalent today.
- However, it is important to remember that Sanatan Dharma is not a monolithic tradition, and there is a great deal of diversity within it.
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For Prelims: Sanatan Dharma, Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Bhagavad Gita, Vedas, Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Brahmo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Pandit Shraddha Ram, Pandit Din Dayal Sharma, 'Sanatan Dharm Sabha', 'Bharat Dharma Mahamandal'
For Mains:
1. Critically analyze the concept of Sanatan Dharma as a unifying symbol within Hinduism. How has it contributed to a sense of religious identity, and what challenges does it pose in understanding the diverse religious traditions within Hinduism? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following is correctly matched? (UPPSC Combined State Exam 2022)
A. Radhaswami Satsang - Lahore
B. Bharat Dharma Mahamandal - Delhi
C. Sanatan Dharma Rakshini Sabha - Calcutta
D. Deva Samaj - Banaras
Answer: C
2. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (UPSC 2014)
A. Mimamsa and Vedanta
B. Nyaya and Vaisheshika
C. Lokayata and Kapalika
D. Sankhya and Yoga
Answer: C
3. With reference to the history of philosophical thought in India, consider the following statements regarding Sankhya school: (UPSC 2013)
1. Sankhya does not accept the theory of rebirth or transmigration of the soul.
2. Sankhya holds that it is self-knowledge that leads to liberation and not any exterior influence or agent.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: 2
4. Which one of the following describes best the concept of Nirvana in Buddhism?
A. The extinction of the flame of desire
B. The complete annihilation of self
C. A state of bliss and rest
D. A mental stage beyond all comprehension
Answer: A
5. With reference to Indian history, who among the following is a future Buddha, yet to come to save the world? (UPSC 2018)
A. Avalokiteshvara
B. Lokesvara
C. Maitreya
D. Padmapani
Answer: C 6. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2016)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only
(b) 2 and 3 only
(c) 2 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
7. Lord Buddha’s image is sometimes shown with the hand gesture called ‘Bhumisparsha Mudra’. It symbolizes (2012) (a) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to watch over Mara and to prevent Mara from disturbing his meditation
(b) Buddha’s calling of the Earth to witness his purity and chastity despite the temptations of Mara
(c) Buddha’s reminder to his followers that they all arise from the Earth and finally dissolve into the Earth, and thus this life is transitory
(d) Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct in this context
Answer: B 8. Geeta is (REET 2011)
A. Veda B. Independent epic C. a part of Ramayana D. a part of Mahahbharata
Answer: D
9. Which one of the following is main teaching of Gita? (CGPSC 2017)
A. Karma yoga B. Gyan yoga C. Bhakti yoga D. Nishkama Karma yoga D. Asparsha yoga
Answer: D
10. With reference to the religious practices in India, the "Sthanakvasi" sect belongs to (UPSC 2018)
A. Buddhism B. Jainism C. Vaishnavism D. Shaivism
Answer: B
11. With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. Sthaviravadins belong to Mahayana Buddhism.
2. Lokottaravadin sect was an offshoot of Mahasanghika sect of Buddhism.
3. The deification of Buddha by Mahasanghikas fostered the Mahayana Buddhism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
12. Prophet Muhammad founded the faith of Islam in the ______ century. (SSC CGL 2021)
A. Sixth B. Seventh C. Ninth D. Eighth
Answer: B
13. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding Brahmo Samaj? (UPSC 2012)
