SECOND-GENERATION NAVIC SATELLITE
1. Context
The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) on Wednesday morning launched its historic 100th mission — GSLV-F15 lifting off with a navigation satellite from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre in Sriharikota
2. Key Takeaways
- Each of the seven satellites currently in the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) Constellation, operationally named NavIC, weighed much less around 1, 425 kg at liftoff.
- They all rode the lighter Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), ISRO's workhorse launch rocket.
- The last IRNSS Satellite, IRNSS-1I, was launched in April 2018 to replace an older, partially defunct satellite in the constellation.
- IRNSS-1I was ISRO's ninth satellite for the NavIC constellation but is considered to be the eighth because the IRNSS-1H launched eight months earlier in August 2017 and originally intended to replace the older satellite was lost after the heat shield of the payload failed to open on time.
Image source: ISRO3. About the second generation NavIC satellite
- The second-generation satellite christened NVS-01, the first of ISRO's NVS series of payloads is heavier. Other than that:
Atomic Clock: The satellite will have a Rubidium atomic clock onboard, a significant technology developed by India. - The Space-qualified Rubidium Atomic clock indigenously developed by Space Application Centre-Ahmedabad is an important technology which only a handful of countries possess.
- L1 signals for better use in wearable devices: The Second-generation satellites will send signals in a third frequency, L1, besides the L5 and S frequency signals that the existing satellites provide, increasing interoperability with other satellite-based navigation systems.
- The L1 frequency is among the most commonly used in the Global Positioning System (GPS) and will increase the use of the regional navigation system in wearable devices and personal trackers that use low-power, single-frequency chips.
- Longer mission life: The second-generation satellites will also have a longer mission life of more than 12 years. The existing satellites have a mission life of 10 years.
4. Significance of the atomic clock on board the NVS-01 payload
- Several of the existing satellites stopped providing location data after their onboard atomic clocks failed this was the main reason for the launch of the replacement satellite in 2018.
- Since a satellite-based positioning system determines the location of objects by accurately measuring the time it takes for a signal to travel to and back from it using the atomic clocks on board, the failure of clocks means the satellites are no longer able to provide accurate locations.
- Currently, only four IRNSS satellites can provide location services, according to ISRO officials.
- The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.
5. The age of the satellites
- This is the second major concern, besides the failing atomic clocks.
- IRNSS-1A was launched into orbit on July 1, 2013, and the 1B and 1C satellites were launched the following year.
- 1A is almost defunct- the failed 1H mission of 2018 was intended to replace this satellite and all the three oldest satellites in the constellation are close to the end of their 10-year mission lives.
- At least three new satellites must be put into orbit to keep the seven-satellite constellation fully functional.
6. NAvIC constellation
- ISRO has been criticised by experts for not focussing on the development of the user segment until very late in the life of some of the satellites in the constellation.
- No receivers were developed for the NavIC system, even though the satellites were sending signals.
A 2018 report by the Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) of India said that even though the Cabinet cleared funding of Rs 200 crores to develop user receivers in 2006, work on the project started only in March 2017, by which time seven launches had already taken place. - The receivers have now been developed and NavIC is in use for projects like public vehicle safety, power grid synchronisation, real-time train information systems and fishermen's safety.
- Other upcoming initiatives such as common alert protocol-based emergency warning, time dissemination, geodetic network, and unmanned aerial vehicles are in the process of adopting the NavIC system.
- Some cell phone chipsets such as the ones built by Qualcomm and Media Tek integrated NavIC receivers in 2019.
- The Ministry of Electronics and IT is in talks with smartphone companies to urge them to make their handsets NavIC compatible.
7. Advantage of having a regional navigation system
- India is the only country that has a regional satellite-based navigation system.
- There are four global satellite-based navigation systems the American GPS, the Russian GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema), the European Galileo and the Chinese Beidou.
- Japan has a four-satellite system that can augment GPS signals over the country, similar to India's GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation).
- Once fully operational with ground stations outside India for better triangulation of signals NavIC open signals will be accurate up to 5 meters and restricted signals will be even more accurate.
- GPS signals by contrast are accurate up to around 20 meters. Work is underway to set up ground stations in Japan, France and Russia.
- NavIC provides coverage over the Indian landmass and up to a radius of 1, 500 km around it.
- In this region, NavIC signals will likely be available in even hard-to-reach areas.
- Unlike GPS, NavIC uses satellites in high geo-stationery orbit the satellites move at a constant speed relative to Earth, so they are always looking over the same region on Earth.
- NavIC signals come to India at a 90-degree angle, making it easier for them to reach devices located even in congested areas, dense forests or mountains.
- GPS Signals are received over India at an angle.
