FERTILISERS SUBSIDY
1. Context
The Centre is working on a plan to restrict the number of fertilizer bags that individual farmers can buy during any cropping season.
2. Fertilizer subsidy
- Fertiliser subsidy is a government policy wherein farmers purchase fertilizers at prices below their market rates, aimed at promoting agriculture and ensuring affordable inputs for farmers.
- Farmers buy fertilizers at a maximum retail price (MRP) set below the market rates or production/import costs. The government covers the difference between MRP and actual costs as a subsidy.
- Neem-coated urea's MRP is set by the government at a lower rate (e.g., Rs 5,922.22 per tonne). The Centre subsidizes the difference between MRP and production/import costs, which can be significantly higher (e.g., Rs 17,000 - Rs 23,000 per tonne).
- MRPs of non-urea fertilizers are market-driven or set by companies. The government offers a flat per-tonne subsidy to ensure reasonable pricing. For instance, DAP receives a subsidy of Rs 10,231 with an average MRP of Rs 24,000 per tonne.
- Non-urea fertilizers retail at higher prices compared to urea due to lower subsidies. However, the per-tonne subsidy aims to balance costs for farmers.
- Fertiliser subsidy intends to support agriculture, enhance crop productivity, and maintain affordable fertilizer access for farmers.
3. Fertiliser Subsidy and DBT implementation
- Fertiliser subsidy primarily benefits farmers who pay less than market rates. However, companies are the recipients of this subsidy.
- Under the previous system, companies received subsidies after their fertilizers reached district railheads or approved storage points.
- Starting from March 2018, a Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT) system was adopted. Subsidy payments to companies are now linked to actual sales to farmers through retailers.
- Retailers across India (over 2.3 lahks) are equipped with PoS machines connected to the Department of Fertilisers' e-Urvarak DBT portal.
- Purchasers of subsidized fertilizers need to provide their Aadhaar unique identity or Kisan Credit Card number. Details such as fertilizer quantities, buyer's name, and biometric authentication are captured on the PoS device.
- Companies can claim subsidies only after the sale is registered on the e-Urvarak platform. These claims are processed weekly, and payments are electronically transferred to the company's bank account.
- The DBT implementation ensures more accurate targeting of subsidies, reduces leakages, and enhances transparency in the distribution of fertilizer subsidies.
4. Purpose of New Payment System
- Curbing Diversion: The introduction of the new payment system, the Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), aims to address the diversion of subsidized fertilizers. Urea, being heavily subsidized, is particularly susceptible to misuse for non-agricultural purposes.
- Leakage Reduction: Under the earlier system, leakage occurred from dispatch to retailer, increasing the potential for misuse. DBT minimizes pilferage as subsidy payments are linked to sales through Point-of-Sale (PoS) machines with biometric authentication.
5. Proposed Next Step
- Caps on Purchases: To prevent unintended beneficiaries and bulk buying, discussions are ongoing about imposing limits on the total number of subsidized fertilizer bags an individual can purchase during a cropping season (kharif or rabi).
- Reasonable Cap: A suggested cap is around 100 bags per individual, covering the seasonal requirements of an average-sized farmer. Excess bags could be purchased at unsubsidized rates.
6. Actual Subsidy Benefits to Farmers
- Fertiliser Subsidy Calculation: For three bags of urea, one bag of DAP, and half a bag of MOP per acre, the subsidy is calculated based on existing MRPs. Subsidy values for these fertilizers sum up to approximately Rs 2,418.3 per acre.
- Taxation Impact: Farmers also bear taxes on other inputs, such as diesel, and GST on various agricultural inputs. A significant portion of the subsidized amount is recovered through taxes, including diesel and input taxes like GST.
- Input Tax Credits: Unlike other businesses, farmers cannot claim input tax credits on their agricultural sales due to the absence of GST on farm produce.