1. It opposed idolatry.
2. It denied the need for a priestly class for interpreting religious texts.
3. It popularized the doctrine that the Vedas are infallible.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
14. Which of the following statements about the Arya Samaj which emerged in the late 19th century are correct? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. Had a very strong support base amongst the trading castes
2. Introduced 'shuddhi' or mass purification
3. The moderates in the Arya Samaj were headed by Hand Raj and Lajpat Rai and set up a chain of Dayanand Anglo-Vedic colleges
4. The Arya Samaj had fewer members than the Brahmo Samaj
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 only D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer: B
15. Who among the following founded the Dharma Sabha? (UPSC CAPF 2021)
A. Krishna Mohan Banerjee
B. Keshab Chandra Sen
C. Radhakanta Deb
D. Akshay Kumar Datta
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
1. Context
Frequent heat waves cause huge damage to underwater ecosystems and researchers expect more of them in the future
Extreme heat has plagued the Mediterranean for weeks. Wildfires raged across at least nine countries in the region from Algeria to Greece. But the soaring temperatures are not only a danger for people and ecosystems on land, they’re also harming marine life
2.High Temperatures as a problem
- In a warming world, marine creatures are in danger of suffocating. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolve better at colder temperatures, so that means the warmer the water, the less oxygen is available to breathe
- Conversely, higher temperatures also cause an increase in metabolism, which in turn means animals have to breathe even more than usual
- That combination also heightens the risk of death by starvation for marine life
- Algal blooms are more common in hotter waters too. Such blooms can further deplete oxygen levels and produce toxins harmful for fish, marine mammals and birds, for instance
3. Species and Ecosystems life because of Heat Stress
- High water temperatures are most harmful for animals living at the bottom of oceans, lakes or rivers.
- These benthic species include corals, mussels, sponges, starfish and plants like sea grasses, and are often attached to rock or solid ground. They can’t migrate when it gets too hot
- Scientists observed mass deaths of benthic species along thousands of kilometers of Mediterranean coastline between 2015 and 2019
- Many benthic species are crucial to the marine ecosystem. They filter the water and keep seas, rivers and lakes clean by eating dead organisms
- Some species are an important food source for other creatures or are harvested by humans. Benthic like soft corals, seaweed and seagrasses provide some of the main ocean habitats
- Heat is particularly harmful for Posidonia oceanica or Neptune grass
- Slow-growing seagrass is found only in the Mediterranean. Previous heat waves have decimated the species, which is bad news for the climate
4. Is heat good or bad for animals and People in the Mediterranean sea?
- Jellyfish, on the other hand, are thriving because of higher temperatures, as well as nutrient run-off from farms and sewage.
- Overfishing and loss of fish habitat mean the jellyfish have few or no predators.
- When currents push the animals together, the Mediterranean turns into a crowded jellyfish hotspot
- The sea also hosts around 1,000 invasive species, the highest number in the world
- While this is not directly linked to climate change or rising temperatures “such conditions clearly favor species introduced from warmer seas
- Alien species can have a major impact on ecosystems. For instance, invasive Rabbitfish native to the Indo-Pacific and Rea Sea feed on seaweed and have reshaped the habitat of the eastern Mediterranean. Underwater deserts have replaced dense seaweed forests.
- Warming seas are already affecting fishing activities in the area.
- Fishermen are catching fewer familiar species and instead are finding more invasive fish which they have difficulty selling
- Habitat loss could also lead to an overall decline in fish populations, while disappearing seagrass means coasts will be more exposed to future storms.
- This could also have a knock-on effect for tourism because divers will be less likely to visit an impoverished underwater landscape
5. Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a large, interconnected body of water located between Europe to the north, Asia to the east, and Africa to the south. It is one of the world's most prominent and historically significant seas, known for its rich history, diverse cultures, and crucial role in trade, commerce, and geopolitics.
Here are some key points about the Mediterranean Sea:
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Geography: The Mediterranean Sea covers an area of approximately 2.5 million square kilometers (965,000 square miles) and has a length of about 3,800 kilometers (2,400 miles). It is surrounded by 21 countries, including Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey, Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, and others.
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Countries: The Mediterranean basin includes countries from Europe, Asia, and Africa, making it a region of great cultural and geographical diversity. These countries have a complex history of interactions, trade, and conflicts.
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Historical Significance: The Mediterranean has been a cradle of civilization for millennia. Ancient civilizations such as the Greeks, Romans, Phoenicians, Egyptians, and others thrived along its shores. It played a central role in the development of Western civilization.
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Trade and Commerce: The Mediterranean has been a major trade route for centuries, connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa. It facilitated the exchange of goods, ideas, and cultures, contributing to the development of diverse societies.
- Biodiversity: The Mediterranean Sea is home to a diverse range of marine species, some of which are found nowhere else in the world. However, overfishing and pollution have threatened its marine ecosystems.
