MONSOON IN INDIA
- Monsoons involve a significant shift in wind direction between seasons. During the wet season, winds blow from the ocean towards the land, bringing moist air and heavy rainfall. During the dry season, winds reverse direction, blowing from the land to the ocean, resulting in dry conditions
- The wet season is marked by heavy and sustained rainfall, often leading to flooding and lush vegetation growth. The dry season, in contrast, has little to no rainfall, leading to drought conditions in some regions
- Monsoons are most commonly associated with South Asia, particularly the Indian subcontinent. Other regions that experience monsoon patterns include Southeast Asia, parts of Africa, Australia, and the southwestern United States
- Monsoons play a crucial role in the climate and agriculture of affected regions. They provide essential water for crops and replenish groundwater supplies. However, they can also cause destructive flooding and landslides
- The Indian monsoon is a significant and complex weather phenomenon that has a profound impact on the climate, agriculture, and economy of the Indian subcontinent one of the most well-known and studied monsoon systems is the Indian monsoon, which significantly affects the climate and economy of India and its neighbouring countries.
- Southwest Monsoon: Occurs from June to September. Winds blow from the southwest, bringing moisture-laden air from the Indian Ocean, resulting in heavy rainfall over the Indian subcontinent.
- Northeast Monsoon: Occurs from October to December. Winds blow from the northeast, bringing drier air, although the southeastern coast of India and Sri Lanka receive some rainfall during this period.
- The Southwest Monsoon from June to September delivers over 70% of India's annual rainfall. Typically, the monsoon reaches the Andaman Sea in the third week of May and moves onto the mainland through Kerala, with June 1 being the usual start date.
- Its progression is characterised by surges, advancing rapidly to central India before slowing down.
- By the end of June, it generally reaches north Uttar Pradesh, Delhi, and surrounding areas, covering the entire country by July 15. An early or timely onset does not ensure consistent or adequate rainfall throughout the season, nor does a delayed onset necessarily lead to below-average rainfall.
- The total rainfall from June to September is influenced by various factors and exhibits natural year-to-year variability, making each monsoon season unique. The distribution of rainfall is as important as the total amount.
- The India Meteorological Department (IMD) predicts 'above normal' rainfall for this season, estimated to be 106% of the Long Period Average of 880 mm (based on 1971-2020 data).
- This forecast of increased rainfall is largely due to the expected development of La Niña conditions, which typically enhance the Indian monsoon, and a positive phase of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
The Indian Monsoon is broadly divided into two main branches, each with distinct characteristics and regions of influence: the Arabian Sea Branch and the Bay of Bengal Branch.
Arabian Sea Branch
Characteristics:
- Source: Originates from the southwestern part of the Arabian Sea.
- Path: Moves towards the western coast of India.
- Onset: Typically hits the Kerala coast around June 1st, marking the official start of the Southwest Monsoon.
Key Features:
- Western Ghats: The moist air from the Arabian Sea rises when it encounters the Western Ghats, causing heavy rainfall on the windward side.
- Progression: Advances northwards along the western coast, bringing significant rainfall to regions such as Goa, Karnataka, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
- Reach: Extends into central and northwestern India, contributing to the monsoon rains in these areas.
Bay of Bengal Branch
Characteristics:
- Source: Originates from the southeastern part of the Bay of Bengal.
- Path: Moves towards the eastern coast of India and then travels northwestwards.
Key Features:
- Northeastern India: Initially brings heavy rainfall to northeastern states such as Assam, Meghalaya, and West Bengal as it hits the Eastern Himalayas.
- Progression: Moves across the Indo-Gangetic Plain, covering Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, and eventually reaching northern India including Delhi.
- Distribution: Influences the monsoon patterns in central and northern India, often merging with the Arabian Sea branch to provide widespread rainfall.
Coriolis Force
The Coriolis Force is an apparent force resulting from the Earth's rotation. It influences the rotational movement seen in tropical cyclones, causing monsoon winds to deflect eastward and blow from the southwest to the northeast. Since the Earth's rotation is constant, the Coriolis Force experienced by air at a specific latitude and velocity remains steady.
Mascarene High
The Mascarene High is a significant high-pressure zone that drives the southwest monsoon winds toward the Indian subcontinent. Forming by mid-April, the strength of this high-pressure area is crucial in determining the intensity of the Indian monsoon. A stronger high leads to stronger winds and a more robust monsoon. A delayed formation of the Mascarene High can result in a delayed onset of the monsoon in India.
Indian Summer
High-pressure winds move towards low-pressure areas. The Himalayas play a key role in summer heating by blocking cold northern air, allowing for warmer conditions. During summer, India becomes extremely hot, and surrounding ocean temperatures rise. This creates a pressure gradient between the cooler sea air and the warmer land air, particularly over Rajasthan. Consequently, monsoon winds are drawn towards the low-pressure area over India.
Indian Ocean Dipole
In 1999, N.H. Saji and colleagues from Japan’s University of Aizu identified the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), an ENSO-like phenomenon in the Indian Ocean. The IOD has three phases: positive, negative, and neutral. During the positive IOD phase, sea surface temperatures in the western Indian Ocean are warmer than in the eastern part. Conversely, during the negative phase, the eastern Indian Ocean is warmer. No significant gradient exists during the neutral phase. Positive IOD phases are associated with significantly higher Indian summer monsoon rainfall compared to negative IOD phases.
El Niño
El Niño refers to the occasional appearance of a warm ocean current off the coast of Peru, temporarily replacing the cold Peruvian current. Named after the infant Christ ("El Niño" means "the child" in Spanish) because it occurs around Christmas, El Niño leads to increased sea-surface temperatures and reduced trade winds in the region.
El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) describes the cyclic variations in sea surface temperatures around the equatorial Pacific Ocean. ENSO's unpredictable nature has long challenged forecasters. It affects global weather patterns, especially in countries bordering the Pacific Ocean, by influencing air circulation.
Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ)
The ITCZ is a broad low-pressure area found in equatorial latitudes where the northeast and southeast trade winds converge. This zone shifts north and south following the sun’s apparent movement. The position and strength of the ITCZ significantly affect the Indian Monsoon.
Tropical Easterly Jet (TEJ)
The TEJ plays a crucial role in initiating the southwest monsoon. This jet stream flows over the Indian Ocean near Madagascar, intensifying the high-pressure cell and triggering the southwest monsoon. Persistent high summer temperatures over Tibet help develop the easterly jet, leading to heavy rainfall in India. Conversely, if the Tibetan Plateau retains its snow cover, the easterly jet does not form, resulting in reduced monsoon rainfall in India. Thus, years with extensive snow in Tibet are typically followed by weaker monsoons and less rainfall
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For Prelims: Southwest monsoon El Nino, Coriolis Force For Mains: GS I- Monssons and their effects on Indian Agriculture |
Source: Indianexpress
UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
1. Context
2. History of UPSC
- The UPSC has its genesis in the Civil Service Commission set up by the British government in 1854.
- Before this, civil servants in India were nominated by the East India Company and then trained at Haileybury College in London.
- However, following a report by Lord Thomas Macaulay, it was decided that instead of nominations, civil servants should be selected through a competitive exam.
- Thus, the Civil Service Commission was set up and for some years, exams were held only in London.
- It was a decade later, in 1864, that Satyendranath Tagore (brother of Rabindranath Tagore) became the first Indian to clear the exam.
- The exam started being held in India only in 1922, after the First World War.
Image Source: The Indian Express3. In Independent India
- The origin of the Public Service Commission in India is found in the First Dispatch of the Government of India on the Indian Constitutional Reforms on the 5th of March 1919 Which referred to the need for setting up some permanent office charged with the regulation of service matters.
- This concept of a body intended to be charged primarily with the regulation of service matters found a somewhat more practical shape in the Government of India Act, of 1919.
- Section 96(C) of the Act provided for the establishment in India of a Public Service Commission which should discharge, regarding recruitment and control of the Public Services in India, such functions as may be assigned thereto by rules made by the Secretary of State in Council.
- On October 1, 1926, the Public Service Commission was set up in India.
- The functions of the Public Service Commission were not laid down in the Government of India Act, 1919, but were regulated by the Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926 framed under sub-section (2) of Section 96 (C) of the Government of India Act, 1919.
- Further, the Government of India Act, of 1935 envisaged a Public Service Commission for the Federation and a Provincial Public Service Commission for each Province or group of Provinces.
- Therefore, in terms of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 and with its coming into effect on 1st April 1937, the Public Service Commission became the Federal Public Service Commission.
- After independent India adopted its Constitution on January 26, 1950, the Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission, under Clause (1) of Article 378 of the Constitution.
- All expenses for the UPSC are paid from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- Conducting examinations for appointment to the services of the Union
- Direct recruitment by selection through interviews
- Appointment of officers on promotion or deputation or absorption
- Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government
- Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services
- Advising the Government on any matter referred to the Commission by the President of India.
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For Prelims: Union Public Service Commission, Lord Thomas Macaulay, Haileybury College, Satyendranath Tagore, Indian Constitutional Reforms, Government of India Act, 1919, Public Service Commission, Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926, Government of India Act, of 1935, Article 378 of the Constitution, Consolidated Fund of India,
For Mains: 1. What is Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)? Discuss its evolution and Explain the functions of UPSC. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Union Public Service Commission of India has been established under the Article ______ (MP Patwari 2017)
A. 315 B. 234 C. 421 D. 56
Answer: A
2. T.B. Macaulay has penned his 'Minute on Education' in the year (AP SET 2016)
A.1735 B. 1753 C. 1853 D.1835
Answer: D
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Mill's History of British India? (UGC NET 2019)
A. It founded the traditional institutions of India static and retrogressive
B. The analysis made by Mill suited the needs of imperial government.
C. It became a textbook on India for the British officers of the Indian Civil Services at Haileybury College
D. It was not informed by the English utilitarian philosophy
Answer: D
4. Who among the following was the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service? (NDA 2019)
1. Satyendranath Tagore
2. Surendranath Banerjee
3. R.C. Dutt
4. Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: A
5. Which among the following events happened earliest? (UPSC 2018)
A. Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.
B. Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan
C. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.
D. Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
Answer: B
6. In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into "Reserved" and "Transferred" subjects. Which of the following were treated as "Reserved" subjects? (UPSC 2022)
1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2, 3 and 4 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 1, 2 and 4
Answer: A
7. Features of the Government of India Act 1935 are: (Rajasthan Police SI 2016)
(a) The provincial autonomy
(b) The establishment of Federal Court
(c) The establishment of All India Federation at the Centre
1. a and b 2. b and c 3. a and c 4. a, b and c
Answer: 4
8. With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. The Department of Revenue responsible for the preparation of Union Budget that is presented to the Parliament.
2. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the authorization from the Parliament of India
3. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need authorization from the Parliament of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
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UNION PUBLIC SERVICE COMMISSION
1. Context
2. History of UPSC
- The UPSC has its genesis in the Civil Service Commission set up by the British government in 1854.
- Before this, civil servants in India were nominated by the East India Company and then trained at Haileybury College in London.
- However, following a report by Lord Thomas Macaulay, it was decided that instead of nominations, civil servants should be selected through a competitive exam.
- Thus, the Civil Service Commission was set up and for some years, exams were held only in London.
- It was a decade later, in 1864, that Satyendranath Tagore (brother of Rabindranath Tagore) became the first Indian to clear the exam.
- The exam started being held in India only in 1922, after the First World War.
Image Source: The Indian Express3. In Independent India
- The origin of the Public Service Commission in India is found in the First Dispatch of the Government of India on the Indian Constitutional Reforms on the 5th of March 1919 Which referred to the need for setting up some permanent office charged with the regulation of service matters.
