Current Affair

Back
DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 09 NOVEMBER 2024

BRICS

 

1. Context

How things change within a year. Russia’s President Vladimir Putin made only a brief digital appearance at the BRICS 2023 summit in Johannesburg, despite host South Africa’s decision to provide him diplomatic immunity against an ICC-issued arrest warrant linked to the Ukraine war. As the host and Chair of the summit this year, Mr. Putin dominated the show. The three-day summit pushed news about the ongoing conflicts in Ukraine and West Asia to the back pages

2. BRICS

  • The BRICS alliance, composed of Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa, has evolved from an economic consortium to a multifaceted geopolitical force.
  • Emerging economies with considerable potential, these countries together form a collective that challenges traditional power dynamics and fosters cooperation in an increasingly interconnected world.

3. Formation and Evolution

  • BRICS was officially established in 2006, with the objective of fostering economic growth, development, and cooperation among member nations.
  • Over time, it has transformed into a platform for addressing a broader spectrum of global challenges, encompassing political, security, and social concerns alongside economic issues.

4. Geopolitical Relevance

  • Counterbalance to Western Influence: BRICS serves as a counterweight to the dominance of Western powers. The coalition's diverse representation from different regions empowers non-Western countries to assert their interests on the global stage.
  • Global South Unity: BRICS resonates with many countries in the Global South that seek a voice in international affairs. It presents an alternative to the traditional Western-dominated institutions, offering a platform for collaboration and advocacy.

5. Economic Cooperation and Growth

  • Economic Powerhouses: Collectively, BRICS nations account for a substantial portion of the world's population and GDP. Their economic potential has led to discussions on reforming global financial institutions to better reflect contemporary realities.
  • Intra-BRICS Trade: Trade among BRICS members has grown significantly. Initiatives like the New Development Bank (NDB) and the Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA) bolster financial cooperation and stability within the group.

6. Geopolitical Challenges and Opportunities

  • Diverse Interests: As BRICS expands and diversifies, differing geopolitical interests may arise, potentially leading to internal divisions. However, this diversity also presents opportunities for creative solutions to global challenges.
  • Diplomatic Outreach: BRICS engages with other regional and international organizations, strengthening its influence. The expansion of the group's membership underscores its growing geopolitical relevance.

7. India's Role and Beyond

  • India's Diplomacy: India has played an active role within BRICS, emphasizing issues such as counter-terrorism, cybersecurity, and climate change. Its strategic partnerships contribute to the coalition's expansion and its influence in shaping its direction.
  • Global Impact: BRICS expansion into a broader coalition incorporating West Asian countries like Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia, and the UAE signifies a deliberate shift towards greater global political relevance. This expansion highlights BRICS' adaptability to changing geopolitical dynamics.

8. BRICS New Members Dynamics

  • Unanimous Decisions: BRICS decisions require unanimous agreement, reflecting collective decision-making.
  • Geopolitical Partnerships: While Russia and China confront West-related challenges, Brazil, South Africa, and India maintain significant partnerships with the US and Europe.
  • China's Expansion Drive: China spearheads BRICS expansion, prioritizing membership growth.
  • Inclusion of Iran: China and Russia's influence is seen in Iran's inclusion, showcasing their collaboration.
  • Mediation Efforts: China's role reconciles rivals Saudi Arabia and Iran within the alliance.
  • Saudi Arabia's Shift: Saudi Arabia's entry signifies a move towards an independent foreign policy, diverging from the US alliance.
  • Global Significance for Russia and Iran: BRICS membership elevates Russia and Iran's global partnerships, challenging Western dominance.

9. Implications for India

  • Strategic Role: India played a lead role in drafting BRICS membership criteria, demonstrating its strategic influence within the alliance.
  • Expanded Influence: The inclusion of new members who are strategic partners of India enhances its influence within BRICS.
  • Geopolitical Balancing: BRICS expansion allows India to navigate between its ties with the West and its position within this non-Western coalition.
  • Global Advocacy: With more representation and diverse members, India can push for UN reforms and increased Global South representation.
  • Diplomatic Challenges: India might need to exert more effort to assert its influence in an alliance with a wider range of members and potential competing interests.
  • Economic Opportunities: Collaboration with economically strong members like China can lead to enhanced trade and investment prospects for India.
For Prelims: BRICS, Global South Unity, Western Influence, New Development Bank (NDB), and Contingent Reserve Arrangement (CRA).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the Implications of BRICS' Expansion for India's Geopolitical Positioning and Influence within the Alliance.
2. Analyze India's Role in Shaping BRICS' Membership Criteria and Its Strategic Significance in the Expanded Coalition.
 

Previous year Questions

1. With reference to a grouping of countries known as BRICS, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2014)
1. The First Summit of BRICS was held in Rio de Janeiro in 2009.
2. South Africa was the last to join the BRICS grouping.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
 
2. With reference to BRIC countries, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. At present, China's GDP is more than the combined GDP of all three other countries.
2. China's population is more than the combined population of any two other countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
 
3. The 'Fortaleza Declaration', recently in the news, is related to the affairs of  (UPSC 2015)
A. ASEAN
B. BRICS
C. OECD
D. WTO
Answer: B
Source: The Hindu
 
 

COMPETITION COMMISSION OF INDIA

 
 
1. Context
Zomato entered into “exclusivity contracts” with partners in return for lower commissions, while Swiggy guaranteed business growth to certain players if they listed exclusively on its platform, according to non-public documents prepared by the Competition Commission of India (CCI).
 