- Geopolitical Importance: The Mediterranean has been a focal point for geopolitical conflicts and tensions over the years. Disputes over territory, resources, and navigation rights have occurred in the region
- Environmental Concerns: The Mediterranean faces environmental challenges, including pollution, habitat degradation, and the impacts of climate change. Efforts are being made to address these issues through regional cooperation
- Suez Canal: The Mediterranean is connected to the Red Sea through the Suez Canal, which is a vital waterway for global trade. The canal allows ships to bypass the lengthy and dangerous trip around the southern tip of Africa
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For Prelims: Mediterranean Climate, Suez Canal, Coral reefs
For Mains: 1.Analyze the geopolitical importance of the Mediterranean Sea in contemporary international relations. How do disputes over territory and resources impact regional stability and global geopolitics?
2.Trace the historical development of the Suez Canal and its impact on global trade and navigation. Discuss its role in connecting the Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea and its strategic importance.
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Mediterranean Sea is a border to which of the following Countries (UPSC CSE 2017)
1. Jordan
2.Iraq
3. Lebanon
4.Syria
Select the Correct Answer using the Code given below
a. 1, 2 and 3
b. 2 and 3
c. 3 and 4
d. 1, 3 and 4
Answer (c)
2. Consider the following Pairs (UPSC CSE 2019)
Which of the above-given pairs correctly matched
a. 1, 2 and 4
b. 1, 3 and 4
c. 2 and 5
d. 1,2,3,4,5
Answer (b)
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Source: indianexpress
AUTONOMOUS DISTRICT COUNCIL
1. Context
In the four months since violence erupted in Manipur, thousands of people from the Kuki-Zomi community in Meiti-majority Imphal have left the city. However, a group of 24 Kuki-Zomis had stayed back in their locality, which they kept guarded with jagged gates. These 24 residents were evacuated from Imphal by security personnel soon after midnight on Saturday. Jimmy Touthang, who was among them, alleged that the evacuation was forced and that it felt “more like an abduction”.
2. What are Autonomous Hill (or District) Councils?
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) are a significant political and administrative feature in certain regions of India, primarily in the northeastern states.
These councils have a special status and are designed to promote local self-governance and protect the interests and rights of tribal communities residing in these areas.
Origin and Background:
- ADCs find their roots in the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution, which provides special provisions for the administration of tribal areas in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
- The primary objective behind the creation of ADCs is to safeguard the cultural, social, and economic interests of the tribal populations inhabiting these areas while preserving their distinct identity and traditions.
Geographical Scope:
- ADCs are predominantly found in the northeastern states of India, specifically in regions with a significant tribal population.
- States like Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram have multiple ADCs, each catering to a particular tribal area.
Structure and Powers:
- Autonomous District Councils have a specific administrative structure, typically comprising an elected body of representatives from the tribal communities residing within the council's jurisdiction.
- These councils are vested with powers to formulate laws, regulations, and policies on various subjects, including land, forest, and local governance.
- They exercise a degree of autonomy in governing their respective regions, which includes decision-making on matters crucial to the tribal communities.
Functions and Responsibilities:
- ADCs play a vital role in local governance and development within their territories. They are responsible for the administration of tribal lands, natural resources, and community welfare.
- They have the authority to manage and regulate land use, protect traditional customs and practices, and ensure equitable distribution of resources among the tribal population.
- ADCs often collaborate with the state government on matters related to education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and economic upliftment of tribal communities.
Challenges and Concerns:
- Despite their noble objectives, ADCs often face challenges such as inadequate funding, political interference, and administrative constraints.
- Ensuring transparency and accountability in their functioning remains a challenge, and there is a need for capacity building and greater awareness among tribal representatives.
3. Manipur’s Hill Councils
Manipur's Hill Councils are a significant administrative and political feature in the state of Manipur, located in northeastern India. These councils have been established to address the unique cultural, social, and political needs of the various tribal communities residing in the hilly regions of Manipur. Here's an overview of Manipur's Hill Councils:
Establishment and Background:
- The Hill Councils in Manipur were established under the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971. This legislation aimed to provide a framework for the administration of the hill areas within the state.
- Manipur's Hill Councils were created to grant autonomy to these tribal regions while preserving their distinct identities and traditions.
