MAHATMA GANDHI NATIONAL RURAL EMPLOYMENT GUARANTEE ACT (MGNREGA)
1. Context
A parliamentary committee has strongly argued for the revision of wages under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (MGNREGS) in view of the rising cost of living
2. About the National Level Monitoring (NLM) report
- The National Level Monitoring (NLM) report is a study conducted by the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD) to assess the implementation of various rural development programs in India.
- The report is based on field visits and interviews with stakeholders at the grassroots level.
- The NLM report is an important tool for the government to identify areas where improvement is needed and track rural development programs' progress.
- The report also provides valuable insights into the challenges faced by rural communities and the impact of government interventions.
The NLM report typically identifies the following areas:
- The coverage of rural development programs
- The quality of implementation of rural development programs
- The impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people
The NLM report also provides recommendations to the government on improving the implementation of rural development programs and making them more effective.
3. The findings of the NLM report
- In 2017-18, the NLM report found that the quality of construction of 87% of the verified works under the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) was satisfactory. However, the report also found that only 139 out of 301 districts had seven registers maintained satisfactorily.
- In 2018-19, the NLM report found that the job cards, an important document that records entitlements received under MGNREGA, were not regularly updated in many districts. The report also found that there were significant delays in payments to workers.
- In 2019-20, the NLM report found that the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G) program was facing challenges due to a shortage of construction materials and skilled labour. The report also found that there were delays in the processing of applications and the release of funds.
- The NLM report for 2020-21 found that the coverage of rural development programs had improved significantly in recent years. However, the report also found that there was still a need to improve the quality of implementation of these programs.
- The NLM report for 2021-22 found that the impact of rural development programs on the lives of rural people had been positive overall. However, the report also found that there were still some disparities in the impact of these programs across different regions and social groups.
4. Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA)
The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) is a social welfare program that guarantees 100 days of unskilled manual wage employment in a financial year to a rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. The Act was enacted by the Government of India in 2005 and came into force on February 2, 2006.
4.1. Mandate and Goals
- The mandate of MGNREGA is to provide employment and ensure food security for rural households.
- The scheme also aims to strengthen natural resource management, create durable assets, improve rural infrastructure, and promote social equity.
- The goals of MGNREGA are to Reduce rural poverty, Increase employment opportunities, Improve food security, Create durable assets, Improve rural infrastructure and Promote social equity.
4.2. Core Objectives
- The primary goal of MGNREGA is to provide at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every rural household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
- The program aims to reduce poverty and distress by offering employment opportunities, especially during seasons of agricultural unemployment.
- MGNREGA encourages the creation of productive and durable assets such as water conservation structures, rural infrastructure, and land development. These assets not only improve rural livelihoods but also contribute to sustainable development.
- The Act promotes gender equality by ensuring that at least one-third of the beneficiaries are women and that their participation in the workforce is actively encouraged.
4.3. Key Stakeholders
- Rural households are the primary beneficiaries and participants in the MGNREGA scheme.
- Gram Panchayats play a pivotal role in implementing the program at the grassroots level. They are responsible for planning, execution, and monitoring of MGNREGA projects within their jurisdiction.
- The central government provides the funds and sets the broad guidelines, while the state governments are responsible for the program's effective implementation.
- The DPC is responsible for the overall coordination and monitoring of MGNREGA activities within a district.
- Rural labourers, both skilled and unskilled, participate in MGNREGA projects and directly benefit from the program.
4.4. Role of Gram Sabha and Gram Panchayat
- The Gram Sabha is the village assembly consisting of all registered voters in a village. Its role in MGNREGA includes discussing and approving the annual development plan, ensuring transparency in project selection, and conducting social audits to monitor program implementation.
- The Gram Panchayat is responsible for planning, approving, executing, and monitoring MGNREGA projects within its jurisdiction. It also maintains records of employment provided, ensures timely wage payments, and conducts social audits. The Panchayat is accountable for the effective utilization of MGNREGA funds.
4.5. Issues with MGNREGA
- Delayed wage payments to labourers have been a persistent issue, affecting the livelihoods of beneficiaries.
- There have been cases of corruption and leakages in the implementation of MGNREGA projects, leading to suboptimal outcomes.
- Administrative inefficiencies, complex procedures, and bureaucratic hurdles have hampered program delivery.
- Some argue that the quality and effectiveness of assets created under MGNREGA projects have been variable and not always aligned with the intended goals.
- Not all eligible rural households are provided 100 days of guaranteed employment, which can limit the program's impact.
- Adequate budget allocation to meet the program's demands and inflation-adjusted wages remains a concern.
5. Conclusion
MGNREGA has made a positive impact on the lives of rural people, particularly in terms of employment opportunities and the creation of durable assets. It remains a crucial tool in India's efforts to promote rural development, reduce poverty, and achieve social equity. Addressing the identified issues will be critical in ensuring the continued success and effectiveness of the program in the years to come.
