2. About the Index of Industrial Production (IIP)

• The Index of Industrial Production (IIP) is a macroeconomic indicator that measures the changes in the volume of production of a basket of industrial goods over some time.
• It is a composite index that reflects the performance of the industrial sector of an economy.
• The IIP is compiled and released by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
• The IIP is calculated using a Laspeyres index formula, which means that the weights assigned to different industries are based on their relative importance in a base year. The current base year for the IIP is 2011-12.
• The eight core sector industries represent about 40% of the weight of items that are included in the IIP.
• The eight core industries are Refinery Products, Electricity, Steel, Coal, Crude Oil, Natural Gas, Cement and Fertilizers.
• It covers 407 item groups included into 3 categories viz. Manufacturing, Mining and Electricity.
• The IIP is a useful tool for assessing the health of the industrial sector and the overall economy.
• It is used by policymakers, businesses, and investors to track trends in industrial production and make informed decisions.

3. Significance of IIP

The IIP is a significant economic indicator that provides insights into the following aspects

• The IIP reflects the growth or decline of the industrial sector, which is a major contributor to overall economic growth.
• The IIP measures the level of industrial activity, indicating the production volume of various industries.
• The IIP serves as a guide for policymakers to assess the effectiveness of economic policies and make informed decisions.
• Businesses use the IIP to assess market conditions, make production plans, and evaluate investment opportunities.
• The IIP influences investor sentiment as it reflects the overall health of the industrial sector.

4. Service Sector and IIP

• The IIP does not include the service sector. It focuses on the production of goods in the industrial sector, such as manufacturing, mining, and electricity.
• The service sector is measured by a separate index, the Index of Services Production (ISP).
• The IIP data is released monthly by the Central Statistical Organisation (CSO) in India.
• The data is released with a lag of six weeks, allowing for the collection and compilation of information from various industries.

5. Users of IIP Data

The IIP data is used by a wide range of stakeholders, including:

• Government agencies and central banks use the IIP to assess economic conditions and formulate policies.
• Companies use the IIP to evaluate market trends, make production decisions, and assess investment opportunities.
• Investors use the IIP to gauge the health of the industrial sector and make investment decisions.
• Economic analysts and researchers use the IIP to study economic trends and develop forecasts.
• The IIP is widely reported in the media and is of interest to the general public as an indicator of economic performance.

• Factory output gained on the back of a 9.3 per cent increase in manufacturing, which accounts for 77.6 per cent of the weight of the IIP (Index of Industrial Production).
• Manufacturing output had grown by 5 per cent in July and had contracted by 0.5 per cent in August 2022.
• In absolute terms, it improved to 143.5 in August from 141.8 in July and 131.3 in the year-ago period.
• As per the IIP data, seven of the 23 sectors in manufacturing registered a contraction in August, with furniture, apparel, and computer and electronics among the significant non-performers.
• Among the performing sectors, fabricated metal products, electrical equipment and basic metals fared better.
• Garments and chemicals witnessed negative growth. This can be attributed to lower growth in exports as these two are export-dependent.
• The electronics industry also witnessed negative growth, which again can be linked to existing high stocks and lower export demand.
• In terms of the use-based industries, consumer durables output returned to positive territory for the second time this fiscal with 5.7 per cent growth in August, reflecting a pickup in consumption demand.
• However, it came on the back of a 4.4 per cent contraction in consumer durables output in the year-ago period.
• Primary, infrastructure/ construction, and capital goods recorded double-digit growth rates in August at 12.4 per cent, 14.9 per cent and 12.6 per cent, respectively.

 

Source: indianexpress

 

LIGHTNING

1. Context

The death toll due to lightning strikes and hailstorms in Bihar climbed to 61 in the last 24 hours, officials said on Friday. While 39 people died due to hailstorms and rain-related incidents, 22 died due to lightning strikes

2. What is lightning and how does it occur?

• Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs when there is an imbalance between the storm clouds and the earth or even within the clouds.
• Scientists believe that for lightning to occur, positive and negative charges must separate within a cloud.
• This happens, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), when the water droplets in the bottom part of the cloud are moved upwards, where the much colder atmosphere freezes them into small ice crystals. 
• As these small ice crystals continue to go up, they gain more mass and eventually become so heavy that they start to fall down to earth.
• This causes a system in which ice crystals going down collides with the water vapors coming up, leading to the accumulation of positive charges on the top of the cloud and negative changes gathering at the base, while the atmosphere between them in the cloud acts as an insulator.
• When the positive and negative charges grow large enough, their strength overpowers the insulating properties of the properties.
• As a result, the two kinds of changes meet with each other and produce lightning.
• Although most of the lightning takes place within the clouds, sometimes it is directed towards Earth also. With the base of the cloud becoming negatively charged, positive charges start accumulating on tall objects, like trees, poles, and buildings.

3. Why is it a matter of concern?

• Data from the National Crime Records Bureau show that since 2005, lightning has been responsible for at least 2,000 fatalities annually.
• Rural areas account for more than 90% of lightning-related fatalities,
• It is not considered a natural calamity, thus unlike in the case of floods or earthquakes, the afflicted people are not entitled to government compensation.

4. Where are the lightning hotspots around the world?

• It has been discovered by scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama that lightning strikes the tropics more than 100 million times a year.
• Asia, South America, North America, Australia, and Africa are the other continents having the highest concentration of lightning hotspots.
• According to experts, lightning strikes are expected to rise by 25-50% as a result of climate change.