Geographical Scope:
- Manipur's Hill Councils primarily cover the hilly and tribal-dominated regions of the state, including districts like Churachandpur, Senapati, Tamenglong, and Ukhrul.
- These councils are instrumental in governing these hilly areas and ensuring the welfare and development of the tribal communities residing there.
Structure and Powers:
- The Hill Councils have a specific administrative structure comprising elected representatives from the tribal communities within their respective jurisdictions.
- They possess legislative powers to frame laws and regulations on various subjects, including land, forests, and local governance, within their territorial boundaries.
- These councils are entrusted with decision-making authority in critical areas such as land management, protection of indigenous customs and practices, and equitable distribution of resources among tribal populations.
Functions and Responsibilities:
- Manipur's Hill Councils play a vital role in local governance and development within their areas. They are responsible for the administration of tribal lands, preservation of tribal culture, and safeguarding the rights and interests of indigenous communities.
- They work in collaboration with the state government to address key issues related to education, healthcare, infrastructure development, and economic empowerment of tribal populations.
4. How are Manipur ADCs different from Sixth Schedule ADCs?
Manipur ADCs (Autonomous District Councils) and Sixth Schedule ADCs (Autonomous District Councils under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution) share some similarities in terms of their purpose, which is to promote local self-governance and protect the interests of tribal communities. However, they also have notable differences, primarily in their legal frameworks and geographical locations. Here's a comparison of the two:
Legal Framework:
Manipur ADCs:
- Manipur ADCs are established under the Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971. This Act provides the legal framework for the creation and functioning of ADCs in specific hill areas of Manipur.
Sixth Schedule ADCs:
- Sixth Schedule ADCs, on the other hand, are established under the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. This constitutional provision grants special autonomous status to certain tribal areas in the northeastern states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram.
Geographical Scope:
Manipur ADCs:
- Manipur ADCs primarily cover the hilly and tribal-dominated regions of Manipur, a northeastern state in India.
Sixth Schedule ADCs:
- Sixth Schedule ADCs are found in multiple northeastern states, including Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. They are limited to the specific tribal areas mentioned in the Sixth Schedule.
States Covered:
Manipur ADCs:
- Manipur ADCs are unique to the state of Manipur and are administered within the boundaries of Manipur.
Sixth Schedule ADCs:
- Sixth Schedule ADCs are found in multiple northeastern states, each with its own set of autonomous district councils. They are established in states as per the provisions of the Sixth Schedule of the Indian Constitution.
5. What is the Sixth Schedule?
The Sixth Schedule is a provision within the Constitution of India that deals with the administration of tribal areas in four northeastern states: Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura, and Mizoram. It grants a special status to these areas to protect the interests, rights, and cultural identity of the tribal communities residing there. Here are the key features and provisions of the Sixth Schedule:
Autonomous District Councils (ADCs):
- The primary feature of the Sixth Schedule is the creation of Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) within the tribal areas of the mentioned states. These ADCs have a degree of autonomy and authority to govern their respective regions.
Administrative Autonomy:
- ADCs have legislative, executive, and financial powers specified in the Sixth Schedule. They can make laws on various subjects, manage local resources, and formulate policies for the areas under their jurisdiction.
Subjects under ADC Jurisdiction:
- The Sixth Schedule empowers ADCs to make laws on subjects such as land, forests, agriculture, local customs, and traditions, among others. They have control over these subjects within their autonomous districts.
Safeguarding Tribal Rights:
- The Sixth Schedule is designed to protect the rights and interests of tribal communities. It ensures that tribal customs, traditions, and land rights are preserved and safeguarded.
Council Composition:
- ADCs have elected members, and the composition may vary depending on the specific provisions of the Sixth Schedule for each state. These councils often include representatives from different tribal communities.
Governor's Role:
- The Governor of the state plays a significant role in the functioning of ADCs. The Governor has the authority to notify the areas to be administered by the ADCs and can also assume certain powers in exceptional circumstances.
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For Prelims: Autonomous District Councils (ADCs), Manipur's Hill Councils, Manipur (Hill Areas) District Councils Act, 1971, Sixth Schedule.