- With the use of NavIC picking up, the government has been looking at the possibility of increasing the coverage area of the system.
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For Prelims: NavIC, Indian Space Research Organisation, GSLV, PSLV, IRNSS, GLONASS, GPS, GAGAN, Galileo, Beidou,
For Mains:
1. What is NavIC? Explain the advantage of having a regional navigation system. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. IRNSS has three satellites in geostationary and four satellites in geosynchronous orbits.
2. IRNSS covers entire India and about 5500 sq. km beyond its borders.
3. India will have its own satellite navigation system with full global coverage by the middle of 2019.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. None
Answer: A
2. Full form of NavIC is : (CGPSC 2022)
A. Navigation without International Control
B. Navigation with Indian Constellation
C. Navigation with Indian Coastal
D. Navigation with Indian Cooperation
Answer: B
3. ISRO is related to (SSC JE EE 2020)
A. space research
B. agricultural research
C. seed research
D. marine research
Answer: A
4. With reference to India's satellite launch vehicles, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. PSLVs launch the satellites useful for Earth resources monitoring whereas GSLVs are designed mainly to launch communication satellites.
2. Satellites launched by PSLV appear to remain permanently fixed in the same position in the sky, as viewed from a particular location on Earth.
3. GSLV Mk III is a four- staged launch vehicle with the first and third stages using solid rocket motors; and the second and fourth stages using liquid rocket engines.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 2 D. 3 only
Answer: A
5. In which of the following areas can GPS technology be used? (UPSC 2018)
1. Mobile phone operations
2. Banking operations
3. Controlling the power grids
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
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Source: The Indian Express
MANUAL SCAVENGING
1. Context
The Supreme Court ordered a complete stop to the practice of manual scavenging and hazardous manual cleaning of sewers and septic tanks in top metros across the country
2. What is Manual Scavenging?
- Manual scavenging is the practice of removing human excreta by hand from sewers or septic tanks. India banned the practice under the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 (PEMSR).
- The Act bans the use of any individual for manually cleaning, carrying, disposing of, or otherwise handling in any manner, human excreta till its disposal.
In 2013, the definition of manual scavengers was also broadened to include people employed to clean septic tanks, ditches, or railway tracks. - The Act recognizes manual scavenging as a “dehumanizing practice,” and cites a need to “correct the historical injustice and indignity suffered by the manual scavengers.”
3. Why Manual Scavenging is still prevalent in India?
- The lack of enforcement of the act and the exploitation of unskilled laborers are the reasons why the practice is still prevalent in India.
- The Mumbai civic body charges anywhere between Rs 20,000 and Rs 30,000 to clean septic tanks.
- The unskilled laborers are much cheaper to hire and contractors illegally employ them at a daily wage of Rs 300-500.
4. Past Incidents
- In January 2019, three labourers suffocated to death while cleaning a sewage treatment plant on Mira Road.
- On May 3, 2019, three labourers choked to death while cleaning a septic tank in a private society in Nalasopara, near Mumbai. On May 11, three men in their 20s were killed after they inhaled toxic fumes while cleaning a septic tank at a housing society in Thane.
- A BMC worker, who had entered a manhole at Nana Chowk in Mumbai died after inhaling toxic gases. And four other workers were hospitalized.
- In February 2017, three labourers died while cleaning a septic tank of a residential society in Mumbai’s Malvani area. In Dombivali, a son and father died while cleaning a septic tank.
5. Constitutional Safeguards
Manual Scavenging violates a number of constitutional provisions as well.
5.1 Article 14: Equality before the law
The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth. Here, individuals are forced into such professions as they are unable to get any other job because of the stigma attached to this job and become unable to sustain their families.
5.2 Article 17: Abolition of untouchability
Untouchability is abolished and its practice in any form is forbidden. The enforcement of any disability arising out of Untouchability shall be an offense punishable in accordance with the law. According to Section 7A of the aforementioned Act, anyone who forces someone to engage in scavenging on the grounds of untouchability is considered to have enforced a disability resulting from untouchability, which is punished by imprisonment.
5.3 Article 21: Protection of life and personal liberty
No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to a procedure established by law. Plenty of people lose lives during such unsanitary practices of scavenging and die because of suffocation, harmful gases released through sewers, and other inhumane reasons.
5.4 Article 23: Prohibition of traffic in human beings and forced labor
In addition to the provisions of the Constitution, India is a party to a number of international conventions and covenants that forbid the cruel practice of manual scavenging. These are the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
6. Steps were taken by the government
- The government implemented the Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013, under which the definition has broadened and manual cleaning now goes beyond dry latrines and includes all forms of cleaning like handling in any manner, human excreta in an insanitary latrine or in an open drain or pit and railway tracks as well.