5. Findings of the latest study

• The researchers analyzed 5,858 selected lightning-ignited fires based on satellite images of US wildfires between 1992 and 2018 and found that approximately 90 percent of them might have been started by "hot lightning" strikes.
• Also known as long continuing current (LOC), this type of lightning strike can last from around 40 milliseconds to nearly a third of a second.

6. Why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?

• Lightning with continuing currents can transport more energy from cloud to ground than typical lightning. When lightning with continuing currents attaches to ground or vegetation, they produce more Joule heating and higher temperature than typical lightning, increasing the probability of ignition.
• With the help of computer simulations, the researchers also looked at the frequency of "hot lightning" strikes and observed that as the atmosphere warms, there might be an increase of 41 percent in the incidents of LCC strikes by 2090.
• This means that the rate of such lightning flashes could jump from three strikes per second globally to four strikes per second. Meanwhile, the frequency of all cloud-to-ground strikes might increase to nearly eight flashes per second, a 28 percent jump.
• According to the study, the areas that might witness a significant increase in wildfires triggered by the LCC strikes are Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, Australia, North, America, and Europe.
• The researchers predicted this after accounting for changes in precipitation, humidity, and temperature.
• However, many northern polar regions might see a decrease in wildfires as rainfall is projected to increase while "hot lightning " rates remain constant.

7. Government initiatives to tackle this problem

• Lightning Alert System provides a location-specific forecast of thunder, lightning, strong winds, high winds, and hailstorms occurrences for up to 48 hours.
• The Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system has been released by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to alert citizens to imminent thunderstorms and lightning.
• From the INSAT-3DR satellite, which uploads data every 15 minutes, ISRO provides information about convective clouds.
• A GPS notification from the Damini App, which was created by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Earth System Science organization, alerts users when lightning is nearby and is between 20 to 40 kilometers away.

8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration is an American Scientific and regulatory agency within the United States Department of Commerce that forecasts weather monitors oceanic and atmospheric conditions, chart the seas, conducts deep sea exploration, and manages fishing and protection of marine mammals and endangered species.

NOAA provides services to its customers and information pertaining to the state of the oceans and the atmosphere, such as weather warnings and forecasts via the National Weather Service.

NOAA’s five fundamental activities are

• Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
• Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of data.
• Assessing and predicting the changes in these systems over time.
• Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with relevant information.
• Custodianship of environmental resources.

Previous year question

 

1. During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the (UPSC 2013) 1. meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky 2. lightning that separates the nimbus clouds 3. violent upward movement of air and water particles Select the correct answer using the codes given below. A.1 only  B.2 and 3  C.1 and 3    D.None of the above produces the thunder Answer : D

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Lightning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), INSAT-3DR satellite, Long continuing current (LOC), and Damini App. For Mains:1. What is lightning and discuss how does it occur and explain why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?

 

 Source: The Indian Express

 

ELECTRONIC VOTING MACHINE (EVM)

 

 

1. Context

Against the backdrop of claims by U.S. Director of National Intelligence Tulsi Gabbard that electronic voting systems are vulnerable to hacking, the Election Commission on Friday said India uses electronic voting machines (EVM) which work like “simple, correct and accurate calculators” and cannot be connected to either the Internet, Wi-Fi, or Infrared

 

2. What is an electronic voting machine (EVM)?

 

• An electronic voting machine (EVM) serves as a portable device utilized in the electoral process for parliamentary, legislative, and local body elections, including panchayats and municipalities.
• The EVM operates on microcontroller technology, aiming to modernize the election process while ensuring the elimination of invalid votes and maintaining the utmost secrecy of voting data. Additionally, it expedites the counting process, ensuring accuracy. The recorded voting data within EVMs can be stored for extended periods and retrieved when necessary.
• This technological system is dependable for conducting elections where a single candidate must be elected from multiple options, as it is configured for one position and one vote per voter. Utilizing the EVM, voters can cast their ballots for their preferred candidate or select the "None of the Above" (NOTA) option, which is provided in each machine for voters who opt not to support any contestant.
• In 1989, India's Election Commission (EC), in collaboration with two central government entities — the Electronics Corporation of India (ECIL) and Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL) — developed the nation's own Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). These machines saw their inaugural use during the 1999 Goa State Assembly elections

3. How does it work?

 

• To indicate their choice, a voter must press the button corresponding to the preferred candidate, prompting a red light to illuminate next to the candidate's name and symbol. Additionally, a prolonged beep will sound, confirming the successful casting of the vote.

• Inside the polling booth, the presiding officer will activate the ballot unit once the voter enters the designated compartment.

• To select a candidate, press the blue button adjacent to their name and symbol on the ballot unit.

• Upon selection, the candidate's name or symbol will be highlighted by a glowing red light, accompanied by an audible beep.

• Subsequently, the voter will receive a printed ballot slip featuring the selected candidate's name, symbol, and a serial number

4.Working Module of EVM

 

• An Electronic Voting Machine (EVM) comprises two components: a control unit and a balloting unit, interconnected by a five-meter cable.
• The control unit is assigned to a polling officer, while the balloting unit is placed within a compartment for voters to cast their votes. EVMs are adaptable even in areas lacking electricity, as they can operate using alkaline batteries.
• In the polling station, the control unit remains under the supervision of the Presiding Officer and is positioned inside the voting compartment, responsible for tallying the votes. Conversely, the balloting units are stationed within the voting compartment to facilitate voters in casting their ballots.
• The balloting unit offers voters blue buttons labeled horizontally with party symbols and corresponding candidate names. In contrast, the Control Unit provides the officer-in-charge with a 'Ballot' marked button, allowing them to proceed to the next voter without issuing a physical ballot paper

5.Controversy around the use of EVMs

The employment of Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) has stirred controversy in various regions due to concerns over their reliability, security, and transparency. Some of the controversies surrounding EVMs include:

• Security Concerns: Critics argue that EVMs are susceptible to tampering and hacking, which could compromise the integrity of election results. There have been allegations of EVM manipulation through malicious software or physical tampering, raising doubts about the fairness of elections.

