INVASIVE ALIEN SPECIES
Invasive alien species (IAS), also known simply as invasive species, are non-native organisms that, when introduced to a new environment, can cause harm to the native ecosystem, economy, or human health. These species often thrive in their new environment due to the absence of natural predators or competitors, leading to rapid population growth and ecological disruption.
The key points about invasive alien species
Invasive species can be introduced intentionally or accidentally by humans. Intentional introductions often occur for agricultural, horticultural, or ornamental purposes, while accidental introductions can happen through global trade, transport, or tourism.
- Invasive species can outcompete native species for resources such as food, water, and habitat, leading to declines in native populations. They may also alter ecosystem processes such as nutrient cycling and fire regimes, leading to long-term ecological changes.
- Invasive species can have significant economic impacts by damaging crops, forests, fisheries, and infrastructure. Control and management efforts to mitigate these impacts can be costly and time-consuming.
- Some invasive species can pose direct threats to human health by transmitting diseases or causing allergic reactions. For example, certain invasive plants may produce pollen that triggers allergies in sensitive individuals.
- The rise of global trade and travel has facilitated the spread of invasive species, leading to an increase in their prevalence and distribution worldwide. Climate change may also exacerbate the problem by creating new habitats suitable for invasive species.
- Efforts to manage and control invasive species include prevention, early detection and rapid response, eradication, and long-term control measures. These efforts often require collaboration between government agencies, researchers, conservation organisations, and the public.
Invasive alien species (IAS) can impact native species in various ways, often leading to significant ecological disruption.
The primary ways in which IAS affect native species
- Invasive species can compete with native species for essential resources such as food, water, space, and sunlight. They may have competitive advantages, such as rapid reproduction rates or lack of natural predators, which allow them to outcompete native species for resources.
- Invasive species may prey on or consume native species, leading to declines in native populations. For example, invasive predators can decimate native prey populations, while invasive herbivores can overgraze native vegetation, altering habitat structure and reducing food availability for native species.
- Invasive species can modify habitats through activities such as burrowing, nesting, or altering vegetation composition. These habitat alterations can disrupt native species' ability to find suitable nesting sites, forage for food, or carry out other essential behaviours.
- Some invasive species can introduce new diseases or parasites to native populations, which may lack immunity to these pathogens. This can lead to disease outbreaks and population declines in native species. For example, the chytrid fungus, introduced by the global amphibian trade, has caused widespread declines and extinctions among native amphibian species.
- Hybridization between invasive and native species can occur when they come into contact. This can lead to genetic introgression, where genes from the invasive species are incorporated into native populations, potentially altering their genetic diversity and fitness.
- Invasive species can disrupt ecological relationships and food webs by altering species interactions. For example, if an invasive species outcompetes a native species for a shared prey species, it can indirectly impact other species that rely on that prey for food.
4. About the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) is an international treaty aimed at conserving biodiversity, promoting sustainable use of biological resources, and ensuring the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from genetic resources. It was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992, and entered into force on December 29, 1993. The CBD has three main objectives:
- The CBD aims to conserve biological diversity, including ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity, through the establishment and management of protected areas, the conservation of threatened species, and the restoration of degraded ecosystems.
- The CBD promotes the sustainable use of biological resources to meet current and future human needs while ensuring the long-term health and resilience of ecosystems. This includes activities such as sustainable forestry, fisheries management, and sustainable agriculture practices.
- The CBD seeks to ensure the fair and equitable sharing of benefits derived from the utilization of genetic resources, including the sharing of monetary and non-monetary benefits with countries and communities that are the custodians of those resources.
The CBD operates through meetings of the Conference of the Parties (COP), which are held regularly to review progress, negotiate agreements, and make decisions on matters related to the implementation of the convention. The COP has adopted several protocols and agreements to further the objectives of the CBD, including the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit-sharing.
5. What are invasive species?
Invasive species are organisms that are introduced, either intentionally or unintentionally, into a new environment where they are not native. These introduced species can cause harm to the environment, economy, or even human health.
Here's a breakdown of what makes a species invasive:
- Non-native: They come from a different region and weren't originally part of the local ecosystem.
- Harmful: They cause ecological or economic damage in their new environment. This can include things like outcompeting native species for resources, preying on them, or introducing diseases.
Not all introduced species become invasive. Some introduced species can even be beneficial, like honeybees which are crucial for pollinating crops. However, invasive species become problematic because they lack the natural controls (predators, diseases) they faced in their original habitat. This allows them to reproduce rapidly and disrupt the balance of the new ecosystem.
The Wildlife (Protection) Act of 1972 serves as a legal framework aimed at safeguarding various species of wild animals and plants, managing their habitats, and regulating and controlling trade in wildlife and wildlife products. It plays a crucial role in conservation efforts and biodiversity preservation in India.
Key Provisions
- The Act categorizes species into different schedules based on their conservation status, providing varying degrees of protection and monitoring by the government.
- India's accession to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) was facilitated by the Wildlife Act.
- The Act now extends to Jammu and Kashmir following the reorganisation act.
