SINGLE-USE PLASTIC
2. Background
- Measuring India's plastic problem Ban on certain single-use plastics ( SUP ) kicked in on July 1 2022 across India.
- An array of items, including ice cream sticks. thermocouple, plates, cups, glasses, forks, spoons, knives, straws, trays, wrapping or packaging films and cigarette packets, have been banned.
- Data from Down to Earth's State of India's Environment 2022 report show that 35 % of India's plastic waste is in the form of multi-layered packaging, which is non - recyclable.
- Moreover, 68 % of plastic waste ends up in dumpsites and landfills, with only 12 % recycled and 20 % burnt, the report estimates.
- According to OurWorldinData, India generates 9.5 kg of mismanaged waste that are at a high risk of entering the ocean.
3. Plastic waste share in India
| Type | Share | Description |
| PS | 1% |
Polysterene is an inexpensive resin found everywhere from beverage cups to egg cartons and disposable dinnerware
Environmentally it's among the worst types of plastic
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| HDPE | 7% |
High Density Polyethelene is an incredibly used resin for grocery bags, milk jugs, and recycling bins, among others
They are one of the easiest plastics to recycle
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| PET | 12% |
Polyethelene terephthalate is mostly used for food and drinking purposes as it prevents oxygen from spoiling the contents inside
It is the most widely recycled plastic in the world
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| PP | 14% |
Polypropylene can withstand higher temperatures and is used in Tupperware, car parts, and thermal vests, among others
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| LDPE | 31% |
Low Density polyethene, has the simplest structure of all plastics, making it easy and cheap to produce
It is used in plastic blags, and various containers, and is not often recycled
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| MLP | 35% |
Multi-layered Packaging is made of plastics and other composite layers such as aluminium foil and others
These are used for packaging
They are non-recyclable at a commercial scale
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India recycled 12% and burnt 20% of the 3.5 million tonnes of plastic waste it generated in 2019-20
4. The Need for plastic waste management
The need for plastic waste management
- Plastic was first invented in 1907, and given that it was cheaper and more convenient than other materials, it soon found use in varied ways in our daily lives.
- Today, plastic is present in almost everything, from our money to electronic appliances, and it is used across multiple sectors, including packaging, building, construction, transportation, industrial machinery and health among others.
- However, the lack of sustainable plastic waste management (PWM) poses a serious threat to our environment and natural ecosystem globally.
- Data indicates that while a large quantum of plastic waste is generated, low levels of it are sustainably managed and discarded worldwide.
- From 1950 to 2015, around 8.3 billion metric tonnes (BMTs) of plastic had been produced globally, and of this, 80 per cent – 6.3 BMTs – was accounted as plastic waste.
- Of these 6.3 BMTs of waste, only 9 per cent was recycled, 12 per cent incinerated and 79 per cent dumped into landfills, oceans or waterbodies.
- Various manufacturing industries across the globe produce 400 million tonnes of plastic waste per year, with the packaging industry being the largest contributor. According to a report by FICCI, 40 per cent of the packaging needs in India are fulfilled using plastic.
- Globally, plastic pollution has emerged as a serious menace in the absence of streamlined PWM focusing on the reuse, reduction, and recycling of plastic waste.
- All developed and developing countries are individually taking actions to manage plastic waste, but the onus is mainly on developing countries.
- The CPCB Report (2019-20) states that 3.4 million metric tonnes of plastic waste are generated in India annually.
- There are two primary ways to manage plastic waste.
- The first is recycling or re-processing different categories of plastic waste into secondary material. The second is the incineration of plastic waste. However, incineration is expensive and causes pollution if not done using the right equipment.
5. What is single-use plastic all about
- The Plastic Waste Management Rules, amended in 2021, define single-use plastic as a plastic item intended to be used once for the same purpose before being disposed of or recycled. The United Nations defines single-use plastics, often referred to as disposable plastics, as commonly used for plastic packaging, including items intended to be used only once before being thrown away or recycled.
- These include grocery bags, food packaging, bottles, straws, containers, cups and cutlery.
- Single-use plastic is the most popular kind of plastic due to its easy access and high use. While it is cheap, strong and hygienic for transporting goods, it is the most difficult to recycle.
- Plastic carry bags are produced using less energy and water and generate less solid waste than paper bags as they take up less space in landfills. These salient features of single-use plastics make them a preferred material for commercial use.
- The adverse impacts of single-use plastic have created an alarming situation across the globe with a call for countries to make commitments against plastic.
6. Rules and guidelines for plastic waste management
- To address the challenge of the mounting waste crisis in the country, India started setting up its regulatory framework on waste management almost two decades ago.