• Lack of Transparency: The opaque nature of EVMs, particularly regarding the inner workings of the software and hardware, has been a point of contention. Critics argue that without a paper trail or verifiable audit mechanism, it's challenging to ensure the accuracy of election outcomes and detect any potential malfunctions or manipulation.

• Limited Accessibility: EVMs may pose challenges for certain demographics, such as elderly voters or those with disabilities, who may find it difficult to operate the electronic interface. This raises concerns about the inclusivity and accessibility of the electoral process.

• Trust and Confidence: Public trust in EVMs is crucial for the legitimacy of election results. However, controversies surrounding EVMs, including allegations of malfunctioning or tampering, can undermine trust in the electoral process and lead to doubts about the validity of election outcomes.

• Legal Challenges: In some cases, legal challenges have been filed questioning the legality or constitutionality of using EVMs in elections. These challenges often revolve around issues such as the absence of a paper trail, the reliability of electronic systems, and the potential for manipulation

6. What are VVPATs?

 

Voter Verifiable Paper Audit Trail (VVPAT) is a mechanism introduced to enhance the transparency and credibility of electronic voting systems, particularly Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs). VVPAT provides a physical paper trail that allows voters to verify that their vote has been accurately recorded by the EVM.

Here's how VVPAT works:

• Paper Record: When a voter casts their vote using an EVM, the VVPAT system prints a paper slip containing the details of the vote, including the name and symbol of the candidate selected by the voter. This paper slip is visible through a transparent window for a few seconds before being automatically cut and dropped into a sealed box.

• Verification by Voter: The voter can visually inspect the printed paper slip to confirm that it accurately reflects their chosen candidate. This allows voters to verify that their vote has been cast as intended.

• Audit Trail: The paper slips collected in the sealed box serve as a physical audit trail of the electronic votes recorded by the EVM. In case of any dispute or recount, these paper slips can be used to verify the accuracy of the electronic results.

7. Representation of People Act, 1981

 

• The Representation of the People Act, 1981 is a significant legislation in India that primarily deals with the conduct of elections and the qualifications and disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures. However, there is no such legislation by the name "Representation of the People Act, 1981."
• Instead, the primary legislation governing elections in India is the Representation of the People Act, 1951. This Act has been amended several times, including in 1981, to accommodate changes in electoral processes, procedures, and to address emerging issues related to elections.
• The Representation of the People Act, 1951, covers various aspects of elections, including the preparation of electoral rolls, delimitation of constituencies, qualifications and disqualifications for membership of Parliament and State Legislatures, conduct of elections, election offences and disputes, and the powers and functions of the Election Commission of India.
• It's important to note that while the Representation of the People Act, 1951, remains the primary legislation governing elections, there have been amendments and additions made over the years to address evolving electoral practices and challenges

 

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance For Mains: Governance, Constitution and Polity.

 

Previous Year Questions Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body. 2. The Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. 3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 3 only Answer (d) The election commission has three election commissioners, one Chief Election Commissioner and two Election Commissioners. Hence statement 1 is incorrect.Election commission decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections. Hence statement 2 is incorrect. It also decides the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognized political parties. Hence only statement 3 is correct. Mains In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (2018)

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

NATIONAL INVESTIGATION AGENCY (NIA)

1. Context

 An associate of Lashkar-e-Taiba scout David Coleman Headley, Rana was formally arrested by the National Investigation Agency (NIA) soon after completion of legal formalities at the airport. His medical examination too was done at the airport

2. About National Investigation Agency (NIA)

• The National Investigation Agency (NIA) is a federal counter-terrorism law enforcement agency in India.
• It was established in 2008 after the Mumbai terror attack the same year.
• The NIA is empowered to deal with the investigation of terror-related crimes across states without special permission from the states under written proclamation from the Ministry of Home Affairs.
• The primary mandate of the National Investigation Agency is to investigate and prosecute offences that have national and cross-border implications, specifically focusing on terrorism, insurgency, and other related matters.
• The NIA is headquartered in New Delhi and has 12 regional offices across the country.
• It is headed by a Director General of Police (DGP) rank officer.
• The NIA has a team of highly trained and experienced officers who are experts in counter-terrorism investigations.
• The NIA has been successful in investigating and prosecuting several high-profile terrorism cases, including the 26/11 Mumbai attacks, the 2012 Pune bombing, the 2013 Hyderabad blasts, and the 2014 Pathankot attack.
• The NIA has also played a key role in disrupting terrorist networks and preventing terrorist attacks.
• It has arrested several senior terrorist operatives and seized a large quantity of arms and ammunition.

3. The Changes Made under the NIA (Amendment) Act 2019

The National Investigation Agency (Amendment) Act, 2019, brought significant changes and enhancements to the powers and jurisdiction of the National Investigation Agency (NIA) in India. The amendments aimed to strengthen the agency's ability to combat terrorism and other transnational crimes effectively.