2. Competition Commission of India
  • The Competition Commission of India (CCI) is a regulatory authority established in India to promote and protect fair competition in the marketplace.
  • It was established under the Competition Act, 2002, and became fully functional in 2009.
  • The primary objective of the CCI is to prevent anti-competitive practices, ensure a level playing field for businesses, and promote consumer welfare
  • The Competition Commission of India (within the Ministry of Corporate Affairs) has been established to enforce the competition law under the Competition Act, 2002.
  • It should be noted that on the recommendations of Raghavan committee, the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 (MRTP Act) was repealed and replaced by the Competition Act, 2002
  • The Commission consists of a Chairperson and not more than 6 Members appointed by the Central Government
  • It is the statutory duty of the Commission to eliminate practices having an adverse effect on competition, promote and sustain competition, protect the interests of consumers and ensure freedom of trade carried on by other participants, in markets in India as provided in the Preamble as well as Section 18 of the Act.
  • The Commission is also mandated to give its opinion on competition issues to government or statutory authority and to undertake competition advocacy for creating awareness of competition law.
  • Advocacy is at the core of effective competition regulation. Competition Commission of India (CCI), which has been entrusted with implementation of law, has always believed in complementing robust enforcement with facilitative advocacy. It is a quasi-judicial body.
 
3. Key functions and responsibilities 

Here are some key functions and responsibilities of the Competition Commission of India:

  1. Competition Advocacy: The CCI engages in advocacy and education activities to promote competition awareness among businesses, government agencies, and the public.

  2. Antitrust Enforcement: The CCI investigates and takes action against anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance by companies, and anti-competitive mergers and acquisitions. It can impose penalties and remedies on entities found to be in violation of competition laws.

  3. Merger Control: The CCI reviews and approves or disapproves mergers, acquisitions, and combinations that may have an adverse impact on competition in the Indian market. It assesses whether these transactions are likely to cause a substantial lessening of competition.

  4. Market Studies and Research: The CCI conducts studies and research to understand market dynamics, competition issues, and emerging trends. This information helps in formulating policies and recommendations to improve competition.

  5. Competition Advocacy: The commission engages in advocacy efforts to promote competition principles and practices among businesses, government agencies, and the public.

  6. Consumer Protection: While primarily focused on promoting competition, the CCI also indirectly promotes consumer welfare by ensuring that markets remain competitive and that consumers have choices and access to fair prices.

  7. Regulation of Anti-Competitive Practices: The CCI addresses practices such as price-fixing, bid rigging, and abuse of market power that can harm competition and consumers.

  8. Legal Proceedings: The CCI has the authority to conduct investigations, hold hearings, and pass orders. Its decisions can be appealed to higher courts in India.

4. What is the Competition Act?
 
  • The Competition Act, 2002, as amended by the Competition (Amendment) Act, 2007, follows the philosophy of modern competition laws.
  • The Act prohibits anti-competitive agreements, and abuse of dominant position by enterprises and regulates combinations (acquisition, acquiring of control and M&A), which causes or likely to cause an appreciable adverse effect on competition within India
  • In accordance with the provisions of the Amendment Act, the Competition Commission of India and the Competition Appellate Tribunal have been established
  • The government of India replaced Competition Appellate Tribunal (COMPAT) with the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) in 2017
  • The provisions of the Competition Act relating to anti-competitive agreements and abuse of dominant position were notified on May 20, 2009
Competition is the best means of ensuring that the ‘Common Man’ or ‘Aam Aadmi’ has access to the broadest range of goods and services at the most competitive prices. With increased competition, producers will have maximum incentive to innovate and specialize. This would result in reduced costs and wider choice to consumers. A fair competition in market is essential to achieve this objective. Our goal is to create and sustain fair competition in the economy that will provide a ‘level playing field’ to the producers and make the markets work for the welfare of the consumers
 
5. What is Cartelisation?
Cartels can be difficult to define. According to CCI, a “Cartel includes an association of producers, sellers, distributors, traders or service providers who, by agreement amongst themselves, limit, control or attempt to control the production, distribution, sale or price of, or, trade in goods or provision of services”

The International Competition Network, which is a global body dedicated to enforcing competition law, has a simpler definition. The three common components of a cartel are:

  • an agreement;
  • between competitors;
  • to restrict competition.
6. Way forward
CCI needs to revisit its definition of ‘relevant market’. In the age of digital world, defining relevant market has been a tough task for regulators world-wide. Technological developments like Web 3.0, AI, IoT, Blockchain and issues like data protection and privacy, search bias, platform neutrality, confidentiality, etc, have created a need for a robust competition law. Such a law should meet the demands of the technological era we live in.
 
 
For Prelims: Statutory board, Constitutional body
For Mains: 1.Discuss the role and functions of the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in promoting and ensuring fair competition in the Indian market
2.Examine the challenges and limitations faced by the Competition Commission of India (CCI) in effectively regulating and promoting competition in the digital economy
 
Previous year Questions
 1. Competition Commission of India is which kind of body? (RSMSSB Sanganak 2018)
A. Statutory body
B. Constitutional.
C. Single Member
D. Private
Answer (A)
 
Source: indianexpress
 

ASEAN

1. Context

Donald Trump’s presidency may see trade and investment flows diverting away from China as the U.S. tightens investments in strategic sectors but this shift might benefit India and ASEAN countries

2. About the ASEAN and East Asia Summit?

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)

  • ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental organization consisting of ten countries in Southeast Asia.
  • It was founded on August 8, 1967, to promote political and economic cooperation, regional stability, and social progress among its member states.
  • The founding members of ASEAN are Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, with Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Myanmar, and Cambodia joining later.
  • ASEAN holds regular meetings and summits to discuss regional issues, economic integration, and diplomatic cooperation.
Image Source: The Research Gate

East Asia Summit (EAS)

  • The East Asia Summit is a broader regional forum that includes ASEAN member states along with eight other countries, namely Australia, China, India, Japan, New Zealand, South Korea, Russia, and the United States.
  • The EAS was established in 2005 to provide a platform for discussions on strategic, political, and economic issues affecting East Asia.
  • It addresses a wide range of regional and global challenges, from security and trade to environmental issues.
Image Source: Twitter

3. The Rationality behind the ASEAN and East Asia Summit 

  • Promote regional peace and stability. The EAS provides a forum for leaders to discuss and address common security challenges, such as terrorism, piracy, and natural disasters.
  • Foster economic growth and development. The EAS can help to promote trade and investment, and to facilitate economic integration in the region.
  • Address non-traditional security challenges. The EAS can also address non-traditional security challenges, such as climate change, pandemics, and human trafficking.