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For Prelims: MGNREGA, National Level Monitoring (NLM) report, Ministry of Rural Development, rural development, Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana - Gramin (PMAY-G),
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the importance of the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in the context of rural development and food security in India. How does MGNREGA contribute to sustainable development and rural infrastructure improvement? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
Prelims
1. Among the following who are eligible to benefit from the “Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act”? (UPSC 2011) (a) Adult members of only the scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households Answer: D 2. The Multi-dimensional Poverty Index developed by Oxford Poverty and Human Development Initiative with UNDP support covers which of the following? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: A 3. Which of the following grants/grant direct credit assistance to rural households? (UPSC 2013)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C 4. How does the National Rural Livelihood Mission seek to improve livelihood options of rural poor? (UPSC 2012)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 5. Under the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana-Gramin (PMAY-G), the ratio of the cost of unit assistance to be shared between the Central and State Governments is: (MP Patwari 2017) A. 60:40 in plain areas and 90:10 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
B. 70:30 in plain areas and 80:20 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
C. 50:50 in plain areas and 70:30 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
D. 75:25 in Plain areas and 85:15 for North Eastern and the Himalayan States
Answer: A
Mains
1. The basis of providing urban amenities in rural areas (PURA) is rooted in establishing connectivity. Comment (UPSC 2013)
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Source: indianexpress
ADITYA-L1
1. Context
Scientists from the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA) have reported observations of a flareless coronal mass ejection (CME) from the solar atmosphere with the Visible Emission Line Coronagraph (VELC) instrument onboard Aditya-L1 mission
2. About Aditya-L1
- Aditya-L1's core objective revolves around positioning a spacecraft in the 'L1' spot in space, marking India's inaugural dedicated solar mission.
- This mission follows ISRO's successful AstroSat (2015), making it the agency's second astronomy observatory-class endeavour.
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Image Source: ISRO
3. A Paradigm Shift in Solar Observations
- India's prior solar observations relied on ground-based telescopes and data from international solar missions.
- With ageing ground-based telescopes, India lacked a modern observational facility.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to address this gap and provide comprehensive solar data, advancing solar physics research.
4. Space weather alerts
- Astronomy-based space missions are gaining prominence due to their potential to inspire youth and contribute to scientific advancements.
- These missions, although time-consuming in development, play a crucial role in expanding our understanding of celestial phenomena.
- Solar flares, Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs), and solar winds can disrupt space weather and impact satellite-dependent operations, such as telecommunications and power grids.
- Aditya-L1's role in studying the Sun is pivotal in enhancing our ability to predict and manage space weather disruptions.
- While AstroSat remains operational after eight years, Aditya-L1 presents a promising path for future Indian astronomy missions.
- With seven payloads, including instruments dedicated to solar observation, Aditya-L1 aims to advance our understanding of solar eruptions and flares.
- Solar physics now demands multiwavelength astronomy to comprehensively study solar events.
- Coordinating data from various instruments on Aditya-L1 is crucial to unravelling the complexities of solar phenomena.
- Aditya-L1 seeks to provide user-friendly information for safeguarding satellite-dependent operations.
- It may generate space weather alerts based on data obtained, enhancing our preparedness for space weather disturbances.
5. The Significance of L1
- Aditya-L1 embarks on a journey of nearly 100 days to reach L1, a location between the Earth and the Sun.
- This journey is shorter than Mangalyaan's voyage to Mars in 2014.
- After departing Earth's gravity, Aditya-L1 will enter a heliocentric path before reaching the L1 orbit.
- Six of Aditya-L1's payloads will remain inactive until approximately January 6, 2024, when the spacecraft is expected to enter a 'halo' orbit near L1.
- The activation of these payloads will enable the calibration of instruments before the commencement of scientific data collection.
- The L1 point in space, where Aditya-L1 will position itself, is one of the five Lagrange Points existing between any two celestial bodies in space.
- Being at L1 allows the spacecraft to make continuous observations with minimal energy expenditure.
- L1 is favoured for its unobstructed view of the Sun, making it ideal for solar research.
12. The Way Forward
- The Aditya-L1 mission represents a significant step in India's space exploration journey, offering the nation a unique opportunity to study the Sun comprehensively and contribute to space weather predictions.
- Positioned at the L1 point, this mission holds great promise for advancing our understanding of the Sun and its impact on Earth's space environment.
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For Prelims: ISRO, Aditya L1, AstroSat, Coronal Mass Ejections, 'halo' orbit,
For Mains:
1. Describe the significance of the Aditya-L1 mission in the context of India's space exploration efforts. Explain how it differs from India's previous solar experiments. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four-stage launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors, and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3
C. 1 and 2
D. 3 only
Answer: A
2. ISRO is related to: (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research B. agricultural research C. seed research D. marine research
Answer: A
3. Aditya L1 is a ______. (ISRO IPRC Technical Assistant Mechanical 2016)
A. Long-range missile
B. Rocket to moon
C. Spacecraft project
D. Light combat aircraft
Answer: C
4. With reference to 'Astrosat', the astronomical observatory launched by India, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. Other than USA and Russia, India is the only country to have launched a similar observatory into space.
