Current Affair

Back
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 27 MARCH 2025

PRIVILEGE MOTION

 
 
 
1. Context
BJP MLC Pravin Darekar on Wednesday moved a breach of privilege motion notice against stand-up comedian Kunal Kamra and Shiv Sena (UBT) spokesperson Sushma Andhare in the Maharashtra Legislative Council, alleging disrespect towards Deputy Chief Minister Eknath Shinde and the legislature
 
2. What are parliamentary privileges?
 
Parliamentary privileges are special rights and immunities granted to members of a parliament and the institution itself, aimed at ensuring the effective functioning of the legislative body. These privileges are essential for allowing parliamentarians to perform their duties without undue interference. They are generally based on principles of independence, freedom of speech, and protection from legal liabilities related to their parliamentary functions.
Parliamentary privileges are rooted in historical traditions and legal precedents, often enshrined in a country’s constitution or statutes. They are designed to uphold the independence and effectiveness of the legislative process and ensure that members can perform their roles without undue interference or intimidation
 
Here are some key aspects of parliamentary privileges:
  • Members of Parliament (MPs) enjoy immunity from legal action for statements made during parliamentary debates or proceedings. This ensures that they can speak freely and express their views on various issues without fear of defamation lawsuits or other legal repercussions
  • MPs are generally protected from arrest and detention while attending parliamentary sessions or while traveling to and from Parliament, except in cases of serious criminal offenses. This privilege helps ensure that their legislative duties are not interrupted
  • Parliaments have the authority to regulate their own internal procedures and discipline their members. This includes the power to expel members, suspend them, or address issues of misconduct
  • MPs are typically exempt from serving on juries, as their parliamentary duties are considered more important and cannot be interrupted by jury service.
  • MPs have the right to access and request documents and information necessary for performing their legislative functions. This includes the ability to summon witnesses and demand documents as part of parliamentary inquiries
  • Any actions that obstruct or disrespect parliamentary proceedings can be deemed as contempt of Parliament. This includes offenses like refusing to answer questions or disrupting proceedings.
  • Parliamentary committees have the power to conduct inquiries, summon witnesses, and request documents relevant to their investigations. They also have the authority to take evidence under oath
3. What is a privilege motion?
 
A privilege motion is a formal request made by a member of a legislature, usually in the form of a motion or proposal, to address a breach of parliamentary privilege. Parliamentary privilege refers to the special rights and immunities granted to members of Parliament to ensure the smooth functioning of legislative duties. A privilege motion is used to bring to the attention of the House any action that is perceived to have violated these privileges
 
Key Aspects of Privilege motion:
 

  • Purpose: The primary purpose of a privilege motion is to address and rectify an alleged breach of parliamentary privilege. This could include instances where the rights or immunities of Parliament or its members are infringed upon.

  • Types of Breaches: Common breaches that may prompt a privilege motion include:

    • Contempt of Parliament: Actions that obstruct or disrespect parliamentary proceedings.
    • Misrepresentation: Providing false or misleading information to Parliament.
    • Interference: Any external interference in parliamentary affairs or attempts to influence the legislative process improperly.

  • Procedure:

    • Submission: A member raises a privilege motion in the House, typically during a designated period or in accordance with specific rules set by the parliamentary procedure.
    • Content: The motion should clearly outline the nature of the breach and the specifics of how parliamentary privileges were violated.
    • Debate and Decision: Once the motion is raised, it is usually debated by the members of the House. Depending on the outcome of the debate, the House may take action to address the breach, which could include issuing a reprimand, taking disciplinary action, or other measures deemed appropriate
 
4. What is the constitutional provision with regard to the privilege motion?
 
The constitutional provisions related to privilege motions are primarily found in the context of the Indian Parliament and its functioning. In India, the provisions regarding parliamentary privileges and the handling of privilege motions are not explicitly detailed in the Constitution but are governed by established parliamentary rules and practices. However, some aspects are implicitly covered by constitutional principles and legislative provisions.
 

Constitutional Framework

  • Article 105 (Privileges of Parliament and its Members): Article 105 of the Indian Constitution provides the basis for parliamentary privileges and the powers of both Houses of Parliament (the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha). It states that:
    • Clause (1): Members of Parliament (MPs) have the freedom of speech in Parliament, and their speeches and writings cannot be questioned in any court of law. This ensures that MPs can speak freely during parliamentary sessions without fear of legal repercussions.
    • Clause (2): This clause provides that the privileges of the Parliament are not restricted by the Constitution but are determined by the rules of the House and customs. It includes the power to punish for contempt and the power to regulate its own proceedings.

Parliamentary Rules and Procedures

The specific procedures for raising and handling privilege motions are detailed in the rules of procedure of the respective Houses of Parliament:

  • Lok Sabha Rules: The rules governing privilege motions in the Lok Sabha (House of the People) are outlined in the "Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Lok Sabha". These rules detail the process for raising a privilege motion, including how it should be submitted, debated, and decided upon.

  • Rajya Sabha Rules: Similarly, the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) has its own set of rules and procedures, detailed in the "Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in the Rajya Sabha". These rules provide the framework for raising and addressing privilege motions in the Rajya Sabha.