7. What is Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP)?
Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP) is a widely used and important fertilizer in modern agriculture. It is a chemical compound that contains nitrogen and phosphorus, two essential nutrients crucial for plant growth and development. DAP is valued for its role in enhancing crop productivity and improving soil fertility.
- Nutrient Composition: DAP is composed of two key nutrients – nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen supports leafy growth and overall plant health, while phosphorus promotes root development, flowering, and fruiting.
- Water Solubility: DAP is highly water-soluble, making it readily available for plant uptake. This solubility ensures efficient nutrient absorption by plant roots.
- Versatility: DAP is suitable for various crops and soil types, making it a versatile choice for farmers cultivating different types of plants.
- Agronomic Impact: The balanced nitrogen-phosphorus ratio in DAP helps in optimal plant growth, early maturity, and increased yield potential. It is particularly beneficial for crops with high phosphorus demands, such as cereals, oilseeds, and vegetables.
Application and Use
- DAP is typically applied to the soil before or during planting, providing plants with essential nutrients right from the early stages of growth.
- It can be used as a basal or starter fertilizer, ensuring that young plants receive adequate nutrients for healthy establishment.
- Farmers often incorporate DAP into the soil or place it in close proximity to the seeds during planting. This proximity allows developing roots to access the nutrients efficiently, leading to improved crop growth.
8. Use of Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K)
Nitrogen (N)
- Function: Nitrogen is essential for the formation of proteins, enzymes, and chlorophyll – all of which are vital for plant growth and photosynthesis.
- Impact: Adequate nitrogen promotes lush foliage, leaf expansion, and vibrant green coloration. It enhances vegetative growth, leading to healthy stems and leaves.
- Crop Use: Nitrogen is particularly important for crops like leafy vegetables, grains, and grasses. It contributes to high yields and quality produce.
Phosphorus (P)
- Function: Phosphorus is integral to energy transfer within plants and aids in root development, flowering, and fruiting. It is also involved in cell division and genetic material.
- Impact: Adequate phosphorus supports robust root systems, early plant establishment, and the production of flowers and fruits. It contributes to overall plant vigor.
- Crop Use: Phosphorus is beneficial for crops like fruits, vegetables, and root crops, which require strong root systems and reproductive structures.
Potassium (K)
- Function: Potassium regulates water movement, nutrient uptake, and enzyme activation within plants. It enhances disease resistance and stress tolerance.
- Impact: Adequate potassium contributes to improved water use efficiency, stronger stalks, and disease resistance. It helps plants cope with adverse conditions.
- Crop Use: Potassium is essential for a wide range of crops, including fruits, vegetables, and grains, where it enhances yield, quality, and resilience.
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For Prelims: Fertiliser Subsidy, Di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), Nitrogen (N), Phosphorous (P), and Potassium (K), Maximum retail price (MRP), Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), and e-Urvarak DBT portal.
For Mains: 1. Examine the Significance and Challenges of Fertiliser Subsidy in Indian Agriculture. Discuss the role of fertilizer subsidy in enhancing agricultural productivity and supporting farmers.
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| Previous year Question
1. With reference to chemical fertilizers in India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. At present, the retail price of chemical fertilizers is market-driven and not administered by the Government.
2. Ammonia, which is an input of urea, is produced from natural gas.
3. Sulphur, which is a raw material for phosphoric acid fertilizer, is a by-product of oil refineries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
KARNAIL SINGH ISRU
1. Context
- As India commemorates its 77th Independence Day, the Punjab Chief Minister, Bhagwant Mann, pays homage to the late activist Karnail Singh Isru, a valiant participant in the Goa Liberation Movement.
- On this day in 1955, Isru lost his life while advocating for Goa's accession to India during the movement. Every year, the Punjab government organizes events to honour Isru's memory.
2. About Karnail Singh Isru
- Karnail Singh Isru was born on September 9, 1930, in Chak 30 village of the Lyallpur district, which is presently in Pakistan.