2. Astrosat is a 2000 kg satellite placed in an orbit at 1650 km above the surface of the Earth. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
5. If a major solar storm (solar flare) reaches the Earth, which of the following are the possible effects on the Earth? (UPSC 2022)
1. GPS and navigation systems could fail.
2. Tsunamis could occur at equatorial regions.
3. Power grids could be damaged.
4. Intense auroras could occur over much of the Earth.
5. Forest fires could take place over much of the planet.
6. Orbits of the satellites could be disturbed.
7. Shortwave radio communication of the aircraft flying over polar regions could be interrupted.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2, 4 and 5 only
B. 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7 only
C. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only
D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
SOVEREIGN GREEN BONDS
1. Context
The demand for Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) in India has received a luke response from the investors. The two new SGrBs worth Rs 10,000 crore auctioned by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) in November and January faced muted response from the investors as bonds valued at Rs 7,443 crore remained unsold. This came despite a rule change allowing NRIs and foreign portfolio investors to participate without restrictions.
2. About Sovereign Green Bonds
- Sovereign Green Bonds are a type of government debt instrument issued by a sovereign nation specifically to finance environmentally sustainable projects. These bonds are dedicated to funding initiatives that contribute to the transition to a low-carbon economy, mitigate climate change, and promote environmental sustainability.
- The proceeds from Sovereign Green Bonds are earmarked for projects such as renewable energy infrastructure development, energy efficiency improvements, green transportation initiatives, sustainable agriculture, and other environmentally friendly endeavours.
- The key characteristic of Sovereign Green Bonds is their alignment with internationally recognized green finance principles and standards.
- Issuers typically establish a framework outlining the types of projects eligible for financing through these bonds, ensuring transparency and accountability in the allocation of funds.
- Investors in Sovereign Green Bonds are attracted not only by the financial returns but also by the opportunity to support sustainable development and address pressing environmental challenges.
3. Facilitating the Green Transition
- Enabling Foreign Institutional Investors (FIIs) to invest in India's green projects expands the financial resources available to support the country's ambitious goals for transitioning to a greener economy by 2070. These goals include ensuring that 50% of India's energy is sourced from non-fossil fuel-based sources and reducing the carbon intensity of the nation's economy by 45%, as pledged by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021.
- The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had issued Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) worth ₹16,000 crore in two tranches in January and February of the previous year, with maturities in 2028 and 2033. While these bonds were oversubscribed on both occasions, the primary participants were domestic financial institutions and banks, limiting the avenues for government borrowing. Additionally, these green Government-Securities (G-Secs) were classified under the Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR), further constraining the financial institutions' lending capacity.
- SGrBs typically offer lower interest rates compared to conventional G-Secs, leading to what is termed as a "greenium" - the amount foregone by a bank by investing in them. However, central banks and governments worldwide are encouraging financial institutions to embrace green investments to accelerate the transition to a sustainable future.
- Climate finance experts believe that allowing FIIs to invest in green G-Secs would benefit India. They point out that FIIs are seeking to diversify their portfolio of green investments, especially in light of significant regulatory support in developed countries. Investing in India's green G-Secs presents an opportunity for them to do so.
- FIIs may also be motivated to acquire green credentials, particularly when such investment opportunities are limited in their home markets. India's successful implementation of the Sovereign Green Bonds Framework in late 2022 has addressed concerns about greenwashing, further enhancing the attractiveness of these investments.
4. Understanding the Green Taxonomy Gap
- In the 2022-23 Union Budget, Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced the government's decision to issue Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) to expedite funding for various government projects, including initiatives such as offshore wind harnessing, grid-scale solar power production, and promoting the transition to battery-operated Electric Vehicles (EVs).
- However, a critical gap emerged as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) had not established a green taxonomy or a standardized method to evaluate the environmental or emissions credentials of investments. This gap raised concerns about potential greenwashing, wherein projects falsely claim environmentally friendly characteristics to secure funding.
- To bridge this gap, the Finance Ministry unveiled India's inaugural SGrB Framework on November 9, 2022, outlining the types of projects eligible for funding through this category of Government-Securities (G-Secs).
- These projects encompassed a range of initiatives, including investments in small-scale solar/wind/biomass/hydropower energy projects with integrated energy generation and storage, upgrades to public lighting systems (e.g., transitioning to LED lights), construction of low-carbon buildings, energy-efficiency retrofits for existing buildings, enhancements to public transportation infrastructure, subsidies to promote EV adoption, and the establishment of EV charging infrastructure.
- Furthermore, the government sought validation from Norway-based validator Cicero to compare India's SGrB Framework with the green principles outlined by the International Capital Market Association (ICMA).
- Cicero rated India's framework as a "green medium," highlighting its good governance practices.
- The importance of identifying new green projects with credible audit trails and significant impact, particularly those areas that have received limited private capital, such as Distributed Renewable Energy and clean energy transition finance for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs).