4. About ‘multilateralism’ 

Multilateralism is a principle of international relations that emphasizes cooperation between countries. This cooperation can take many forms, such as diplomacy, trade agreements, and international organizations. There are several benefits to multilateralism including

1. It can help to promote peace and stability by encouraging countries to work together to resolve their differences.
2. It can help to promote economic growth by reducing barriers to trade and investment. 
3. It can help to address common challenges, such as climate change and terrorism.

4.1. Concept of Multilateralism

  • The concept of multilateralism emphasizes diplomacy, negotiation, and cooperation among nations to achieve collective objectives.
  • It rests on equality, non-interference in internal affairs, and respect for international law.
  • Multilateral institutions like the United Nations, the World Trade Organization, and regional organizations such as ASEAN play significant roles in facilitating multilateral cooperation.

4.2. Purpose of Multilateralism

  • Foster international cooperation and dialogue.
  • Promote peace and security by addressing conflicts through diplomacy and collective security mechanisms.
  • Facilitate economic integration and trade through agreements like the World Trade Organization (WTO).
  • Address global challenges such as climate change, public health crises, and terrorism through coordinated efforts.
  • Uphold international law and human rights.
  • Create a more stable and predictable international system.

4.3.  About post-Cold War multilateralism

  • Post-Cold War multilateralism refers to the practice of cooperation between countries in the post-Cold War era.
  • This cooperation is often seen as a way to address common challenges and promote peace and stability.
  • There are several reasons why multilateralism has become more important in the post-Cold War era.
  1. The end of the Cold War led to a decline in superpower rivalry, which created an opportunity for countries to cooperate more closely.
  2. The rise of new challenges, such as terrorism and climate change, has made it clear that no country can address these challenges alone.
  3. The increasing interconnectedness of the world economy has made it more important for countries to cooperate on trade and investment issues.

5. Unilateralism and Multilateralism in International Relations

Unilateralism

  • Unilateralism is an approach in international relations where a nation acts independently and without seeking the approval or cooperation of other countries.
  • This can include making decisions, taking military action, or implementing policies without regard for international consensus.
  • Unilateralism can be seen as a more assertive or isolationist stance.

Multilateralism

  • Multilateralism involves collaboration and cooperation among multiple nations to address global challenges.
  • It values diplomacy, negotiation, and shared responsibilities. Multilateral approaches are often considered more inclusive and consensus-based.

6. Is multilateralism declining?

  • There is some evidence to suggest that multilateralism is declining. For example, the number of new international organizations has declined in recent years, and there has been a rise in unilateralism, particularly in the United States.
  • However, there are also many examples of countries cooperating multilaterally to address common challenges.
  • Ultimately, the future of multilateralism will depend on the willingness of countries to work together to address the challenges of the 21st century.
For Prelims: ASEAN, East Asia Summit, Post-Cold War,  multilateralism, G20 summit, United Nations, the World Trade Organization, Unilateralism,
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the concept and purpose of post-Cold War multilateralism. What factors have contributed to the increased emphasis on multilateral cooperation in the post-Cold War era? (250 Words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. India is a member of which among the following? (UPSC 2015) 
1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
2. Association of South-East Asian Nations
3. East Asia Summit
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 only        B. 3 only        C. 1, 2 and 3           D. India is a member of none of them
 
Answer: B
 
2. Recently, the USA decided to support India's membership in multilateral export control regimes called the "Australia Group" and the "Wassenaar Arrangement". What is the difference between them? (UPSC 2011)
1. The Australia Group is an informal arrangement which aims to allow exporting countries to minimize the risk of assisting chemical and biological weapons proliferation, whereas the Wassenaar Arrangement is a formal group under the OECD holding identical objectives.
2. The Australia Group comprises predominantly of Asian, African and North American countries, whereas the member countries of Wassenaar Arrangement are predominantly from the European Union and American continents.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only          B. 2 only         C. Both 1 and 2            D. Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: D
 
3. With reference to the "Look East Policy" of India, consider the following statements (UPSC 2011)
1. India wants to establish itself as an important regional player in East Asian affairs.
2. India wants to plug the vacuum created by the termination of the Cold War.
3. India wants to restore the historical and cultural ties with its neighbours in Southeast and East Asia.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only               B. 1 and 3 only           C. 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
4.With reference to the “G20 Common Framework”, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. It is an initiative endorsed by the G20 together with the Paris Club.
2. It is an initiative to support Low Income Countries with unsustainable debt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only          (b) 2 only          (c) Both 1 and 2          (d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: C
 
5. In which one of the following groups are all the four countries members of G20? (UPSC 2020) 
A. Argentina, Mexico, South Africa and Turkey
B. Australia, Canada, Malaysia and New Zealand
C. Brazil, Iran, Saudi Arabia and Vietnam
D. Indonesia, Japan, Singapore and South Korea
Answer: A
 
6. With reference to the United Nations General Assembly, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 
1. The UN General Assembly can grant observer status to the non-member States.
2. Inter-governmental organisations can seek observer status in the UN General Assembly.
3. Permanent Observers in the UN General Assembly can maintain missions at the UN headquarters.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only    B. 2 and 3 only    C.1 and 3 only  D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: D
 
