DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 12 JUNE 2024

SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS(SCS)

1. Context

Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar has reiterated the State’s long-standing demand to be granted the special category status by the Centre, a move that would increase the amount of tax revenues that the State gets from the Centre. The demand for special category status right now is significant because Prime Minister Narendra Modi’s Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) depends on support from Mr. Kumar’s Janata Dal (United), which has 12 seats in the new Lok Sabha, to hold on to power at the Centre

2. What is a Special Category Status?

Special Category Status (SCS) is a classification given by the Indian government to certain states that face geographical and socio-economic challenges. This status provides these states with special assistance and various concessions from the central government to address their unique challenges and promote their development. The concept was introduced in 1969 based on the recommendations of the Fifth Finance Commission.

Key features of Special Category Status include:

Central Assistance: States with SCS receive more significant financial assistance from the central government. This includes higher grants and subsidies for central schemes.
Concessional Funding: The central government provides financial support in the form of a 90:10 ratio for centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), where 90% of the funding is a grant from the central government, and only 10% is to be provided by the state. For other states, this ratio is typically 60:40.
Tax Concessions: Industries set up in these states may receive various tax benefits to encourage industrialization and economic development.
Debt Relief: These states often get better terms for debt repayment and lower interest rates on loans from the central government.
Infrastructural Development: Special Category Status can also bring prioritization in infrastructural development projects, including roads, airports, and railways, which are crucial for connectivity and growth.
Higher Plan Assistance: States with SCS are entitled to higher central plan assistance for their development projects.

States that have been accorded Special Category Status typically face challenges like hilly and difficult terrain, low population density or the presence of sizeable tribal populations, strategic international borders, economic and infrastructural backwardness, and non-viable state finances.

Which states presently have SCS?

Currently, 11 States in India — Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tripura, and Uttarakhand — have SCS

Source: The Hindu

3. What are the criteria for SCS designation?

Five factors that are considered before granting SCS to a State:

Hilly and difficult terrain
Low population density and/or sizeable share of tribal population
Strategic location along international borders
Economic and infrastructural backwardness
Non-viable nature of State finances

4. Why is Andhra Pradesh demanding Special Category Status?

Andhra Pradesh has been demanding Special Category Status (SCS) for several reasons, primarily linked to the economic and developmental challenges it faced following the bifurcation of the state in 2014, which led to the creation of the new state of Telangana.

Here are the key reasons for Andhra Pradesh's demand:

Economic Disadvantages Post-Bifurcation: The bifurcation resulted in Andhra Pradesh losing Hyderabad, a major economic hub with substantial revenue generation, to Telangana. This left Andhra Pradesh with reduced revenue sources and significant fiscal challenges.
Promise Made During Bifurcation: The central government, during the process of bifurcation, had assured Andhra Pradesh that it would be granted Special Category Status for a period of five years to help the state cope with the economic impact. This promise was seen as a crucial measure to ensure the state's development and financial stability.
Infrastructure and Developmental Needs: Post-bifurcation, Andhra Pradesh had to build a new capital (Amaravati) and develop its infrastructure from scratch. Special Category Status would provide the state with higher central assistance and concessional funding to support these massive developmental needs.
Comparative Disadvantage: Andhra Pradesh argues that without Special Category Status, it is at a disadvantage compared to states like Telangana, which inherited significant infrastructure and economic assets. SCS would help bridge this gap by providing additional financial resources.
Political and Public Pressure: There is significant public and political pressure within Andhra Pradesh for the fulfilment of the promise of Special Category Status. The demand has become a major political issue, with various parties and leaders pushing for it as a means to ensure the state's economic growth and development.
Developmental Incentives: Special Category Status brings various benefits, including higher grants from the central government, tax incentives for industries, and more favourable terms for debt and funding of central schemes. These incentives are seen as essential for boosting industrialization, employment, and overall economic growth in the state

5. What does The 14th Finance Commission say about the Special Category status?

The 14th Finance Commission, which was constituted in January 2013 and submitted its report in December 2014, made several key recommendations regarding the concept of Special Category Status (SCS).

Here's a summary of its stance and recommendations:

The 14th Finance Commission recommended discontinuing the practice of granting Special Category Status to states. It suggested that the distinction between Special Category and non-Special Category states should be removed for a more uniform approach to state assistance
To compensate for the discontinuation of Special Category Status, the Commission recommended a significant increase in the share of states in the divisible pool of central taxes from 32% to 42%. This aimed to give states greater financial autonomy and more resources to address their specific needs
The Commission proposed that all states should be treated equally in terms of devolution of funds, thereby removing any preferential treatment that Special Category Status provided. This was intended to simplify the financial assistance mechanism and ensure a more transparent and equitable distribution of resources.
Although the 14th Finance Commission recommended discontinuing SCS, it acknowledged the need for special assistance to certain states facing unique challenges. It suggested that such states could receive targeted central assistance through specific schemes and programs rather than through a separate category status.
The Commission emphasized the use of objective criteria for the allocation of resources to states, including factors like population, income distance, area, forest cover, and demographic performance. This approach aimed to ensure that funds were distributed based on measurable needs and performance indicators rather than a special status designation.