- In 2000, the ministry of environment, forest and climate change notified the first-ever law on waste management in the form of the Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules.
- Since then, the country’s waste management regulations have developed in several aspects and undergone a massive transformation.
- In India, the Plastic Waste Management Rules of 2016 and 2018 and the recently announced amendment of 2021 focus on single-use plastics.
- The rules detail various categories of plastics and recommend recycling methods based on the type of plastic polymer used.
7. Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016
- Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 were notified on March 18, 2016. These rules apply to the manufacture, import stocking, distribution, sale and use of carrying bags, plastic sheets or multilayered packaging, etc.
- For the first time, the responsibility of waste generators has been prescribed. Individual and bulk generators like offices, commercial establishments, and industries are to segregate the plastic waste at the source, hand over segregated waste, and pay user fees as per the bye-laws of the local bodies.
- Extended Producers Responsibility (Under Plastic Waste Management Rules 2016) puts the onus on the manufacturers for the treatment, recycling, reuse or disposal of products after a consumer has used and disposed of them.
8. Four major components of plastic waste management
Component 1: Technical model for plastic waste recycling and management
Component 2: Material Recovery Facility (MRF) for improved plastic waste management implementation
Component 3: Institutionalization of MRFs in governance bodies
Component 4: Information, education & communication (IEC) and Digitalisation
9. Priorities to minimize Single-use plastic
Mismanaged Waste
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Mismanaged waste is material which is at high risk of entering the oceans via wind or tidal transport or carried to coastlines via inland waters
In 2019 India produced around 9.5 kgs of mismanaged waste per person
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance, General issues on the Environment
For Mains: GS-II, GS-III, Environment, environmental pollution and degradation, Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests
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Previous Year Questions
1.In India, ‘extend producer responsibility’ was introduced as an important feature in which of the following? (UPSC CSE 2019) (a) The Bio-medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1998 (b) The Recycled Plastic (Manufacturing and Usage) Rules, 1999 (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 (d) The Food Safety and Standard Regulations, 2011 Answer (c) The concept of "extended producer responsibility" (EPR) was introduced as an important feature in the (c) The e-Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2011 in India. These rules were established to address the growing concern of electronic waste (e-waste) management and handling in the country |
Source: The Hindu
PUBLIC INTEREST LITIGATION (PIL)
Public Interest Litigation (PIL) covers a wide range of matters that are entertained by courts to address issues affecting the public interest.
Here are some common categories of matters that are often entertained under PIL:
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Environmental Protection: Cases related to pollution control, deforestation, conservation of natural resources, protection of wildlife, and sustainable development.
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Human Rights Violations: Cases involving violations of fundamental rights, such as police brutality, custodial torture, discrimination based on race, gender, or religion, and protection of the rights of marginalized communities.
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Corruption and Governance: PIL can be used to address issues of corruption in government institutions, misuse of public funds, lack of transparency, and accountability in governance.
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Public Health: Matters concerning access to healthcare services, sanitation, vaccination programs, and public health infrastructure.
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Consumer Rights: Cases related to product safety, misleading advertising, unfair trade practices, and protection of consumer rights.
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Education: PIL can address issues related to access to education, quality of education, implementation of government policies in education, and discrimination in educational institutions.
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Social Welfare: Matters concerning welfare schemes for disadvantaged groups, implementation of social welfare programs, and protection of the rights of vulnerable populations such as children, women, and the elderly.
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Urban Development and Planning: Cases related to illegal construction, encroachment on public land, urban sprawl, and planning violations.
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Media Freedom: Cases concerning freedom of speech and expression, censorship, media regulations, and protection of journalists' rights.
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Public Safety and Security: Matters related to disaster management, fire safety, road safety, and measures to ensure public safety and security.
The genesis and evolution of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) in India can be traced back to the 1970s when the Supreme Court of India expanded the scope of locus standi (the right to bring legal action) to allow individuals and organizations to file cases on behalf of those who are unable to approach the court due to social, economic, or other disabilities.
Here are some landmark judgments that played a crucial role in the development of PIL in India:
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S.P. Gupta v. Union of India (1981): This case, commonly known as the "Judges Transfer case," is considered a landmark in the evolution of PIL in India. The Supreme Court held that any member of the public or social action group could approach the court seeking enforcement of public duties. The court also recognized the concept of "epistolary jurisdiction," allowing letters or postcards addressed to the court to be treated as writ petitions.
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Bandhua Mukti Morcha v. Union of India (1984): In this case, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of bonded labor in various industries and held that Article 21 (Right to Life) of the Constitution includes the right to live with dignity. The court issued guidelines for the rehabilitation of bonded laborers and directed the government to take necessary measures for their release and rehabilitation.