Judicial Interpretation
  • Judicial Review: While parliamentary privileges are generally protected from judicial review, the Supreme Court of India has occasionally examined issues related to parliamentary privileges to ensure that they are not abused and that constitutional principles are upheld
 
5. What is the Privileges Committee of Parliament?
 
The Privileges Committee of Parliament is a key parliamentary body tasked with investigating and addressing issues related to breaches of parliamentary privilege. The committee plays a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of parliamentary proceedings and ensuring that the privileges of Parliament and its members are respected
 

Functions of the Privileges Committee

  • Investigating Complaints: The committee investigates allegations of breaches of parliamentary privilege, which can include issues like contempt of Parliament, misrepresentation, or interference with parliamentary proceedings.

  • Examining Evidence: The committee examines evidence related to the alleged breach, including testimonies, documents, and other relevant information.

  • Reporting Findings: After its investigation, the committee prepares a report detailing its findings and recommendations. This report is presented to the Parliament, and the recommendations may include disciplinary actions or other measures to address the breach.

  • Advising on Privilege Matters: The committee advises the Parliament on matters related to parliamentary privilege and may suggest changes to rules or procedures to prevent future breaches.

Composition

  • Lok Sabha (House of the People): In the Lok Sabha, the Privileges Committee typically consists of members from different political parties. The committee is chaired by a senior member, usually appointed by the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

  • Rajya Sabha (Council of States): Similarly, the Rajya Sabha has its own Privileges Committee, with members from various parties and chaired by a member appointed by the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha.

Procedure

  • Raising a Matter: A breach of privilege may be raised by a member of Parliament, often in the form of a privilege motion. If the motion is accepted, the matter may be referred to the Privileges Committee for investigation.

  • Investigation: The committee conducts a thorough investigation into the matter, which may involve collecting evidence, hearing witnesses, and reviewing documents.

  • Report Submission: The committee submits its report to the Parliament, outlining its findings and recommendations. The Parliament then debates the report and decides on the course of action.

 
 
 
For Prelims:  Indian Polity
For Mains: GS-II:  Parliament and State legislatures—structure, functioning, conduct of business, powers & privileges and issues arising out of these.
 
 
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)

 
 
1. Context
 
Batting for a simplified goods and services tax (GST) regime, Parliament’s Public Accounts Committee (PAC) has recommended that the Finance Ministry undertake a comprehensive review of the GST framework to identify and eliminate unnecessary procedures and requirements that complicate compliance
 
2. What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
  • The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on the supply of goods and services at each stage of the production and distribution chain. It is a comprehensive indirect tax that aims to replace multiple indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments in India.
  • GST is designed to simplify the tax structure, eliminate the cascading effect of taxes, and create a unified national market. Under the GST system, both goods and services are taxed at multiple rates based on the nature of the product or service. The tax is collected at each stage of the supply chain, and businesses are allowed to claim a credit for the taxes paid on their inputs.
  • The GST system in India came into effect on July 1, 2017, replacing a complex tax structure that included central excise duty, service tax, and state-level taxes like VAT (Value Added Tax), among others. The GST Council, consisting of representatives from the central and state governments, is responsible for making decisions on various aspects of GST, including tax rates and rules.
  • GST is intended to create a more transparent and efficient tax system, reduce tax evasion, and promote economic growth by fostering a seamless flow of goods and services across the country. It has a significant impact on businesses, as they need to comply with the new tax regulations and maintain detailed records of their transactions for GST filing

3.Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 101st Amendment Act, 2016

The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced through the 101st Amendment Act of 2016. This constitutional amendment was a crucial step in the implementation of GST, which aimed to create a unified and comprehensive indirect tax system across the country.

Here are some key points related to the 101st Amendment Act and GST:

 

  • The 101st Amendment Act was enacted to amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax.
  • It added a new article, Article 246A, which confers concurrent powers to both the central and state governments to levy and collect GST
  • The amendment led to the creation of the GST Council, a constitutional body consisting of representatives from the central and state governments. The council is responsible for making recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, and other related issues
  • The amendment introduced a dual GST structure, where both the central government and the state governments have the power to levy and collect GST on the supply of goods and services
  • For inter-state transactions, the 101st Amendment Act provides that the central government would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which would be a sum total of the central and state GST
  • The amendment also included a provision for compensating states for any revenue loss they might incur due to the implementation of GST for a period of five years
The 101st Amendment Act was a critical legislative step that provided the constitutional framework for the implementation of GST in India. It addressed the need for a unified tax system, simplifying the tax structure and promoting a common market across the country. The subsequent establishment of the GST Council has played a pivotal role in the ongoing management and evolution of the GST system in India
 
4. What are the different types of Goods and Services Tax (GST)?

In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is structured into different tax rates based on the nature of the goods and services. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the GST rates are divided into multiple slabs. It's important to note that tax rates may be subject to changes, and new amendments could have been introduced since then. As of my last update, the GST rates are as follows:

  • Nil Rate:

    • Some goods and services are categorized under the nil rate, meaning they attract a 0% GST. This implies that no tax is levied on the supply of these goods or services.

  • 5% Rate:

    • This is a lower rate, applicable to essential goods such as certain food items, medical supplies, and other basic necessities.

  • 12% Rate:

    • Goods and services falling in this category attract a 12% GST rate. Items such as mobile phones, processed foods, and certain services fall under this slab.

  • 18% Rate:

    • A higher rate of 18% is applicable to goods and services such as electronic items, capital goods, and various services.

  • 28% Rate:

    • The highest GST rate of 28% is applied to luxury items, automobiles, and certain goods and services that are considered non-essential or fall into the luxury category.