- Orphaned at seven, he was raised by his mother Harnam Kaur. Immersed in the freedom movement, Isru was profoundly inspired by Punjab's active role in the struggle against colonial rule.
- His dedication to the cause led him to adopt the name 'Isru' from the village he resided in, which later became synonymous with his legacy.
- After pursuing education, he became a school teacher in a Ludhiana village.
Image Source: Facebook3. The Goa Liberation Movement and Isru's Involvement
- The Goa Liberation Movement was a determined effort to liberate Goa from Portuguese colonial rule.
- Isru's involvement in this struggle was fueled by his admiration for nationalist leaders such as Tristao de Braganca Cunha and Ram Manohar Lohia.
- In 1955, CPI organized the dispatch of Satyagarhis to Goa to hoist the Indian tricolour on Independence Day.
- Isru, among the group of Satyagarhis, embarked on this mission with unwavering resolve.
- Isru's fervour for the freedom movement intensified during his tenure as a student leader, where he advocated for issues such as fee hikes.
- He drew inspiration from renowned freedom fighters like Bhagat Singh and Chandra Shekhar Azad, along with their ideals of truth and non-violence.
- In the early 1950s, he joined the Communist Party of India (CPI) and actively engaged in the fight against Portuguese colonial rule in Goa, Daman, Diu, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, which remained unaffected by India's independence.
4. Tragic Demise and Legacy
- Tragedy struck when Isru, along with the Satyagarhis, entered Patradevi village in North Goa.
- Portuguese forces opened fire on them, leading to Isru sustaining a fatal chest injury.
- At the young age of 25, Isru's life was cut short while fighting for the liberation of Goa.
- His sacrifice became a symbol of resilience and determination in the face of oppression.
- Eventually, India's position on Goa hardened, and in 1961, 'Operation Vijay' successfully led to Goa's annexation, culminating in its liberation.
5. Conclusion
- Karnail Singh Isru's remarkable contribution to the Goa Liberation Movement remains etched in history as an emblem of courage and determination.
- His sacrifice continues to inspire generations and exemplifies the unwavering commitment of countless unsung heroes who played an instrumental role in shaping India's destiny.
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For Prelims: Karnail Singh Isru, Goa Liberation Movement, Operation Vijay,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the life and contributions of Karnail Singh Isru in the context of the Goa Liberation Movement. How did his early experiences and upbringing influence his involvement in the freedom struggle? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following events: (UPSC 2018)
1. The first democratically elected communist party government formed in a State in India.
2. India's then-largest bank, 'Imperial Bank of India', was renamed 'State Bank of India'.
3. Air India was nationalised and became the national carries.
4. Goa became a part of independent India.
Which of the following is the correct chronological sequence of the above events?
A. 4 - 1 - 2 - 3 B. 3 - 2 - 1 - 4 C. 4 - 2 - 1 - 3 D. 3 - 1 - 2 - 4
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
HAVANA SYNDROME
1. Context
The Central government has told the Karnataka High Court that it will look into the matter of the ‘Havana Syndrome’ in India, in response to a Bengaluru resident’s recent petition. A single-judge bench of Justice Krishna Dixit disposed of the petition recently after the Centre’s counsel agreed to examine the case. It directed the Centre to do so within three months.
2. Havana Syndrome
- Havana Syndrome, is a series of unexplained health incidents affecting diplomats and intelligence personnel stationed in various countries, with the initial cases reported in Havana, Cuba.
- The syndrome encompasses a range of symptoms, including headaches, dizziness, nausea, hearing loss, cognitive difficulties, and even brain injuries.
- As researchers and governments strive to uncover the truth behind these baffling incidents, Havana Syndrome raises significant concerns about the potential use of directed energy attacks and the broader implications for international relations.
- The first reported cases of Havana Syndrome occurred in 2016 when U.S. diplomats stationed at the American Embassy in Havana, Cuba, began experiencing a sudden onset of unusual symptoms.
- These symptoms were initially attributed to sonic attacks, where an unknown weapon emitted targeted sounds causing physical harm.