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Vishaka v. State of Rajasthan (1997): This case dealt with the issue of sexual harassment at the workplace. The Supreme Court laid down guidelines, known as the Vishaka Guidelines, for preventing and redressing sexual harassment at workplaces. The court held that it is the duty of the employer to provide a safe working environment for women employees.
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MC Mehta v. Union of India (1986): In this case, the Supreme Court addressed the issue of pollution in the Ganga river. The court issued several directions to control pollution and ensure the cleanliness of the river. This case led to the establishment of the National Ganga River Basin Authority (NGRBA) to oversee the conservation and management of the Ganga river.
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M.C. Mehta v. Union of India (1996): This case, commonly known as the "Oleum Gas Leak case," involved a gas leak from a factory in Delhi. The Supreme Court held that the "polluter pays" principle applies, and directed the factory to pay compensation to the victims of the gas leak. The court also laid down guidelines for the handling of hazardous substances to prevent similar incidents in the future
- Traditionally, only aggrieved parties had the standing to approach the court. However, the Supreme Court of India broadened the concept of locus standi to allow any individual or organization to file PIL on behalf of those who are unable to approach the court due to social, economic, or other disabilities. This expansive interpretation increased access to justice for marginalized groups and encouraged the filing of PILs
- The growth of civil society organizations, NGOs, and social activists in India has raised awareness about various social, environmental, and governance issues. These groups play a significant role in initiating PILs and mobilizing public support for legal interventions to address public interest concerns
- The Indian judiciary, particularly the Supreme Court, has shown a proactive approach in addressing socio-economic and environmental issues through PILs. The judiciary's willingness to intervene in matters of public interest and provide remedies has encouraged the filing of PILs by individuals and organizations
- In many cases, PILs are filed when executive or legislative institutions fail to address pressing issues adequately. When there is a perceived lack of action or inefficiency on the part of the government, PILs serve as a mechanism to hold authorities accountable and seek judicial intervention
- The Indian Constitution enshrines principles of social justice, equality, and the protection of fundamental rights. PILs serve as a means to enforce these constitutional mandates and ensure that government actions are consistent with constitutional principles
- The role of the media in highlighting social issues and bringing them to the public's attention cannot be overstated. Media coverage often serves as a catalyst for PILs by generating public interest and support for legal interventions
- The growth of PIL in India is also influenced by global legal trends and precedents. Indian courts often refer to international conventions, treaties, and judgments from other jurisdictions when adjudicating PIL cases, contributing to the evolution of PIL jurisprudence in the country
- PILs can be filed in any court of law, including the Supreme Court, High Courts, and lower courts. The relatively simple procedural requirements and the availability of pro bono legal assistance encourage individuals and organizations to approach the courts with public interest concerns
In India, Public Interest Litigation (PIL) can be filed by any individual, organization, or group of persons acting in the public interest. Unlike traditional litigation where only aggrieved parties have the standing to file cases, PIL allows any concerned citizen or entity to approach the court on behalf of those who may be unable to do so due to social, economic, or other disabilities.
Here are some examples of who can file a PIL:
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Individual Citizens: Any individual citizen who has a genuine concern about an issue affecting the public interest can file a PIL. They do not need to have a direct personal interest in the matter but must demonstrate that the issue has broader societal implications.
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Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs): NGOs working in areas such as human rights, environmental conservation, consumer protection, and social welfare often file PILs to address systemic issues and advocate for policy changes.
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Social Activists: Social activists who are passionate about specific causes or issues may file PILs to bring attention to violations of rights, corruption, environmental degradation, or other matters of public concern.
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Lawyers and Legal Aid Organizations: Lawyers and legal aid organizations often take up PILs on behalf of marginalized communities or disadvantaged groups who lack access to justice or resources to pursue legal remedies.
As for whom a PIL can be filed against, there are various potential respondents, including:
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Government Authorities: PILs can be filed against government authorities at the central, state, or local levels for their failure to perform their duties, violation of laws, or infringement of fundamental rights.
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Private Entities: PILs can also be filed against private entities, such as corporations, businesses, or individuals, if their actions or policies have a significant impact on public interest or violate legal provisions.
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Public Institutions: PILs can target public institutions like regulatory bodies, educational institutions, or healthcare facilities if they are not fulfilling their mandated roles or if there are systemic issues affecting public welfare.