Constitutional Framework
- The 42nd Amendment Act, 1976, transferred Forests and Protection of Wild Animals and Birds from the State to the Concurrent List.
- Article 51 A (g) mandates citizens to protect and improve the natural environment, including forests and wildlife.
- Article 48 A in the Directive Principles of State Policy emphasizes the state's duty to protect and improve the environment, safeguarding forests, and wildlife.
Schedules under the Act
- Schedule I: Encompasses endangered species requiring stringent protection, with severe penalties for violations. Hunting is prohibited except in cases of threat to human life or incurable disease.
- Schedule II: Includes species accorded high protection with trade prohibition.
- Schedule III & IV: Lists non-endangered species with hunting prohibition, but with lesser penalties compared to Schedules I and II.
- Schedule V: Contains vermin species that can be hunted, including Common Crows, Fruit Bats, Rats, and Mice.
- Schedule VI: Regulates the cultivation and trade of specified plants, requiring prior permission for cultivation, possession, sale, and transportation.
Examples of Protected Species
- Schedule I: Black Buck, Snow Leopard, Himalayan Bear, Asiatic Cheetah.
- Schedule II: Assamese Macaque, Himalayan Black Bear, Indian Cobra.
- Schedule III & IV: Chital (spotted deer), Bharal (blue sheep), Hyena, Sambhar (deer).
- Schedule V: Common Crows, Fruit Bats, Rats, Mice.
- Schedule VI: Beddomes’ cycad, Blue Vanda, Red Vanda, Kuth, Slipper orchids, Pitcher plant.
8. What is IPBES?
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) is an independent intergovernmental body established to assess the state of biodiversity, ecosystems, and the contributions they provide to human well-being. IPBES was established in 2012 and is headquartered in Bonn, Germany.
Key functions and objectives of IPBES include
- IPBES conducts regular assessments of the state of biodiversity and ecosystem services at the global, regional, and national levels. These assessments involve synthesizing scientific knowledge from experts around the world and providing policymakers with information to support decision-making.
- IPBES provides policymakers with evidence-based assessments, tools, and policy recommendations to promote the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems. This includes identifying policy options and best practices for addressing the drivers of biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation.
- IPBES supports capacity-building efforts to enhance the ability of countries and stakeholders to assess, manage, and conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services effectively. This includes providing training, technical support, and guidance on assessment methodologies and tools.
- IPBES facilitates knowledge exchange and collaboration among scientists, policymakers, practitioners, indigenous and local communities, and other stakeholders involved in biodiversity and ecosystem management. This includes organizing workshops, conferences, and other events to share information and best practices.
- IPBES promotes policy-relevant research on biodiversity and ecosystem services to address knowledge gaps and support informed decision-making. This includes identifying research priorities and coordinating research efforts across disciplines and sectors.
IPBES operates through a multistakeholder governance structure involving governments, scientists, indigenous and local communities, non-governmental organisations, and other stakeholders. It conducts its work through a series of plenary sessions, expert groups, and technical support units focused on specific thematic areas and regions.
9. The Way Forward
By taking a proactive and collaborative approach to managing invasive species like chital on Ross Island, it's possible to mitigate their negative impacts on native biodiversity and ecosystems while promoting sustainable conservation practices.
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For Prelims: Ross Island, Invasive Alien Species, Wild Life Protection Act, IPBES, Convention on Biological Diversity, Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Island, Spotted deer
For Mains:
1. The growing problem of invasive alien species poses a significant threat to global biodiversity and ecosystem health. Discuss the various factors contributing to the spread of Invasive alien species and critically evaluate different approaches for their control and management. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. If a particular plant species is placed under Schedule VI of the Wildlife Protection Act, 1972, what is the implication? (UPSC 2020) (a) A licence is required to cultivate that plant.
2. Ross Island in the Andaman and Nicobar group of islands has been recently renamed as? (CMAT 2021) A. Shaheed dweep B. Swaraj dweep C. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Island D. Atal Island 3. Which of the following pairs of old names and new names of islands in India is/are correctly matched? (NDA 2019) 1. Ross Island : Shaheed Dweep
2. Neil Island : Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose Dweep
3. Havelock Island : Swaraj Dweep
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 3 only
4. 'Invasive Species Specialist Group' (that develops Global Invasive Species Database) belongs to which one of the following organizations? (UPSC 2023) A. The International Union for Conservation of Nature
B. The United Nations Environment Programme
C. The United Nations World Commission for Environment and Development
D. The World Wide Fund for Nature
5. With reference to the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) and the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2015) 1. IUCN is an organ of the United Nations and CITES is an international agreement between governments.
2. IUCN runs thousands of field projects around the world to better manage natural environments.
3. CITES is legally binding on the States that have joined it, but this Convention does not take the place of national laws.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
6. Which of the following are the most likely places to find the musk deer in its natural habitat? (UPSC 2020) 1. Askot Wildlife Sanctuary
2. Gangotri National Park
3. Kishanpur Wildlife Sanctuary
4. Manas National Park
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 and 4 only D. 1 and 4 only Answers: 1-A, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-B, 6-A |
Source: The Indian Express
GLOBAL SOUTH
1. Context
2. The need for the ‘Global North’ and the ‘Global South
- For a long time in the study of international political systems, the method of categorising countries into broad categories for easier analysis has existed.