  • Compensation Cess:

    • In addition to the above rates, some specific goods attract a compensation cess, which is levied to compensate the states for any revenue loss during the transition to GST. This is often applied to items like tobacco and luxury cars.

  • Zero Rate:

    • Certain categories of goods and services may be specified as "zero-rated," which means they are effectively taxed at 0%. This is different from the nil rate, as it allows businesses to claim input tax credit on inputs, capital goods, and input services.

  • Exempt Supplies:

    • Some goods and services may be exempt from GST altogether. This means that they are not subject to any GST, and businesses cannot claim input tax credit on related inputs
 
5.Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union territory GST (UTGST) and Integrated GST (IGST)
 
 
Subject Central GST (CGST) State GST (SGST) Union Territory GST (UTGST) Integrated GST (IGST)
Levied by Central Government Respective State Governments Union Territory Administrations Central Government (on inter-state transactions)
Applicability On intra-state supplies (within the same state) On intra-state supplies (within the same state) On intra-union territory supplies (within the same union territory) On inter-state supplies (across states or union territories)
Rate Determination Determined by the Central Government Determined by the Respective State Government Determined by the Union Territory Administration IGST rate is a sum of CGST and SGST rates
Revenue Collection Collected by the Central Government Collected by the Respective State Government Collected by the Union Territory Administration Collected by the Central Government (on inter-state transactions)
Utilization of Revenue Shared between Central and State Governments Retained by the Respective State Government Retained by the Union Territory Administration Shared between Central and State Governments
Purpose Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover central taxes Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover state taxes Applicable in union territories for intra-territory supplies Applied to regulate and tax inter-state supplies
Input Tax Credit (ITC) ITC available for CGST paid on inputs and services ITC available for SGST paid on inputs and services ITC available for UTGST paid on inputs and services ITC available for both CGST and SGST paid on inputs
Tax Jurisdiction Applies within a particular state Applies within a particular state Applies within a particular union territory Applies to transactions across states and union territories
GSTN Portal for Filing Returns Central GSTN portal State-specific GSTN portals UTGSTN portal Integrated GSTN portal
 
 
6.What are the benefits of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?
 
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was implemented with the aim of bringing about significant reforms in the indirect tax structure. Several benefits have been associated with the introduction of GST.
 
Here are some key advantages:
 
  • GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. This streamlined system reduces the complexity of compliance for businesses
  • GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes are levied on top of other taxes. With a seamless credit mechanism, businesses can claim input tax credit on the taxes paid on their purchases, leading to a more transparent and efficient system
  • GST has facilitated the creation of a common national market by harmonizing tax rates and regulations across states. This has reduced trade barriers and promoted the free flow of goods and services throughout the country
  • The GST system has incorporated technology-driven processes, including electronic filing and real-time reporting, making it harder for businesses to evade taxes. This has contributed to increased tax compliance
  • The input tax credit mechanism under GST benefits manufacturers, as they can claim credits for taxes paid on raw materials and input services. This has a positive impact on the cost of production and enhances the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market
  • GST brings transparency to the taxation system. The online filing of returns and the availability of transaction-level data make it easier for tax authorities to monitor and track transactions, reducing the scope for corruption
  • GST has replaced a complex system of filing multiple tax returns with a more straightforward mechanism. Businesses now need to file fewer returns, reducing the compliance burden
  • The implementation of GST has contributed to an improvement in the ease of doing business in India. The unified tax system has made it simpler for businesses to operate across states and has reduced the paperwork and bureaucratic hurdles associated with tax compliance
  • GST has led to the harmonization of tax rates across states and union territories, minimizing the tax rate disparities that existed earlier. This creates a more predictable tax environment for businesses
7.Goods and Services Tax (GST)-Issues and Challenge
 
  • Despite the intention to simplify the tax structure, the multi-tiered rate system (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) and the inclusion of cess on certain goods have introduced complexity. The classification of goods and services under different tax slabs can be challenging, leading to disputes and confusion
  • The successful implementation of GST relies heavily on technology. Issues such as technical glitches on the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) portal, especially during the initial phases, have caused difficulties for businesses in filing returns and complying with regulations
  • The compliance requirements for businesses under GST, including multiple returns filing, have been perceived as burdensome. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find it challenging to adapt to the new system and comply with the various provisions
  • The transition from the previous tax regime to GST posed challenges, especially for businesses in terms of understanding the new tax structure, reconfiguring accounting systems, and ensuring a smooth transition of credits from the old tax system to the GST system
  • The classification of certain goods and services into specific tax slabs has been a source of contention. Ambiguities in classification have led to disputes and litigations, with businesses seeking clarity on the applicable tax rates
  • The implementation of GST has increased compliance costs for businesses due to the need for sophisticated IT infrastructure, the hiring of tax professionals, and efforts to ensure accurate reporting and filing
  • Challenges related to availing and matching input tax credits have been reported. Timely matching of credits and resolving discrepancies can be cumbersome, leading to concerns about the seamless flow of credit across the supply chain
  • The anti-profiteering provisions were introduced to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of anti-profiteering measures has been criticized for its complexity and potential for disputes
  • The periodic changes in the GST return filing system have created challenges for businesses in adapting their processes. Delays and complexities in return filing can affect working capital management
8.Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council)
 
The Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council) is a constitutional body in India that makes recommendations on the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Act, 2016, which introduced the GST in India