The key changes made under the NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019

• The amendment expanded the jurisdiction of the NIA. Previously, the agency could investigate cases related to terrorism and certain other offences listed in the NIA Act.
• The Act adds new offences to the list of scheduled offences that can be investigated by the NIA. These include

• Cyber terrorism under Section 66-F of the Information Technology Act, 2000
• Human trafficking under Section 370 of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Counterfeiting of currency or bank notes under Sections 489C and 489E of the Indian Penal Code, 1860
• Manufacture or sale of prohibited arms or ammunition under Sections 25 and 26 of the Arms Act, 1959
• Offenses under the Explosive Substances Act, 1908

• This extension of jurisdiction gives the NIA greater reach and authority in handling cases with international ramifications.
•  The amendment allowed for the establishment of special courts for the trial of NIA cases.
• These courts are designated to expedite the trial process and ensure that cases are heard and disposed of more quickly, particularly in terrorism-related cases.
• The NIA (Amendment) Act introduced provisions for the protection of witnesses.
• It empowers the NIA to request the central government to issue orders for the protection of witnesses.
• Ensuring the safety of witnesses is crucial for the successful prosecution of cases, especially in terrorism-related trials.
• The amended law allows the NIA to seize and attach properties that are believed to be the proceeds of terrorism or used for terrorism-related activities.
• This provision is essential in disrupting the financial networks of terrorist organizations.
• The NIA can now request the central government to seek extradition of individuals involved in terrorism and other offences under the NIA Act.
• This provision facilitates the extradition of accused persons from foreign countries to face trial in India.
• The central government has the authority to designate session courts as NIA Special Courts.
• These courts are responsible for the trial of NIA cases and follow the procedures outlined in the NIA Act.
• The NIA Act includes a schedule listing offences that fall under its jurisdiction.
• The amendment allows for offences in this schedule to be amended by the central government through notification.
• This flexibility allows for the inclusion of new offences based on emerging threats and challenges.
• The NIA (Amendment) Act includes provisions to enhance transparency and accountability in the agency's functioning.
• It mandates the submission of an annual report on its activities to the central government, which is then laid before both houses of Parliament.

4. The Way Forward

The NIA is a vital component of India's counter-terrorism architecture. By taking the necessary steps to improve the NIA's functioning, the government can make the agency more effective in combating terrorism and protecting the country from terrorist threats.

 

For Prelims: National Investigation Agency, Terrorism, NIA Act,2008,  NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, the Ministry of Home Affairs, Information Technology Act, 2000, Indian Penal Code, Arms Act 1959, Explosive Substances Act, 1908,  For Mains:  1. "The NIA (Amendment) Act, 2019, introduced provisions for the confiscation of property believed to be connected to terrorism." Analyze the significance of this provision in curbing the financial networks of terrorist organizations and its alignment with international counter-terrorism efforts. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions 1. The Stiglitz Commission established by the President of the United Nations General Assembly was in the international news. The commission was supposed to deal with: (UPSC CSE 2010) (a) The challenges posed by the impending global climate change and prepare a road map (b) The workings of the global financial systems and to explore ways and means to secure a more sustainable global order (c) Global terrorism and prepare a global action plan for the mitigation of terrorism (d) Expansion of the United Nations Security Council in the present global scenario Answer: B 2. Match List - I with List-II and select the correct answer using the codes given below the lists: (UPPSC 2020) List – I                              List – II A. Indian Arm Act             1. 1876 B. Royal Title Act              2. 1878 C. Indian High Court Act   3. 1869 D. Indian Divorce Act        4. 1861 A. (A) 2, (B) 3, (C) 1, (D) 4 B. (A) 3, (B) 1, (C) 2, (D) 4 C. (A) 1, (B) 2, (C) 3, (D) 4 D. (A) 2, (B) 1, (C) 4, (D) 3 Answer: D 3. Which one of the following is NOT correctly matched? (UPPSC RO/ARO 2020)  A. Prevention of Sedition Meetings Act - 1908 B. Explosive Substances Act - 1908 C. Indian Criminal Law Amendment Act - 1908 D. Newspaper (Incentive to Offence) Act - 1908 Answer: A

 

Source: indianexpress

 

CRITICAL MINERALS

 

 

1. Context

 

In a bid to boost coal production in the United States, President Donald Trump has designated the carbon-based fuel as a “mineral” and instructed officials to determine whether it meets the definition of a “critical mineral”.

 

2. What are Critical Minerals?

 

Critical minerals are raw materials that are essential for economic and national security, but whose supply may be at risk due to geological scarcity, geopolitical issues, trade policy, or other factors

Critical minerals are typically defined by governments or organizations based on their importance to the economy and the potential risks to their supply

• Rare Earth Elements (REEs): neodymium, dysprosium, terbium
• Lithium
• Cobalt
• Graphite
• Gallium
• Indium
• Tungsten
• Platinum Group Metals (PGMs)

3. Why are critical minerals important?

 

• Minerals such as copper, lithium, nickel, and cobalt, along with certain rare earth elements, are considered critical due to their essential role in the global transition to greener and cleaner energy sources.
• According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), the demand for lithium surged by 30% in 2023, with nickel, cobalt, graphite, and rare earth elements experiencing growth between 8% and 15%, collectively valued at $325 billion.
• The IEA's Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2024 report indicates that achieving the world's goal of limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius within a net-zero emissions framework will necessitate a significant increase in demand for these minerals.
• By 2040, copper demand is projected to rise by 50%, nickel, cobalt, and rare earth elements by 100%, graphite by 300%, and lithium by 800%, which is vital for battery production.
• Developing sustainable supply chains for these minerals is therefore crucial. In India, the absence of readily available reserves has led to complete import dependence for minerals such as lithium, cobalt, and nickel. 