- This concept of a body intended to be charged primarily with the regulation of service matters found a somewhat more practical shape in the Government of India Act, of 1919.
- Section 96(C) of the Act provided for the establishment in India of a Public Service Commission which should discharge, regarding recruitment and control of the Public Services in India, such functions as may be assigned thereto by rules made by the Secretary of State in Council.
- On October 1, 1926, the Public Service Commission was set up in India.
- The functions of the Public Service Commission were not laid down in the Government of India Act, 1919, but were regulated by the Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926 framed under sub-section (2) of Section 96 (C) of the Government of India Act, 1919.
- Further, the Government of India Act, of 1935 envisaged a Public Service Commission for the Federation and a Provincial Public Service Commission for each Province or group of Provinces.
- Therefore, in terms of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935 and with its coming into effect on 1st April 1937, the Public Service Commission became the Federal Public Service Commission.
- After independent India adopted its Constitution on January 26, 1950, the Federal Public Service Commission became the Union Public Service Commission, under Clause (1) of Article 378 of the Constitution.
- All expenses for the UPSC are paid from the Consolidated Fund of India.
- Conducting examinations for appointment to the services of the Union
- Direct recruitment by selection through interviews
- Appointment of officers on promotion or deputation or absorption
- Framing and amendment of Recruitment Rules for various services and posts under the Government
- Disciplinary cases relating to different Civil Services
- Advising the Government on any matter referred to the Commission by the President of India.
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For Prelims: Union Public Service Commission, Lord Thomas Macaulay, Haileybury College, Satyendranath Tagore, Indian Constitutional Reforms, Government of India Act, 1919, Public Service Commission, Public Service Commission (Functions) Rules, 1926, Government of India Act, of 1935, Article 378 of the Constitution, Consolidated Fund of India,
For Mains: 1. What is Union Public Service Commission (UPSC)? Discuss its evolution and Explain the functions of UPSC. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Union Public Service Commission of India has been established under the Article ______ (MP Patwari 2017)
A. 315 B. 234 C. 421 D. 56
Answer: A
2. T.B. Macaulay has penned his 'Minute on Education' in the year (AP SET 2016)
A.1735 B. 1753 C. 1853 D.1835
Answer: D
3. Which of the following is NOT true about Mill's History of British India? (UGC NET 2019)
A. It founded the traditional institutions of India static and retrogressive
B. The analysis made by Mill suited the needs of imperial government.
C. It became a textbook on India for the British officers of the Indian Civil Services at Haileybury College
D. It was not informed by the English utilitarian philosophy
Answer: D
4. Who among the following was the first Indian to qualify for the Indian Civil Service? (NDA 2019)
1. Satyendranath Tagore
2. Surendranath Banerjee
3. R.C. Dutt
4. Subhas Chandra Bose
Answer: A
5. Which among the following events happened earliest? (UPSC 2018)
A. Swami Dayanand established Arya Samaj.
B. Dinabandhu Mitra wrote Neel Darpan
C. Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay wrote Anandmath.
D. Satyendranath Tagore became the first Indian to succeed in the Indian Civil Services Examination.
Answer: B
6. In the Government of India Act 1919, the functions of Provincial Government were divided into "Reserved" and "Transferred" subjects. Which of the following were treated as "Reserved" subjects? (UPSC 2022)
1. Administration of Justice
2. Local Self-Government
3. Land Revenue
4. Police
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2, 3 and 4 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 1, 2 and 4
Answer: A
7. Features of the Government of India Act 1935 are: (Rajasthan Police SI 2016)
(a) The provincial autonomy
(b) The establishment of Federal Court
(c) The establishment of All India Federation at the Centre
1. a and b 2. b and c 3. a and c 4. a, b and c
Answer: 4
8. With reference to the Union Government, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. The Department of Revenue responsible for the preparation of Union Budget that is presented to the Parliament.
2. No amount can be withdrawn from the Consolidated Fund of India without the authorization from the Parliament of India
3. All the disbursements made from Public Account also need authorization from the Parliament of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
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FOREIGN PORTFOLIO INVESTMENT (FPI)
- Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) are overseas entities or individuals who invest in the financial assets of a country, such as shares, bonds, debentures, mutual funds, or other securities, without having direct control over the businesses they invest in.
- Unlike Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), which involves establishing a lasting interest in an enterprise, setting up facilities, or acquiring a controlling stake, FPIs are primarily concerned with earning returns from the movement of capital markets.
- Essentially, FPIs put their money into a country’s stock market or debt market to benefit from short- or medium-term price changes, dividends, or interest income.
- Their investment is often guided by considerations like the stability of the economy, growth prospects, interest rates, and global liquidity conditions.
- Because the money can be moved in and out relatively quickly, FPIs are often described as “hot money,” highlighting the fact that such investments can be highly volatile.
- In India, FPIs are regulated by the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), which set the rules regarding eligibility, permissible investment limits, and reporting requirements
- These investors can include foreign institutional investors such as pension funds, insurance companies, hedge funds, asset management companies, or even individual investors from abroad.
- Their participation is significant because it not only provides additional capital for companies and governments but also increases liquidity and depth in the financial markets.
- However, large-scale entry or exit of FPIs can impact stock prices, exchange rates, and overall financial stability
- That’s a very relevant follow-up. The key difference between Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) lies in the nature, purpose, and level of control over the assets being invested in.
- Foreign Portfolio Investment (FPI) refers to investment in a country’s financial markets—such as equities, bonds, or other securities—without seeking management control or a lasting interest in the company.
- An FPI is more like buying shares on the stock exchange: the investor becomes a shareholder but has little or no say in how the company is run.
- The intention is usually to earn returns from dividends, interest, or capital gains, and the money can move in and out relatively quickly depending on market conditions. Because of this, FPIs are generally considered more volatile and speculative in nature.
- On the other hand, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) involves investing directly in productive assets of another country, such as setting up factories, infrastructure projects, offices, or acquiring a significant stake in a company to gain management influence.