6. Which states are demanding the Special Category Status?

Several states have been demanding Special Category Status (SCS) from the central government. These demands stem from various economic, developmental, and political considerations. Here are some of the states that have actively sought SCS:

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh has been one of the most vocal in demanding SCS, primarily due to the economic disadvantages it faced following the bifurcation of the state in 2014, which led to the creation of Telangana. The loss of Hyderabad, a major economic and revenue-generating city, has been a significant factor in this demand.
Bihar: Bihar has been consistently demanding SCS to address its developmental challenges, including high poverty rates, low per capita income, and underdeveloped infrastructure. The state argues that SCS would help accelerate its economic growth and improve living standards.
Odisha: Odisha has sought SCS citing its high tribal population, frequent natural disasters, and overall economic backwardness. The state government believes that additional central assistance and concessions would aid in its development efforts.
Rajasthan: Rajasthan has also demanded SCS, highlighting its large desert areas, water scarcity issues, and economic challenges. The state seeks special financial support to overcome these hurdles and promote sustainable development.
Chhattisgarh: Chhattisgarh, with its significant tribal population and issues related to naxalism (left-wing extremism), has been advocating for SCS to receive better financial assistance for security and developmental initiatives.

7. What are the Benefits of SCS?

The benefits of Special Category Status (SCS) in India include various financial and developmental incentives aimed at addressing the unique challenges faced by certain states. Here are the primary benefits:

States with SCS receive more significant financial assistance from the central government.
This includes grants and funds for development projects and centrally sponsored schemes.
For centrally sponsored schemes (CSS), SCS states typically receive funding in a 90:10 ratio (90% central funding and 10% state funding), compared to a 60:40 or 50:50 ratio for other states.
This reduces the financial burden on the state government.
Industries and businesses setting up operations in SCS states may receive various tax benefits and incentives.
These concessions aim to promote industrialization and economic development in these regions.
SCS states often get better terms for debt repayment, including lower interest rates on loans from the central government.
SCS states receive priority for central government projects related to infrastructure development, such as roads, airports, and railways.
States with SCS are eligible for additional grants and subsidies from various central government schemes.
SCS states that face specific challenges, such as insurgency or border security issues, receive additional support from the central government for maintaining peace and security.
States with difficult terrain, extensive forest cover, and unique geographic challenges receive support for environmental conservation and sustainable development.

8. Way Forward

The sustainability of development in SCS states can be questionable if it relies heavily on central grants. Long-term development requires building internal capacities and resources, which might not be adequately addressed through SCS alone

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance

For Mains: GS-II:Indian Polity and Governance

Source: Indianexpress

KATCHATHEEVU ISLAND

1. Context

The India-mooted 13th Amendment to the Sri Lankan Constitution as a solution to address the minority Tamil community’s long-pending demand for political autonomy is set to figure high in the political debate in the impending presidential election

2. Location of Katchatheevu Island

Katchatheevu is a small, uninhabited island covering 285 acres situated in the Palk Strait, positioned between India and Sri Lanka. It measures approximately 1.6 kilometres in length and slightly over 300 meters wide at its widest point.

The island is located northeast of Rameswaram, around 33 kilometres from the Indian coastline. It is situated approximately 62 kilometres southwest of Jaffna, which is at the northern tip of Sri Lanka. Moreover, Katchatheevu is about 24 kilometres away from Delft Island, an inhabited island that belongs to Sri Lanka.
The notable feature on Katchatheevu Island is the St. Anthony’s Church, built in the early 20th century. This Catholic shrine holds cultural and religious importance, especially during its annual festival. Christian priests from both India and Sri Lanka conduct services during this festival, attracting devotees from both countries who make pilgrimages to the island. In 2023, around 2,500 Indians travelled from Rameswaram to participate in this significant event.
Despite its religious and cultural significance, Katchatheevu is not suitable for permanent human settlement due to the absence of a reliable source of drinking water on the island. This limitation restricts any long-term habitation on the island, making it primarily a site for occasional religious gatherings and pilgrimages.

3. Historical Background of Katchatheevu Island

Katchatheevu Island, formed as a result of a volcanic eruption in the 14th century, holds a relatively recent place in the geological timeline.