- The concepts of ‘East’ and ‘West’ is one example of this, with the Western countries generally signifying greater levels of economic development and prosperity among their people and Eastern countries are considered as being in the process of that transition.
- Another similar categorisation is of First World, Second World and Third World countries, referring to countries associated with the Cold war-era alliances of the US, the USSR, and non-aligned countries, respectively.
- At the centre of these concepts is the World Systems approach introduced by sociologist Immanuel Wallerstein in 1974, emphasising an interconnected perspective of looking at world politics.
- He said there are three major zones of production: core, peripheral and semiperipheral.
- The core zones reap profits, being the owners of cutting-edge technologies in countries like the US or Japan.
- Peripheral zones, on the other hand, engage in less sophisticated production that is more labour-intensive. In the middle are countries like India and Brazil.
3. The need for new terms
- In the Post-Cold War world, the First World/Third World classification was no longer feasible, because when the Communist USSR disintegrated in 1991, most countries had no choice but to ally at some level with the capitalist US the only remaining global superpower.
- Other classifiers have also seen criticism. The East/West binary was seen as often
perpetuating stereotypical thinking about African and Asian countries. - Categorising incredibly diverse countries into a monolith was felt to be too simplistic.
Also, the idea that some countries were ‘developed’ while others were not was thought to be too wide a classification, inadequate for accurately discussing concerns.
| Writing in 2014 from the perspective of his organisation’s philanthropic activities, Bill Gates said of the ‘developing’ tag, “Any category that lumps China and the Democratic Republic of Congo together confuses more than it clarifies. Some so-called developing countries have come so far that it’s fair to say they have developed. A handful of failed states are hardly developing at all. Most countries are somewhere in the middle.” |
4. Importance of Global South
- What sets the terms Global North and South apart are that first, they are arguably more accurate in grouping like countries together, measuring similarly in terms of wealth, indicators of education and healthcare, etc.
- Another commonality between the South countries is that most have a history of colonisation, largely at the hands of European powers.
- Secondly, this classification trains more focus on the Global South. When leaders such as Jaishankar mentioned, they are also pointing to the region’s historical exclusion from prominent international organisations such as the permanent members of the United Nations Security Council.
- As bodies like the UN and the IMF are involved in major decision-making that affects the world in terms of politics, economy and society, the exclusion is seen by these countries as contributing to their slower growth.
- As a result, the idea that the South can together advocate for common causes has
come up, as underlined by the External Affairs Minister.
| Interestingly, when Jaishankar criticised the expectation of India to take a stance on the Ukraine war and rebuke Russia in June this year, China’s state-owned newspaper Global Times praised the comments. This is where the idea of ‘SouthSouth’ cooperation comes in. |
- Why the concept is being reiterated now partly because of the economic emergence of some of these South countries, such as India and China, in the last few decades.
- Many consider the world to now be multipolar rather than one where the US alone dominates international affairs.
- The progress achieved by many Asian countries is also seen as challenging the idea that the North is ideal.
- As Samuel P Huntington wrote in his 1996 book ‘The Class of Civilizations and the Remaking of Global Order, “East Asians attribute their dramatic economic development not to their import of Western culture but rather to their adherence to their own culture.”
5. Criticism of the classification
- Some of the earlier terms’ criticisms apply here, too, such as the argument that the term is too broad.
- In the ongoing debate about North countries paying for funding green energy, having historically contributed to higher carbon emissions, many in the Global North have objected to China and India’s exclusion from this, given their increasing industrialisation.
- There is also the question of whether the South simply aims to replace the North and the positions it occupies, again continuing a cycle in which a few countries accumulate crucial resources.
- Much controversy currently surrounds the question of whether elites of the global South and ‘rising powers’ genuinely have the intention to challenge the dominant structures of global capitalist development.
- In the rise of Asia, the continued neglect of Africa has been questioned as well.
- China is increasingly making inroads here through the Belt and Road Initiative for developing infrastructure.
- But whether that results in a win-win situation for both parties or focuses on profit for only China remains to be seen.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: G20, Global South, Global North, Cold war, Post-Cold War, UNSC, UN, IMF, Russia and Ukraine War, SouthSouth Cooperation
For Mains:
1. What is Global South? Discuss the significance and impact of Global South in India. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
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For Prelims
1. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (UPSC 2020) (a) Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey 1. Ans: (a) For Mains
1. “The broader aims and objectives of WTO are to manage and promote international trade in the era of globalization. But the Doha round of negotiations seem doomed due to differences between the developed and the developing countries.” Discuss in the Indian perspective. ( UPSC 2016)
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SCHEDULED TRIBES IN INDIA
1. Context
2. Definition of Scheduled Tribes
- The term Scheduled Tribes first appeared in the Constitution of India.