For Mains:
1. Discuss the significance of the Sixth Schedule in protecting the rights and interests of tribal communities in the northeastern states. How does it contribute to the preservation of tribal culture and identity? (250 words).
2. Examine the key features of the Autonomous District Councils (ADCs) established under the Sixth Schedule. How do ADCs promote local self-governance and resource management in tribal areas? (250 words).
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Previous year Question1. Which of the following provisions of the Constitution of India have a bearing on Education? (UPSC 2012)
1. Directive Principles of State Policy
2. Rural and Urban Local Bodies
3. Fifth Schedule
4. Sixth Schedule
5. Seventh Schedule
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 3, 4, and 5 only
C. 1, 2, and 5 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer: D
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Source: The Indian Express
NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT
1. Context
Cereal inflation based on the official consumer price index has been ruling at double digits year-on-year since September 2022.
For a majority of Indians, the 813.5 million persons covered under the National Food Security Act (NFSA), out of a total 1,400 million-plus population didn’t matter beyond a point, until recently.
2. About the food inflation rate in India
- As of September 5, 2023, the food inflation rate in India is 8.88%.
- This is based on the All-India Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Products (CPI-AP), which measures the change in prices of a basket of food items consumed by rural and urban households.
- The CPI-AP food inflation rate was 7.03% in June 2023 and 5.38% in July 2022.
3. The reasons for cereal inflation
There are several reasons why cereal inflation is high in India. These include:
- The Russia-Ukrainian war has disrupted global wheat exports. India is a major importer of wheat, and the war has led to a shortage of wheat in the global market, which has pushed up prices.
- A poor monsoon season in India has damaged crops. The monsoon season is crucial for agriculture in India, and a poor monsoon season can lead to lower crop yields, which can also push up prices.
- Higher transportation costs: The cost of transporting food has been rising due to higher fuel prices. This has also contributed to the rise in cereal prices.
- Lower domestic production: The production of cereals in India has been declining in recent years. This is due to several factors, including the lack of investment in agriculture, the ageing farmer population, and climate change.
- Government policies: The government has imposed export restrictions on wheat and rice, which has limited the supply of these cereals in the market and pushed up prices.
3. National Food Security Act, 2013
- The National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA) is an Act of the Parliament of India that aims to provide food and nutritional security in the human life cycle approach, by ensuring access to an adequate quantity of quality food at affordable prices for people to live a life with dignity and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto.
- The Act was enacted on July 5, 2013, and came into force on September 1, 2013.
- It covers two-thirds of the population of India, which is about 813 million people.
3.1. Salient features
- The Public Distribution System (PDS) is now governed by provisions of the National Food Security Act, 2013 (NFSA).
- Coverage under PDS is de-linked from the erstwhile 'poverty estimates'.
- The Act provides coverage for nearly 2/3rd of the country's total population, basis Census 2011 population estimates.
- 75% of the Rural and 50% of Urban population is entitled to receive highly subsidised foodgrains under two categories of beneficiaries Antodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households and Priority Households (PHH).
- State/UT-wise coverage is determined by the erstwhile Planning Commission (now NITI Ayog) based on the 2011-12 Household Consumption Expenditure survey of NSSO.
- The Act entitles 35 kg of foodgrain per AAY Household per month, whereas 5 Kg of foodgrain per PHH Person per month.
- Identification of beneficiaries/households under NFSA is done by the respective State/UT Government, which is required to frame its own criteria.
- Highly subsidised Central Issue Prices of Re.1, Rs.2 and Rs.3 for Coarse-grains, Wheat and Rice respectively, kept unchanged till June 2019.
- No reduction in foodgrains allocation to any State/UT under NFSA. Allocation gaps if any, are covered with Tide-Over allocation
- Eldest woman of the beneficiary household (18 years or above) is considered as 'Head of Family' to issue ration cards.
- Grievance redressal mechanisms, through State Food Commissions, DGROs, and Vigilance Committees at different levels are provisioned for Women's Empowerment.
- Provisions for disclosure of records relating to PDS operations, placing of beneficiaries' list in public domain/portals, for enhanced transparency
- Assistance to States/UTs for meeting expenditure on intra-state transportation & handling of foodgrains and FPS Dealers' margin
3.2. The eligibility criteria
Rural areas:
- Households with an annual income of less than Rs. 10,000 per annum.