- The government has implemented the Building and Maintenance of Insanitary Latrines Act of 2013 which banned the construction or maintenance of unsanitary toilets.
- Along with outlawing employing any person for manual scavenging. As compensation for historical injustice and indignity, the act also establishes a constitutional obligation to offer alternative employment opportunities and other forms of support to communities that rely on manual scavenging.
- Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs launched Safaimitra Suraksha Challenge on World Toilet Day (19th November) in 2020 to challenge all states to create a mechanized system of sewer cleaning.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Prohibition of Employment as Manual Scavengers and their Rehabilitation Act, 2013 (PEMSR), Article 14, Article 17, Article 21, Article 23, Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), the Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). For Mains: 1. What is Manual Scavenging? Explain why Manual Scavenging is still prevalent in India and Discuss the constitutional safeguards regarding it. |
Source: The Indian Express
ROOFTOP SOLAR SCHEME
1. Context
Nearly a year after the Centre launched the ₹75,000-crore PM Surya Ghar scheme, 8.5 lakh households have installed rooftop solar connections, Union Minister for New and Renewable Energy Pralhad Joshi said at a public event
2.Rooftop Solar Scheme
The Rooftop Solar Scheme, also known as the PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, is a government initiative in India that aims to promote the installation of solar panels on rooftops of residential buildings. The scheme's objectives include:
- The scheme aims to provide up to 300 units of free electricity per month to one crore (ten million) households.
- By generating their own solar power, households can reduce their dependence on the grid and save on electricity bills.
- Solar power is a clean and renewable energy source that helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and combat climate change.
- The scheme aims to increase India's energy security and reduce its reliance on fossil fuels
Eligibility:
The scheme is open to all residential consumers in India. However, there may be specific requirements or limitations set by individual state governments. It's important to check with your local electricity distribution company (DISCOM) for detailed information on eligibility criteria and application procedures
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What is India’s current solar capacity? India's current solar capacity is rapidly growing, making it difficult to give a precise real-time number. Here's what we know:
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3.Why is an expansion of solar energy important for India?
- India heavily relies on imported fossil fuels, making its energy security vulnerable to global market fluctuations and geopolitical tensions. By expanding solar energy, India can reduce its dependence on external energy sources and enhance its energy security
- India faces significant environmental challenges, including air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. Solar energy is a clean and renewable resource, and its widespread adoption can help mitigate environmental degradation, reduce air pollution, and combat climate change.
- Solar energy contributes to diversifying the energy mix, reducing the country's dependence on finite fossil fuel resources. This diversification enhances resilience to energy price volatility and supply disruptions associated with fossil fuels.
- Millions of people in India still lack access to reliable electricity. Solar power, especially in decentralized or off-grid systems, can provide a cost-effective and sustainable solution to bring electricity to remote and underserved areas, thereby improving the quality of life and supporting economic development
- The solar energy sector has the potential to create jobs across various skill levels, from manufacturing and installation to maintenance and research. The expansion of the solar industry can contribute to employment generation and support the country's economic growth
- Solar projects can be deployed in rural areas, providing not only electricity but also opportunities for local economic development. Solar microgrids can power agricultural activities, improve healthcare services, and facilitate education in rural communities
- Investing in solar energy encourages research and development in renewable energy technologies. This innovation can lead to improvements in efficiency, storage, and overall performance, making solar energy more viable and competitive
- India has committed to international agreements and initiatives aimed at reducing carbon emissions and transitioning to cleaner energy sources. Expanding solar energy aligns with these global commitments, positioning India as a responsible and sustainable energy player on the international stage
- The cost of solar energy has been decreasing over the years, making it increasingly competitive with traditional sources of energy. As technology advances and economies of scale are realized, solar power becomes a cost-effective option for meeting India's growing energy demand
- Distributed solar power generation can enhance grid stability by reducing transmission and distribution losses and providing local sources of electricity. This decentralized approach can contribute to a more resilient and robust energy infrastructure
4.Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020
- The Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020 are a crucial piece of legislation in India that significantly empowers electricity consumers across the country
- A set of regulations introduced by the Indian Government to protect the rights of electricity consumers and ensure a high standard of service from distribution companies (DISCOMs).
- The rules provide a framework for consumer rights, obligations of distribution licensees, and mechanisms to address grievances
Key Rights Guaranteed by the Rules:
- Reliable Electricity Supply: Consumers have the right to 24x7 power supply, subject to reasonable technical constraints.
- New Connections: DISCOMs must provide new electricity connections within a specified timeline (7 days in metro cities, 15 days in municipal areas, 30 days in rural areas).