- Article 366 (25) defined scheduled tribes as "such tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within such tribes or tribal communities as are deemed under Article 342 to be Scheduled Tribes for this constitution".
3. Article 342
- The President may, concerning any State or Union territory and where it is a state, after consultation with the Governor thereof by public notification, specify the tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which shall, for this constitution, is deemed to be scheduled tribes about that state or Union Territory, as the case may be.
- Parliament may be law included in or exclude from the list of Scheduled tribes specified in a notification issued under clause (1) any tribe or tribal community or part of or group within any tribe or tribal community, but save as aforesaid, a notification issued under the said clause shall not be varied by any subsequent notification.
- Thus, the first specification of Scheduled Tribes about a particular State or Union Territory is a notified order of the President, after consultation with the State Governments concerned.
- These orders can be modified subsequently only through an Act of Parliament.
- The above Article also provides for listing of scheduled tribes State or Union Territory wise and not on an all-India basis.
4. The criterion for the specification of a community as Scheduled tribes
- The criterion followed for the specification of a community, as scheduled tribes are indications of primitive traits, distinctive culture, geographical isolation, shyness of contact with the community at large and backwardness.
- This criterion is not spelt out in the Constitution but has become well established.
- It subsumes the definitions contained in the 1931 Census, the reports of the first Backward Classes Commission 1955, the Advisory Committee (Kalelkar), on Revision of SC/ST lists (Lokur Committee), 1965 and the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Bill 1967 (Chanda Committee), 1969.
- In the exercise of the powers conferred by Clause (1) of Article 342 of the Constitution of India, the President, after Consultation with the State Governments concerned has promulgated so far 9 orders specifying the Scheduled Tribes about the state and union territories.
- Out of these, eight are in operation at present in their original or amended form.
- One order namely the Constitution (Goa, Daman & Diu) Scheduled Tribes order 1968 has become defunct on account of the reorganization of Goa, Daman & Diu in 1987.
- Under the Goa, Daman & Diu Reorganization Act 1987 (18 of 1987) the list of Scheduled Tribes of Goa has been transferred to part XIX of the Schedule to the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) order, 1950 and that of Daman & Diu II of the Schedule of the Constitution (Scheduled Tribes) (Union Territories) order, 1951.
- No community has been specified as a Scheduled Tribe in the State of Haryana and Punjab and the Union Territories of Chandigarh, Delhi and Puducherry.
5. Declaration as a Scheduled Tribe
- Article 342 provides for the specification of tribes or tribal communities or parts of or groups within tribes or tribal communities which are deemed to be for the constitution of the Scheduled Tribes about that State or Union Territory.
- In pursuance of these provisions, the list of Scheduled Tribes is notified for each State or Union Territory and is valid only within the jurisdiction of that State or Union Territory and not outside.
- The list of Scheduled Tribes is State or UT-specific and a community declared as a Scheduled Tribe in a State need not be so in another State. The inclusion of a community as a Scheduled Tribe is an ongoing process.
The essential characteristics of these communities are:
- Primitive Traits
- Geographical isolation
- Distinct culture
- Shy of Contact with the community at large
- Economically backward
6. Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups
- Tribal communities live, in various ecological and geo-climatic conditions ranging from plains and forests to hills and inaccessible areas.
- Tribal groups are at different stages of social, economic and educational development.
- While some tribal communities have adopted a mainstream way of life, at the other end of the spectrum, there are certain Scheduled Tribes, 75 in number known as Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), who are characterised by
- Pre-agriculture level of technology
- Stagnant or declining population
- Extremely low literacy
- Subsistence level of economy
7. Distribution of Tribes
- The Scheduled Tribes are notified in 30 states and UTs and the number of individual ethnic groups, etc. notified as Scheduled Tribes is 705.
- The tribal population of the country, as per the 2011 census, is 10.43 crores, constituting 8. 6 per cent of the total population. 89.97 per cent of them live in rural areas and 10.03 per cent in urban areas.
- The decadal population growth of the tribal from the Census 2001 to 2011 has been 23. 66 per cent against the 17. 69 of the entire population.
- The sex ratio of the overall population is 940 females per 1000 males and that of Scheduled Tribes is 990 females per thousand males.
Image Source: Vikaspedia
- Broadly the STs inhabit two distinct geographical areas Central India and the North Eastern Area.
- More than half of the Scheduled Tribe Population is concentrated in Central India i.e., Madhya Pradesh (14.69 per cent), Chhattisgarh (7.5 per cent), Jharkhand (8.29 per cent), Andhra Pradesh (5.7 per cent), Maharashtra (10.08 Per cent), Orissa (9.2 per cent), Gujarat (8.55 per cent) and Rajasthan (8.86 per cent).
- The other distinct area is the North East (Assam, Nagaland, Mizoram, Manipur, Meghalaya, Tripura, Sikkim and Arunachal Pradesh).
- More than two-thirds of the ST population is concentrated only in the seven states of the country, viz. Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Orissa, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh.