4. What is being done to spur production?

 

• Although India possesses natural reserves of several critical minerals, they remain largely unexplored and untapped. For example, despite holding 11% of the world's ilmenite deposits, which is the primary source of titanium dioxide used in numerous applications, India still imports a billion dollars' worth of titanium dioxide annually, as noted by former Mines Secretary Vivek Bharadwaj.
• Additionally, the "lucky" discovery of lithium reserves in the Union Territory of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) by the Geological Survey of India (GSI) while exploring for limestone has raised hopes for achieving some level of self-sufficiency in lithium. Announced in February as India's first lithium find, these reserves are estimated at 5.9 million tonnes, prompting the government to expedite their extraction.
• Recognizing the risks of relying on a limited number of countries for these minerals and their processing, the central government amended the Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Act, 1957 in August 2023 to allow mining concessions for 24 critical and strategic minerals.

5. Way Forward

 

The list of what's considered "critical" can vary by country and change over time based on technological developments and geopolitical situations. The management of critical minerals is an ongoing challenge that requires balancing economic needs, environmental concerns, and geopolitical realities

 

 

For Prelims: Critical minerals, Ministry of Mines, carbon emissions,  cleaner energy,  lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, copper, Selenium, Cadmium, Centre of Excellence on critical minerals, Australia's CSIRO, Geological Survey of India,    For Mains:  1. What are critical minerals? Discuss their significance for a country's economic development and national security. Explain how the identification of critical minerals helps in reducing import dependency and ensuring resource security. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010) Mineral                         90%Natural sources in 1. Copper                       Jharkhand 2. Nickel                        Orissa 3. Tungsten                    Kerala Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?   A. 1 and 2 only            B. 2 only             C. 1 and 3 only            D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012) 1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export. 2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only              B. 2 and 3 only           C. 1 and 3 only          D.  1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   3. In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller's Organization (CCO)? (UPSC 2022) 1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India. 2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks. 3. It hears any objection to the Government's notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas. 4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3            B. 3 and 4 only           C. 1 and 2 only          D. 1, 2 and 4   Answer: A   4. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)  A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year. B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels. C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place. D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.   Answer: A   5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018) Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy. A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true   Answer: C   6. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017) A.  Lead Acid        B. Manganese        C. Lithium ion        D. Nickel metal hydride   Answer: C   7. White gold is an alloy of (UPSC CAPF 2022)  A. gold, nickel and palladium B. gold, cobalt and palladium C. gold, titanium and platinum D. gold, magnesium and palladium   Answer: A   8. Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance? (UPSC 2012)  1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity. 2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far. 3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency. 4. It can be used as 'conducting electrodes' required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only          B. 3 and 4 only         C.  1, 2 and 4 only          D.  1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: C   9. Graphite and diamonds are__________. (WBCS Prelims 2020)   A. isotopes           B.  isomers             C. isotones           D. allotropes   Answer: D   10. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020) 1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only         B. 2 and 3 only        C.  3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: D   11. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (UPSC 2013) 1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below. A. 1 and 3 only           B. 2, 4 and 5 only          C. 1, 3 and 5 only           D.  1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   Answer: C   12. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of the bioremediation technique? (UPSC 2017) 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below:  A. 1 only         B.  2 and 3 only          C.  1 and 3 only             D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   13. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (UPSC 2013)  1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium 3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor 5. Mercury 6. Lead 7. Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.  A. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only           B. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only          C. 2, 4, 5 and 7 only               D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7   Answer: B   14. When was the Geological Survey of India (GSI) of India founded? (UPRVUNL Staff Nurse 2021) A. 1851             B. 1951            C. 1871              D. 1931   Answer: A

 

 

Source: The Hindu

 

GENOME INDIA PROJECT

1. Context 

The first part of India’s ambitious programme to map the genetic diversity of its people is now complete, and its data are ready to be used. The Genome India Project (GIP) has catalogued entire gene sequences of 10,000 individuals from 83 population groups.

2. About Genome Sequencing

• The human genome is the entire set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) residing in the nucleus of every cell of the human body.
• It carries the complete genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of an organism.
• The DNA consists of a double-stranded molecule built up by four bases.
• While the sequence of base pairs is identical in all humans, there are differences in the genome of every human being that make them unique.
• The process of deciphering the order of base pairs, to decode the genetic fingerprint of a human is called genome sequencing.
• In 1990, a group of scientists began to work on determining the whole sequence of the human genome under the Human Genome Project.
• The Project released its latest version of the complete human genome in 2023, with a 0.3 per cent error margin.
• This shows that genomic sequencing has now evolved to a stage where large sequencers can process thousands of samples simultaneously.
• There are several approaches to genome sequencing, including whole genome sequencing.
• The process of whole genome sequencing, made possible by the Human Genome Project, now facilitates the reading of a person's genome to identify differences from the average human genome.

3. Applications of sequencing

• Genome sequencing has been used to evaluate rare disorders, preconditions for disorders and even cancer from the viewpoint of genetics, rather than as diseases of certain organs.
• Nearly 10, 000 diseases including cystic fibrosis and thalassemia are known to be the result of a single gene malfunctioning.
• In public health, however, sequencing has been used to read the codes of viruses.
• One of its first practical usages was in 2014 when a group of scientists from M.I.T and Harvard sequenced samples of Ebola from infected African patients to show how genomic data of viruses could reveal hidden pathways of transmission.