- Transparent Billing: Consumers have the right to receive accurate and timely bills with clear information on consumption and charges.
- Metering: Consumers have the right to have meters installed and tested regularly. They can also request meter testing if they have doubts about its accuracy.
- Grievance Redressal: The rules provide a clear mechanism for consumers to lodge complaints, with timelines for resolution by DISCOMs and consumer grievance redressal forums.
- Compensation: Consumers are entitled to compensation from DISCOMs for violations of service standards.
- Prosumers: The rules recognize the rights of "prosumers" – consumers who can generate their own electricity (like through rooftop solar) and feed excess back into the grid
5. Amendments to Electricity (Rights of Consumers) Rules, 2020
- The amendments, announced on February 22, have relaxed regulations regarding the necessity of a technical feasibility report for rooftop solar projects. They also permit residential societies to choose between individual connections or a unified single-point connection through a democratic vote.
- Additionally, electricity distribution companies (DISCOMs) are now obligated to install an extra meter to address consumer complaints about inaccurate meter readings.
- Furthermore, these amendments have shortened the duration required for obtaining a new electricity connection and mandate DISCOMs to furnish a separate connection for an electric vehicle (EV) charging point upon consumer request. These modifications constitute the fourth amendment since the issuance of the 2020 notification.
- Previously, DISCOMs had to conduct a feasibility study for rooftop solar projects within 20 days of receiving an application and communicate the results to the applicant. A technical feasibility study assesses whether a property is financially and physically suitable for solar panel installation.
- The recent amendments have reduced this period to 15 days. Additionally, if the study is not concluded within this timeframe, it will be assumed that the proposal is technically feasible.
- In essence, the expenses associated with fortifying distribution infrastructure for rooftop solar projects with a capacity of up to 5 kilowatts will be covered by DISCOMs, and this can be offset through their operations.
- The power ministry highlighted in a press release, "Furthermore, it is now mandated that the distribution system strengthening required for rooftop solar PV systems up to 5 kW capacity will be undertaken by the distribution company at its own expense." Lastly, the interval between the installation and commissioning of rooftop solar projects has been reduced from 30 days to 15 days
6.Way Forward
Electric Vehicles have been mentioned for the first time in the rules. DISCOMs are required to provide a separate connection for the supply of electricity to an EV charging point if requested by a consumer and within the revised period as mentioned above
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development
For Mains: General Studies III: Infrastructure: Energy, Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways etc
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Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The International Solar Alliance was launched at the United Nations Climate Change Conference in 2015.
2. The Alliance includes all the member countries of the United Nations.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only
B. 2 Only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 Nor 2
Answer (A)
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Source: Indianexpress
MAHA KUMBH MELA
1. Context
Thirty people were killed and at least 60 injured in a stampede at the Maha Kumbh here on Wednesday. Authorities said pilgrims waiting for a dip at the Sangam at the auspicious hour were trampled after a barricade collapsed amid the surge of a massive crowd on Akhara Marg and people rushed to the other side
2. Mahakumbh mela in detail
- The Mahakumbh Mela is one of the largest and most revered religious gatherings in the world, celebrated with deep spiritual fervor by Hindus. Rooted in ancient mythology, this grand event takes place every 12 years at four sacred locations in India: Haridwar, Prayagraj (Allahabad), Ujjain, and Nasik, along the banks of the holy rivers Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati (mythical), Godavari, and Shipra. Each of these cities hosts the Kumbh Mela on a rotating basis, with the Mahakumbh being the grandest of all, celebrated exclusively at Prayagraj
- The origins of the Kumbh Mela are deeply intertwined with Hindu mythology, particularly the legend of the Samudra Manthan or the churning of the ocean by the gods (Devas) and demons (Asuras).
- According to the tale, during this cosmic event, a pot (kumbh) containing the nectar of immortality (amrita) emerged. A fierce battle ensued, and as the gods tried to secure the pot, drops of nectar fell at four locations, sanctifying them forever. These locations are now the sites of the Kumbh Mela
- The Mahakumbh Mela is considered an unparalleled opportunity for spiritual purification. Millions of pilgrims, saints, and seers, often referred to as sadhus or naga sadhus (ascetics), gather to take a ritualistic dip in the holy rivers.
- It is believed that bathing in these sacred waters during the auspicious period washes away sins and grants liberation (moksha). The event also serves as a vibrant showcase of India’s rich cultural, spiritual, and religious traditions
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The Mahakumbh spans over several weeks and follows a strict astrological calendar, with specific dates deemed highly auspicious for bathing. The main highlights include:
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3. How does Mahakumbh Mela reflect the ethos of Indian civilization?