- There is no ST population in 3 states (Delhi NCR, Punjab and Haryana) and 2 UTs (Puducherry and Chandigarh) as no Scheduled Tribe is notified.
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For Prelims: Scheduled Tribes, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups, Kudmis, Mundas, Oraons, Santhals, Article 366 (25), Article 342, Backward Classes Commission 1955, the Advisory Committee (Kalelkar), on Revision of SC/ST lists (Lokur Committee), 1965 and the Joint Committee of Parliament on the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Orders (Amendment) Bill 1967 (Chanda Committee), 1969, Goa, Daman & Diu Reorganization Act 1987
For Mains:
1. Who are Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups? Discuss the criterion for the specification of a community as Scheduled tribes. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following statements about Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India: (UPSC 2019)
1. PVTGs reside in 18 States and one Union Territory.
2. A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria for determining PVTG status.
3. There are 95 PVTGs officially notified in the country so far.
4. Irular and Konda Reddi tribes are included in the list of PVTGs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 2, 3 and 4 C. 1, 2 and 4 D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer: C 2. With reference to the history of India, "Ulgulan" or the Great Tumult is the description of which of the following events? (UPSC 2020) A. The Revolt of 1857
B. The Mappila Rebellion of 1921
C. The Indigo Revolt of 1859 - 60
D. Birsa Munda's Revolt of 1899 - 1900
Answer: D 3. When did the Tana’ Bhagat Movement start? (Jharkhand Civil Service 2015)
A. April 1912 B. April 1913 C. April 1914 D. April 1915
Answer: C
4. Consider the following statements about the Santhal Hool of 1855 - 56: (UPSC CAPF)
1. The Santhals were in a desperate situation as tribal lands were leased out
2. The Santhal rebels were treated very leniently by British officials
3. Santhal inhabited areas were eventually constituted separate administrative units called Santhal parganas
4. The Santhal rebellion was the only major rebellion in mid-19th century India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1, 3 and 4 D. 1 and 3 only
Answer: D
5. After the Santhal Uprising subsided, what was/were the measure/measures taken by the colonial government? (UPSC 2018)
1. The territories called 'Santhal Paraganas' were created.
2. It became illegal for a Santhal to transfer land to a non-Santhal.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
6. The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) was formed by insertion of Article ______ in the Constitution of India. (SSC CGL 2020)
A. 328B B. 338A C. 338B D. 328A
Answer: B
7. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc. conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC 2018)
A. Committee on Government Assurances
B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
C. Rules Committee
D. Business Advisory Committee
Answer: B
8. Justice Madan B Lokur committee was set up to take steps to (Haryana Civil Services 2021)
A. Look into violation of environment rules.
B. Prevent stubble burning
C. Draft new water policy
D. Regulate digital lending
Answer: B
9. Match the pairs - (Committees on Media) (MPSC 2019)
(A) (Name) (B) (Year)
(a) Chanda Committee (i) 1982
(b) Kuldip Nayar Committee (ii) August, 1977
(c) Verghese Committee (iii) March, 1977
(d) P.C. Joshi Committee (iv) 1964
1. (a) – (i), (b) – (ii), (c – (iii), (d) – (iv)
2. (a) – (i), (b) – (iii), (c – (ii), (d) – (iv)
3. (a) – (iv), (b) – (iii), (c – (ii), (d) – (i)
4. (a) – (iv), (b) – (ii), (c – (iii), (d) – (i)
Answer: 3
10. Consider the formation of the following States and arrange these in chronological order : (UPPSC Combined State Exam 2021)
1. Goa
2. Telangana
3. Jharkhand
4. Haryana
Select the correct answer from the codes given below.
A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 4, 1, 3, 2 C. 3, 2, 4, 1 D. 4, 3, 1, 2
Answer: 2
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Source: Vikaspeida
HEAT AND CLIMATE CHANGE
- In the context of microscopy, the temperature of an object reflects the average kinetic energy of its particles.
- When two objects at different temperatures come into contact, the cooler one will heat up while the warmer one cools down. Here, heat refers to the thermal energy exchanged between the objects to cause this change in temperature.
- On a larger scale, heat is treated as a type of energy with distinct properties, analyzed through thermodynamics, statistical mechanics, and related disciplines.
- A substance can take in heat at one location and release it at another, a principle that underlies many contemporary technologies such as thermal and nuclear power plants and air conditioning systems.
- Engineers have devised methods to transform heat into mechanical energy, enabling the creation of machines like the internal combustion engine
- One of the best ways to grasp the concept of heat is by looking at its applications, such as internal combustion engines (ICEs) and thermal power plants.
- An ICE transforms heat into mechanical work, effectively applying the theoretical Carnot cycle, which defines the highest efficiency an engine can achieve in converting heat to work.
- The engine consists of four main components: a hot reservoir (with more heat), a cold reservoir (with less heat), an ideal gas between the reservoirs (transferring heat), and a piston next to the gas. Each cycle includes four stages.
- In the first stage, isothermal expansion, the ideal gas is insulated from the cold reservoir and exposed to the hot reservoir.