- Subsequent investigations and medical evaluations, however, revealed inconclusive evidence and theories evolved to consider the possibility of directed energy attacks.
3. Directed Energy Attacks
- Directed energy attacks involve the use of electromagnetic radiation, microwave radiation, or other focused energy forms to target and harm individuals.
- While these technologies are not entirely new, the concept of their deliberate use against diplomats has sparked significant interest and concern.
- Experts suggest that such attacks may lead to neurological damage, affecting cognitive functions and causing physical symptoms.
4. Global Incidence
- Beyond Cuba, cases of Havana Syndrome have been reported in other countries as well, including China, Russia, Austria, and even in the United States itself.
- These incidents have raised suspicions about potential state-sponsored involvement, espionage, or a form of psychological warfare.
- The prevalence of these incidents suggests a need for a coordinated international response and a collective effort to unravel the mystery.
5. Challenges and Investigations
- Investigating Havana Syndrome poses unique challenges. The covert nature of these incidents makes it difficult to ascertain the exact cause and source.
- Additionally, the variability of symptoms and the lack of consistent evidence complicate the process of understanding the syndrome.
- The U.S. government has established task forces and research initiatives to explore the phenomenon, but progress has been slow due to the complex nature of the issue.
6. Diplomatic and Security Implications
- Havana Syndrome raises significant diplomatic and security implications. If directed energy attacks are confirmed, it could mark a concerning escalation in international conflicts and espionage tactics.
- The potential use of such weapons, even if not fatal, could severely strain diplomatic relations and undermine international trust.
7. Preventing Future Incidents
- The enigma surrounding Havana Syndrome underscores the need for improved international cooperation and information sharing.
- Countries must collaborate to investigate and address potential directed energy attacks.
- Strengthening security measures for diplomatic personnel and intelligence agents becomes crucial to safeguarding their well-being.
8. Havana Syndrome in India
- Sole Reported Incident: As of July 2023, India has only reported one occurrence of Havana Syndrome, which took place in 2021.
- Indian Security Establishment's Response: Indian security sources indicated in 2021 that they were unaware of possessing any technology capable of causing Havana Syndrome-like effects. Any such possession, even if true, would likely be kept confidential due to the sensitive nature of intelligence operations.
- Geopolitical Considerations: Indian intelligence officials questioned the rationale behind targeting the United States, given the strong diplomatic ties between the two countries. They expressed doubts about India intentionally harming relations with a close ally like the US.
- Foreign Involvement: Speculations emerged about the possible involvement of foreign powers, such as Russia or China, in carrying out directed energy attacks. Experts questioned why other countries hadn't reported similar incidents if a foreign power was responsible.
- Limited Reports Worldwide: Apart from the Canadian embassy in Havana, no other country has reported instances of Havana Syndrome among its officials. This has led to skepticism about the validity of the US assertions, though the possibility cannot be entirely discounted.
- Complex and Uncertain Situation: The case of Havana Syndrome in India raises questions about the credibility of claims, the involvement of foreign powers, and the potential motives behind such incidents. It remains a puzzling and curious situation, highlighting the complex nature of modern espionage and international relations.
9. Conclusion
Havana Syndrome remains a perplexing puzzle that demands urgent attention. The incidents highlight the evolving landscape of threats in the modern world and the pressing need for international efforts to understand, prevent, and respond to such unexplained health incidents. The resolution of this mystery carries implications beyond the realm of health, reaching into the realms of diplomacy, security, and global stability.
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For Prelims: Havana Syndrome, Cognitive difficulties, Electromagnetic radiation, Microwave radiation.
For Maina: 1. Examine the phenomenon of Havana Syndrome and its Global Implications. Discuss the reported cases of Havana Syndrome affecting diplomats and intelligence personnel, its symptoms, and the challenges in attributing its cause.