- The idea here is to establish a long-term business presence and contribute to the host country’s economic activities.
- FDI is more stable because it ties the investor to physical assets and operational responsibilities, making it less prone to sudden withdrawal compared to FPI.
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In short:
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- FPI brings in foreign capital into a country’s stock and debt markets, which increases the liquidity and depth of those markets. This makes it easier for domestic companies and governments to raise funds, since more investors are available to buy their securities.
- It also improves market efficiency, as the entry of sophisticated foreign investors often brings in better practices in valuation, analysis, and corporate governance.
- For the broader economy, FPIs are an important source of foreign exchange inflow. This helps strengthen the balance of payments, stabilizes the currency in times of pressure, and gives policymakers more room to finance trade deficits.
- For emerging economies like India, FPIs signal international confidence in the domestic economy. When foreign investors channel funds into Indian markets, it reflects their positive outlook on India’s growth potential, macroeconomic stability, and regulatory environment.
- However, FPIs are equally significant because of their volatility. Since FPI money can be withdrawn at short notice—depending on global interest rates, risk perception, or geopolitical conditions—large inflows or sudden outflows can cause swings in stock markets and currency values.
- For example, massive withdrawals of FPI funds may lead to a depreciation of the rupee and stock market instability, affecting both investors and the wider economy.
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The Foreign Capital Paradox refers to the puzzling observation that capital (money for investment) does not always flow from rich countries to poor countries, even though economic theory suggests it should.
In theory, poorer countries, being capital-scarce, should offer higher returns on investment compared to rich countries where capital is already abundant and returns are relatively lower. Based on this logic, one would expect foreign capital—through FDI, FPI, or loans—to flow heavily into developing or low-income nations, helping them grow faster. This is consistent with the predictions of the neoclassical growth model.
However, in reality, the flow of capital is often the opposite. A large share of global investment moves among already rich, developed nations rather than toward poorer countries. Many developing countries actually see capital outflows instead of inflows, despite their greater need for funds. This mismatch between theory and reality is what economists call the “foreign capital paradox.”
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One of the best-known explanations for this paradox comes from Robert Lucas (1990), often referred to as the Lucas Paradox. He argued that capital doesn’t flow as expected due to several factors:
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For Prelims: Balance of payments (BOP), foreign portfolio investors (FPI), foreign direct investment(FDI)
For Prelims: GS III - Economy
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following is issued by registered foreign portfolio investors to overseas investors who want to be part of the Indian stock market without registering themselves directly? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) Certificate of Deposit (b) Commercial Paper (c) Promissory Note (d) Participatory Note Answer (d)
Participatory Notes (P-notes) are financial instruments issued by registered Foreign Portfolio Investors (FPIs) to overseas investors who wish to invest in Indian stock markets without directly registering with SEBI. They are essentially offshore derivative instruments, linked to Indian securities. For example, if an FPI buys shares of Infosys in India, it can issue a P-note to an overseas investor. That overseas investor will gain the benefits (returns) from Infosys’ shares without directly owning them in India. This route is often used by investors who want to save time and avoid the regulatory process of registration, though SEBI keeps a close watch on P-notes due to concerns about transparency and misuse |
ASIAN DEVELOPMENT BANK (ADB)
- The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a regional development bank established to promote social and economic development in Asia and the Pacific. Founded in 1966, ADB’s main goal is to reduce poverty and improve the quality of life for people in its member countries. It achieves this by providing loans, grants, technical assistance, and policy advice to governments and private enterprises.
- Headquartered in Manila, Philippines, the bank was created in response to the need for a financial institution that could support the development efforts of Asian countries, especially those emerging from colonial rule or struggling with underdevelopment. Its founding vision was to create a prosperous, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable Asia-Pacific region.
- ADB has 68 member countries, with both regional members (from Asia and the Pacific) and non-regional members (such as the United States and several European nations). Each member contributes to the bank’s capital and has a say in how it operates, although the influence of countries depends on the size of their financial contributions.
- The bank primarily focuses on sectors such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, agriculture, climate change, and regional integration. Over time, ADB has evolved to address more complex challenges, including gender equality, environmental sustainability, and digital transformation.
- ADB works closely with national governments, other international financial institutions, and the private sector. It also plays a key role in mobilizing investments and fostering cooperation among countries in the region.
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) was formed to address the urgent need for economic development and regional cooperation in Asia and the Pacific after World War II.
During the 1950s and early 1960s, many Asian countries were either newly independent or still recovering from the devastation of war. These nations faced widespread poverty, weak infrastructure, poor healthcare, low literacy rates, and a lack of industrial development. There was a strong need for financial support, technical expertise, and a platform for regional cooperation to help them grow and modernize.
At that time, existing global institutions like the World Bank were providing assistance, but Asia needed a dedicated regional institution that understood the specific challenges and development priorities of the region. The idea of a development bank for Asia gained momentum, especially with support from Japan and other industrialized countries, and in 1966, the ADB was officially established with its headquarters in Manila, Philippines.
In essence, ADB was formed to:
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Reduce poverty and improve the living standards in Asia and the Pacific.
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Mobilize resources for the region’s development, especially infrastructure and rural development.
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Promote economic growth and regional cooperation among member countries.
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Provide loans, grants, and technical expertise to both public and private sectors.
As of now, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) has 68 member countries.
Out of these:
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49 are from Asia and the Pacific region (regional members)
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19 are from outside the region (non-regional members), such as the United States, Canada, Germany, France, and the United Kingdom
Every member country holds shares in the bank and has a say in its governance, although voting power is weighted based on the size of their capital contributions.