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Other Entities: PILs can be directed against any entity whose actions or omissions have a bearing on the public interest, including environmental polluters, public utilities, or entities involved in unethical practices
- One of the significant challenges is the filing of frivolous PILs or PILs with mala fide intentions. Some PILs are filed for personal gain, publicity, or to harass opponents rather than addressing genuine public interest concerns. This misuse clogs the judicial system and undermines the credibility of PILs
- There is often a lack of proper screening mechanisms to filter out frivolous or politically motivated PILs at the initial stage. As a result, courts may waste time and resources hearing PILs that do not serve the public interest
- PILs require substantial judicial time and resources, which can strain the already overburdened judicial system. The high volume of PILs, coupled with lengthy court proceedings, may lead to delays in the disposal of cases and affect the timely delivery of justice
- While PIL allows any concerned citizen or organization to approach the court, there can be challenges related to the standing and locus standi of the petitioner. Courts often grapple with determining whether the petitioner has a genuine interest in the matter and whether they are the appropriate party to bring the case
- Although PIL is intended to provide access to justice for marginalized groups, there can still be significant costs associated with legal proceedings, including court fees, lawyer fees, and other expenses. This can deter individuals or organizations with limited resources from filing PILs
- In some cases, PILs may encroach upon the domain of the executive and legislative branches of government, leading to tensions between the judiciary and other arms of the state. While the judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding constitutional values, excessive judicial activism through PILs can disrupt the balance of power between the branches of government
- There are concerns that judicial activism through PILs may lead to judicial overreach, where courts venture into areas that are traditionally within the purview of the executive or legislature. This can raise questions about the separation of powers and the democratic legitimacy of judicial interventions
LIGHTNING
1. Context
2. What is lightning and how does it occur?
- Lightning is an electrical discharge that occurs when there is an imbalance between the storm clouds and the earth or even within the clouds.
- Scientists believe that for lightning to occur, positive and negative charges must separate within a cloud.
- This happens, according to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), when the water droplets in the bottom part of the cloud are moved upwards, where the much colder atmosphere freezes them into small ice crystals.
- As these small ice crystals continue to go up, they gain more mass and eventually become so heavy that they start to fall down to earth.
- This causes a system in which ice crystals going down collides with the water vapors coming up, leading to the accumulation of positive charges on the top of the cloud and negative changes gathering at the base, while the atmosphere between them in the cloud acts as an insulator.
- When the positive and negative charges grow large enough, their strength overpowers the insulating properties of the properties.
- As a result, the two kinds of changes meet with each other and produce lightning.
- Although most of the lightning takes place within the clouds, sometimes it is directed towards Earth also. With the base of the cloud becoming negatively charged, positive charges start accumulating on tall objects, like trees, poles, and buildings.
3. Why is it a matter of concern?
- Data from the National Crime Records Bureau show that since 2005, lightning has been responsible for at least 2,000 fatalities annually.
- Rural areas account for more than 90% of lightning-related fatalities,
- It is not considered a natural calamity, thus unlike in the case of floods or earthquakes, the afflicted people are not entitled to government compensation.
4. Where are the lightning hotspots around the world?
- It has been discovered by scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (STRI) in Panama that lightning strikes the tropics more than 100 million times a year.
- Asia, South America, North America, Australia, and Africa are the other continents having the highest concentration of lightning hotspots.
- According to experts, lightning strikes are expected to rise by 25-50% as a result of climate change.
5. Findings of the latest study
- The researchers analyzed 5,858 selected lightning-ignited fires based on satellite images of US wildfires between 1992 and 2018 and found that approximately 90 percent of them might have been started by "hot lightning" strikes.
- Also known as long continuing current (LOC), this type of lightning strike can last from around 40 milliseconds to nearly a third of a second.
6. Why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?
- Lightning with continuing currents can transport more energy from cloud to ground than typical lightning. When lightning with continuing currents attaches to ground or vegetation, they produce more Joule heating and higher temperature than typical lightning, increasing the probability of ignition.
- With the help of computer simulations, the researchers also looked at the frequency of "hot lightning" strikes and observed that as the atmosphere warms, there might be an increase of 41 percent in the incidents of LCC strikes by 2090.
- This means that the rate of such lightning flashes could jump from three strikes per second globally to four strikes per second. Meanwhile, the frequency of all cloud-to-ground strikes might increase to nearly eight flashes per second, a 28 percent jump.
- According to the study, the areas that might witness a significant increase in wildfires triggered by the LCC strikes are Southeast Asia, South America, Africa, Australia, North, America, and Europe.
- The researchers predicted this after accounting for changes in precipitation, humidity, and temperature.
- However, many northern polar regions might see a decrease in wildfires as rainfall is projected to increase while "hot lightning " rates remain constant.
7. Government initiatives to tackle this problem
- Lightning Alert System provides a location-specific forecast of thunder, lightning, strong winds, high winds, and hailstorms occurrences for up to 48 hours.