The GST Council consists of the following members:

  • The Union Finance Minister, who is the Chairperson of the Council.
  • The Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or any other Minister of State nominated by the Union Government.
  • One Minister from each state, nominated by the Governor of that state.
  • The Chief Secretary of each state, ex-officio.
  • If the President, on the recommendation of the Council, so directs, one representative of each Union territory which has a legislature, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of that Union territory.
  • Three to seven members (other than Ministers) to be nominated by the Union Government, of whom at least one member shall be from the field of economics and another from the field of chartered accountancy, legal affairs or public finance
9. Way forward
 
It's important to note that the composition and structure of the GST Council may evolve over time, and there might have been changes since my last update in January 2022. To obtain the latest and most accurate information about the GST Council and its members, it is recommended to refer to official government sources or recent announcements by the relevant authorities

 

For Prelims: Economic and Social Development and Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein

General Studies III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.Which of the following are true of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India in recent times? (UGC Paper II 2020)
A. It is a destination tax
B. It benefits producing states more
C. It benefits consuming states more
D. It is a progressive taxation
E. It is an umbrella tax to improve ease of doing business
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
A.B, D and E only
B.A, C and D only
C.A, D and E only
D.A, C and E only
Answer (D)
 
Source: Indianexpress
 

TEJAS AIRCRAFT

 
 
1. Context
Engine manufacturer General Electric (GE) Aerospace on Wednesday announced the delivery of the first of 99 F404-IN20 engines to Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd. (HAL) for the Tejas Light Combat Aircraft Mark-1A fighter jet, marking the commencement of deliveries for the delayed programme. Defence sources said that 12 engines are expected to be delivered this year
 
2.Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
 
  • The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) is a type of multi-role combat aircraft designed and developed for use by various air forces around the world. It is typically characterized by its lightweight construction, advanced avionics, and capabilities for both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.
  • LCAs are designed to operate in various combat scenarios, including close air support, air superiority, reconnaissance, and ground attack missions. They are often agile and versatile, capable of performing a wide range of missions with relatively low operating costs compared to larger, more complex fighter aircraft.
  • The development of LCAs typically involves a combination of advanced technologies, including fly-by-wire flight controls, advanced radar systems, and sophisticated weapon systems. These features enable the aircraft to operate effectively in modern combat environments, often incorporating stealth technology to reduce its radar signature and increase survivability.
  • Several countries have developed their own versions of the Light Combat Aircraft, each tailored to meet the specific requirements of their respective air forces. These aircraft play a crucial role in modern military operations, providing a cost-effective solution for various tactical air missions

3.LCA Tejas Specifications

The specifications of the LCA Tejas, which is developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in India, vary depending on the specific variant. However, here are some general specifications:

  • Dimensions:

    • Length: Approximately 13.2 meters (43 feet)
    • Wingspan: Approximately 8.2 meters (27 feet)
    • Height: Approximately 4.4 meters (14 feet)

  • Weight:

    • Empty Weight: Around 6,560 kilograms (14,470 pounds)
    • Maximum Takeoff Weight: Approximately 13,500 kilograms (29,750 pounds)

  • Powerplant:

    • Engine: General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan engine (in initial variants)
    • Thrust: Approximately 53.9 kilonewtons (12,100 pounds-force)

  • Performance:

    • Maximum Speed: Approximately Mach 1.8 (2,205 kilometers per hour or 1,370 miles per hour)
    • Range: Approximately 3,000 kilometers (1,860 miles)
    • Service Ceiling: Approximately 15,250 meters (50,000 feet)
    • Rate of Climb: Approximately 16,000 feet per minute

  • Armament:

    • Guns: One 23mm twin-barrel GSh-23 cannon
    • Hardpoints: Eight hardpoints for carrying a variety of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, including missiles, bombs, and rockets

  • Avionics:

    • Radar: Multi-mode radar (varies by version)
    • Avionics Suite: Advanced avionics including HUD (Head-Up Display), MFDs (Multi-Function Displays), mission computers, and integrated electronic warfare systems
4.Planned Variants of Tejas
 

  • Tejas Mk1: This is the initial production variant of the Tejas. It features a conventional configuration and is primarily intended for air defense and ground attack missions.

  • Tejas Mk1A: This variant is an upgraded version of the Mk1, featuring improvements in avionics, sensors, and weapon systems. It aims to enhance the overall combat capability of the aircraft.

  • Tejas Mk2: The Mk2 variant is a medium-weight multirole fighter designed to address the Indian Air Force's requirements for a more capable and versatile platform. It is expected to have improved performance, range, and payload capacity compared to the Mk1.

  • Tejas Navy (Mk1 and Mk2): These variants are specifically designed for carrier-based operations. They feature strengthened landing gear, arrestor hook, and other modifications to enable takeoff and landing from aircraft carriers.

  • Tejas Trainer (Mk1 and Mk2): These variants are dual-seat training versions of the Tejas, designed to train pilots for both the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.

  • Tejas Trainer (LIFT): The Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT) variant is intended for advanced pilot training and weapons delivery practice. It is equipped with advanced avionics and weapon systems similar to operational variants.

  • Tejas Twin-Engine Variant: There have been discussions and studies about developing a twin-engine variant of the Tejas to further enhance its performance and capabilities. However, as of my last update, detailed plans for this variant were not finalized.