7. In the Context of which of the following do you sometimes find the terms 'amber box, blue box and green tax' in the news? (UPSC CSE 2016)
A. WTO Affairs
B. SAARC affairs
C. UNFCC affairs
D. India-EU negotions on FTA
Answer-A

8. In the context of the affairs which of the following is the phrase "Special Safeguard Mechanisms" mentioned in the news frequently? (UPSC 2010)

A. United Nations Environment Program

B. World Trade Organization Agreement

C. ASEAN-India

D. Free Trade G-20 Summits

Answer: B

9. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)

1. India has ratified the Trade Facilitation Agreement (TFA) of the WTO

2. TFA is a part of WTO's Bali Ministerial Package of 2013

3. TFA came into force in January 2016

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

A. 1 and 2 only

B. 1 and 3 only

C. 2 and 3 only

D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: A

10. Which of the following are the main functions of WTO? (UPSC ESE 2020) 
1. To organize meetings of member countries to arrive at trade agreements covering international trade
2. To ensure that member countries conduct trade practices as per agreement agreed upon and signed by the member countries
3. To provide a platform to negotiate and settle disputes related to international trade between and among member countries
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 1 and 3 only      C.  2 and 3 only            D.  1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: D
 
11. In a unilateral system of tolerance, tolerance is allowed on which side? (HPCL Engineer Mechanical 2021) 
A. one side of the nominal size
B. no side of the nominal size
C. Both sides of the actual size
D. One side of the actual size
 
Answer: A
 
12. Which of the following is a bilateral element? (UPSSSC JE Electrical 2016)
A. constant current source
B. constant voltage source
C. capacitance
D. None of these
 
Answer: C
 
 

INSURANCE REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF INDIA (IRDAI)

 

1. Context

IRDAI chairman Debasish Panda on Friday pitched for 100% foreign direct investment (FDI) in the insurance sector, saying a lot of capital is needed to achieve the goal of 'insurance for all' by 2027.

2. Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI)

  • The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India or the IRDAI is the apex body responsible for the regulation and development of the insurance industry in India.
  • It is an autonomous body.
  • It was established by an act of Parliament known as the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, of 1999. Hence, it is a statutory body.

3. IRDA Functions

  • Its primary purpose is to protect the rights of the policyholders in India.
  • It gives the registration certificate to insurance companies in the country.
  • It also engages in the renewal, modification, cancellation, etc. of this registration.
  • It also creates regulations to protect policyholders interests in India.

4. What does the new IRDAI rule say?

  • IRDAI has asked insurance companies, including life and non-life, to fix an overall cap on commission to agents, brokers, and other intermediaries, giving more flexibility to insurers in managing their expenses.
  • This means the regulator has replaced the earlier cap on different commission payments to various types of intermediaries with an overall board-approved cap which should be within the allowed expenses.

5. What is the Objective?

The rationale of the regulation is to enable and provide flexibility to the insurers, both life and general insurers to manage their expenses within the overall limits based on their gross written premium to optimally utilize their resources for enhancing benefits to policyholders.

6. How will this move benefit insurance companies and agents?

  • The insurance sector participants have welcomed the change in the regulation and termed it a major reform.
  • They said the removal of the cap on commission payments will positively impact the sector.
  • Currently, the limit of EOM in the general insurance business is 30 percent, and in health insurance is 35 percent.
  • The insurance companies are paying insurance intermediaries a commission of 15 percent of the total premium business they are bringing in.
  • The new regulation has removed the cap. However, the overall limit of EOM will remain.
  • With the new regulations, an insurance company can pay a higher commission to an agent if the business brought in is good and claim-free.
  • The liberty to give a commission to an agent is left to the company.
  • The new norms will facilitate greater product innovation and the development of new product distribution models and lead to more customer-centric operations.
  • It will also increase insurance penetration and provide flexibility to insurers in managing their expenses. Overall, it will smoothen adherence to compliance norms.

7. What benefit will consumers get?

  • Post the changes in regulations, insurance agents are likely to be more interested in selling insurance products and explaining policy details to consumers beforehand.
  • The claim ratio of these agents will also be better.
  • When claim outgoes are within the overall manageable limit, an insurance company may not increase the premium, which will be beneficial for consumers.
  • This move will also help in increasing insurance penetration as agents will get higher commissions.
  • IRDAI said the regulation will come into force from April 1, 2023, and will remain in force for a period of three years thereafter. 

8. What do Expenses of Mangement mean?

  • Expenses of Management (EOM) include all expenses in the nature of operation expenses of general or health Insurance business and commission to the insurance agents or insurance intermediaries.
  • It also includes commission and expenses on reinsurance inward, which are charged to the revenue account.

For Prelims

For Prelims: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, of 1999, and Expenses of Management (EOM).
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
Previous year Question
 
1. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Act was passed in the year? (TNPSC Group -1, 2014)
A. 1986
B. 1991
C. 1999
D. 2005
Answer: B
 
2. IRDAI has set up a panel under whose chairmanship to examine the need for standard cyber liability insurance product? (CGPSC Civil service 2020)
A. Pravin Kutumbe
B. P. Umesh
C. K. Ganesh
D. T. L. Alamelu
Answer: B
 
 
 

POCSO ACT

 

1. Context

The Supreme Court said a sexual harassment case cannot be closed after a compromise is reached between the rival parties as such offences have serious impact on the society.