- The Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system has been released by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) to alert citizens to imminent thunderstorms and lightning.
- From the INSAT-3DR satellite, which uploads data every 15 minutes, ISRO provides information about convective clouds.
- A GPS notification from the Damini App, which was created by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology and Earth System Science organization, alerts users when lightning is nearby and is between 20 to 40 kilometers away.
8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
NOAA’s five fundamental activities are
- Monitoring and observing Earth systems with instruments and data collection networks.
- Understanding and describing Earth systems through research and analysis of data.
- Assessing and predicting the changes in these systems over time.
- Engaging, advising, and informing the public and partner organizations with relevant information.
- Custodianship of environmental resources.
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1. During a thunderstorm, the thunder in the skies is produced by the (UPSC 2013)
1. meeting of cumulonimbus clouds in the sky
2. lightning that separates the nimbus clouds
3. violent upward movement of air and water particles
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A.1 only B.2 and 3 C.1 and 3 D.None of the above produces the thunder
Answer : D
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For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Lightning, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Common Alert Protocol (CAP) system, National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), INSAT-3DR satellite, Long continuing current (LOC), and Damini App.
For Mains:1. What is lightning and discuss how does it occur and explain why Hot lighting has more potential of triggering a wildfire than typical lightning?
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INFLATION
- It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
- In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
- Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.
3. How is Food Inflation measured in India?
Food inflation in India is measured using various indices and indicators. The primary indices used to measure food inflation in India include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Both indices provide insights into the overall price movements of goods and services, including food items, but they differ in terms of their coverage and methodology.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- The CPI is a key indicator used by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to monitor inflation, including food inflation.
- The CPI measures the average change over time in the prices paid by urban and rural consumers for a basket of goods and services, including food items, housing, clothing, transportation, and more.
- Within the CPI, food and beverages form a significant component, and food inflation is specifically derived from the changes in food prices within the CPI basket.
- The CPI is released monthly by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
- The WPI is another important index that tracks price changes at the wholesale level for a selected group of commodities, including food products, manufactured goods, fuel, and more.
- The WPI measures price changes from the perspective of producers and wholesalers, providing insights into inflationary pressures in the production and distribution stages.
- Food articles, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and edible oils, are included in the WPI basket for monitoring food inflation.
- The WPI is released weekly by the Office of Economic Adviser under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
In addition to these indices, other indicators such as the Food Sub-Index within the CPI and specific price indices for essential food items (like vegetables, pulses, and cereals) are also used to gauge food inflation more accurately. The RBI closely monitors food inflation trends as part of its monetary policy framework to make informed decisions regarding interest rates and economic stability. Overall, the combination of CPI, WPI, and specific food-related indices provides a comprehensive assessment of food inflation in India.
4. Headline and Core Inflation
Inflation is a key economic indicator that measures the rate at which prices of goods and services rise over time. In India, two important measures of inflation are headline inflation and core inflation.
- Headline Inflation: Headline inflation refers to the overall rate of inflation in an economy, taking into account the price changes across all goods and services included in the consumer basket. It reflects the broad-based movement in prices, including food, fuel, housing, transportation, and other essential and non-essential items. Headline inflation is typically measured using indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Fluctuations in headline inflation can be influenced by various factors, including changes in global commodity prices, government policies, supply chain disruptions, and demand-side pressures.
- Core Inflation: Core inflation, on the other hand, excludes volatile items such as food and energy from the basket of goods used to calculate inflation. By excluding these volatile components, core inflation provides a more stable measure of underlying inflationary trends in the economy. Core inflation is often considered a better gauge of long-term inflationary pressures and helps policymakers in making informed decisions regarding monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), for example, closely monitors core inflation to assess the underlying inflationary trends and formulate appropriate monetary policy responses.
Understanding the distinction between headline and core inflation is essential for policymakers, businesses, and consumers alike. While headline inflation provides a comprehensive view of overall price movements, core inflation offers insights into the underlying inflationary pressures, helping to distinguish between temporary fluctuations and sustained inflation trends. By closely monitoring both measures of inflation, policymakers can effectively manage inflationary risks and maintain price stability, contributing to sustainable economic growth and stability.
5. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a crucial institutional framework established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to formulate and implement monetary policy decisions in India.
Role
- Formulating Monetary Policy: The primary role of the MPC is to formulate and implement monetary policy in India. This includes setting the key policy interest rates, such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, and marginal standing facility (MSF) rate, to achieve the objectives of price stability and economic growth.