- Addressing this gap is crucial for effectively deploying the proceeds from SGrBs and advancing India's sustainable development goals.
5. The Way Forward
India can leverage Sovereign Green Bonds as a powerful tool to mobilize resources, foster international collaboration, and achieve its ambitious green goals. This integrated approach will pave the way for a sustainable and low-carbon future for the nation.
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For Prelims: Sovereign Green Bonds, MSMEs, Climate Change, RBI, International Capital Market Association, Government-Securities
For Mains:
1. Discuss the significance of Sovereign Green Bonds (SGrBs) in India's transition to a low-carbon economy. How can the issuance of SGrBs attract foreign investment and support the country's ambitious green goals? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which of the following statements regarding the Green bonds is NOT true? (UPPSC RO/ARO 2020)
A. Green Bond investment is only for climate friendly projects
B. Green bonds were first introduced by European Investment Fund in 2007
C. Green Bonds are Financial Market Innovation
D. Green Bonds are fixed interest loan is short date maturities
2. Indian Government Bond Yields are influenced by which of the following? (2021)
1. Actions of the United States Federal Reserve
2. Actions of the Reserve Bank of India
3. Inflation and short-term interest rates
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 3. With reference to ‘IFC Masala Bonds’, sometimes seen in the news, which of the statements given below is/ are correct? (2016) 1. The International Finance Corporation, which offers these bonds, is an arm of the World Bank.
2. They are the rupee-denominated bonds and are a source of debt financing for the public and private sector.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answer: 1-D, 2-D, 3-C |
Source: The Hindu
KUKI-ZOMI TRIBE
1. Context
Kuki-Zo Council vows to continue opposition to Home Ministry’s push for free movement on all roads in Manipur, it seeks separate administration; highways had been shut since the death of a protestor in Kangpokpi clashes with security forces
2. About Kuki and Zomi tribes
The Kuki-Zomi people are a diverse group of ethnicities inhabiting the mountainous regions of Northeast India, Myanmar, and Bangladesh. They share a common ancestry and cultural heritage, and their name reflects this shared identity: "Kuki" is a more general term encompassing various sub-tribes, while "Zomi" is a relatively recent term adopted by some Kuki communities to emphasize their distinct identity and cultural heritage.
- The exact origins of the Kuki-Zomi people remain unclear, but linguistic evidence suggests they migrated from Southeast Asia centuries ago. Today, they are found primarily in the Indian states of Manipur, Mizoram, Assam, Nagaland, and Tripura, as well as in Chin State, Myanmar, and the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh.
- The Kuki-Zomi people comprise numerous sub-tribes, each with its own distinct dialect and cultural practices. Some of the major sub-tribes include the Hmar, Thadou, Paite, Gangte, Vaiphei, Zou, Aimol, and Anal. These sub-tribes speak various Kuki-Chin languages, which belong to the Tibeto-Burman language family.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have a rich and vibrant culture characterized by strong communal bonds, traditional music and dance, and colorful handicrafts. Their traditional attire is often adorned with intricate beadwork and embroidery, reflecting their artistic skills and cultural pride.
- The Kuki-Zomi people have faced various challenges throughout their history, including displacement, conflict, and marginalization. However, they have demonstrated remarkable resilience and adaptability, preserving their unique culture and traditions despite these hardships.
- In recent years, the Kuki-Zomi people have made significant strides in education, entrepreneurship, and political representation. They are increasingly active in advocating for their rights and cultural identity, and their contributions to the social and economic development of the regions they inhabit are becoming increasingly recognized.
3. Delisting Proposal in Manipur
- The representation calling for the potential removal of specific Kuki and Zomi tribes from the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list in Manipur stems from the ongoing ethnic conflict that has persisted for eight months.
- This conflict, initiated on May 3, 2023, arose following an order from the Manipur High Court directing the State government to recommend the inclusion of Meiteis in the ST list to the Centre.
- As the Centre now requests the State government to examine the representation for the delisting of Kuki and Zomi tribes, there is a risk of exacerbating existing tensions between the valley-based Meitei people and the hills-based Kuki-Zo (ST) people in the State.
- One significant factor driving the Meiteis' demand for ST status is their inability to own land in the forested hill districts, where only STs are permitted to own land.
- Notably, this marks the first instance where members of the Meitei community are advocating for their inclusion in the ST list by contending that specific Kuki and Zomi tribes should not be part of it.
- This development may also have broader implications for the criteria used to designate groups as Scheduled Tribes, a framework that has remained unchanged since its introduction by the Lokur Commission in 1965.
Key Arguments in the Kuki-Zomi Delisting Proposal
- In Mr. Thounaojam’s representation, objections have been raised against the inclusion of three specific entries in the Scheduled Tribes (ST) list of Manipur namely, “Any Mizo(Lushai) Tribes,” “Zou,” and “Any Kuki Tribes.”
- The primary argument put forth for the exclusion of these entries is that they are not considered "indigenous" to the land of Manipur.