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Source:indianexpress
MATANGINI HAZRA, KANAKLATA BARUA
1. Context
- On the occasion of India's 77th Independence Day, President Droupadi Murmu paid tribute to the remarkable contributions of women freedom fighters, highlighting the indomitable spirit of figures such as Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua.
- Their sacrifices and unwavering dedication to the cause of Indian independence have left an indelible mark on the nation's history.
2. About Matangini Hazra
- Born in 1869 in the village of Hogla, near Tamluk in West Bengal, Matangini Hazra's early years were marked by modest circumstances.
- Denied formal education due to financial constraints, she was married at a tender age to Trilochan Hazra.
- Following her husband's early demise, Matangini found her calling in social causes and soon became an active participant in the Nationalist movement, profoundly influenced by Mahatma Gandhi's ideals.
- Nicknamed 'Gandhiburi' by her village, Hazra's commitment to the freedom struggle was unparalleled.
- She fearlessly led a multitude of marches and protests, earning respect and admiration for her relentless determination.
- At the age of 73, during the Quit India movement of 1942, she led a procession of thousands, aiming to take control of the Tamluk police station.
- Tragically, her pleas for non-violence went unheard, and she was fatally shot by British police.
- Matangini Hazra's legacy endures through various tributes, including the first statue dedicated to a woman revolutionary in Kolkata Maidan and the naming of schools and roads in her honour.
Image Source: Inshorts3. About Kanaklata Barua
- Kanaklata Barua, a prominent figure in Assam's struggle for independence, was a beacon of bravery at just 17 years old.
- Leading the 'Mrityu Bahini' or Death Squad, a procession of freedom fighters, she aspired to hoist the Tricolor at the Gohpur police station on September 20, 1942.
- Despite her youth, Barua's determination and leadership qualities led her to the forefront of the movement.
- Tragedy struck when an altercation with the police led to the firing, resulting in Kanaklata Barua's untimely demise.
- Even in her final moments, she held the Tricolor aloft, refusing to let it touch the ground.
- Her unwavering spirit and sacrifice captured the nation's imagination during a time when women were emerging as formidable leaders in the struggle for independence.
- In a fitting tribute, the Indian Coast Guard honoured her memory by naming a Fast Patrol Vessel (FPV) after her, the ICGS Kanaklata Barua.
4. Conclusion
- Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua exemplify the courage, resilience, and unwavering commitment of women freedom fighters who played an integral role in India's journey to independence.
- Their sacrifices continue to inspire generations, reminding us of the formidable power of determination and unity in the face of oppression.
- As we commemorate their contributions, let us uphold their legacies and draw strength from their unwavering dedication to the ideals of freedom and justice.
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For Prelims: Matangini Hazra, Kanaklata Barua, Quit India movement,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the contributions of Matangini Hazra and Kanaklata Barua in the Indian freedom struggle. How did their actions and sacrifices reflect the indomitable spirit of women fighters during that era? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Name the woman of freedom struggle whose statue was installed in Kolkata in 1977. (UPRVUNL JE EE 2021)
A. Lakshmi Sehgal B. Sarojini Naidu C. Begum Hazrat Mahal D. Matangini Hazra
Answer: D
2. Who among the following Indian freedom fighters was fondly called Gandhi Buri (Old Lady Gandhi) for her dedication towards Gandhian principles? (SSC CGL 2022)
A. Dakshayani Velayudhan B. Kamla Chaudhary C. Leela Roy D. Matangini Hazra
Answer: D
3. During the Quit India Movement, a girl named Kanaklata Barua led a public procession and defying the police, tried to enter the police station but was shot dead. This incident took place at - (RPSC RAS Prelims 2021)
A. Sonitpur B. Midnapur C. Korapur D. Gohpur
Answer: D
4. Kanaklata Barua was a teenaged freedom fighter from ____. (SSC GD 2021)
A. Nagaland B. Assam C. Sikkim D. Mizoram
Answer: B
5. Consider the following statements: On the eve of the launch of the Quit India Movement, Mahatma Gandhi: (UPSC 2005)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: C 6. During the freedom struggle, Aruna Asaf Ali was a major woman organizer of underground activity in (UPSC 2009)
A. Civil Disobedience Movement
B. Non-Cooperation Movement
C. Quit India Movement
D. Swadeshi Movement
Answer: C |
Source: The Indian Express
INDEPENDENCE DAY: BRITISH PERSPECTIVE
1. Context
- As we reflect on the 77th anniversary of Indian independence, it's essential to delve into the British perspective on the events that led to this monumental change and the subsequent decline of their global dominion.