- Targeting Inflation: The MPC's main objective is to maintain price stability, which is primarily achieved by targeting a specific inflation rate. In India, the RBI has adopted a flexible inflation targeting framework, where the MPC aims to keep the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation within a specified target range over the medium term. Currently, the inflation target is set at 4% with a tolerance band of +/- 2%.
- Evaluating Economic Conditions: The MPC assesses various economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation expectations, fiscal policy measures, global economic developments, and financial market conditions, to make informed decisions about monetary policy.
- Communication: The MPC communicates its monetary policy decisions, rationale, and outlook for the economy through periodic press releases, statements, and the publication of meeting minutes. This transparency enhances predictability and credibility in monetary policy.
Composition
- Members: The MPC consists of six members, including three members nominated by the Government of India and three members from the Reserve Bank of India. The Governor of the RBI serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the MPC.
- Appointment: The members of the MPC are appointed by the Central Government based on their expertise and experience in economics, banking, finance, or related fields. The RBI Governor and Deputy Governor (in charge of monetary policy) are automatic members of the MPC.
- Voting Rights: Each member of the MPC, including the RBI Governor, has one vote in the decision-making process. Decisions are made by a majority vote, with the Governor having the casting vote in case of a tie.
- Terms: Members of the MPC serve fixed terms, typically for four years, with eligibility for reappointment. This ensures continuity and stability in monetary policy formulation.
6. The Way Forward
By implementing the measures and fostering collaborative efforts among policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders, India can effectively manage inflationary pressures, maintain price stability, and promote sustainable economic growth and development.
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For Prelims: Inflation, MPC, CPI, WPI, food Inflation, RBI, Headline inflation, Core inflation For Mains:
1. Explain the concept of inflation and its impact on an economy. Discuss the various causes of inflation and the measures that can be taken to control it, with specific reference to India. (250 Words)
2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with managing inflation in India? Evaluate the effectiveness of recent policy measures in addressing inflationary pressures and maintaining price stability. Suggest strategies for sustainable economic growth while managing inflation risks. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4
3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall.
(b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks.
(c) Central bank is following an easy money policy.
(d) Central bank is following a tight money policy.
4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 5. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (UPSC 2021)
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
7. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
8. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-D, 6-B, 6-C, 7-B
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SHIPKI LA PASS
- Shipki La is a high-altitude mountain pass located in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh, India. Nestled in the Himalayas, this pass stands at an elevation of around 4,720 meters (15,500 feet) above sea level and serves as one of the few points where India shares a border with Tibet (now part of China). Though less known to the general public, Shipki La has strategic, historical, and geographical importance.
- The pass lies on the ancient trade route that connected India with Tibet, and for centuries, it was used by local traders to carry goods like wool, salt, and dry fruits. Even today, the traditional barter trade is allowed between the tribal communities on both sides of the border, although under strict regulation and with limited access.
- Geographically, Shipki La is located on the Sutlej River's path, which enters India from Tibet through this pass. This makes the region important not just for trade and connectivity, but also for hydrological and strategic concerns, especially in the context of water sharing and national security.
- Due to its strategic location, Shipki La is controlled by the Indian Army and the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), and civilian access is highly restricted. It is one of the designated border trading points between India and China, although regular trade is minimal and largely symbolic because of ongoing geopolitical tensions and lack of formal infrastructure.
- The harsh terrain, sparse vegetation, and extreme weather conditions make Shipki La a challenging region to inhabit or traverse. However, its significance lies not in tourism but in its geopolitical role, its connection to ancient trade networks, and its role in cross-border relations.
- Thus, Shipki La is more than just a mountain pass—it is a living reminder of India’s historical ties with Tibet, a strategically vital location in modern geopolitics, and a region shaped by centuries of cultural and economic exchange
- Long before modern national boundaries and geopolitical rivalries came into play, the Shipki La Pass in the Kinnaur district of Himachal Pradesh functioned as a crucial corridor for trade between India and Tibet (now under Chinese control).
- Perched at an altitude of 3,930 metres, this pass has been part of formal trade records since the 15th century, although oral traditions suggest its use goes back even further.