- According to the representation, there is no historical mention of these specific tribes residing in Manipur in pre-Independence Censuses.
- Furthermore, the representation contends that the vagueness surrounding the terms "Any Mizo (Lushai) Tribes" and "Any Kuki Tribes" in the ST list has purportedly facilitated illegal immigrants from Myanmar and Bangladesh in wrongfully obtaining benefits intended for Scheduled Tribes in India.
4. About Lokur Commission
The Lokur Commission, officially known as the Advisory Committee on the Revision of Lists of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, played a significant role in shaping the landscape of tribal communities in India. Established in 1965 by the Government of India. Chaired by Justice N.N. Lokur, a former Chief Justice of India. Tasked with revising the lists of Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) in a rational and scientific manner.
Criteria for Scheduled Tribes:
- The Commission established five key criteria for identifying a community as an ST:
- Primitive Traits and Distinctive Culture
- Geographical Isolation
- Shyness of Contact with the Community at Large
- Backwardness
- Pre-dominantly Tribal Population
Impact on Tribal Communities
- The Lokur Commission's recommendations led to the addition of several new communities to the ST list, granting them access to educational and economic benefits reserved for STs.
- However, the criteria employed, particularly the emphasis on "primitive traits," have been criticized for being outdated, stereotypical, and potentially hindering social progress for tribal communities.
Criticisms and Debates
- The Commission's classification of certain communities as "primitive" has been challenged for being derogatory and inaccurate.
- The criteria used have been accused of being subjective and open to misinterpretation, leading to inconsistencies and exclusion of deserving communities.
- Debates continue regarding the need for revising or even abolishing the existing criteria altogether, with calls for a more nuanced approach based on social, economic, and cultural factors.
Legacy
- Despite the criticisms, the Lokur Commission's work remains influential in the administration of tribal affairs in India.
- Its report and recommendations form the basis for the current ST list and continue to be referenced in discussions about tribal inclusion and development.
- The Commission's legacy highlights the importance of ongoing discussions about the definition of "tribal" identity and the need for criteria that are fair, inclusive, and responsive to the evolving realities of tribal communities in India.
5. The National Commission for Backward Classes
The National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) stands as a crucial advocate for the rights and welfare of Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in India. Established in 1993 and elevated to constitutional status in 2018, the NCBC plays a multi-faceted role in ensuring social justice and equality for OBC communities.
Mandate and Responsibilities
- The NCBC probes cases of discrimination and denial of rights due to OBC status. It monitors the implementation of various government policies and schemes aimed at OBC development.
- The Commission regularly assesses the social, educational, and economic advancement of OBCs. It provides recommendations to the government on policies and programs to bridge existing gaps and address emerging challenges.
- Individuals from OBC communities can approach the NCBC with complaints related to violations of their rights or benefits. The Commission takes necessary action to address these grievances and ensure justice.
- The NCBC conducts research on the diverse OBC communities, analyzing their specific needs and vulnerabilities. It promotes awareness about OBC issues and advocates for their inclusive participation in various spheres of Indian society.
Key Achievements
- The NCBC played a significant role in implementing the Right to Education Act (2009) and ensuring reservation quotas for OBC students in educational institutions.
- The Commission has been instrumental in promoting entrepreneurship and skill development programs among OBC communities, leading to greater economic participation and self-reliance.
- The NCBC has consistently pushed for legislation and policy changes that benefit OBCs, such as reservations in government jobs and promotions, access to healthcare, and land rights.
Challenges and Future Directions
- OBCs are a diverse group with varying needs and levels of marginalization. The NCBC faces the challenge of addressing these internal disparities and ensuring inclusivity within its advocacy efforts.
- The Commission often operates with limited resources, hindering its ability to effectively reach out to remote OBC communities and conduct comprehensive research.
- Ensuring proper implementation of the NCBC's recommendations on the ground remains a crucial challenge. Stronger collaboration with state governments and local authorities is essential.
6. Examining Claims of Non-Indigeneity and Misuse
7. The Way Forward
The Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal in Manipur raises intricate questions about tribal identity, historical claims, and potential consequences for inter-community relations. Examining the arguments, historical context, and the role of institutions like the NCBC is essential for understanding the complexities of this issue and finding solutions that respect the rights and identities of all involved communities.
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For Prelims: kuki-zomi tribes, manipur, National Commission for Backward classes, STs, Lokur Commission, Other Backward Classes
For Mains:
1. Discuss the potential political and developmental implications of the proposed delisting. How might it affect land rights, access to resources, and inter-community relations in Manipur? (250 Words)
2. Assess the role of the National Commission for Backward Classes (NCBC) in addressing the complexities of tribal identity and ensuring social justice for marginalized communities. How can the NCBC be strengthened to better address issues like the Kuki-Zomi delisting proposal? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Who was appointed as the head of the OBC Sub-categorisation Commission?