 
5. The 'Bailout' Process
 
  • Bailouts are an extremely forceful procedure, often resulting in injuries for those who eject. Roughly 20-30 percent of individuals who eject suffer some form of spinal injury due to the intense forces involved.
  • Newton's Second Law of Motion dictates that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration. On Earth's surface, gravity produces an acceleration of 1G (9.806 m/s^2). However, during extreme fighter jet maneuvers, pilots may experience a debilitating 8-10 Gs of acceleration.
  • During ejections, albeit for a brief duration, forces can reach up to 20 Gs, meaning ejectees endure up to 20 times their body weight in force. This extreme force can cause bone fractures, cartilage tears, and even spinal compression, leading to a loss of height.
  • Furthermore, pilots must ensure their bodies are streamlined during ejection to avoid injury. Any protruding limbs, such as knees, risk severe damage upon contact with surrounding objects.
  • Pilots undergo extensive training to prepare for ejections, and individuals entering fighter aircraft must undergo basic training as well. Physical fitness is crucial for withstanding the intense forces experienced during ejection
  • After the ejectee gets to a safe distance from the aircraft, their seat falls off and the parachute is deployed. This is supposed to happen automatically, but pilots also have the ability to manually deploy the chute in case of a malfunction
 
6. Way Forward
 
Crucially, parachutes are not supposed to be deployed at a very high altitude. Doing so risks the person freezing to death, or going hypoxic from the lack of oxygen, or both. For higher altitude ejections, a smaller parachute, known as the drogue, is first deployed in order to cut the speed of descent and stabilise the fall.
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.Consider the following statements regarding Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas:(AFCAT 2022)
 
I. Most of them are capable of flying at supersonic speeds reaching nearly Mach 1.5.
II. It is a single-engine multi-role light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency.
III. It is equipped with Python-5 Air-to-Air Missile and Derby Beyond Visual Range Missile.
 
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.I only
B.I and II only
C.III only
D.II and III only
Answer (D)
2.The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) designed and developed by HAL is also known as (MP Police Constable 2017)
A.Suryakiran
B.Aryabhatta
C.Tejas
D.Prakash
Answer (C)
Source: Indianexpress
 

ANTI DUMPING DUTY

 
 
1. Context
 
India has imposed anti-dumping duty on five Chinese goods to protect domestic players from cheap imports from the neighbouring country.
 
2.What is anti dumping duty?
 

An anti-dumping duty (ADD) is a protectionist tariff imposed by a government on imported goods that are sold below their fair market value, a practice known as "dumping." Dumping occurs when a foreign company exports a product at a price lower than what it charges in its domestic market or below its production cost, potentially harming the importing country’s domestic industries. The duty aims to level the playing field by offsetting this price difference, protecting local businesses from unfair competition.

  • Legal Basis: Governed internationally by the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994 (Anti-Dumping Agreement). It allows countries to impose ADD if dumping causes or threatens "material injury" to domestic industries.
  • Process:
    1. A domestic industry files a complaint.
    2. An investigation assesses dumping margins (export price vs. normal value), injury, and causality.
    3. If confirmed, the government imposes a duty, typically calculated as the difference between the export price and the "normal value" (domestic price or cost-plus-profit in the exporting country)
 
3. Countervailing duties
 

Countervailing duties (CVDs) are tariffs imposed by a government on imported goods to counteract subsidies provided by the exporting country’s government to its producers or exporters. These subsidies—such as tax breaks, grants, or low-interest loans—can artificially lower the price of exported goods, giving them an unfair advantage in the importing country’s market. CVDs aim to neutralize this advantage, protecting domestic industries from subsidized foreign competition.

  • Legal Basis: Governed by the World Trade Organization (WTO) under the Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM Agreement), part of GATT 1994. Countries can impose CVDs if subsidies cause or threaten "material injury" to their domestic industries.
  • Process:
    1. A domestic industry files a complaint with evidence of subsidies and injury.
    2. An investigation confirms the subsidy’s existence, calculates its value (subsidy margin), and assesses harm.
    3. If proven, a duty is levied, typically equal to the subsidy amount, to raise the import price to a fair level.
 
4. Differences between Anti Dumping and Countervailing duties
 
 
Aspect Countervailing Duties (CVDs) Anti-Dumping Duties (ADDs)
Purpose Counteract foreign government subsidies Counteract dumping by foreign companies
Target Government subsidies Private companies selling below fair value
Legal Basis WTO SCM Agreement WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
Investigation Focus Subsidies and their impact Dumping and its impact
Calculation Based on subsidy amount Based on price difference
Example Solar panels subsidized by a foreign government Steel sold below home market price
 
 
5. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
 

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an international body that regulates and facilitates global trade among its member nations. Established on January 1, 1995, under the Marrakesh Agreement, it succeeded the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which began in 1948. Headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland, the WTO provides a framework for negotiating trade agreements, resolving disputes, and promoting free and fair trade. As of March 2025, it has 164 member countries, representing over 98% of global trade, with India as a founding member since 1995.