This broad membership helps ADB pool financial resources and expertise from around the world to support development efforts in Asia and the Pacific
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For Prelims: Asian Development Bank, India's Gross Domestic Product, Capital expenditure, Current account deficit, Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
For Mains: GS II - Asian development bank (ADB), Asian Infrastructure investment bank (AIIB)
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (2020)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only Answer (b) 2. Which one among the following South Asian countries has the highest population density? (2009) (a) India Answer (a) 3. The term ‘Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership’ often appears in the news in the context of the affairs of a group of countries known as (2016) (a) G20 Answer (b) |
INDIA-BHUTAN
1. Context
The Centre on Monday announced two cross-border railway projects of 69-km and 20-km length that will connect Bhutan with the bordering areas of Assam and West Bengal.
2. Historical Ties between India and Bhutan
India and Bhutan have a long and close history of diplomatic and economic ties, characterized by cooperation and mutual respect. Their relations can be traced back to ancient times when they had cultural and economic interactions.
- The modern era of India-Bhutan relations formally began with the signing of the Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan in 1949. This treaty laid the foundation for diplomatic, economic, and security cooperation. It also affirmed Bhutan's sovereignty while recognizing India's role in guiding its foreign policy.
- India has played a crucial role in ensuring Bhutan's security. During the border dispute between Bhutan and China in 2017, India supported Bhutan's stance, reinforcing their security cooperation.
- India has been a major source of economic aid and development assistance for Bhutan. Various Indian projects in Bhutan have focused on infrastructure development, education, healthcare, and other sectors, contributing to Bhutan's socio-economic progress.
- One of the significant areas of economic collaboration has been hydropower. India has been involved in the development of several hydropower projects in Bhutan, providing a source of revenue for the Bhutanese economy. These projects have also enhanced regional energy security.
3. Economic Ties and Road Connectivity
- The discussions involved plans for improved connectivity between the two nations, especially focusing on border areas and immigration posts to support Bhutan’s initiative for a smart city at Gelephu, situated on the border between Bhutan and Assam. This development aims to fortify ties and foster regional growth.
- India's approval for the final survey on a 58 km cross-border rail link between Gelephu and Kokrajhar in Assam marks a significant step. Additionally, both nations have agreed to explore an 18 km rail link between Samtse in Bhutan and Banarhat in West Bengal, fostering greater trade opportunities. Furthermore, the agreement to extend Bhutanese trade items to Chilahati in Bangladesh from Haldibari in West Bengal indicates a broader regional trade expansion strategy.
- India’s commitment to supporting Bhutan’s socio-economic development in line with Bhutanese government priorities was reaffirmed by Prime Minister Modi. This includes support for Bhutan's 13th Five-Year Plan and the Bhutanese King's vision for a Special Economic Zone in the Sarpang district, which includes plans for an international airport at Gelephu.
- Acknowledging India's support for Bhutan's 12th Five-Year Plan, the Bhutanese King expressed gratitude, while India reiterated its commitment to assist in the upcoming 13th Five-Year Plan. The joint statement highlighted the importance of their strong bilateral ties and mutual support in various developmental efforts.
- The decision to transform the Darranga-Samdrup Jongkhar border crossing into an immigration check post is aimed at enhancing connectivity, tourism, and facilitating entry for third country nationals. Upgrading the land customs station at Dadgiri in Assam to an Integrated Check Post (ICP) and developing facilities in Gelephu on the Bhutanese side will further support the Bhutanese Special Economic Zone project, boosting trade and connectivity.
- These joint initiatives are expected to ease travel between India and Bhutan, foster increased trade with Bangladesh, and bolster tourism revenues for Bhutan, particularly important in the wake of economic challenges resulting from the pandemic. Bhutan's initiatives, led by the King, intend to create more job opportunities and enhance tourism in the country.
4. Conclusion
The recent discussions and agreements between India and Bhutan focus on improving connectivity, trade, and tourism, as well as addressing economic challenges in Bhutan through infrastructure development and international cooperation.
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For Prelims: India-Bhutan, Treaty of Friendship between India and Bhutan in 1949,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the prospects and challenges of the economic and infrastructure collaborations between the India-Bhutan. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. When was the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed ? (UPRVUNL AE EE 2021)
A. 1949 B. 1953 C. 1951 D. 1950
Answer: A
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ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE (EVM)
- An electronic voting machine (EVM) serves as a portable device utilized in the electoral process for parliamentary, legislative, and local body elections, including panchayats and municipalities.
- The EVM operates on microcontroller technology, aiming to modernize the election process while ensuring the elimination of invalid votes and maintaining the utmost secrecy of voting data. Additionally, it expedites the counting process, ensuring accuracy. The recorded voting data within EVMs can be stored for extended periods and retrieved when necessary.
- This technological system is dependable for conducting elections where a single candidate must be elected from multiple options, as it is configured for one position and one vote per voter. Utilizing the EVM, voters can cast their ballots for their preferred candidate or select the "None of the Above" (NOTA) option, which is provided in each machine for voters who opt not to support any contestant.
- In 1989, India's Election Commission (EC), in collaboration with two central government entities — the Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) — developed the nation's own Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). These machines saw their inaugural use during the 1999 Goa State Assembly elections
3. How does it work?
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To indicate their choice, a voter must press the button corresponding to the preferred candidate, prompting a red light to illuminate next to the candidate's name and symbol. Additionally, a prolonged beep will sound, confirming the successful casting of the vote.
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Inside the polling booth, the presiding officer will activate the ballot unit once the voter enters the designated compartment.
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To select a candidate, press the blue button adjacent to their name and symbol on the ballot unit.
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Upon selection, the candidate's name or symbol will be highlighted by a glowing red light, accompanied by an audible beep.
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Subsequently, the voter will receive a printed ballot slip featuring the selected candidate's name, symbol, and a serial number
- An Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) comprises two components: a control unit and a balloting unit, interconnected by a five-meter cable.
- The control unit is assigned to a polling officer, while the balloting unit is placed within a compartment for voters to cast their votes. EVMs are adaptable even in areas lacking electricity, as they can operate using alkaline batteries.
- In the polling station, the control unit remains under the supervision of the Presiding Officer and is positioned inside the voting compartment, responsible for tallying the votes. Conversely, the balloting units are stationed within the voting compartment to facilitate voters in casting their ballots.