The Mahakumbh Mela is a profound reflection of the ethos of Indian civilization, embodying its spiritual depth, cultural diversity, and enduring traditions. As the world's largest religious gathering, it serves as a living testament to the principles and values that have shaped Indian society for millennia.
Here’s how it encapsulates the essence of Indian civilization:
- At its core, the Mahakumbh Mela highlights the Indian ethos of spirituality and the eternal quest for liberation (moksha). The belief in the purifying power of the sacred rivers and the ritual of bathing symbolizes the desire to cleanse one’s soul, transcend worldly attachments, and achieve salvation. This reflects the deep spiritual underpinnings of Indian civilization, where the pursuit of higher consciousness is a fundamental goal
- The Mela’s origins in the legend of the Samudra Manthan (churning of the ocean) embody the Indian tradition of weaving mythology into everyday life. This connection to divine stories fosters a sense of continuity with the past and reinforces the sacredness of specific places and practices. It demonstrates how mythology serves as a moral and philosophical guide in Indian civilization
- The Mahakumbh Mela brings together millions of people from diverse backgrounds, castes, and regions, showcasing the inclusivity that is central to Indian society. Regardless of social or economic status, all pilgrims are united by their shared faith and devotion, reflecting the civilization’s emphasis on equality before the divine
- Indian civilization values a harmonious balance between material and spiritual existence. The Mahakumbh Mela provides a platform where people temporarily renounce material comforts, focusing instead on spiritual growth through rituals, prayers, and discourses. This mirrors the Indian ideal of integrating spiritual practices into daily life
- The gathering of saints, scholars, and ascetics at the Mahakumbh Mela represents India’s age-old tradition of intellectual and spiritual discourse. These exchanges of ideas and teachings at the Mela highlight the civilization’s emphasis on the pursuit of knowledge, wisdom, and enlightenment
- The focus on the sacred rivers—Ganga, Yamuna, Saraswati, Godavari, and Shipra—reflects the Indian ethos of reverence for nature. These rivers are seen not just as physical entities but as life-giving forces and symbols of divinity, embodying the civilization’s holistic view of the environment
- The Mela’s continuity over thousands of years showcases the resilience and adaptability of Indian civilization. Despite changing political, social, and economic landscapes, the Mahakumbh Mela remains a thriving tradition, underscoring the civilization’s ability to preserve its core values while embracing change
4. What is Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH)?
- In recent decades, the concept of "cultural heritage" has expanded significantly, largely due to initiatives developed by UNESCO. Cultural heritage now encompasses more than just monuments and collections of artifacts.
- It also includes living traditions and expressions passed down from ancestors to future generations, such as oral traditions, performing arts, social customs, rituals, festivals, and knowledge related to nature, the universe, or traditional craftsmanship.
- Despite its fragility, intangible cultural heritage plays a crucial role in preserving cultural diversity amid growing globalization. Gaining an understanding of the intangible cultural heritage of different communities fosters intercultural dialogue and promotes respect for diverse ways of life.
- The value of intangible cultural heritage lies not in the cultural expressions themselves, but in the wealth of knowledge and skills passed on through them from one generation to the next.
- This transfer of knowledge has social and economic significance for both minority and mainstream groups within a country, and it holds importance for both developing and developed nations
5.What is the Intangible Cultural Heritage of India?
India, with its rich and diverse cultural heritage, has an extensive list of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) elements recognized for their importance in preserving the cultural identity of its various communities. These practices and traditions span the country’s vast geography and reflect its cultural diversity. Some prominent examples of ICH from India include:
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Kathakali (Kerala): A classical dance-drama form that integrates dance, music, and acting to tell stories from Hindu mythology. Its elaborate costumes, facial expressions, and dramatic storytelling are distinctive features.
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Ramlila (Across India): A theatrical performance of the life of Lord Rama, based on the Hindu epic Ramayana. This performance tradition is carried out during the festival of Dussehra.
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Yoga (Across India): An ancient practice combining physical postures, breathing techniques, meditation, and philosophy. It is widely practiced as a means of achieving mental, physical, and spiritual well-being.
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Vedic Chanting (Across India): The recitation of ancient Vedic scriptures in a specific rhythmic and melodic manner. It is an important spiritual practice, especially in Hindu rituals and ceremonies.
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Chhau Dance (Eastern India): A martial arts-based dance form from the regions of Bihar, Odisha, and West Bengal. It incorporates acrobatics and masks to depict mythological and historical themes.
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Madhubani Paintings (Bihar): A traditional form of painting known for its intricate patterns, vibrant colors, and depiction of themes from nature, mythology, and social life.