(Maharashtra Talathi 2019)
A. Justice Geeta Mittal
B. Justice Manjula Chellur
C. Justice Tahilramani
D. Justice G. Rohini
2. Which of the following pairs of list and contents is/are correctly matched? (UPSC CAPF 2019)
1. State list Public health and sanitation
2. Union list Citizenship, naturalisation and aliens
3. Concurrent list Legal, medical and other
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only
Answers:1-D, 2- B
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Source: The Hindu
INDIA-NEPAL
1. Context
On February 16, a third-year woman student from Nepal was found dead by suicide in the Bhubaneswar-based Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT). Initial investigation by the police revealed that harassment from a fellow malestudent had led the student to take her own life.
2. India-Nepal Bilateral relations
India and Nepal share a long and intertwined history, marked by cultural, religious, and economic connections.
- Ancient Ties: The historical connections between the people of India and Nepal date back to ancient times. There have been exchanges of culture, traditions, and religious practices, particularly due to the influence of Hinduism and Buddhism in the region.
- Political Relations: The emergence of powerful kingdoms in the Indian subcontinent, such as the Maurya and Gupta empires, influenced the political landscape of Nepal. Over the centuries, various dynasties ruled both regions, and they often maintained close ties.
- Medieval Period: During the medieval period, both regions witnessed the spread of Islam, and the Mughal Empire's influence in India impacted the political dynamics in Nepal. The rulers of Nepal maintained their autonomy during this period.
- The British Influence: As the British East India Company expanded its influence in the Indian subcontinent, the territories surrounding Nepal were affected. However, Nepal managed to remain independent and maintained its sovereignty.
- Anglo-Nepalese War (1814-1816): The Anglo-Nepalese War took place between the British East India Company and the Kingdom of Nepal. The war concluded with the signing of the Sugauli Treaty in 1815, which defined the boundary between British India and Nepal, establishing the Kali River as the western boundary of Nepal.
- Treaty of Friendship (1950): The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1950 between India and Nepal is a crucial document that governs their relations. The treaty establishes close ties, including provisions for free movement of people and goods between the two countries.
- Economic Cooperation: Over the years, economic cooperation has played a significant role in India-Nepal relations. Trade, transit facilities, and developmental assistance have been important aspects of their bilateral cooperation.
- Cultural and People-to-People Ties: The cultural affinities between the people of India and Nepal have remained strong. The open border allows for extensive people-to-people interactions, and shared religious practices, especially Hinduism, further contribute to the close bond between the two nations.
- India and Nepal boast robust defence cooperation. India supports Nepal's military modernization through equipment, training, and disaster assistance. Joint exercises like SURYA KIRAN foster collaboration. Since 1950, Chiefs of the Army exchanged honorary ranks, symbolizing the deep bond. Gorkha regiments showcase this connection further.
3. India-Nepal Border Dispute
The India-Nepal border dispute, simmering for decades, continues to be a major point of contention between the two nations. Understanding the complexities of this issue requires delving into its historical roots, contested areas, and ongoing efforts towards resolution.
Tracing the Origins
- Treaty of Sugauli (1816): This treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal defined the initial border, but ambiguities in the document sowed the seeds of future disagreements.
- Kalapani Valley: This strategically located valley at the confluence of the Kali and Mahakali rivers is a major flashpoint. Both India and Nepal claim ownership, each citing historical records and maps.
- Lipulekh Pass: This mountain pass provides access to Kailash Mansarovar, a sacred pilgrimage site for Hindus. India's construction of a road here in 2020 reignited tensions.
- Susta Area: Located in Nepal's Terai region, this fertile land along the Gandak River is another disputed territory.
Impact of the Dispute
- Strained Bilateral Relations: The border issue casts a shadow on the otherwise friendly ties between India and Nepal.
- Local Communities Affected: Uncertain land ownership hampers development projects and impacts the lives of people living along the border.
- Security Concerns: Unresolved territorial claims can potentially pose security risks in the region.
Efforts Towards Resolution
- Joint Technical Level Boundary Working Group (JTLBWG): Established in the 1980s, this group has successfully demarcated most of the border but remains deadlocked on the disputed areas.
- Diplomatic Consultations: Both countries engage in regular talks to find a solution, but progress has been slow.
- Public Discourse: Civil society groups and media in both countries play a role in raising awareness and advocating for peaceful resolution.
4. Why is Nepal so important?
Nepal is important to India for various strategic, cultural, economic, and geopolitical reasons. The close relationship between the two countries is rooted in historical, geographical, and sociocultural ties. Here are several reasons why Nepal is significant to India:
- Nepal shares a long and open border with India. This geographical proximity fosters people-to-people connections, facilitates trade, and allows for easy movement of goods and people between the two countries.
- India and Nepal share deep cultural and religious ties, with Hinduism being the predominant religion in both nations. Many Hindu pilgrimage sites, such as Pashupatinath Temple and Lumbini (the birthplace of Lord Buddha), are located in Nepal, attracting pilgrims from India.
- Nepal holds strategic importance for India due to its location between India and China. The geopolitical dynamics of the region make Nepal a crucial player in India's efforts to maintain regional stability and security.