- The balloting unit offers voters blue buttons labeled horizontally with party symbols and corresponding candidate names. In contrast, the Control Unit provides the officer-in-charge with a 'Ballot' marked button, allowing them to proceed to the next voter without issuing a physical ballot paper
5.Controversy around the use of EVMs
The employment of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) has stirred controversy in various regions due to concerns over their reliability, security, and transparency. Some of the controversies surrounding EVMs include:
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Security Concerns: Critics argue that EVMs are susceptible to tampering and hacking, which could compromise the integrity of election results. There have been allegations of EVM manipulation through malicious software or physical tampering, raising doubts about the fairness of elections.
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Lack of Transparency: The opaque nature of EVMs, particularly regarding the inner workings of the software and hardware, has been a point of contention. Critics argue that without a paper trail or verifiable audit mechanism, it's challenging to ensure the accuracy of election outcomes and detect any potential malfunctions or manipulation.
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Limited Accessibility: EVMs may pose challenges for certain demographics, such as elderly voters or those with disabilities, who may find it difficult to operate the electronic interface. This raises concerns about the inclusivity and accessibility of the electoral process.
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Trust and Confidence: Public trust in EVMs is crucial for the legitimacy of election results. However, controversies surrounding EVMs, including allegations of malfunctioning or tampering, can undermine trust in the electoral process and lead to doubts about the validity of election outcomes.
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Legal Challenges: In some cases, legal challenges have been filed questioning the legality or constitutionality of using EVMs in elections. These challenges often revolve around issues such as the absence of a paper trail, the reliability of electronic systems, and the potential for manipulation
Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is a mechanism introduced to enhance the transparency and credibility of electronic voting systems, particularly Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). VVPAT provides a physical paper trail that allows voters to verify that their vote has been accurately recorded by the EVM.
Here's how VVPAT works:
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Paper Record: When a voter casts their vote using an EVM, the VVPAT system prints a paper slip containing the details of the vote, including the name and symbol of the candidate selected by the voter. This paper slip is visible through a transparent window for a few seconds before being automatically cut and dropped into a sealed box.
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Verification by Voter: The voter can visually inspect the printed paper slip to confirm that it accurately reflects their chosen candidate. This allows voters to verify that their vote has been cast as intended.
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Audit Trail: The paper slips collected in the sealed box serve as a physical audit trail of the electronic votes recorded by the EVM. In case of any dispute or recount, these paper slips can be used to verify the accuracy of the electronic results.
- The Representation of the People Act, 1981 is a significant legislation in India that primarily deals with the conduct of elections and the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures. However, there is no such legislation by the name "Representation of the People Act, 1981."
- Instead, the primary legislation governing elections in India is the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This Act has been amended several times, including in 1981, to accommodate changes in electoral processes, procedures, and to address emerging issues related to elections.
- The Representation of the People Act, 1951, covers various aspects of elections, including the preparation of electoral rolls, delimitation of constituencies, qualifications and disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures, conduct of elections, election offences and disputes, and the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India.
- It's important to note that while the Representation of the People Act, 1951, remains the primary legislation governing elections, there have been amendments and additions made over the years to address evolving electoral practices and challenges
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For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance For Mains: Governance, Constitution and Polity. |
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Previous Year Questions
Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only Answer (d) The election commission has three election commissioners, one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.Election commission decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. Hence statement 2 is incorrect. It also decides the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties. Hence only statement 3 is correct. Mains In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018) |
CYBERCRIME
2. About cybercrime
Cybercrime is essentially any illegal activity that involves computers, networks, or digital devices. Criminals can use these tools to steal data, commit fraud, disrupt computer systems, or cause other harm. Some common types of cybercrime include:
- Stealing someone's personal information like their name, Social Security number, or credit card details to impersonate them and commit fraud.
- Tricking people into giving up their personal information or clicking on malicious links by disguising emails or websites as legitimate ones.
- Malicious software that can be installed on a computer to steal data, damage files, or disrupt operations.
- Gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network to steal data, install malware, or cause damage.
3. What is NCRP?
The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal is an online platform established by the government of India to facilitate the reporting of cybercrimes by citizens. The portal allows individuals to report incidents of cybercrime in a streamlined and accessible manner.
Key features and functions of the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal include
- Individuals can report various types of cybercrimes such as online harassment, financial fraud, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. The portal provides specific categories for different types of cyber incidents to ensure proper documentation and handling.
- The portal places a special emphasis on crimes related to women and children, providing a dedicated section to report cases of online harassment, child pornography, and other related offences.
- The portal allows users to report crimes anonymously if they choose, ensuring the confidentiality and privacy of the complainant.
- Once a complaint is filed, the portal provides a tracking number which can be used to follow up on the status of the complaint.
- The portal offers resources and guidelines on how to protect oneself from cybercrime, as well as information on legal recourse and support available for victims.
The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), is essentially India's central command centre for combating cybercrime.
Functions
- The I4C serves as a focal point for coordinating efforts between various Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) across the country to tackle cybercrime effectively.
- It facilitates the exchange of information on cybercrime investigations, cyber threat intelligence, and best practices among LEAs. This allows for a more unified approach to combating cyber threats.
- The I4C is citizen-centric. It played a role in launching the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) which allows people to report cybercrime complaints online. There's also a National Cybercrime Helpline (1930) to report incidents and get assistance.
- The I4C identifies the need for adapting cyber laws to keep pace with evolving technology. They recommend amendments to existing laws and suggest the creation of new ones if necessary.
- The I4C works with academia and research institutes to develop new technologies and forensic tools to aid in cybercrime investigations.
- They promote collaboration between the government, industry, and academia to raise awareness about cybercrime and develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for containing and responding to cyberattacks.
5. What is the Budapest Convention?
The Budapest Convention, also known as the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, is the world's first international treaty specifically designed to address cybercrime. It came into effect in 2004 with three main objectives:
- The convention aims to improve how countries investigate cybercrime by setting standards for collecting electronic evidence and fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies.