- Local legends recount that the trade relationship was solemnized through a traditional vow shared by communities on both sides: “As long as the waters of Kailash Manasarovar do not dry up, a black crow does not turn white, and the towering Rijo Pugal peak remains unflattened, this pact shall endure.” This vivid, symbolic oath reflected a deep-rooted and lasting connection that thrived for generations—until it was eventually strained by shifting political dynamics
- The flourishing trade that once passed through Shipki La was gradually brought to a halt by a series of geopolitical developments. The initial disruption occurred after the Sino-Indian War in 1962, with further setbacks following the Doklam standoff and the global outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. As a result, the route has remained closed to commercial activity ever since
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Recent Controversy
The Chief Minister of Himachal Pradesh recently launched a new initiative allowing tourists to access Shipki La without the previously required permits. Now, Indian citizens can visit the region simply by presenting their Aadhaar card—a decision that has sparked hope and enthusiasm throughout the area. The people of Kinnaur, especially those belonging to Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes, have long-standing cultural and economic ties with communities across the border in Tibet. Historically, trade in the region was dominated by the Bushahr State (present-day Rampur in India) and Guge in Tibet. In light of this shared heritage, the Kinnaur Indo-China Trade Association, headquartered in Reckong Peo, has officially requested the reopening of the Shipki La trade route. In response, the Chief Minister has pledged to raise the matter with the Ministry of External Affairs |
- The trade that once flourished through Shipki La involved a wide variety of valuable goods exchanged between India and Tibet.
- From Tibet, Indian traders imported highly profitable items like wool, along with pack animals such as horses, goats, and sheep. Other key imports included yak and goatskins, yak hair—often used to make ropes and saddlebags—religious artifacts like prayer wheels, thangkas, rosaries, and ritual bowls, as well as natural resources like borax, turquoise, and gold.
- In return, India exported a range of agricultural products including barley, wheat, rice, millet, lentils, chickpeas, and cooking oil, along with dried fruits, vegetables, spices, tobacco, timber, metal utensils made of copper and brass, and iron tools.
- Among these goods, gold and turquoise held special cultural significance, particularly for the Kinnauri community.
- These materials were essential to the traditional jewellery worn by Kinnauri women, which kept demand high and sustained local artisan traditions. The trade was more than just economic; it deeply influenced local culture, craftsmanship, and even food habits, becoming a part of the community's identity over generations.
- While trade through India's three land routes with China—including those in Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand—may not constitute a large share of overall bilateral commerce, the real promise lies in the opportunities for local connectivity and development.
- Reopening the Shipki La route could significantly reduce the travel time from Delhi to Mansarovar by nearly two weeks, transforming the landscape for religious tourism and trans-border movement. Such a step could generate employment for local youth, drive improvements in transport and hospitality infrastructure, and boost regional commerce.
- Moreover, this initiative could carry strategic weight, acting as a grassroots form of diplomacy. Rather than relying solely on state-level negotiations, reopening Shipki La could foster mutual trust at the community level and lay the groundwork for future peace-building.
- For a region that is often overlooked in national policymaking, such local engagement has the potential to redefine its place in cross-border relations and development
In contrast to the India-Pakistan border, where many families are linked by blood ties, the India-China border near Shipki La is characterized more by cultural similarities and shared ways of life than by common ancestry. Communities on both sides are largely pastoral, and there is a notable overlap in surnames—such as Namgyal, which is common in both Leh and across the Tibetan plateau.
Religious and cultural bonds remain strong as well. The people of Upper Kinnaur and the adjoining Tibetan region largely practice Buddhism, preserving a sense of spiritual and civilisational unity that transcends political boundaries. This connection is reflected in monastic customs, traditional festivals, and oral traditions, all of which continue to echo a shared past.
The reopening of Shipki La, therefore, could represent more than just a regional initiative. It has the potential to serve as a powerful example of diplomacy rooted in development and cultural heritage, highlighting how ancient ties can help bridge modern divides
6. Important Passes of the Himalayan range
The formidable Himalayan ranges, a natural barrier and the crown of the Indian subcontinent, are threaded by a network of high-altitude passes. These "La" in Tibetan, have for centuries been the arteries of trade, culture, and strategic movement, shaping the history and economy of the regions they connect. From the icy heights of the Karakoram to the lush green valleys of the Northeast, these passes are vital lifelines, each with its own unique story and significance
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For Prelims: Sutlej River, Tibetan Plateau, India-China border, Buddhism
For Mains: GS I - Shipki la pass, Cultural and Civilizational Ties
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HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS
- Have you ever noticed how cranes lift heavy materials, excavators dig and move soil, or how aircraft landing gear extends and retracts? Despite their different functions, these machines all share a common mechanism: hydraulics. In each case, energy—whether from an electric motor or a combustion engine—is transformed into versatile mechanical motion through hydraulic systems.
- Hydraulic systems operate on Pascal’s law, named after the 17th-century French scientist Blaise Pascal. The law explains that when pressure is applied to a fluid that cannot be compressed, that pressure is distributed uniformly throughout the fluid. In simple terms, pressure refers to the force applied per unit area.
- In practice, when a force is exerted on the fluid in a hydraulic system, it creates pressure that spreads equally in all directions. This principle allows a relatively small force applied to a smaller area to produce a much greater force at a larger surface, as shown in illustrative examples.