2. Development of Legislation Against Child Sexual Abuse in India

Constitutional Provisions and International Commitments
  • The Constitution of India includes provisions to protect children's rights.
  • India has ratified international instruments like the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Protocol on the Sale of Children.
Lack of Dedicated Provision
  • India lacked specific legislation addressing child sexual abuse.
  • Cases were tried under various provisions of the Indian Penal Code, which were deemed insufficient.
Goa Incident and State-Level Response
  • A child sexual abuse racket was exposed in Goa during the 1990s.
  • The state government responded by enacting a law in 2003 to promote child rights.
Children's Code Bill, 2000
  • The Special Expert Committee under Justice VR Krishna Iyer drafted the Children's Code Bill, presenting a comprehensive framework for child rights in India.
Draft Bill Addressing Offences Against Children
  • In 2005, the Department of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill to address different offenses targeted against children.
Study of Child Abuse Report (2007)
  • Published by the Ministry of Women and Child Development.
  • Covered 13 states with a sample size of 12,447 children, 2,324 young adults, and 2,449 stakeholders.
  • Found that 50.76% of children surveyed reported experiencing one or more forms of sexual abuse.
  • Boys reported a higher overall percentage of sexual abuse than girls, contrary to prevailing perceptions.
Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Bill, 2010
  • In September 2010, the Ministry of Women and Child Development prepared a draft bill.
  • After several revisions, it came into force as the POCSO Act on Children's Day (November 14, 2012).

3. Analysis of POCSO Act Trials and Case Characteristics

  • Acquittals and Convictions: Analysis shows that 43.44% of trials under the POCSO Act end in acquittals, while only 14.03% end in convictions. For every one conviction, there are three acquittals, indicating a significant disparity.
  • State-wise Disparity in Acquittals and Convictions: Acquittals are significantly higher than convictions in all states studied. Examples: In Andhra Pradesh, acquittals are seven times more than convictions, and in West Bengal, acquittals are five times more than convictions. Kerala has a relatively lower gap, with acquittals constituting 20.5% and convictions constituting 16.49% of total disposals.
  • Relationship Between Victim and Accused: Out of 138 examined judgments, only 6% of cases involved accused who were strangers to the victim. In 44% of cases, the relationship between the victim and accused was unidentified. Known acquaintances constituted 22.9% of the accused, family members accounted for 3.7%, and cases with prior romantic relationships made up 18%.
  • Age Distribution of Victims and Accused: Among the 138 cases studied, 5.47% of victims were under 10 years, 17.8% were between 10-15 years, and 28% were between 15-18 years. The age of the victim was unidentified in 48% of cases. Age details of accused individuals were not identified in 63.6% of cases. Identified age ranges of accused: 11.6% between 19-25 years, 10.9% between 25-35 years, 6.1% between 35-45 years, and 6.8% above 45 years.
  • Offenses and Severity: Penetrative sexual assault (31.18%) and aggravated penetrative sexual assault (25.59%) collectively account for over half of all POCSO cases. These offenses carry the most stringent punishments under the POCSO Act.

4. Analysis of POCSO Case Disposal and Pendency

  • Delayed Disposal: On average, it takes 509.78 days for a POCSO case to be disposed of, exceeding the one-year stipulated timeframe under the Act.
  • Increase in Pending Cases: The pendency of POCSO cases had been gradually increasing over the years. Notably, there was a sharp rise in pending cases between 2019 and 2020, attributed to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • Reasons for Delay: Slow pace of police investigation and delays in depositing samples with Forensic Science Laboratories were identified as primary reasons for case delays.
  • Transfers of Cases: 22.76% of cases were disposed of through transfers from one court to another. One-fifth of the cases in the dataset ended in transfers, indicating administrative mismanagement or wrongful appreciation of facts by the police.
  • Increasing Transfer Trend: The percentage of transfers out of total disposals was around 8% in 2013 but rose to a little over 19% in 2019 and a concerning 42% in 2020. This trend is seen as problematic due to the time wasted as cases are transferred between courts.

5. POCSO Trials and Case Statistics in India

  • Delhi's POCSO Trials and Case Length: Delhi has the highest number of POCSO trials in the country, with 13.54 cases per 100,000 population in 2018. However, Delhi also had the highest average case length in 2020, at 1,284.33 days.
  • Average Time for Convictions: Chandigarh and West Bengal are the only states where the average time taken for convictions is within one year. States like Chhattisgarh, Haryana, Kerala, Sikkim, Chandigarh, and the NCT of Delhi have a higher reporting of POCSO cases.
  • Districts with the Highest Number of POCSO Trials: The five districts with the highest number of POCSO trials (pending and disposed of) are Namchi (Sikkim), New Delhi, Central Delhi, Medak (Telangana), and West Garo Hills (Meghalaya).
  • Pendency and Disposal Rates: Uttar Pradesh has the highest pendency, with 77.77% of the total POCSO cases filed between November 2012 and February 2021 pending. Tamil Nadu has the highest disposal percentage at 80.2%.
  • Districts with Highest Pendency Percentages: The five districts with the highest pendency percentages include Lucknow, Hardoi, Budaun, and Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh and Howrah in West Bengal.

6. Gaps in Implementation

  • Absence of Support Persons: According to the study, "support persons" are not appointed in most POCSO cases. The Supreme Court highlighted that in 96% of cases, victims were not provided with a support person.
  • Role of support Persons: A support person can be an individual or organization working in child rights or protection, an official from a children's home or shelter home. or a staff member of the District Child Protection Unit (DCPU). Their role is to guide and support the victim throughout the legal process.
  • Insufficient Designated POCSO Courts: The analysis reveals that not all districts have designated POCSO courts. As of 2022, 408 POCSO courts have been established in 28 states under the Government's Fast Track Special Court Scheme.
  • Lack of Special Public Prosecutors: There is a shortage of special public prosecutors specifically appointed to handle POCSO cases. Even when appointed, they are often engaged in non-POCSO cases, leading to a lack of dedicated focus on POCSO matters.
For Prelims: Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO), Convention on the Rights of the Child, and the Protocol on the Sale of Children, Children's Code Bill, 2000,  Child Abuse Report (2007). 
For Mains: 1. Critically analyze the findings of the analysis on convictions, acquittals, victim-accused relationships, and offense patterns in POCSO cases in India. (250 words).