- Several rivers originating in Nepal flow into India, making water resources a significant aspect of the relationship. Cooperation on river management and water-sharing agreements is essential for both countries.
- India and Nepal engage in extensive economic cooperation, including trade and transit agreements. The open border facilitates the movement of goods, contributing to economic integration between the two nations.
- Both countries share concerns related to regional security, including counter-terrorism and the maintenance of peace in the region. Collaboration on security matters is crucial for addressing common challenges.
- The historical relationship between India and Nepal is characterized by mutual respect and support. The Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed in 1950 solidified the close ties and included provisions for economic and security cooperation.
- India and Nepal maintain diplomatic relations at various levels. High-level visits and diplomatic engagements help in addressing bilateral issues and strengthening the overall relationship.
- As both India and China seek to expand their influence in the region, Nepal's strategic position becomes crucial. India aims to maintain strong ties with Nepal to counterbalance any growing influence from other countries, including China.
- Given the shared borders and historical connections, a stable and friendly Nepal is vital for ensuring overall regional stability. India's interests in maintaining peace and harmony in its neighbourhood underscore the importance of a positive relationship with Nepal.
5. China, India and Nepal- Trilateral Dynamics
- Balancing Act: Nepal often engages in a delicate balancing act between its two large neighbours, India and China. It seeks to maintain cordial relations with both countries while safeguarding its own interests.
- Infrastructure Projects: China's infrastructure projects in Nepal, particularly under the BRI, have been a source of concern for India. The geopolitical implications of such projects contribute to the complexity of trilateral relations.
- Regional Stability: Stability in Nepal is crucial for both India and China to ensure regional peace and security. The three countries have overlapping interests in maintaining stability in the Himalayan region.
6. India's Neighbourhood First Policy
India's Neighbourhood First Policy is a strategic foreign policy initiative aimed at prioritizing and strengthening relations with its immediate neighbours. This policy, which gained prominence in the early 2000s, seeks to:
- Build friendly and mutually beneficial relationships with all neighbouring countries.
- Engage in active development partnerships through infrastructure projects, economic cooperation, and knowledge sharing.
- Create a stable and secure regional environment conducive to collective growth and prosperity.
- Promote regional cooperation and integration on issues like trade, security, and cultural exchange.
Key Pillars of the Policy
- Consultative and non-reciprocal approach: Engaging neighbours with respect for their sovereignty and prioritizing their needs.
- Focus on outcome-oriented solutions: Delivering tangible benefits through concrete projects and initiatives.
- People-to-people contacts: Fostering cultural exchange, educational opportunities, and tourism to build lasting bonds.
- Security cooperation: Addressing regional security threats through collaboration and joint efforts.
Examples of Implementation
- Boosting trade and investment: Free trade agreements, border trade facilities, and infrastructure development projects.
- Cooperation in energy, water resources, and disaster management: Sharing expertise, technology, and resources for mutual benefit.
- Cultural exchange programs: Promoting understanding and appreciation of each other's traditions and languages.
- Security partnerships: Joint training exercises, intelligence sharing, and border management cooperation.
Challenges and Opportunities
- Internal conflicts and political instability in some neighbouring countries can hinder progress.
- Competition from other major powers like China for influence in the region.
- Building trust and resolving bilateral issues like border disputes require ongoing dialogue and diplomacy.
7. The Way Forward
The recent developments underscore the complexity and significance of India-Nepal relations and the trilateral dynamics involving China. The resolution of the border dispute, ongoing diplomatic efforts, and collaboration in various sectors will play pivotal roles in shaping the future of these relationships.
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For Prelims: India, Nepal, China, Kalapani Valley, Treaty of Sugauli, Lipulekh Pass, Susta Area, Treaty of Friendship, Anglo-Nepalese War
For Mains:
1. Discuss the historical ties between India and Nepal, highlighting key milestones and factors shaping their relationship. (250 Words)
2. Assess the key pillars of India's Neighbourhood First Policy. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in its implementation, considering recent developments in India-Nepal relations and regional geopolitics. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2016)
Community sometimes
mentioned in the news In the affairs of
1. Kurd Bangladesh
2. Madhesi Nepal
3. Rohingya Myanmar
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 D. 3 only
2. The Treaty of Sugauli, 1816 was signed between the British and ______ (Bihar Police SI 2019) (SSC CPO 2019)
A. Sikhs B. Gurkhas C. Marathas D. French
3. Lipulekh Pass is in which state of India (SSC CHSL 2020) (OSSC WEO 2022)
A. Assam B. Himachal Pradesh C. Uttarakhand D. Jammu and Kashmir
4. When was the Indo-Bhutan Treaty of Peace and Friendship signed? (UPRVUNL AE EE 4 2021)
A. 1949 B. 1953 C. 1951 D. 1950
Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-C, 4-A
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Source: The Indian Express
DELIMITATION EXERCISE
1. Context
There has been a renewed debate about delimitation after the issue was raised by the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu. The delimitation of constituencies for the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies is to be carried out on the basis of the first Census after 2026.