Key Functions of the WTO

  • The WTO oversees the implementation and operation of multilateral trade agreements negotiated by its member countries. These agreements cover goods, services, and intellectual property
  • The WTO serves as a platform for member countries to negotiate trade liberalization and resolve trade-related issues. Notable negotiations include the Doha Round, which focuses on development and reducing trade barriers
  • The WTO provides a structured process for resolving trade disputes between member countries. Its dispute settlement mechanism is binding and aims to ensure that trade rules are followed
  • The WTO conducts regular reviews of member countries' trade policies and practices to ensure transparency and adherence to global trade rules
  • The WTO provides support to developing and least-developed countries to help them integrate into the global trading system and comply with WTO rules
  • The WTO collaborates with organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank to ensure coherence in global economic policy-making
 
 
For Prelims: World Trade Organisation (WTO), Anti Dumping duty
 
For Mains: GS III - Economy
 
 
Source: The Hindu
 

INDIA - CHINA BORDER DISPUTE

 
 
1. Context
 
Days after completing the process of troop disengagement at two friction points along the Line of Actual Control in eastern Ladakh, India and China held the first official-level talks in New Delhi Thursday, “reflected on the lessons” learnt from the military standoff and agreed on the need for “effective border management” and “maintenance of peace and tranquillity” as part of bilateral pacts.
 
2. Standoff between India and China
 
The standoff between India and China, particularly along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), has been a recurring issue rooted in historical disputes, strategic rivalries, and geopolitical ambitions.
 
Here is an analysis of the situation:
 

Border Dispute:

  • The India-China border is divided into three sectors:
    • Western Sector: Aksai Chin, claimed by India but controlled by China.
    • Middle Sector: Less contentious, but areas like Barahoti in Uttarakhand witness minor disputes.
    • Eastern Sector: Arunachal Pradesh, claimed by China as part of South Tibet.
  • The Sino-Indian War of 1962 remains a significant point of contention, with unresolved border claims.

Recent Standoffs

  • Doklam (2017):

    • A 73-day standoff occurred at the tri-junction of India, China, and Bhutan.
    • Triggered by Chinese road construction near Bhutanese territory, viewed as a threat to India's strategic Siliguri Corridor (Chicken’s Neck).

  • Galwan Valley (2020):

    • Marked by the first casualties in 45 years; 20 Indian soldiers and an unknown number of Chinese troops died.
    • Followed by a series of disengagement talks.

  • Eastern Ladakh (2020-present):

    • Ongoing disputes in areas like Pangong Tso Lake, Depsang Plains, and Hot Springs.
    • Despite disengagement in some areas, tensions persist.
 
3. Line of Actual Control (LAC)
 

The Line of Actual Control is a 4,057-kilometer-long (2,520 mile) disputed border line that separates Indian-controlled territory from Chinese-controlled territory in the Himalayan region. It runs through the disputed border regions of Ladakh, Aksai Chin, and other areas along the India-China border.

Key characteristics of the LAC include:

  • Undefined Demarcation: Unlike most international borders, the LAC is not precisely demarcated or delineated. It is essentially a loose line of perception where both Indian and Chinese troops are positioned.
  • Historical Context: The LAC emerged after the Sino-Indian War of 1962, which resulted in a ceasefire but did not resolve the underlying territorial disputes.
  • Disputed Sections: There are multiple areas along the LAC where both countries have different perceptions of where the actual line should be, leading to occasional tensions and military standoffs.
  • Strategic Importance: The region is geographically challenging, with high-altitude terrain including mountain passes, glaciers, and rugged landscapes.
  • Periodic Tensions: In recent years, particularly in 2020, there have been significant military confrontations between Indian and Chinese troops, most notably in the Galwan Valley region of Ladakh.

The LAC is divided into three sectors:

  • Western Sector (Ladakh)
  • Middle Sector (Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh)
  • Eastern Sector (Arunachal Pradesh)
 
4. India-China Relations during the Nehruvian Era
 
The India-China relationship during the Nehruvian era (1947–1964) was characterized by idealism, cooperation, and eventual conflict. It began with mutual admiration and solidarity as post-colonial nations but deteriorated into distrust and confrontation, culminating in the Sino-Indian War of 1962
 
Key Phases India China relations during Nehruvian Era
 

Early Friendship (1947–1954)

  • Common Goals and Anti-Colonial Sentiments:

    • India and China, as newly independent nations, sought to rebuild their societies and oppose colonialism and imperialism.
    • Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru admired China’s cultural legacy and revolutionary transformation under the Communist regime led by Mao Zedong.

  • Support for China on the Global Stage:

    • India was one of the first non-communist nations to recognize the People’s Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.
    • Nehru supported China's entry into the United Nations, arguing that the PRC represented the Chinese people rather than Taiwan (Republic of China).

  • Signing of the Panchsheel Agreement (1954):

    • India and China signed the Panchsheel Agreement, based on five principles of peaceful coexistence:
      1. Mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity.
      2. Non-aggression.
      3. Non-interference in each other's internal affairs.
      4. Equality and mutual benefit.
      5. Peaceful coexistence.
    • The slogan "Hindi-Chini Bhai-Bhai" symbolized the optimism in bilateral ties

Emerging Tensions (1954–1959)

  • The Tibetan Question:

    • China's annexation of Tibet (1950–51) and its suppression of Tibetan uprisings created friction.
    • India’s grant of asylum to the 14th Dalai Lama in 1959 after the failed Tibetan rebellion was viewed as interference by China.