- Heat from the hot reservoir, produced for example by burning petrol, transfers to the gas, causing it to expand and push the piston. The second stage, isentropic expansion, continues the gas expansion while insulated from both reservoirs.
- The gas cools slightly as it does work on the piston without a temperature change due to insulation. These two steps involve the piston doing work on its surroundings.
- The third stage, isothermal compression, exposes the gas to the cold reservoir, where it releases its remaining heat.
- The piston moves downward in this stage. In the fourth stage, isentropic compression, the gas is again insulated from the reservoirs while the piston continues downward, compressing and warming the gas, readying it for the next cycle. In these last two steps, the surroundings work on the piston.
- Similarly, a thermal power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, generator, condenser, and pumps, with water as the working fluid. The ideal version of this system is the Rankine cycle, also comprising four stages.
- In the first stage, isentropic compression, a pump compresses the water to high pressure. During the second stage, heat addition, the water is pumped to the boiler and heated by an energy source, such as burning coal or nuclear fission, transforming it into saturated vapor under high pressure.
- The third stage, isentropic expansion, involves the pressurized vapor expanding in the turbine, releasing heat and reducing pressure. This expansion drives the turbine blades, generating power through the generator.
- In the final stage, heat removal, the cooled vapor enters the condenser, where it is condensed back to a saturated liquid at a fixed pressure. The condenser acts as a heat exchanger, using a coolant, such as cold water, to absorb the vapor's heat
- Heat and work share the same physical dimensions, but not all heat can be converted into work. For instance, if a system performs work while losing thermal equilibrium, it will lose some energy.
- This can occur in an internal combustion engine (ICE) if, for example, it isn't well-lubricated, causing friction as the piston moves against the combustion chamber walls. This loss of 'useful heat' is tied to the concept of entropy, which indicates disorder in a system and prevents the associated heat from being converted into work.
- Additionally, when a system performs work without losing or gaining heat—such as during the isentropic expansion and compression steps of the Carnot cycle—the process is considered adiabatic. Fully adiabatic processes are reversible.
- Components of ICEs and thermal power plants are designed to alternate a medium that transports heat through different states, in steps that aim to maximize work output and minimize entropy changes and other energy losses
- Understanding the microscopic and macroscopic properties of heat has been vital in fields such as metallurgy and materials science, mining, refineries, various chemical reactions, semiconductor electronics, meteorology, and transportation.
- Heat plays a significant role in Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) systems. In many cold regions, heat is generated and transported from centralized facilities to homes and offices.
- Individual homes often use electric heaters, which convert electrical energy to heat by passing a current through a resistor, to stay warm. Recently, experts have advocated for a 'right to air-conditioning' for people in low- and middle-income countries facing extreme heat.
- Heat engines like internal combustion engines (ICEs) and steam engines operate on the Carnot cycle. Heat pumps, which are essentially air conditioners that heat rather than cool, use the reverse Carnot cycle.
- Air conditioners for cooling large spaces, such as halls and car interiors, utilize the reverse Rankine cycle.
- Other cycles, depending on the heat-transporting medium and desired operating conditions, include the Brayton, gas-generator, regenerative, Siemens, and Stirling cycles
- The global response to climate change is focused on two main strategies: mitigation and adaptation. For climate mitigation, researchers worldwide are developing new methods to generate heat energy without burning fossil fuels and finding ways to reduce emissions from existing technologies. Meanwhile, policymakers are working on new incentives to encourage the adoption of these solutions.
- In terms of climate adaptation, heat waves are a significant concern, especially in India. During a heat wave, the impact on health depends on the body's pre-existing health conditions and its ability to prevent heat accumulation.
- Long-term health is influenced by living conditions, access to clean environments, and healthcare. Short-term heat management depends on immediate measures to reduce heat buildup. When the wet-bulb temperature exceeds about 32 degrees Celsius, even brief periods of light outdoor activity can cause severe harm.
- Global warming itself is essentially a heat issue. Solar energy reaches the Earth, with some being reflected, some absorbed by the atmosphere, and some warming the ground. At night, the Earth emits this absorbed energy as infrared radiation.
- Greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, methane, and water vapour absorb this radiation, convert it to kinetic energy, and heat the atmosphere, which reduces the Earth's ability to cool down efficiently
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For Prelims: COP28, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Climate Finance, Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Nationally Determined Contributions, COP27, Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement
For Mains:
1. Discuss the impact of climate change on developing economies. How can climate finance be effectively utilized to promote sustainable development in these economies? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility for global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below
A. 1 and 3 only
B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B
2. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of ( UPSC 2016)
A. pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East
B. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change
C. capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
D. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals
Answer: B 3. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has announced which country to host the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in 2023? (SSC CGL 2023) A. UAE B. US C. UK D. Russia Answer: A
4. Consider the following statements with reference to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (RBI Grade B 2022)
1. OECD is an official Permanent observer to the United Nations and is referred to as a think-tank or as a monitoring group.
2. India is not a member of OECD.
3. OECD is funded by its member countries.
Which of the statement given above is/ are correct?