- It facilitates cooperation among member states in tackling cybercrime. This includes sharing information, assisting with investigations, and extraditing cybercriminals.
- The convention encourages member countries to harmonize their national laws related to cybercrime. This creates a more unified approach to defining and prosecuting cyber offences.
India's Stand: India is not currently a party to the Budapest Convention. There are concerns that some provisions, like data sharing with foreign law enforcement agencies, might infringe on India's national sovereignty. India has also argued that it wasn't involved in drafting the initial convention.
6. What is the Global Cybersecurity Index?
The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is an initiative by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to measure and rank the cybersecurity capabilities of countries around the world. The index provides insights into the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level, assessing their strengths and identifying areas for improvement. The key aspects of the Global Cybersecurity Index
Purpose
- To promote cybersecurity awareness and foster a global culture of cybersecurity.
- To encourage countries to enhance their cybersecurity infrastructure and strategies.
- To facilitate knowledge sharing and cooperation among nations.
Assessment Criteria
The GCI evaluates countries based on five main pillars:
- Examines the existence of cybersecurity legislation and regulatory frameworks.
- Assesses the implementation of cybersecurity technologies and technical institutions.
- Looks at national cybersecurity strategies, policies, and dedicated agencies.
- Evaluate the availability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness programs.
- Measures the extent of international and national cooperation in cybersecurity efforts.
Impact
The GCI serves several important functions:
- Provides a benchmarking tool for countries to assess their cybersecurity maturity.
- Helps policymakers identify gaps and prioritize areas for improvement.
- Encourages international cooperation and collaboration to tackle global cyber threats.
7. The challenges related to cyber security in India
India faces numerous challenges related to cybersecurity, reflecting its rapidly growing digital economy and increasing reliance on technology.
Increasing Cyber Threats:
- India has seen a significant rise in cybercrimes, including hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. Sophisticated, state-sponsored attacks targeting critical infrastructure and sensitive data are becoming more common.
- Many public and private sector systems rely on outdated technology, making them vulnerable to attacks. Inadequate implementation of robust cybersecurity measures and protocols leaves systems exposed.
- There is a significant gap in the number of trained cybersecurity experts needed to protect against and respond to cyber threats. Ongoing education and training programs are insufficient to keep pace with evolving cyber threats.
- The absence of a unified regulatory framework complicates cybersecurity management. While laws like the IT Act 2000 exist, enforcement and implementation remain inconsistent and weak.
- Many individuals and small businesses lack awareness of basic cybersecurity practices. Practices like using weak passwords, not updating software, and falling for phishing scams are common.
- The absence of robust data protection legislation makes it difficult to safeguard personal and sensitive data. Ensuring privacy and protection of personal information remains a significant challenge.
- Effective cybersecurity often requires international cooperation, which is currently limited and inconsistent. Cross-border cyber threats and geopolitical tensions complicate collaboration and response efforts.
- The rapid adoption of IoT devices, often with minimal security features, increases vulnerabilities. While AI can enhance security, it also introduces new risks and attack vectors.
- Sectors like banking, healthcare, and energy are increasingly targeted, requiring enhanced protection measures. Ensuring coordinated efforts among various governmental and private entities involved in critical infrastructure protection is challenging.
- Limited financial resources allocated for cybersecurity initiatives hinder the development and implementation of comprehensive security measures.
- Staying abreast of the latest cybersecurity technologies and tools is difficult due to financial and logistical constraints.
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For Prelims: Cyber Crime, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre, National Cybercrime Reporting Portal, Budapest Convention, Global Cybersecurity Index, International Telecommunication union
For Mains:
1. India witnesses a high number of cybercrimes originating from Southeast Asia. Analyze the challenges this poses for Indian Law Enforcement Agencies and suggest measures to improve cross-border cooperation in tackling cybercrime. (250 words)
2. What are the key functions of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)? Critically evaluate its effectiveness in combating cybercrime in India. (250 words)
3. The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices introduces new vulnerabilities in cyberspace. Analyze the cybersecurity challenges posed by IoT and suggest measures to mitigate these risks. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only B.1, 3 and 4 only C.2 and 3 only D.1, 2, 3 and 4
2. Global Cyber Security Index (GCI) 2020 is released by which of the following organizations? (RRB Clerk Mains 2021)
A. World Bank
B. United Nations Development Programme
C. International Telecommunication Union
D. World Economic Forum
E. None of these
Answers: 1-D, 2-C
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INDIA-US PARTNERSHIP
- India and the United States has been multifaceted and has evolved over the years. It covers various areas such as strategic, economic, technological, and cultural cooperation.
- India and the United States have developed a strategic partnership, marked by regular high-level diplomatic engagements and cooperation on regional and global issues. Both countries share common values such as democracy and a commitment to a rules-based international order
- Defense and security ties between India and the U.S. have strengthened. Both countries participate in joint military exercises, and there is ongoing collaboration in defense technology and procurement. The Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA) and the Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) are examples of agreements aimed at enhancing defense cooperation.
- Economic ties have expanded, with both countries being significant trade partners. Bilateral trade has increased, and efforts have been made to address trade imbalances. The U.S. has been a major source of foreign direct investment (FDI) in India, and both sides have expressed interest in further deepening economic collaboration.
3.1.Technology partnership
- Micron Technology, in collaboration with the backing of the India Semiconductor Mission, plans to allocate over $800 million for the establishment of a new semiconductor assembly and test facility in India, contributing to a total investment of $2.75 billion. Additionally, Applied Materials is set to construct a Semiconductor Centre for Commercialization and Innovation in India, aimed at enhancing the diversification of the semiconductor supply chain between the two countries. Simultaneously, Lam Research intends to facilitate the training of 60,000 Indian engineers through its "Semiverse Solution," aligning with India's objectives for accelerated semiconductor education and workforce development
- India has recently joined the Minerals Security Partnership (MSP) led by the United States, aimed at expediting the establishment of robust and sustainable global supply chains for critical energy minerals. Commencing in June 2022, MSP already includes 12 other partner nations and the European Union. As part of this collaboration, Epsilon Carbon Limited from India is set to inject $650 million into the creation of a greenfield facility for electric vehicle battery components, marking the most substantial Indian investment to date in the U.S. electric vehicle battery sector.