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Kolkata’s Durga Puja (West Bengal): One of the largest and most celebrated festivals in India, Durga Puja involves elaborate rituals, artistic displays, processions, and offerings to the goddess Durga. It is a living tradition that brings communities together.
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Pukka (Madhya Pradesh): A traditional system of medicine and healing practices in tribal areas of Madhya Pradesh, using indigenous knowledge of plants and herbs for health and well-being.
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Traditional Cuisine (Across India): Culinary traditions, such as the preparation of dishes like biryani, dosa, or khichdi, that carry deep cultural meaning and are unique to various regions and communities.
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Craftsmanship (Across India): Techniques such as handloom weaving, pottery, carpet-making, and embroidery that are integral to India’s craft traditions, passed down through generations.
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Kailash Mansarovar Pilgrimage (Uttarakhand): The spiritual and religious journey to Mount Kailash and Lake Mansarovar, which is central to various belief systems, including Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism.
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Wangala Dance (Meghalaya): A traditional dance performed by the Garo tribe to celebrate the harvest, featuring rhythmic drumming and colorful costumes.
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Ghoomar Dance (Rajasthan): A traditional folk dance that is performed by women in swirling movements, often during festivals and celebratory occasions.
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Pukka Dance (Sikkim): A unique traditional dance form from Sikkim that incorporates rich cultural expressions of the region’s diverse communities.
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Sufi Music and Whirling (Across India): The mystical Sufi tradition in India, particularly in places like Delhi, Hyderabad, and Ajmer, involves devotional singing, poetry, and the iconic whirling dance that represents the soul's union with the divine.
6. Challenges in organising the Kumbh Mela
- The Mahakumbh, the world’s largest gathering, will take place in Prayagraj this year from January 13 to February 26. It is anticipated that around 40 crore people will take part in this religious event.
- Spanning 4,000 hectares along the riverbank, the Maha Kumbh is expected to draw a crowd of at least 40 crore. The event will be organized with an estimated budget of approximately Rs 6,382 crore, of which over Rs 5,600 crore has already been allocated for the event and related projects. In comparison, the 2012 Maha Kumbh, held during the Samajwadi Party’s tenure, had a budget of Rs 1,152 crore and attracted nearly 12 crore visitors.
- The Ministry of Culture has implemented special cybersecurity measures to protect the large number of devotees attending from around the world. This includes the deployment of 56 cyber experts for patrolling, the establishment of a Maha Kumbh cyber police station to handle online threats, 40 Variable Messaging Displays (VMDs), and a dedicated helpline number.
- To assist with crowd management, monitor crowd density, report incidents, and maintain cleanliness, 2,300 CCTV cameras will be installed at the event site and throughout Prayagraj. Additionally, 99 temporary parking areas, covering 1,850 hectares, will be set up, along with over 1.45 lakh toilets across the mela area.
- One of the primary challenges, aside from managing the crowds, is the water channelization due to delayed rainfall and higher-than-usual Ganga river levels. To address this, IIT Kanpur has been enlisted for crowd control and security planning, while IIT Guwahati experts are focusing on river flow management.
- The state has also requested the railway ministry to increase train services to Prayagraj, especially during the Mauni Amavasya snan when a large number of visitors are expected. A source mentioned that, in 2019, around 500 special trains were used for the Ardh Kumbh, and this number is likely to rise to about 1,000. Nearly 300 trains are expected to operate around the Mauni Amavasya snan period
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
For Mains: General Studies I: Indian culture will cover the salient aspects of Art Forms, literature and Architecture from ancient to modern times
General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation
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Previous year Questions 1.With reference to the religious history of India, consider the following statements: (2020)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 2.With reference to Manipuri Sankirtana, consider the following statements: (2017)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 only 3.With reference to India’s culture and tradition, what is ‘Kalaripayattu’? (2014) (a) It is an ancient Bhakti cult of Shaivism still prevalent in some parts of South India (b) It is an ancient style bronze and brass work still found in the southern part of the Coromandel area (c) It is an ancient form of dance-drama and a living tradition in the northern part of Malabar (d) It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India |
Source: Indianexpress
INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE (ICJ)
1. Context
Climate issues and the legal responsibilities of nations to undertake climate action are increasingly being addressed in national courts across the world. For instance, the Supreme Court of India has recognised the right to a clean environment and protection against the adverse impacts of climate change as a fundamental right.
2.Why Israel faced accusations at the World Court?
- South Africa brought a case against Israel to the ICJ on December 29, under UN’s 1948 Genocide Convention. In its application, South Africa argued that Israel, in its ongoing Gaza assault, has transgressed from the provisions of Article 2 of the Convention. This article defines the term “genocide” to mean “acts committed with intent to destroy, wholly or partly, a national, ethnic, racial, or religious group”.