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 E. 2 only Answer: D 5. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: A 6. The 27th annual UN meeting on climate, COP27 (Conference of Parties) took place from 6th to 18th November, in which of the following country? (SSC GD Constable 2023) A. France B. Brazil C. Indonesia D. Egypt Answer: D 7. According to the Copenhagen Accord, what percentage of India has promised to reduce carbon emissions by the year 2020 as compared to 2005? (UP Police SI 2017) A. 20-25 percent B. 10-15 percent C. 30-35 percent D. 5-10 percent Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A Mains 1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (upsc 2021) |
FINANCIAL ACTION TASK FORCE (FATF)
1. Context
2. Financial Action Task Force (FATF)
- The FATF is an inter-governmental body that sets international standards seeking to prevent international financial crimes that aid terrorism. The FATF was established in July 1989 by a G-7 summit in Paris to examine and develop measures to combat money laundering.
- The FATF currently comprises 37 member jurisdictions and two regional organizations European Commission and Gulf Cooperation Council, representing most major financial centers in all parts of the globe. India has been a member of the FATF since 2010. India is also a member of its regional partners, the Asia Pacific Group (APG) and the Eurasian Group (EAG).
- Its secretariat is located at the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) headquarters in Paris.
3. Mandate of FATF
4. FATF Lists
5. Why Pakistan is removed from the Grey List?
- Deliberations of the FATF are made in complete secrecy, and decisions are meant to be made strictly on the basis of technicalities and procedure, so the greylisting of Pakisthan has to be seen in the totality of the process and measures it has undertaken.
- Pakistan was also on the "grey list" from 2012-2015 when FATF mandated many steps. Since 2018, it has been handed two action plans, comprising 34 points (27+7), asking Islamabad to bring in laws on money laundering, and anti-terror laws in line with international requirements.
- Pakistan also had to maintain a database of terror groups operating on its soil and the actions taken against them.
6. Benefits for Pakistan
- If removed from the grey list Pakistan would essentially receive a reputational boost and get a clean bill of health from the international community on terror financing.
- There is research that suggests grey listing negatively impacts the relationship of the concerned countries with the international funders including Banks and financial institutions that take note of FATF rankings as well as existing potential overseas investors in those countries.
7. Indias Response
- India is a member, and hence party to all FATF decisions that are made by consensus. As a result, it also agreed to the decision to take Pakistan off the list, conceding in a statement that due to the FATF, Pakistan had been "forced to take" some action against well-known terrorists", including those involved in the Mumbai 26/11 attacks.
- The Narendra Modi Government is preparing for India's turn at FATF scrutiny or MER process, set to begin in early 2023, which it hopes will be a smooth process. In July this year while introducing the Weapons of Mass Destruction and their Delivery Systems (Prohibition of Unlawful Activities) Amendment.
- External Minister S. Jaishankar told parliament that India had to take its international commitments on WMD seriously, both at the UN Security Council, and FATF recommendations which had "mandated provisions against financing in relation to WMDs.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: FATF, Grey list, Black List, UN Security Council, Weapons of mass destruction, Asia Pacific Group (APG), Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and the Eurasian Group (EAG).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the mandate of FAFT on Terror Financing and explain the benefits of Pakistan after removing it from the grey list.
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HEAT INDEX
- The heat index, also known as the "feels-like" temperature or the "apparent temperature," is a measure used to assess how hot it feels when relative humidity is factored in with the actual air temperature. In other words, it takes into account both temperature and humidity to estimate how warm or hot it appears to the human body
- When humidity is high, the body's ability to cool itself through the evaporation of sweat is reduced, making it feel hotter than the actual temperature. Conversely, when humidity is low, the body can more effectively cool itself through sweat evaporation, so the heat index tends to be closer to the actual temperature.
- The heat index is typically expressed in degrees Fahrenheit or Celsius, just like regular temperature. Weather forecasts often include the heat index during hot and humid conditions to provide a better understanding of the potential heat-related risks, such as heat exhaustion or heatstroke
The heat index is calculated using the following formula:
Heat index = (95.0 + 0.55(actual temperature) + 0.01(actual temperature)(relative humidity) - 3.5(1013.25/(pressure in millibars)) + 0.12(actual temperature)(relative humidity)^0.15)
where:
- Actual temperature is the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit.
- Relative humidity is the percentage of water vapor in the air.
- Pressure is the air pressure in millibars.
The heat index formula is valid for temperatures between 80 and 115 degrees Fahrenheit and relative humidities between 0 and 100%.
There are also online heat index calculators that can be used to calculate the heat index for a given set of conditions.
It is important to note that the heat index is a subjective measure and may vary from person to person. Some people may feel hotter than others in the same conditions. Additionally, the heat index does not take into account other factors that can affect how hot it feels, such as wind speed and clothing
4.Importance of measuring heat index
The importance of measuring the heat index is that it provides a more accurate measure of how hot it feels to the human body than the actual temperature. This is because the heat index takes into account the humidity, which can make it feel much hotter than the actual temperature
Measuring the heat index is important for several reasons, primarily related to public health, safety, and overall well-being:
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Heat-related Illness Prevention: The heat index provides a more accurate representation of how hot it feels to the human body compared to the actual air temperature. This information is crucial in preventing heat-related illnesses such as heat exhaustion and heatstroke. High heat index values can alert people to take precautions, like staying hydrated, seeking shade, and avoiding strenuous activities during extreme heat.