Previous year Question

1. In India, the Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, ____ is a comprehensive law to provide for the protection of children from the offenses of sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography, while safeguarding the interests of the child. (SSC CGL 2021)
A.2012
B. 2006
C. 2010
D. 2008
Answer: A
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

CLIMATE FINANCE

 
 

1. Context 

Securing better climate finances for the Global South has emerged as the pre-eminent goal for CoP29. It’s a necessary pursuit as the developing world houses the majority of the worst-affected regions. However, the Global South and the Global North should not come to the table as adversaries.
 

2. What is Climate finance?

  • Climate finance entails substantial financial investments directed toward initiatives aimed at either mitigating or adapting to the impacts of climate change.
  • In the context of adaptation, it involves proactively addressing the anticipated adverse effects of climate change and implementing measures to prevent or minimize potential damage.
  • For instance, constructing infrastructure to safeguard coastal communities against rising sea levels is a tangible example of adaptation measures.
  • Conversely, in the realm of mitigation, the focus is on curbing the emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, thereby lessening the severity of climate change impacts.
  • Mitigation efforts encompass strategies such as increasing the utilization of renewable energy sources, expanding forest cover, and other measures designed to reduce overall GHG emissions.
 

3. Why do Developing Nations Demand Climate Finance?

Developing nations demand climate finance for several reasons:

  • Developed nations have historically emitted far more greenhouse gases than developing nations. Since the Industrial Revolution, the Global North has emitted a disproportionate share of the greenhouse gases that are now causing climate change. While developing nations are now rapidly increasing their emissions, the historical responsibility for the problem lies primarily with developed countries.
  • Developing countries are disproportionately vulnerable to the negative impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and changes in agricultural productivity. They often lack the resources to adapt to these changes and build resilience.
  • Developing countries have limited financial resources to invest in clean energy technologies and other climate solutions. They need financial assistance from developed countries to bridge the gap and make these investments.
  • The principle of Common But Differentiated Responsibilities (CBDR) is enshrined in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement. This principle recognizes that all countries have a responsibility to address climate change, but that developed countries have a greater responsibility due to their historical emissions and greater financial capacity.
  • Many argue that developed countries have a moral obligation to help developing countries address climate change, as they are the ones who are most vulnerable to its impacts and have the least responsibility for causing the problem.

International Agreements

The demand for climate finance is backed by international agreements, including:

  • The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) agreement established the principle of CBDR and required developed countries to provide financial assistance to developing countries.
  • 2009 Copenhagen Accord Developed countries committed to providing $100 billion per year by 2020 to developing countries.
  • The 2015 Paris Agreement reaffirmed the commitment to provide $100 billion per year by 2020 and extended it to 2025.
 

4. How much climate finance is needed?

  • As of 2021, the UNFCCC standing committee's analysis suggests that developing countries require a minimum of $5.8 trillion by 2030 to fulfil the objectives outlined in their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
  • These contributions serve as a framework for their initiatives to both reduce national emissions and adapt to the impacts of climate change.
  • This translates to an annual need of around $600 billion, a figure significantly below the commitments made by developed nations.
  • Complicating matters further, a report from the London School of Economics notes that the lack of available data, tools, and capacity in several countries may result in underestimations of these financial needs.
  • Additionally, the UNFCCC estimate does not encompass the substantial expenses incurred by governments to address the impacts of extreme weather events like floods, droughts, and wildfires attributed to climate change.
  • These costs are now being considered separately under the funding mechanism for loss and damage, announced by countries at COP27 in 2022 and officially launched during COP28. However, the scale and replenishment cycle of this mechanism remains unclear.
  • In a report from 2022, Nicholas Stern, a prominent climate economist, estimated that an annual investment of approximately $2 trillion will be necessary by 2030 to assist developing countries in reducing their greenhouse gas emissions and coping with the consequences of climate breakdown.


5. How Much Climate Finance Reaches Developing Nations?

Different organizations provide contrasting figures on the amount of climate finance reaching developing countries.

  • The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), largely composed of wealthy nations, reported $83.3 billion provided in 2020.
  • Oxfam challenges the data, accusing developed countries of inflating their contributions by as much as 225%. Their estimate places the real value of climate finance provided in 2020 at $21-24.5 billion.
  • Developed countries are criticized for offering much of the funding as non-concessional loans, adding to debt burdens in developing nations.
  • A study by CARE International revealed that 52% of climate finance between 2011-2020 was diverted from existing development budgets, including critical areas like health, education, and women's rights.

Concerns and implications

  • The discrepancy in reported figures raises questions about transparency and accountability in climate finance.
  • The prevalence of non-concessional loans increases debt burdens and limits the effectiveness of climate finance in developing countries.
  • Diverting funds from essential development priorities can exacerbate existing challenges in developing nations.

 

6. The Way Forward

The question of how much climate finance reaches developing countries remains contested. Deeper scrutiny and transparency are needed to ensure effective resource allocation and support meaningful climate action in vulnerable nations while safeguarding their development priorities.

 

For Prelims: COP28, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Climate Finance, Climate Change, United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change,  Nationally Determined Contributions, COP27, Copenhagen Accord, Paris Agreement 
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the impact of climate change on developing economies. How can climate finance be effectively utilized to promote sustainable development in these economies? (250 Words)
 
 

Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017.
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility for global warming and committed to donate $1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries cope with climate change.
 