- India and the United States have initiated collaborative efforts through public-private Joint Task Forces dedicated to the advancement and implementation of Open RAN systems, as well as the progress of advanced research and development in telecommunications. The joint leadership of India's Bharat 6G and the U.S. Next G Alliance in this public-private research endeavour is aimed at diminishing expenses, enhancing security, and fortifying the resilience of telecommunication networks.
- India has officially endorsed the Artemis Accords, aligning itself with 26 other nations dedicated to fostering peaceful, sustainable, and transparent collaboration for the exploration of celestial bodies such as the Moon, Mars, and beyond. In a significant development, NASA is set to offer advanced training to astronauts from the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), with the objective of initiating a joint mission to the International Space Station in 2024. Furthermore, NASA and ISRO are actively working on establishing a strategic framework for cooperation in human spaceflight, with plans to finalize the agreement by the conclusion of 2023.
- A collaborative effort has been instituted by both nations through the creation of a Joint Indo-US Quantum Coordination Mechanism. This mechanism is designed to streamline cooperative research endeavors involving the public and private sectors in both countries. Additionally, they have formalized an implementing arrangement to bolster joint research initiatives focusing on quantum technologies, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and advanced wireless technologies.
- The National Science Foundation of the United States has disclosed 35 collaborative research projects in conjunction with India's Department of Science and Technology. Additionally, a fresh cooperative agreement has been formalized between the U.S. National Science Foundation and India's Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology, specifically targeting emerging technologies
- Sterlite Technologies Limited of India has committed a $100 million investment towards establishing a manufacturing facility for optical fiber cables in close proximity to Columbia, South Carolina. This initiative is expected to support annual optical fiber exports from India amounting to $150 million
- The Joint Statement expressed approval for the innovative proposal put forth by General Electric to collaboratively manufacture the F414 jet engine in India. General Electric and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) have formalized a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), and a manufacturing license agreement has been presented for Congressional Notification. This unprecedented initiative, marking the first time F414 engines will be produced in India, is poised to facilitate a more extensive transfer of U.S. jet engine technology than previously experienced
- India has plans to acquire armed MQ-9B SeaGuardian Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), aiming to enhance the country's intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance capabilities
- The U.S. Navy has finalized a Master Ship Repair Agreement (MSRA) with Larsen and Toubro Shipyard in Kattupalli (Chennai) and is in the process of completing agreements with Mazagon Dock Limited (Mumbai) and Goa Shipyard (Goa). These arrangements will permit U.S. Navy vessels to undergo maintenance and repair at Indian shipyards during their voyages.
- The inauguration of the India-US Defence Acceleration Ecosystem (INDUS-X) took place on June 21, 2023. This network involves participants from universities, incubators, corporations, think tanks, and private investors. The program is designed to foster collaborative innovation in defense technologies and expedite the integration of India's private sector defense industry with its U.S. counterpart
Titled 'Taking the Lead on the Global Platform,' the Joint Statement highlights several strategic actions undertaken by the two nations.
- Indo-Pacific and Indian Ocean: The United States will become a participant in the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative, a regional effort initiated by Prime Minister Modi in 2015 to ensure a secure, stable maritime environment and advocate for its conservation and sustainable utilization. India will maintain its role as an observer in the Partners in the Blue Pacific. The U.S. and India plan to conduct an Indian Ocean Dialogue involving experts and stakeholders from the broader Indian Ocean region to enhance regional coordination.
- India and the United States will persist in their collaborative efforts to meet their individual climate and energy objectives. The United States appreciates India's commitment to jointly spearhead the Hydrogen Breakthrough Agenda, a multinational initiative aimed at making affordable renewable and low-carbon hydrogen accessible worldwide by 2030
- The Joint Statement underlines the mutual dedication of both nations to establishing inventive investment frameworks. These frameworks aim to reduce the capital costs and draw substantial international private financing for projects related to renewable energy, battery storage, and emerging green technologies in India. Additionally, the statement acknowledges efforts to decarbonize the transportation sector and highlights India's establishment of the Global Biofuels Alliance, in which the U.S. is a founding member
- The U.S. National Cancer Institute is set to encourage cooperation between American and Indian scientists through two recently awarded grants. These grants aim to create an Artificial Intelligence (AI)-enhanced digital pathology platform for purposes such as cancer diagnosis, prognosis, and forecasting therapeutic outcomes. Additionally, the grants will support the development of AI-driven automated radiotherapy treatment specifically for cervix, head, and neck cancers.
- The U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases is poised to enter into an agreement with the Indian Council of Medical Research. This collaboration aims to advance research in the realms of basic, clinical, and translational studies on diabetes. Additionally, the United States and India are set to convene a US-India Cancer Dialogue, facilitated by President Biden's Cancer Moonshot initiative. This dialogue will serve as a platform for experts from both countries to identify specific areas of collaboration, accelerating the pace of progress in the fight against cancer.
- The Joint Statement reaffirmed the commitment of the United States and India to jointly combat global terrorism, condemning terrorism and violent extremism in all its forms. President Biden and Prime Minister Modi reiterated the need for concerted action against UN-listed terrorist groups, including al-Qa’ida, ISIS/Daesh, Lashkar e-Tayyeba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM), and Hizb-ul-Mujhahideen.
- They strongly denounced cross-border terrorism and the use of terrorist proxies. The leaders called on Pakistan to take immediate action to prevent any territory under its control from being used for launching terrorist attacks. Additionally, they urged for the perpetrators of the 26/11 Mumbai and Pathankot attacks to be brought to justice.
4. Way forward