- The ICJ will eventually decide whether Israel is committing genocide or not — this may take years. But first, it will decide whether it has jurisdiction on this matter, and whether the alleged acts fall under the 1948 Convention.
- South Africa has also sought interim relief for the Palestinians, and asked the ICJ to order Israel to immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza, as an interim measure.
- The court is likely to rule on this in a matter of weeks. While the court’s rulings are legally binding, it has no way to enforce them. Nonetheless, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions
3.What is UN’s 1948 Genocide Convention?
- The United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, commonly known as the Genocide Convention, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly on December 9, 1948, and entered into force on January 12, 1951. It was one of the first major international treaties established in the aftermath of World War II, aiming to prevent and punish the crime of genocide.
- The Genocide Convention defines genocide as certain acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial, or religious group. The acts specified in the convention include killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm, deliberately inflicting conditions leading to the group's physical destruction, imposing measures to prevent births within the group, and forcibly transferring children from the group to another.
- The convention recognizes genocide as a crime under international law and obligates its signatories to prevent and punish acts of genocide. Signatory states are required to take measures within their jurisdiction to prevent and punish genocide, both in times of peace and during armed conflicts. Additionally, the convention established the International Court of Justice (ICJ) as the primary judicial organ for disputes related to its interpretation and application.
- The Genocide Convention remains a crucial international legal instrument for addressing and preventing the most egregious crimes against humanity. It has played a significant role in shaping the framework for international criminal law and promoting accountability for those responsible for genocide
4.What is International Court of Justice?
The International Court of Justice (ICJ) is the principal judicial organ of the United Nations (UN). It was established in 1945 and began its activities in 1946. The ICJ is located in The Hague, Netherlands.
The main functions of the International Court of Justice include settling legal disputes between states and providing advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by the UN General Assembly, the UN Security Council, or other specialized agencies and organs authorized by the UN. It is important to note that the ICJ only deals with legal disputes between states and does not have jurisdiction over individuals or non-state entities.
Key features of the International Court of Justice:
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Composition: The ICJ consists of 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council. These judges serve nine-year terms, and the composition aims to represent a fair geographical distribution.
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Jurisdiction: The ICJ has two main types of jurisdiction:
- Contentious Jurisdiction: The ICJ hears cases between states that voluntarily submit their disputes to the Court. Both parties must agree to the Court's jurisdiction.
- Advisory Jurisdiction: The ICJ provides advisory opinions on legal questions referred to it by UN organs and specialized agencies. These opinions are advisory and not binding.
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Adjudication: The Court uses a range of legal principles, treaties, and customary international law to make its decisions. The judgments of the ICJ are final and binding on the parties involved in the case.
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Independence: The ICJ operates independently of the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council in its judicial functions. It is intended to function as a separate judicial body.
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Role in International Law: The ICJ contributes to the development and clarification of international law through its judgments and advisory opinions. Its decisions are considered influential in shaping the principles of international law
5.International Criminal Court and International Court of Justice
| Aspect | International Criminal Court (ICC) | International Court of Justice (ICJ) |
|---|---|---|
| Establishment | Established in 2002 by the Rome Statute | Established in 1945 by the United Nations Charter |
| Nature | Criminal court with jurisdiction over individuals for serious crimes | Principal judicial organ of the United Nations, handles state disputes |
| Jurisdiction | Primarily focuses on individuals for crimes like genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, and aggression | Resolves legal disputes between states, gives advisory opinions |
| Membership | States become members by ratifying the Rome Statute | Open to UN member states; states must accept ICJ's jurisdiction |
| Prosecutorial Authority | Independent Prosecutor appointed by the Assembly of States Parties | No prosecuting authority; relies on disputing states to present cases |
| Adjudication | Adjudicates cases against individuals for criminal responsibility | Adjudicates disputes between states; provides advisory opinions |
| Composition | Judges elected by the Assembly of States Parties | 15 judges elected by the UN General Assembly and the UN Security Council |
| Location | The Hague, Netherlands | The Hague, Netherlands |
| Focus | Individual criminal responsibility | State-to-state disputes, advisory opinions |
| Binding Decisions | Decisions are binding on individuals and states | Judgments and opinions are binding only on the parties involved |
| Role in International Law | Enforces and develops international criminal law | Contributes to the development of general principles of international law |
| Relationship with the UN | Independent organization but cooperates with the UN | Principal judicial organ of the UN |
6. Way forward
The ICJ will eventually decide whether Israel is committing genocide or not — this may take years. But first, it will decide whether it has jurisdiction on this matter, and whether the alleged acts fall under the 1948 Convention. South Africa has also sought interim relief for the Palestinians, and asked the ICJ to order Israel to immediately suspend all military operations in Gaza, as an interim measure. The court is likely to rule on this in a matter of weeks. While the court’s rulings are legally binding, it has no way to enforce them. Nonetheless, its opinions carry weight with the UN and other international institutions
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
For Mains: General Studies II: Important International institutions, agencies and fora- their structure, mandate.