4. Effective response against COVID-19

• In January 2020, at the start of the pandemic, Chinese scientist YongZhen Zhang sequenced the genome of a novel pathogen causing infections in the city of Wuhan.
• Mr Zhang then shared it with his virologist friend Edward Holmes in Australia, who published the genomic code online.
• It was after this that virologists began evaluating the sequence to try and understand how to combat the virus, track the mutating variants and their intensity and spread and come up with a vaccine.
• To enable an effective response against COVID-19, researchers kept track of emerging variants, conducting further studies about their transmissibility, immune escape and potential to cause severe disease.
• Genomic sequencing became one of the first steps in this important process.
• Here, the purpose of genome sequencing was to understand the role of certain mutations in increasing the virus's infectivity.
• India also put in place a sequencing framework the Indian SARSCOV2 Genomics Consortia (INSACOG).
• This consortium of labs across the country was tasked with scanning coronavirus samples from patents and flagging the presence of variants known to have spiked transmission internationally.
• As of early December 2021, INSACOG had sequenced about 1, 00, 000 samples.

5. About Genome India Project

• India's 1.3 billion strong population consists of over 4, 600 population groups, many of which are endogamous.
• Thus, the Indian population harbours distinct variations, with disease-causing mutations often amplified within some of these groups.
• But despite being a large population with diverse ethnic groups, India lacks a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations.
• Creating a database of Indian genomes allows researchers to learn about genetic variants unique to India's population groups and use that to customise drugs.
• About 20 institutions across India are involved in the Project.

For Prelims: Genome India Project, Covid-19, DNA,  For Mains:  1. What is the significance of genome sequencing? Discuss the reasons for the importance of the Genome India Project. (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of 'genome sequencing', often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future? (UPSC 2017)  1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants. 2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants. 3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only      B. 2 and 3 only      C. 1 and 3 only     D.  1, 2 and 3   Answer: D   2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)  1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent. 2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage. 3. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only      B. 2 and 3 only    C. 2 only     D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: D

 

Source: The Hindu

 

MAHAVIR JAYANTI

 

 

1. Context

 

Mahavir Jayanti, also referred to as Mahaveer Janma Kalyanak, is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of Lord Mahavira, the 24th and the last ‘Thirthankara’ of Jainism. This year it is celebrated on 10th April.

 

2. About Mahavir Jain

 

• Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism, devoted three decades of his life journeying across the Indian subcontinent, spreading his teachings rooted in non-violence (Ahimsa), truthfulness (Satya), non-stealing (Asteya), celibacy (Brahmacharya), and detachment from material possessions (Aparigraha). These ethical principles eventually became the core values of Jainism.

• Jain philosophy emphasizes the complexity of truth and reality through its doctrines of Anekantavada (the belief in the multifaceted nature of reality) and Syadvada (the theory of conditioned predication or "may-be" doctrine). It asserts that reality is not absolute and can be perceived in multiple ways. Every entity is understood to have three aspects: substance (dravya), quality (guna), and mode (paryaya).

• Regarding living beings (jivas), Jainism teaches that all souls are inherently equal and endowed with four infinite attributes: boundless knowledge, faith, power, and bliss (anantacatustaya). The doctrine maintains that the endless cycle of birth and rebirth is governed by the law of karma. Since even unintended actions can accumulate karma, Jains aim to minimize harm in all forms, refraining not only from harmful acts but also from occupations that could indirectly cause injury. Consequently, professions such as agriculture, which may involve harm to living organisms, were traditionally discouraged.

• The path to liberation in Jainism is guided by the Triratna or the "Three Jewels": right perception (samyag-darshana), right knowledge (samyag-jnana), and right conduct (samyag-charitra). Jain monks and nuns take five major vows (panchamahavrata), which include practicing complete non-violence in thought, word, and deed; speaking only the truth; refraining from theft; renouncing sensual desires; and leading a life of detachment by not claiming ownership over any material object

 

Tirhankar Circuit   As part of the Ministry of Tourism’s ‘Swadesh Darshan’ Scheme launched in 2015, the government has undertaken the development of several theme-based religious tourism circuits, including the Tirthankar circuit. In the state of Bihar, the sites identified for development under this circuit include Vaishali, Arrah, Masad, Patna, Rajgir, Pawapuri, and Champapuri

 

 

3. Sects of Jainism

 

• Historian Upinder Singh suggests that the Jaina monastic community was likely divided into two main sects—the Digambaras (those who go naked) and the Shvetambaras (those who wear white)—by around 300 CE. Jain traditions narrate that during the decline of Chandragupta Maurya’s reign, a severe famine compelled a group of Jain monks to migrate from the Ganga plains to the Deccan region.

• Some versions of the tradition state that Bhadrabahu led the migrating monks, who stayed for 12 years in the Karnataka region. Upon their return, they noticed that the monks who remained in the north, led by Sthulabhadra, had adopted the practice of wearing clothes.

• This divergence in practices eventually formalized into two distinct sects: the Digambaras, who continued the tradition of nudity, and the Shvetambaras, who adopted white robes.

• A key doctrinal difference between the two is that Digambaras believe that women must first be reborn as men to achieve liberation, whereas the Shvetambaras accept that women are capable of attaining jina-hood, or spiritual liberation, in their current form.

• The earliest Jain scriptures were composed in Ardh-Magadhi and are collectively referred to as the Siddhanta or Agama texts. The Shvetambara canon consists of a wide range of texts including the 12 Angas, Upangas, Cheda Sutras, Mula Sutras, and Prakirnas.

• According to Shvetambara accounts, the Angas were first compiled during a council held in Pataliputra, and the full canon was finalized in the 5th or 6th century CE at a council in Valabhi, Gujarat, under the leadership of Devarddhi Kshamashramana.