- For instance, applying a minor force at one end of the system can result in a significantly amplified force at the other end by merely increasing the area where the pressure is applied—without altering the pressure itself. This is one of the most basic applications of hydraulics, but the technology is capable of much more than just lifting objects.
- Hydraulic systems offer several benefits over traditional mechanical energy transmission methods. These include smoother operation, a higher power-to-weight ratio, more effective heat management, better control, and greater precision
3. What are the parts of hydraulic systems?
Every hydraulic system typically consists of six core elements:
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Pumps – These convert mechanical input energy into hydraulic pressure and establish fluid flow.
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Pipes – These transport hydraulic fluid to the application points and return it to the reservoir.
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Valves – These manage the flow rate and direction of pressurized fluid.
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Actuators (linear or rotary) – These execute the mechanical output by converting hydraulic energy into motion.
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Reservoir (with filters) – This stores the hydraulic fluid.
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Sensors and switches – These are integrated as needed for operational efficiency or safety.
Among these, the essential active components are the pumps, valves, actuators, and in some cases, the sensors or switches. Components like reservoirs, filters, and piping mainly serve to store and transport the hydraulic fluid and do not participate directly in the dynamic operation.
In large-scale systems, oil cooling mechanisms are often added to counteract heat generated during prolonged use. In contrast, in colder climates, preheating devices are included to reduce oil viscosity before system startup.
Hydraulic pumps come in various forms—gear, axial piston, or variable displacement types—chosen according to the pressure and flow rate requirements of the specific application. These pumps may be powered either by electric motors or connected directly to combustion engines using a power take-off system.
Valves fall into three primary categories based on their function: regulating flow, directing fluid path, and controlling pressure. In simple setups, these valves may be operated manually, while more advanced systems use electrically controlled valves.
Actuators are critical for delivering mechanical work at the point of application. The most widely used type is the linear actuator or hydraulic cylinder, which operates using a sliding rod inside a cylindrical housing. These rods are often chrome-plated and easily identifiable on equipment like cranes or excavators. The force output depends on the fluid pressure, speed is influenced by the flow rate, and direction is determined by the direction of fluid flow.
Rotary actuators, or hydraulic motors, provide rotational movement instead of linear motion. They are used in systems where circular motion is required, such as powering a winch. Here, the fluid’s flow rate, pressure, and direction control the motor’s speed, torque, and rotation direction, respectively.
4. How do hydraulic systems work?
Hydraulics is based on Pascal’s Law, which states:
“When pressure is applied to an incompressible fluid in a confined space, it is transmitted equally in all directions.”
This means that if you apply a small force to a fluid in one part of the system, it can create a larger force elsewhere, depending on the surface areas involved
Key Components and Their Roles
A typical hydraulic system has the following main parts:
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Pump: Converts mechanical energy (from a motor or engine) into hydraulic energy by pushing fluid into the system.
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Reservoir/Tank: Stores the hydraulic fluid (usually oil) and also helps in cooling and filtering.
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Valves: Control the direction, pressure, and flow of the fluid.
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Actuators:
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Linear actuators (hydraulic cylinders) produce straight-line (push/pull) motion.
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Rotary actuators (hydraulic motors) produce rotational motion.
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Pipes and Hoses: Transport the pressurized fluid between components.
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Filters and Sensors: Clean the oil and monitor system parameters
5. Applications of the hydraulic system
- Hydraulic systems are now widely used across diverse sectors such as agriculture, waste disposal, automation, and even renewable energy like wind turbines.
- They serve both mobile machinery—such as cranes and excavators that operate on tracks or wheels—and stationary equipment, including hydraulic presses, molding machines, and windmills, where the core system remains fixed.
- Globally, the hydraulics industry is valued between $45–50 billion and continues to expand steadily.
- With advancements in electronics and increased electrification, hydraulic systems are evolving to integrate modern technologies. Today’s systems often feature sensors that monitor variables like motion, temperature, pressure, fluid flow, and even contamination levels in oil.
- These enhancements not only aim to boost safety but also help gather data that improves system performance and supports predictive maintenance.
- However, hydraulic systems are not without limitations. Their current overall energy efficiency—from engine input to final mechanical output—hovers around 30–40%.
- Engineers and researchers are actively working to increase this efficiency while also addressing environmental concerns.
- Despite ongoing efforts to replace hydraulics with electrical alternatives, such substitutions are mostly effective only in smaller-scale applications. For larger, more complex systems, hydraulics continues to offer unmatched advantages
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For Prelims: Pascal's Law, hydraulic system, combustion engine
For Mains: GS III - Science and Technology
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