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Risk Assessment: The heat index helps individuals and communities assess the risk associated with hot and humid conditions. It provides valuable information to local authorities, healthcare providers, and emergency responders, enabling them to plan for and respond to heatwaves and other extreme weather events effectively.
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Vulnerable Populations: Certain groups, such as the elderly, young children, and people with pre-existing medical conditions, are more vulnerable to extreme heat. Measuring the heat index allows communities to identify periods when these vulnerable populations may be at higher risk and take specific measures to protect them.
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Outdoor Activities: The heat index is important for outdoor enthusiasts, athletes, and workers who are exposed to high temperatures. It helps individuals make informed decisions about outdoor activities, whether it's for recreation, sports, or outdoor labor. High heat index values can indicate when it's necessary to reschedule or take additional precautions.
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Energy Conservation: The heat index also has implications for energy usage. During heatwaves, higher heat index values can lead to increased energy demand for cooling systems. Utilities and energy providers can use this information to anticipate and manage energy consumption, reducing the risk of power outages during extreme heat events.
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Urban Planning: Urban planners and architects can use heat index data to design cities and buildings that are more resilient to extreme heat, incorporating features like shading, green spaces, and cooling systems to mitigate the urban heat island effect.
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Agriculture: Farmers and agricultural experts use the heat index to assess the potential impact of hot and humid conditions on crops and livestock. Extreme heat can stress crops and animals, affecting agricultural yields and food production.
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Travel and Tourism: Tourists and travelers can benefit from heat index information when planning trips to destinations with hot and humid climates. It helps them prepare for the weather and make informed choices about activities and accommodations.
Here are some ways in which high humidity can affect the human body:
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Heat Stress: High humidity makes it more difficult for sweat to evaporate from the skin. Since evaporation is one of the body's primary mechanisms for dissipating heat, this can lead to increased heat stress. When the body cannot effectively cool down, it may struggle to maintain a normal core temperature. This can result in symptoms like dizziness, nausea, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, heat exhaustion or heatstroke.
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Discomfort: High humidity can make people feel uncomfortable and sticky. Sweat does not evaporate as efficiently, leaving the skin feeling moist and clammy. This discomfort can lead to irritability and a decreased tolerance for hot weather.
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Dehydration: In high humidity, people may not realize how much they are sweating, as the sweat tends to evaporate more slowly. This can lead to inadequate fluid intake, potentially resulting in dehydration. Dehydration can cause symptoms like thirst, dry mouth, dark urine, and, if severe, can lead to heat-related illnesses.
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Respiratory Issues: Some individuals, particularly those with respiratory conditions like asthma, may find that high humidity exacerbates their symptoms. Humid air can make it harder to breathe and may trigger asthma attacks or worsen other respiratory issues.
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Sleep Disturbances: High humidity can make it difficult to sleep comfortably, as the body may struggle to cool down during the night. This can lead to restlessness, poor sleep quality, and disrupted sleep patterns.
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Increased Risk of Heat-Related Illnesses: As mentioned earlier, high humidity can increase the risk of heat-related illnesses, including heat exhaustion and heatstroke. These conditions can be life-threatening if not promptly treated.
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Decreased Physical Performance: Athletes and individuals engaged in physical activities may experience a decrease in performance in high humidity. The body has to work harder to regulate its temperature, which can lead to fatigue and reduced endurance.
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Skin Issues: Prolonged exposure to high humidity can sometimes lead to skin issues, such as fungal infections or skin irritation. Moisture and sweat can create an environment conducive to these problems.
Here's how the dew point works:
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Saturation: When air becomes saturated with moisture, it can no longer hold all the water vapor it contains. At this point, the air is said to have reached 100% relative humidity (RH). Further cooling of the air at this saturated state will cause excess moisture to condense into water droplets, forming dew on surfaces, fog in the air, or clouds in the sky.
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Dew Point Temperature: The temperature at which this saturation and condensation occur is called the dew point temperature. It is expressed in degrees Celsius (°C) or degrees Fahrenheit (°F) and represents the temperature at which the air becomes saturated. When the air temperature cools to or below the dew point, visible moisture (dew, fog, or clouds) begins to form.
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Relative Humidity: The relationship between the air's current moisture content and its capacity to hold moisture at a given temperature is expressed as relative humidity (RH). When the air temperature equals the dew point temperature, RH reaches 100%. If the air temperature is higher than the dew point, RH is less than 100%, and if the air temperature is lower, RH is greater than 100%.
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following reflects back more Sunlight as compared to the other three? (UPSC CSE 2010)
A. Sand Desert
B. Paddy Cropland
C. Land Covered with fresh snow
D.Prairie Land
Answer (C)
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