• Additional significant contributions to Jain literature include the Charitas, or Jaina Puranas, preserved by the Shvetambara sect. The Adi Purana from the 9th century narrates the life story of the first Tirthankara, Rishabha.

• Similarly, the Harivamsha Purana from the 8th century presents Jain retellings of the Mahabharata figures such as Krishna, Balarama, the Pandavas, and the Kauravas. Another major text, Parishishtaparvan written by Hemachandra in the 12th century, offers insight into the early Jaina teacher lineages and includes relevant aspects of political history

 

 

For Prelims: Jainism, Budhism, Mahavir Jayanthi   For Mains: GS I - Art & Culture

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to ancient Jainism, which one of the following statements is correct? (2004) (a) Jainism was spread in South India under the leadership of Sthalabahu (b) The Jainism who remained under the leadership of Bhadrabahu were called Shvetambaras after the council held at Pataliputra (c) Jainism enjoyed the patronage of the Kalinga king Kharavela in the 1st century BC (d) In the initial stage, of Jainism, the Jain worshipped images unlike Buddhists 2. With reference to the religious practices in India, the “Sthanakvasi” sect belongs to (2018) (a) Buddhism (b) Jainism (c) Vaishnavism (d) Shaivism 3.The concept of Anuvrata was advocated by (1995) (a) Mahayana Buddhism (b) Hinayana Buddhism (c) Jainism (d) The Lokayukta School Answers - 1-c 2-b 3-c

Source: Indianexpress

 

 

NATIONAL CRITICAL MINERAL MISSION(NCMM)

 

 

1. Context

 

Government of India launched the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) in 2025 to establish a robust framework for self-reliance in the critical mineral sector

 

2. What is the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)?

 

• The National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) is a strategic initiative by the Government of India aimed at securing the nation's access to essential minerals that are crucial for modern technologies and industrial development.
• These minerals, often referred to as "critical minerals," include lithium, cobalt, nickel, rare earth elements, and others that play a vital role in sectors such as renewable energy, electronics, electric mobility, defense, and telecommunications.
• India’s growing push towards clean energy, electric vehicles, and advanced manufacturing has significantly increased the demand for these minerals. However, many of these resources are either scarce within India or are largely controlled by a few countries, making their supply highly vulnerable to geopolitical and market uncertainties.
• Recognizing this challenge, the NCMM has been envisioned to ensure a reliable, long-term, and secure supply chain for critical minerals.
• Under this mission, India seeks to undertake comprehensive mapping and exploration of its own geological resources to identify potential domestic sources of critical minerals.
• At the same time, the mission aims to foster international partnerships and joint ventures in mineral-rich countries to access these essential resources.
• In addition to exploration and acquisition, the NCMM focuses on building the capacity for value addition, processing, and recycling of critical minerals within the country, thereby reducing dependence on imports and enhancing self-reliance.
• The mission also emphasizes sustainability and environmental responsibility in mineral extraction and processing. It integrates research and innovation to develop efficient technologies for extraction, separation, and recycling of these minerals.
• Overall, the National Critical Mineral Mission reflects India’s strategic vision to secure its mineral resources in line with its developmental goals, green transition agenda, and national security interests

 

3. Significance of National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)

 

• The significance of the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) lies in its strategic role in safeguarding India's economic growth, technological advancement, and national security in an increasingly resource-competitive world.
• As India transitions toward clean energy, digital infrastructure, and advanced manufacturing, the demand for critical minerals—such as lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, and rare earth elements—is expected to surge.
• These minerals are essential components in electric vehicle batteries, solar panels, wind turbines, electronics, and defense systems. However, India's domestic availability of many of these minerals is either limited or unexplored, and their global supply chains are often concentrated in a few countries, making India vulnerable to external shocks and supply disruptions.
• The NCMM is significant because it addresses this vulnerability by adopting a multi-pronged approach. It encourages extensive exploration and development of domestic mineral resources, reduces overdependence on imports, and ensures strategic tie-ups with resource-rich countries to secure stable and diversified supply chains.
• This is particularly important for ensuring energy security and industrial competitiveness in the long term.
• Moreover, by promoting research, innovation, and recycling of critical minerals, the mission supports the development of indigenous capabilities in mineral processing and value addition.
• This aligns with the broader goals of "Aatmanirbhar Bharat" (self-reliant India) and strengthens India's position in global supply chains, especially in emerging technologies.
• From a geopolitical perspective, the NCMM enhances India's strategic autonomy by reducing dependence on any single country for crucial inputs. Environmentally, it also promotes sustainable mining practices and efficient resource utilization, ensuring that the push for critical minerals does not come at the cost of ecological damage.
• In essence, the National Critical Mineral Mission is a foundational step in preparing India for the demands of the 21st-century economy—securing essential raw materials, supporting innovation and green technologies, and reinforcing national resilience in a rapidly changing global landscape

 

4. What are critical minerals?

 

• Critical minerals are naturally occurring elements or minerals that are essential for the functioning of modern technologies, national defense, clean energy systems, and advanced manufacturing, but which also face a high risk of supply disruption. Their "criticality" arises from two main factors: their economic importance and the vulnerability of their supply chains.
• These minerals are vital for a wide range of applications—from renewable energy technologies like solar panels, wind turbines, and batteries, to electronic devices, telecommunications, aerospace, and defense equipment.
• For instance, lithium, cobalt, and nickel are key components of lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs), while rare earth elements like neodymium and dysprosium are used in permanent magnets for wind turbines and electronics.
• What makes these minerals "critical" is not just their usage, but the challenges associated with their availability. Many critical minerals are geographically concentrated in a few countries—such as China, the Democratic Republic of Congo, or Australia—making other countries dependent on imports and vulnerable to geopolitical risks, trade restrictions, or supply shocks.
• In the Indian context, the government has identified several minerals as critical, including lithium, cobalt, graphite, nickel, rare earth elements, and tantalum, among others. These are essential for India's ambitions in renewable energy, electric mobility, and high-tech industries.
• Thus, critical minerals are at the heart of the 21st-century global economy, and their secure and sustainable supply is increasingly viewed as a matter of national interest and strategic importance