Select the correct answer using the code given below
A. 1 and 3 only
B.  2 only
C.  2 and 3 only
D.  1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
 
2. The term ‘Intended Nationally Determined Contributions’ is sometimes seen in the news in the context of ( UPSC 2016)
A. pledges made by the European countries to rehabilitate refugees from the war-affected Middle East
B. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world to combat climate change
C. capital contributed by the member countries in the establishment of the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank
D. plan of action outlined by the countries of the world regarding Sustainable Development Goals

Answer: B

3. The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) has announced which country to host the 28th Conference of the Parties (COP28) in 2023? (SSC CGL  2023) 

A. UAE         B. US          C. UK         D. Russia

Answer: A

 

4. Consider the following statements with reference to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (RBI Grade B 2022)
1. OECD is an official Permanent observer to the United Nations and is referred to as a think-tank or as a monitoring group.
2. India is not a member of OECD.
3. OECD is funded by its member countries.
Which of the statement given above is/ are correct? 

A. 1 only       B. 1 and 2 only      C. 2 and 3 only        D. 1, 2 and 3          E. 2 only

Answer: D

5. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

A. 1 only       B. 2 only         C. Both 1 and 2         D. Neither 1 nor 2

Answer: A

6. The 27th annual UN meeting on climate, COP27 (Conference of Parties) took place from 6th to 18th November, in which of the following country?  (SSC GD Constable 2023)

A. France       B. Brazil        C. Indonesia       D. Egypt

Answer: D

7. According to the Copenhagen Accord, what percentage of India has promised to reduce carbon emissions by the year 2020 as compared to 2005? (UP Police SI 2017) 

A. 20-25 percent  B. 10-15 percent         C. 30-35 percent       D. 5-10 percent

Answers: 1-B, 2-B, 3-A, 4-D, 5-A, 6-D, 7-A

Mains

1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (upsc 2021)
 
Source: The Indian Express
 
 

CONSUMER PRICE INDEX (CPI)

1. Context

Changing over a decade-old practice of releasing the closely watched retail inflation and factory output data at 5:30 pm on the 12th of every month, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) on Tuesday announced new timings for data released at 4 pm

2. Consumer Price Index

  • The Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a measure of the change in prices of a basket of goods and services that are commonly purchased by consumers. It is the most commonly used measure of inflation.
  • The CPI is calculated by comparing the prices of the goods and services in the basket in a particular period to those of the same in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the CPI inflation rate.
  • The CPI is calculated for eight different categories of goods and services Food and beverages, Housing, Clothing and footwear, Transport, Health, Education, Communication, Recreation and Miscellaneous goods and services.
  • The weights of each category in the CPI are determined by the expenditure patterns of urban households. For example, food and beverages have the highest weight in the CPI, followed by housing and transport.
  • The CPI inflation rate is an important indicator of the cost of living.
  • It is used by the government to set monetary policy and by businesses to make pricing decisions.

3. Wholesale Price Index

  • The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) is a measure of the change in prices of goods and services at the wholesale level.
  • It is calculated by comparing the prices of a basket of goods and services in a particular period to those of the same in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the WPI inflation rate.
  • The WPI is calculated for 67 groups of commodities, which are further divided into 225 subgroups.
  • The weights of each group and subgroup in the WPI are determined by the value of the goods and services produced in each group and subgroup.
  • The WPI inflation rate is an important indicator of inflation at the wholesale level.
  • It is used by businesses to make pricing decisions and by the government to set monetary policy.

4. Findings of the Report

4.1. Food inflation

  • Food inflation in India remained high in August, at 9.94%. This was driven by rising prices of essential food items, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, and oils.
  • Eleven of the 12 items on the heavyweight food and beverages group of the CPI logged price increases, with oils and fats, the sole item logging a year-on-year decline in prices, posting its first sequential increase in nine months.
  • Vegetables provided some relief, with tomatoes leading an appreciable month-on-month deflation of 5.88% in the 19-member basket.
  • However, the cooking staples of potatoes and onions were among the seven items that continued to log sequential inflation (2.3% and 12.3%, respectively).

4.2. Monsoon deficit and rising crude oil prices

  • The near-term inflation outlook is also made more uncertain by other factors, including a distinct deficit in monsoon rainfall.
  • Besides the overall 10% shortfall, sharp regional and temporal anomalies in rain distribution have impacted either the sowing or the quality of produce of several farm items.
  • Kharif's sowing of pulses had, as of September 8, recorded an 8.6% shortfall compared with the year-earlier period.
  • Another inflation driver, crude oil, has also seen a steady rise in prices as the output cuts by major oil producers of the OPEC+ grouping start to bite.
  • The price of India's crude basket had, as of September 12, climbed 7.2% from the average in August to $92.65/barrel, according to official data.

4.3. RBI measures to control inflation

  • For the RBI, the latest inflation data further roils its interest rate calculus.
  • Unless CPI inflation decelerates by an incredible 250 basis points in September to a 4.33% pace, price gains are certain to substantially overshoot the monetary authority's 6.2% forecast for the July-September quarter, leaving it with few real options to achieve its medium-term price stability goal of 4% inflation.
  • As the RBI has been at pains to stress, failure to anchor inflation expectations risks hurting growth.

5. About the sticky Consumer Price Index (CPI)

  • The sticky Consumer Price Index (CPI) is a subset of the CPI that includes goods and services that change prices relatively infrequently.
  • These goods and services are thought to incorporate expectations about future inflation to a greater degree than prices that change more frequently.
  • Some of the items included in the sticky CPI are Rent, Housing costs, Utilities, Education, Healthcare, Transportation, Household furnishings and appliances, Personal insurance, Recreation, and Miscellaneous goods and services. 
  • The sticky CPI is often used by economists to measure inflation expectations.
  • This is because prices of sticky goods and services are less likely to be affected by short-term changes in supply and demand, and are therefore more likely to reflect changes in inflation expectations.
  • The sticky CPI is also used by central banks to set monetary policy.
  • This is because the central bank wants to make sure that inflation expectations are anchored at a low level.
  • If inflation expectations start to rise, the central bank may raise interest rates to bring them back down.