2. About delimitation
- Delimitation refers to the process of determining the number of seats and defining the boundaries of electoral constituencies for the Lok Sabha and Legislative Assemblies.
- It also involves allocating seats specifically reserved for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST) within these legislative bodies.
- As outlined in Articles 82 and 170 of the Constitution, the allocation of seats in the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies, as well as the demarcation of constituencies, is subject to adjustment following each Census.
- This delimitation process is overseen by a Delimitation Commission established by an act of Parliament.
- Such redistricting exercises have historically occurred following the 1951, 1961, and 1971 Censuses.
3. Constitutional Requirements and Current Status
- The constitutional requirement for democratic governance stipulates that the government should be elected by the people, with the principle of 'one citizen-one vote-one value' being paramount.
- Historically, the number of seats in the Lok Sabha was determined based on population figures from the 1951, 1961, and 1971 Censuses, resulting in an average population per seat of 7.3 lahks, 8.4 lahks, and 10.1 lahks respectively.
- However, since the 1971 Census, the number of seats has been frozen to incentivize population control measures, ensuring that states with higher population growth do not gain disproportionately higher representation.
- This freeze was initially implemented through the 42nd Amendment Act until the year 2000 and extended by the 84th Amendment Act until 2026.
- Consequently, seat allocation is based on the population figures from the 1971 Census, with adjustments slated to occur following the first Census after 2026.
- Ordinarily, the delimitation process, including determining the number of seats, defining territorial constituency boundaries, and allocating reserved seats for Scheduled Castes (SC) and Scheduled Tribes (ST), would align with the Census of 2031, being the first Census post-2026.
- However, with the postponement of the 2021 Census and the approach of the year 2026, discussions are underway regarding the impending delimitation exercise.
5. International Practices in Seat Allocation
- In the United States, the number of seats in the House of Representatives, akin to India's Lok Sabha, has remained fixed at 435 since 1913. Despite the population increase from 9.4 crore in 1911 to an estimated 33.4 crore in 2023, the method of equal proportion is utilized to redistribute seats among states following each Census. This method aims to maintain fairness, ensuring that no significant gain or loss occurs for any state. For instance, after the 2020 Census, 37 states saw no change in their number of seats, while Texas gained two seats, five states gained one seat each, and seven states lost one seat each.
- In the European Union Parliament, comprised of 720 members, seat allocation among its 27 member countries follows the principle of degressive proportionality. This principle entails that the ratio of population to the number of seats increases as population size increases. For example, Denmark, with a population of around 60 lahks, has 15 seats (with an average population of 4 lahks per member), while Germany, with a population of 8.3 crores, has 96 seats (with an average population of 8.6 lahks per member).
6. Proposed Ideal Solution
- The dilemma between democratic and federal principles in delimitation can be effectively addressed by striking a balance that acknowledges the significance of both. A harmonious solution can be achieved by giving equal weight to democratic representation and federal structure.
- The number of Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Lok Sabha could be capped at the current level of 543 seats. This ensures continuity in representation from various states, thereby upholding the federal principle. MPs primarily legislate on matters listed in the Union List, such as Defense, External Affairs, Railways, Telecommunication, and Taxation, and hold the Central government accountable.
- To meet democratic representational requirements, the number of Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLAs) in each state can be increased in alignment with the current population. This adjustment can be made without altering the number of seats in the Rajya Sabha, thereby addressing the need for fair representation at the state level.
- Crucially, to strengthen democracy at the grassroots level, empowering local bodies like panchayats and municipalities is imperative. These entities engage directly with citizens on a daily basis and play a vital role in governance. Significant devolution of powers and finances to these bodies is essential to enhance democracy at the grassroots level, ensuring effective citizen participation in decision-making processes.
7. The Way Forward
Finding a balanced approach to delimitation that considers democratic representation, federal stability, and local governance empowerment is crucial for India's future. This proposed solution offers a starting point for discussion and debate to ensure a fair and effective delimitation process that strengthens the nation's democracy.
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For Prelims: Delimitation, Census, Covid-19 Pandemic, Article 82, Article 170 For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the potential conflict between the principle of "one citizen-one vote" and the freezing of Lok Sabha seats based on the 1971 Census in the context of delimitation. Discuss how this can impact federalism and representation in India. (250 Words)
2. How can the delimitation exercise be conducted in a manner that fosters national integration and strengthens the federal structure of India? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
2. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)
A. Bamboo Industry
B. Petroleum Production
C. Cottage Industries
D. Tea Cultivation
3. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)
A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton
4. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies. 3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3
5. The provisions in Fifth Schedule and Sixth Schedule in the Constitution of India are made in order to (UPSC 2015)
A. protect the interests of the Scheduled Tribes
B. determine the boundaries between States
C. determine the powers, authority and responsibilities of Panchayats
D. protect the interests of all the border States
Answers: 1-C, 2-D, 3-B, 4-B, 5-A
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Source: The Hindu