 

5. Components of NCMM

 

• Increasing Domestic Critical Minerals Production

• Acquisition of Critical Mineral Assets Abroad

• Recycling of Critical Minerals

• Trade and Markets for Critical Minerals

• Scientific Research and Technological Advancement

• Human Resource Development

• Developing Effective Funding, Financing, and Fiscal Incentives

 

6. Usage of Critical minerals

 

Critical minerals play a crucial role in supporting clean energy technologies and various industrial applications. Their relevance spans multiple sectors:

• Solar Energy
  Elements such as silicon, tellurium, indium, and gallium are essential for manufacturing photovoltaic (PV) cells, which are the core components of solar panels. India's existing solar power capacity of 64 GW significantly relies on these materials.

• Wind Energy
  Rare earth elements, particularly neodymium and dysprosium, are vital for producing permanent magnets used in wind turbines. With India setting a target to boost its wind energy capacity from the current 42 GW to 140 GW by 2030, a dependable supply of these minerals is critical.

• Electric Vehicles (EVs)
  Key minerals like lithium, cobalt, and nickel are integral to the production of lithium-ion batteries, which power electric vehicles. India’s National Electric Mobility Mission Plan (NEMMP) envisions the adoption of 6 to 7 million EVs by 2024, further intensifying the demand for these critical materials.

• Energy Storage
  Advanced energy storage systems, particularly those based on lithium-ion technology, require substantial amounts of lithium, nickel, and cobalt to function effectively.

 

 

7. Way Forward

 

India aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 45% by 2030 (from 2005 levels), achieve 50% of its electric power capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030, and reach net-zero emissions by 2070. To achieve these climate goals, the National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM) plays a vital role by building a resilient and self-reliant ecosystem for critical minerals. The mission focuses on boosting domestic production, encouraging private sector participation, strengthening international partnerships, and streamlining regulations to ensure a steady supply of minerals essential for clean energy technologies

 

For Prelims: National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM), Critical Minerals,  Usage of Critical minerals   For Mains: GS III - Environment & Ecology

 

 

 

For Prelims: Critical minerals, Ministry of Mines, carbon emissions,  cleaner energy,  lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, copper, Selenium, Cadmium, Centre of Excellence on critical minerals, Australia's CSIRO, Geological Survey of India,    For Mains:  1. What are critical minerals? Discuss their significance for a country's economic development and national security. Explain how the identification of critical minerals helps in reducing import dependency and ensuring resource security. (250 Words)

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010) Mineral                         90%Natural sources in 1. Copper                       Jharkhand 2. Nickel                        Orissa 3. Tungsten                    Kerala Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?   A. 1 and 2 only            B. 2 only             C. 1 and 3 only            D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: B   2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012) 1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export. 2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only              B. 2 and 3 only           C. 1 and 3 only          D.  1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   3. In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller's Organization (CCO)? (UPSC 2022) 1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India. 2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks. 3. It hears any objection to the Government's notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas. 4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3            B. 3 and 4 only           C. 1 and 2 only          D. 1, 2 and 4   Answer: A   4. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)  A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year. B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels. C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place. D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.   Answer: A   5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018) Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy. A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I) B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I) C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true   Answer: C   6. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017) A.  Lead Acid        B. Manganese        C. Lithium ion        D. Nickel metal hydride   Answer: C   7. White gold is an alloy of (UPSC CAPF 2022)  A. gold, nickel and palladium B. gold, cobalt and palladium C. gold, titanium and platinum D. gold, magnesium and palladium   Answer: A   8. Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance? (UPSC 2012)  1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity. 2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far. 3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency. 4. It can be used as 'conducting electrodes' required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 2 only          B. 3 and 4 only         C.  1, 2 and 4 only          D.  1, 2, 3 and 4   Answer: C   9. Graphite and diamonds are__________. (WBCS Prelims 2020)   A. isotopes           B.  isomers             C. isotones           D. allotropes   Answer: D   10. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020) 1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury. 2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 only         B. 2 and 3 only        C.  3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: D   11. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (UPSC 2013) 1. Arsenic 2. Sorbitol 3. Fluoride 4. Formaldehyde 5. Uranium Select the correct answer using the codes given below. A. 1 and 3 only           B. 2, 4 and 5 only          C. 1, 3 and 5 only           D.  1, 2, 3, 4 and 5   Answer: C   12. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of the bioremediation technique? (UPSC 2017) 1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature. 2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms. 3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation. Select the correct answer using the code given below:  A. 1 only         B.  2 and 3 only          C.  1 and 3 only             D. 1, 2 and 3   Answer: C   13. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (UPSC 2013)  1. Beryllium 2. Cadmium 3. Chromium 4. Heptachlor 5. Mercury 6. Lead 7. Plutonium Select the correct answer using the codes given below.  A. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only           B. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only          C. 2, 4, 5 and 7 only               D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7   Answer: B   14. When was the Geological Survey of India (GSI) of India founded? (UPRVUNL Staff Nurse 2021) A. 1851             B. 1951            C. 1871              D. 1931   Answer: A

 

Source: PIB