- Households with at least two adult members who are unable to work due to old age, disability, or illness.
- Households that depend on agriculture for their livelihood and have an annual income of less than Rs. 5000 per annum.
- Households that have been identified as Below the Poverty Line (BPL) by the state government.
Urban areas:
- Households with an annual income of less than Rs. 15,000 per annum.
- Households with at least two adult members who are unable to work due to old age, disability, or illness.
- Households that depend on non-agricultural activities for their livelihood and have an annual income of less than Rs. 10,000 per annum.
- Households that have been identified as Below Poverty Line (BPL) by the state government.
4. Conclusion
- All NFSA beneficiaries, before January 2023, were getting 10 kg of rice or wheat per month practically free of cost.
- Since that more or less met their entire requirement the last national sample survey of 2011-12 revealed the per capita cereal consumption at 11.22 kg for rural and 9.28 kg for urban India they hardly had to buy grain from the open market.
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For Prelims: National Food Security Act, inflation, Below Poverty Line, All-India Consumer Price Index for Agricultural Products, Russia-Ukrainian war, Public Distribution System, Antodaya Anna Yojana, Priority Households, Planning Commission, NITI Ayog,
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the impact of poor monsoon seasons and climate change on cereal production in India. How can these challenges be addressed to ensure food security for the population? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the provisions made under the National Food Security act, 2013 consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The families coming under the category of 'below poverty line (BPL)' only are eligible to receive subsidized food grains.
2. The eldest woman in a household, of age 18 years or above, shall be the head of the household for the purpose of issuance of a ration card.
3. Pregnant women and lactating mothers are entitled to a 'take-home ration' of 1600 calories per day during pregnancy and or six months thereafter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 3 only
Answer: B
2. With reference to the National Food Security Act, which of the following statement is/are correct? (UPPSC 2019)
I. It will cover up to 75 percent rural and 50 percent urban population.
II. Special focus on nutritional support to women and children.
III. Eldest woman of above 18 years of age will be head of household.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below:
A. I and II are correct
B. II and III are correct
C. I, II and III are correct
D. None of these
Answer: C
3. In a given year in India, official poverty lines are higher in some States than in others because (UPSC 2019)
A. Poverty rates vary from State to State
B. Price levels vary from State to State
C. Gross State Product varies from State to State
D. Quality of public distribution varies from State to State
Answer: B
4. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
Answer: C
5. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is available on a monthly basis only.
2. As compared to Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI(IW)), the WPI gives less weight to food articles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
6. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
7. Who among the following is the head of the standing committee on economic statistics set up by Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MOSPI)? (SSC CGL 2020)
A. Krishnamurthy Subramanian
B. Manmohan Singh
C. Pronab Sen
D. Raghuram Rajan
Answer: C
8. As per Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, which state of India has the highest per capita income as of Sep 2019? (SSC CPO 2019)
A. Goa B. Punjab C. Tamil Nadu D. Gujarat
Answer: A
9. The Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT) has revised the base year index of Eight Core Industries having a combined weight of about 40.27 percent in the Index of Industrial Production. Which one of the following is not one of the Eight Core Industries? (CDS 2022)
A. Coal
B. Refinery products
C. Rubber products
D. Cement
Answer: C
10. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only. (UPSC 2021)
Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made:
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
11. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
12. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B.The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
Answer: C
13. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
14. The Public Distribution System, which evolved as a system of management of food and distribution of food grains, was relaunched as _______ Public Distribution System in 1997. (SSC JE EE 2021)
A. Evolved B. Transformed C. Tested D. Targeted
Answer: D
15. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, up to what quantity of rice and wheat can be purchased at a subsidised cost? (FCI AG III 2023)
A. 35 kg B. 40 kg C. 30 kg D. 25 kg E. 50 kg
Answer: A
16. Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act"? (UPSC 2011)
A. Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households.
B. Adult members of below-poverty line (BPL) households.
C. Adult members of households of all backward communities.
D. Adult members of any rural household.
Answer: D
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Source: indianexpress