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Source: Indianexpress
GENOME INDIA PROJECT
1. Context
Recently, the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) has made the genome data of 10,000 individuals publicly accessible, under the Genome India Project (GIP). The sequences of healthy individuals — from 99 ethnic populations of the country — have helped create a baseline map of India’s genetic diversity. This dataset is made available to researchers as a “digital public good.”
2. About Genome Sequencing
- The human genome is the entire set of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) residing in the nucleus of every cell of the human body.
- It carries the complete genetic information responsible for the development and functioning of an organism.
- The DNA consists of a double-stranded molecule built up by four bases.
- While the sequence of base pairs is identical in all humans, there are differences in the genome of every human being that make them unique.
- The process of deciphering the order of base pairs, to decode the genetic fingerprint of a human is called genome sequencing.
- In 1990, a group of scientists began to work on determining the whole sequence of the human genome under the Human Genome Project.
- The Project released its latest version of the complete human genome in 2023, with a 0.3 per cent error margin.
- This shows that genomic sequencing has now evolved to a stage where large sequencers can process thousands of samples simultaneously.
- There are several approaches to genome sequencing, including whole genome sequencing.
- The process of whole genome sequencing, made possible by the Human Genome Project, now facilitates the reading of a person's genome to identify differences from the average human genome.
3. Applications of sequencing
- Genome sequencing has been used to evaluate rare disorders, preconditions for disorders and even cancer from the viewpoint of genetics, rather than as diseases of certain organs.
- Nearly 10, 000 diseases including cystic fibrosis and thalassemia are known to be the result of a single gene malfunctioning.
- In public health, however, sequencing has been used to read the codes of viruses.
- One of its first practical usages was in 2014 when a group of scientists from M.I.T and Harvard sequenced samples of Ebola from infected African patients to show how genomic data of viruses could reveal hidden pathways of transmission.
4. Effective response against COVID-19
- In January 2020, at the start of the pandemic, Chinese scientist YongZhen Zhang sequenced the genome of a novel pathogen causing infections in the city of Wuhan.
- Mr Zhang then shared it with his virologist friend Edward Holmes in Australia, who published the genomic code online.
- It was after this that virologists began evaluating the sequence to try and understand how to combat the virus, track the mutating variants and their intensity and spread and come up with a vaccine.
- To enable an effective response against COVID-19, researchers kept track of emerging variants, conducting further studies about their transmissibility, immune escape and potential to cause severe disease.
- Genomic sequencing became one of the first steps in this important process.
- Here, the purpose of genome sequencing was to understand the role of certain mutations in increasing the virus's infectivity.
- India also put in place a sequencing framework the Indian SARSCOV2 Genomics Consortia (INSACOG).
- This consortium of labs across the country was tasked with scanning coronavirus samples from patents and flagging the presence of variants known to have spiked transmission internationally.
- As of early December 2021, INSACOG had sequenced about 1, 00, 000 samples.
5. About Genome India Project
- India's 1.3 billion strong population consists of over 4, 600 population groups, many of which are endogamous.
- Thus, the Indian population harbours distinct variations, with disease-causing mutations often amplified within some of these groups.
- But despite being a large population with diverse ethnic groups, India lacks a comprehensive catalogue of genetic variations.
- Creating a database of Indian genomes allows researchers to learn about genetic variants unique to India's population groups and use that to customise drugs.
- About 20 institutions across India are involved in the Project.
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For Prelims: Genome India Project, Covid-19, DNA,
For Mains:
1. What is the significance of genome sequencing? Discuss the reasons for the importance of the Genome India Project. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to agriculture in India, how can the technique of 'genome sequencing', often seen in the news, be used in the immediate future? (UPSC 2017)
1. Genome sequencing can be used to identify genetic markers for disease resistance and drought tolerance in various crop plants.
2. This technique helps in reducing the time required to develop new varieties of crop plants.
3. It can be used to decipher the host-pathogen relationships in crops.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
2. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. Genetic changes can be introduced in the cells that produce eggs or sperms of a prospective parent.
2. A person’s genome can be edited before birth at the early embryonic stage.
3. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells can be injected into the embryo of a pig.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
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Source: The Hindu