  • Border Disputes:

    • Despite the Panchsheel Agreement, India and China had unresolved territorial disputes:
      • Aksai Chin (Western Sector): Controlled by China, claimed by India.
      • Arunachal Pradesh (Eastern Sector): Claimed by China as South Tibet.
    • Discovery of China's construction of a road in Aksai Chin (1957–58) intensified tensions

Deterioration and War (1959–1962)

  • Border Incursions and Skirmishes:

    • China’s aggressive patrols and incursions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) exacerbated hostilities.
    • Nehru’s "Forward Policy" (establishing advanced Indian outposts along the disputed border) was seen as provocative by China.

  • Sino-Indian War (October–November 1962):

    • China's invasion of Aksai Chin and parts of Arunachal Pradesh marked a turning point.
    • The war exposed India's military vulnerabilities, resulting in territorial losses in Aksai Chin.
    • China declared a unilateral ceasefire and withdrew from Arunachal Pradesh but retained control over Aksai Chin.
5.‘De-induction’ ‘Disengagement’ and ‘De-escalation
 
The terms ‘De-induction’, ‘Disengagement’, and ‘De-escalation’ are often used in the context of military and diplomatic operations, particularly in situations of conflict or standoff. They are critical stages in reducing tensions and maintaining peace, especially in border conflicts like those between India and China along the Line of Actual Control (LAC).
 

Differences Between the Terms

Term Scope Focus Finality
De-induction Broader withdrawal Long-term stability Final withdrawal of troops
Disengagement Specific sites/areas Preventing skirmishes Temporary or site-specific
De-escalation Entire conflict zone Reducing overall tensions Long-term trust-building
 
 
 
For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
 
For Mains: General Studies II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1.“Belt and Road Initiative” is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of : (UPSC CSE 2016)
(a) African Union
(b) Brazil
(c) European Union
(d) China
 
Answer (d)
 

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is a global development strategy launched by China in 2013 under President Xi Jinping. It aims to enhance connectivity and cooperation among countries primarily in Asia, Africa, and Europe through infrastructure projects, investments, and trade networks. The BRI includes two main components:

  1. Silk Road Economic Belt: Land-based connectivity linking China to Europe through Central Asia.
  2. 21st Century Maritime Silk Road: Sea-based routes connecting China to Southeast Asia, South Asia, Africa, and beyond.

BRI is often in the news due to its economic, geopolitical, and strategic implications for participating countries and its criticism for creating debt traps

Mains

1.‘China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia’, In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (UPSC CSE GS2, 2017)

2.With respect to the South China sea, maritime territorial disputes and rising tension affirm the need for safeguarding maritime security to ensure freedom of navigation and over flight throughout the region. In this context, discuss the bilateral issues between India and China. (UPSC CSE GS2, 2014)
Source: Indianexpress
 
 

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

 
 
 
1. Context
 
The offshore mining project off the Kerala coast will begin only after releasing a full environmental impact assessment (EIA) and conducting transparent, inclusive consultations with affected communities, an official spokesperson of the Union Ministry of Mines
 
2. What is Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)?

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a systematic process used to evaluate the potential environmental consequences or impacts of a proposed project, plan, or program before it is approved or implemented. The goal of EIA is to ensure that decision-makers and stakeholders have a comprehensive understanding of the environmental implications of a particular undertaking, allowing them to make informed choices and mitigate adverse effects on the environment.

The EIA process involves a series of studies, assessments, and consultations to identify, predict, and evaluate the potential impacts of a project on the environment. This includes examining various aspects such as air and water quality, biodiversity, soil health, noise levels, and the socio-economic aspects of the affected communities. The information gathered during the EIA is then used to develop measures and strategies to minimize, mitigate, or offset any adverse effects on the environment.

Key components of the Environmental Impact Assessment process typically include:

  • Screening: Determining whether a proposed project requires a detailed EIA based on its scale and potential environmental significance.

  • Scoping: Identifying the key environmental concerns and defining the scope and boundaries of the assessment.

  • Baseline studies: Gathering information about the existing environmental conditions in the project area.

  • Impact prediction: Assessing the potential environmental impacts of the project based on various scenarios.

  • Mitigation and alternatives: Proposing measures to avoid, minimize, or compensate for adverse impacts. Exploring alternative project designs or locations that could have lesser environmental consequences.

  • Public participation: Involving the public and relevant stakeholders in the decision-making process, seeking their opinions and addressing their concerns.

  • Environmental Impact Statement (EIS): Compiling and presenting the findings of the assessment in a comprehensive report that includes all relevant information.

  • Decision-making: Providing the EIA report to decision-makers who use the information to make informed choices about whether to approve, modify, or reject the proposed project

3. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environment Protection Act, 1986
 

The Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and the Environment Protection Act, 1986, are closely related in the context of environmental governance in India. The Environment Protection Act serves as the overarching legal framework, while the EIA process is a mechanism established under this act to assess and manage the environmental impacts of developmental activities.

  • Environment Protection Act, 1986:

    • The Environment Protection Act is a comprehensive legislation enacted in India to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment. It empowers the central government to take measures to address environmental issues, regulate activities that may have adverse impacts on the environment, and prescribe standards for emissions or discharges.
    • The act grants the government the authority to lay down procedures and safeguards to prevent environmental pollution and conserve natural resources.
    • It enables the government to take punitive actions against those who violate environmental laws and regulations.

  • Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA):

    • The EIA is a process mandated under the Environment Protection Act, 1986. It is a systematic evaluation of the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or programs before they are approved or implemented.
    • The EIA process is designed to ensure that decision-makers have comprehensive information about the environmental consequences of a project, allowing them to make informed decisions and take necessary measures to minimize adverse impacts.
    • The EIA process involves screening, scoping, baseline studies, impact prediction, alternatives assessment, public participation, and the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).