6. How India’s retail inflation is measured?

  • India's retail inflation is measured by the Consumer Price Index (CPI), a basket of goods and services commonly purchased by urban households.
  • The CPI is calculated by the National Statistical Office (NSO) every month.
  • The CPI is calculated by comparing the prices of the goods and services in the basket in a particular month to those of the same in a base month.
  • The base month is usually the previous year's corresponding month. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the CPI inflation rate.
  • The CPI is calculated for eight different categories of goods and services, Food and beverages, Housing, Clothing and footwear, Transport, Health, Education, Communication, Recreation and Miscellaneous goods and services.
  • The weights of each category in the CPI are determined by the expenditure patterns of urban households. For example, food and beverages have the highest weight in the CPI, followed by housing and transport.
  • The CPI inflation rate is an important indicator of the cost of living in India.
  • It is used by the government to set monetary policy and by businesses to make pricing decisions.

7. Calculation of Inflation

  • Inflation is the rate at which the prices of goods and services increase over time.
  • It is calculated by comparing the prices of a basket of goods and services in a particular period to the prices of the same basket of goods and services in a base period.
  • The base period is usually the previous year's corresponding period. The difference in prices is expressed as a percentage, and this is the inflation rate.

There are two main ways to calculate inflation

1. Consumer Price Index (CPI): The CPI is a measure of the change in prices of a basket of goods and services that are commonly purchased by consumers. It is the most commonly used measure of inflation.

The CPI is calculated by the following formula:

CPI = (Cost of a basket of goods and services in current period / Cost of a basket of goods and services in base period) * 100

2. Producer Price Index (PPI): The PPI is a measure of the change in prices of goods and services that are produced by businesses. It is used to track inflation at the wholesale level.

The PPI is calculated by the following formula:

PPI = (Cost of a basket of goods and services at the wholesale level in the current period / Cost of a basket of goods and services at the wholesale level in the base period) * 100

 

For Prelims: Consumer Price Index, Wholesale Price Index, Inflation,  retail inflation, Producer Pirce Index, National Statistical Office, OPEC+, Crude oil, Kharif season, Monsoon, 
For Mains: 
1. Analyse the factors contributing to high food inflation in India in recent months. Discuss the impact of high food inflation on the Indian economy and suggest measures to mitigate it. (250 words)
2. Explain the concept of sticky inflation. What are the various factors that contribute to sticky inflation? Discuss the implications of sticky inflation for the Indian economy. (250 words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
 
Answer: C
 
2. With reference to India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. The Wholesale Price Index (WPI) in India is available on a monthly basis only.
2. As compared to Consumer Price Index for Industrial Workers (CPI(IW)), the WPI gives less weight to food articles.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? 
A. 1 only       B. 2 only       C. Both 1 and 2          D.  Neither 1 nor 2
 
Answer: C
 
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. The weightage of food in Consumer Price Index (CPI) is higher than that in Wholesale Price Index (WPI).
2. The WPI does not capture changes in the prices of services, which CPI does.
3. Reserve Bank of India has now adopted WPI as its key measure of inflation and to decide on changing the key policy rates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
 A. 1 and  2 only       B. 2 only       C. 3 only           D. 1, 2 and 3
 
4. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 2 only          B. 2 and 3 only        C. 1 and 3 only          D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
 
5. The Public Distribution System, which evolved as a system of management of food and distribution of food grains, was relaunched as _______ Public Distribution System in 1997. (SSC JE EE 2021) 
A. Evolved         B. Transformed      C. Tested            D. Targeted
 
Answer: D
 
6. Under the Antyodaya Anna Yojana, up to what quantity of rice and wheat can be purchased at a subsidised cost? (FCI AG III 2023) 
A. 35 kg          B. 40 kg          C. 30 kg           D. 25 kg           E. 50 kg
 
Answer: A
 
7. As per the the National Statistical Office (NSO) report released on 7 January 2022, India's Gross domestic product (GDP) is expected to grow at ___________ per cent (in first advance estimates) in the fiscal year 2021-22?  (ESIC UDC 2022) 
A. 17.6 per cent     B. 9.5 per cent     C. 11 per cent        D. 9.2 per cent   E. None of the above
 
Answer: D
 
8. The main emphasis of OPEC (Organisation of the Petroleum Exporting Countries) is on which of the following? (UKPSC 2016)
A. The production of petroleum
B. Control over prices of petroleum
C. Both (a) and (b)
D. None of the above
 
Answer: C
 
9. In the context of global oil prices, "Brent crude oil" is frequently referred to in the news. What does this term imply? (UPSC 2011)
1. It is a major classification of crude oil.
2. It is sourced from the North Sea.
3. It does not contain sulfur.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 2 only    B. 1 and 2 only        C. 1 and 3 only         D. 1, 2 and 3
 
Answer: B
 
10. The term 'West Texas Intermediate', sometimes found in news, refers to a grade of (UPSC 2020)
A. Crude oil   B. Bullion         C. Rare earth elements       D.  Uranium
 
Answer: C
 
11. With reference to the cultivation of Kharif crops in India in the last five years, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Area under rice cultivation is the highest.
2. Area under the cultivation of jowar is more than that of oilseeds.
3. Area of cotton cultivation is more than that of sugarcane.
4. Area under sugarcane cultivation has steadily decreased.
Which of the statements given above are correct? 
A. 1 and 3 only        B.  2, 3 and 4 only        C. 2 and 4 only         D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
 
Answer: A
 
Source: The Hindu
 
 
Share to Social
View All Current affairs

More Current Affairs

[DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 11 MAY 2023]...

11-May-2023
Read more

[DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 29 MAY 2023]...

29-May-2023
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 07 JULY 2025...

07-Jul-2025
Read more

DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 18 APRIL 2025...

18-Apr-2025
Read more