- On August 15, 1947, a significant chapter in history unfolded as British rule in the Indian subcontinent concluded.
- The culmination of years of struggle for independence marked a pivotal moment for India and also signalled a turning point for the British Empire.
2. Post-World War II Economic Challenges
- The aftermath of World War II left Britain victorious yet physically and financially drained.
- By 1945, the treasury was depleted, war debts were significant, and the nation was grappling with food shortages, labour deficits, and extensive infrastructure damage.
- These circumstances necessitated profound transformations, and decolonization emerged as an inevitable course of action.
- The strains of maintaining a vast empire were unsustainable, as economist John Maynard Keynes argued, urging a reduction in spending on the British Empire to address the nation's economic plight.
3. Clement Atlee and the Shift in Leadership
- The shift from Winston Churchill's wartime leadership to Clement Atlee's governance marked a crucial juncture.
- Atlee, distinct in temperament from the boisterous Churchill, held contrasting views on the British Empire.
- While Churchill remained an Empire apologist, Atlee favoured self-governance in India, acknowledging the rising nationalist sentiment.
- Atlee's stance was motivated not only by the desire to redirect resources for domestic welfare but also by a realization that denying India's independence could exacerbate tensions.
- His recognition of the persistent demand for self-government and the fear of communist uprisings further shaped his approach.
4. The Impact of the Royal Indian Navy Mutiny
- The massive mutiny in the Royal Indian Navy in 1946 hastened the decline of the British Empire.
- The RIN's pivotal role during the war had swelled its ranks, but post-war demobilization and poor conditions led to discontent.
- Nationalist fervour surged among the sailors, culminating in a significant mutiny that underscored Britain's weakening grip on India.
- This mutiny, though short-lived, amplified the urgency for granting India independence.
- Atlee's subsequent announcement of The Cabinet Mission reflected the recognition of the Empire's waning influence.
5. Britain's Accelerated Exit and the Partition
- Atlee's commitment to India's independence clashed with uncertainties about its form.
- The Cabinet Mission's proposal for a complex administrative structure was rejected, exacerbating communal tensions.
- The appointment of Louis Mountbatten, whose directive was to ensure a swift exit, reflected the need to contain potential bloodshed.
- Mountbatten's efforts expedited the timeline for India's independence and partition, with August 15, 1947, designated as the transfer of power deadline.
- While this marked a poignant moment for Empire apologists, most Britons were preoccupied with domestic concerns.
6. Conclusion
- The British perspective on Indian independence unveils a narrative of evolving attitudes, economic realities, and shifting political landscapes.
- The events leading to India's independence also underscored the broader decline of the British Empire.
- As we commemorate this historic anniversary, it's a testament to the complexities of history that continue to shape our world.
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For Prelims: Indian Independence, Partition, World War II, British Empire, Royal Indian Navy, Cabinet Mission,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the economic challenges faced by Britain after World War II and how these challenges contributed to the decolonization process. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Cabinet Mission, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It recommended a federal government.
2. It enlarged the powers of the Indian courts.
3. It provided for more Indians in the ICS.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. None
Answer: A
2. The Cabinet Mission which visited in 1946 was led by _____. (Telangana Group 1 2016)
A. R.J. Moore B. A.V. Campbell C. Pethick Lawrence D. David Warner
Answer: C
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Source: The Indian Express