  • Relationship between EIA and Environment Protection Act:

    • The EIA process is explicitly mentioned in the Environment Protection Act, and it is through this act that the government has the authority to establish procedures for carrying out EIAs.
    • Section 3(2)(v) of the Environment Protection Act empowers the central government to take measures to conduct environmental impact assessments, and Section 3(2)(i) gives the government authority to set standards for emissions or discharge of environmental pollutants.
    • The EIA Notification of 1994 and subsequent amendments provide the procedural details for conducting EIAs in various sectors. These notifications are issued under the powers conferred by the Environment Protection Act.
    • The Environment Impact Assessment process, therefore, operates within the legal framework established by the Environment Protection Act, ensuring that proposed projects are evaluated for their environmental impacts and that appropriate measures are taken to protect the environment
4. Why Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is Important?
 
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is important for several reasons as it serves as a crucial tool in ensuring sustainable development and responsible decision-making in various sectors.
 
Here are some key reasons why EIA is considered important:
 
  • EIA helps in systematically identifying and evaluating potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or programs. This includes impacts on air quality, water resources, biodiversity, ecosystems, and the overall environment
  • EIA provides decision-makers, including government authorities, project developers, and the public, with comprehensive and scientifically sound information about the potential environmental consequences of a proposed activity. This enables informed decision-making and allows for the consideration of environmental concerns in the decision-making process
  • Through the EIA process, potential adverse environmental impacts are identified, and mitigation measures are proposed. These measures aim to avoid, minimize, or compensate for negative effects, ensuring that the project is designed and implemented in a way that reduces environmental harm
  • EIA involves public participation, allowing local communities and stakeholders to voice their concerns and opinions regarding proposed projects. This ensures that the decision-making process is transparent, inclusive, and considers the perspectives of those directly affected by the project
  • Many countries have regulations that require the conduct of EIAs for certain types of projects. EIA, therefore, helps in ensuring compliance with environmental laws and regulations. Failure to comply may result in legal consequences for project developers
  • EIA is a key instrument for promoting sustainable development by integrating environmental considerations into the planning and execution of projects. It helps strike a balance between developmental needs and environmental conservation, ensuring that economic growth does not come at the expense of environmental degradation
  • Conducting an EIA at the early stages of project planning allows for the early detection of potential environmental issues. This proactive approach helps in avoiding costly and challenging environmental problems that might arise if issues are identified only after project implementation has begun
  • EIA is often required for projects that may have transboundary environmental impacts. It facilitates international cooperation by providing neighboring countries with information about potential cross-border environmental effects, fostering collaboration in addressing shared environmental concerns
5.Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and India
 
In India, Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a crucial process mandated by law for assessing the potential environmental impacts of proposed projects, policies, or activities before they are approved or implemented.
 
Here are some key aspects of EIA in India:
 
  • EIA in India is governed by the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and the EIA Notification issued under this act. The EIA Notification provides the procedural framework for conducting EIAs and specifies the categories of projects that require clearance from the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) before they can proceed
  • The EIA process in India applies to a wide range of projects, including industrial, mining, infrastructure, and urban development projects, among others. The EIA Notification categorizes projects into various categories based on their potential environmental impacts and establishes different clearance procedures for each category
  • The EIA process in India typically involves several stages, including screening, scoping, baseline data collection, impact prediction, alternatives assessment, public consultation, preparation of the Environmental Impact Assessment report, and decision-making by regulatory authorities
  • Public participation is a key component of the EIA process in India. The EIA Notification requires project proponents to conduct public consultations to gather feedback and address concerns from affected communities and stakeholders. Public hearings are held to provide an opportunity for the public to express their views on proposed projects.
  • Projects that are subject to EIA in India require environmental clearance from the MoEFCC or State Environment Impact Assessment Authorities (SEIAAs) before they can proceed. The clearance is granted based on the findings of the EIA report and compliance with environmental conditions and mitigation measures
 
For Prelims: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change
For Mains: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment.
 
 
Source: Indianexpress
 

ADITYA-L1 

1. Context 

Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have reported observations of a flareless coronal mass ejection (CME) from the solar atmosphere with the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) instrument onboard Aditya-L1 mission

2. About Aditya-L1

  • Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
  • This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.
Image Source: ISRO

3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations

  • India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
  • With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
  • Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.

4. Space weather alerts

  • Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
  • These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
  • Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
  • Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
  • While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
  • With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
  • Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
  • Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
  • Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
  • It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.

5. The Significance of L1

  • Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
  • This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
  • After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
  • Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
  • The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
  • The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
  • Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
  • L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.

12. The Way Forward

  • The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
  • Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.
 
For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit, 
For Mains: 
1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
 
2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020) 
A. space research       B. agricultural research       C. seed research          D. marine research
 
Answer: A
 
3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016) 
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
 
Answer: C
 
4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only           B.  2 only          C. Both 1 and 2         D. Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: D
 
5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only   
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only   
C.  1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only   
D.  1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
 
Answer: C
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
Share to Social
View All Current affairs

More Current Affairs

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 12 MARCH 2025...

12-Mar-2025
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 29 MAY 2024...

29-May-2024
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 03 JUNE 2024...

03-Jun-2024
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 28 JULY 2023...

28-Jul-2023
Read more