During the early medieval period, Katchatheevu was under the control of the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka. However, by the 17th century, control shifted to the Ramnad Zamindari, which was based in Ramanathapuram, approximately 55 kilometres northwest of Rameswaram.
With the advent of colonial rule, Katchatheevu became part of the Madras Presidency under the British administration. In 1921, both India and Sri Lanka, then British colonies, laid claim to Katchatheevu to delineate fishing boundaries in the region.
A survey conducted during this period marked Katchatheevu as part of Sri Lanka. However, a British delegation from India contested this claim, asserting ownership of the island by the Ramnad kingdom.
The dispute over the ownership of Katchatheevu persisted until 1974 when a final resolution was reached. This resolution marked a significant milestone in clarifying the status of the island and delineating the maritime boundaries between India and Sri Lanka.

4. Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement and Fishing Rights

In 1974, efforts were made by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to resolve the maritime border dispute between India and Sri Lanka permanently. This initiative led to the establishment of the 'Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement,' which resulted in the cession of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka by India.

Under the agreement, Indira Gandhi decided to "cede" Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka, perceiving the island to hold little strategic value for India. This move was intended to strengthen diplomatic ties between the two neighbouring countries.
Despite ceding the island, Indian fishermen were granted continued access to Katchatheevu as per the agreement, maintaining their traditional fishing practices in the region. However, the agreement did not explicitly address the issue of fishing rights, leading to subsequent challenges and differing interpretations.
Sri Lanka interpreted Indian fishermen's access to Katchatheevu as limited to activities such as resting, drying nets, and visiting the Catholic shrine, without requiring a visa. This interpretation created ambiguity regarding the extent of fishing rights granted to Indian fishermen in the waters surrounding Katchatheevu.
In 1976, another agreement during India's Emergency period further complicated matters by prohibiting both countries from fishing in each other's Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). However, Katchatheevu lies at the boundary of both countries' EEZs, adding to the uncertainty surrounding fishing rights and activities in the region.
The agreements made in the 1970s regarding Katchatheevu and fishing rights have left unresolved issues, contributing to periodic tensions and disputes between Indian fishermen and Sri Lankan authorities. The lack of clear delineation and mutual understanding regarding fishing access around Katchatheevu continues to be a contentious issue between India and Sri Lanka.

5. Impact of the Sri Lankan Civil War on Katchatheevu

The period between 1983 and 2009 was marked by the Sri Lankan Civil War, during which the border dispute involving Katchatheevu took a back seat amidst the intense conflict.

During the civil war, Sri Lankan naval forces were primarily focused on combating the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) based in Jaffna. This preoccupation allowed Indian fishermen to venture deep into Sri Lankan waters without significant repercussions. Incursions by Indian fishermen, especially using larger trawlers, became common during this time. These activities led to tensions as they not only overfished but also caused damage to Sri Lankan fishing equipment and vessels.
The end of the civil war in 2009 brought about significant changes. Sri Lanka bolstered its maritime defences and shifted its attention to issues such as illegal fishing activities by Indian fishermen.
Indian fishermen, facing resource depletion in Indian waters, continued to venture into Sri Lankan waters as they had done for years. However, with increased surveillance and stricter enforcement post-civil war, they began facing arrests and other consequences by the Sri Lankan navy.
To this day, the Sri Lankan navy regularly apprehends Indian fishermen for illegal fishing activities in Sri Lankan waters. Incidents of alleged custodial torture and deaths have also been reported, further complicating the situation. Each such incident reignites demands to revisit the issue of Katchatheevu and its impact on fishing rights and maritime boundaries between India and Sri Lanka. The historical context of the island's ownership and fishing rights continues to be a source of contention and debate between the two nations.

6. Tamil Nadu's Stance on Katchatheevu

The issue of Katchatheevu holds significant political and emotional weight in Tamil Nadu, with successive governments and leaders advocating for its retrieval and the restoration of fishing rights for Tamil fishermen.

The decision to "cede" Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka in 1974 without consulting the Tamil Nadu state assembly sparked immediate protests. This decision was seen as infringing on traditional fishing rights and livelihoods of Indian Tamil fishermen, given the historical ties of the Ramnad Zamindari to the island.
The Tamil Nadu Assembly has consistently demanded the retrieval of Katchatheevu and the restoration of fishing rights. Leaders like J Jayalalitha and MK Stalin, among others, have actively pursued this agenda through legal and diplomatic channels.
In 2008, Jayalalitha filed a petition arguing that ceding Katchatheevu required a constitutional amendment and had adversely affected fishermen's rights. Similar efforts were made by other leaders, including appeals to the Supreme Court.
Despite Tamil Nadu's persistent demands, the Union government's stance has remained unchanged. It asserts that since Katchatheevu has been under dispute historically, no territorial or sovereignty claims were ceded.
While there is vocal demand for Katchatheevu's retrieval, practical challenges hinder such efforts. The Union government has pointed out that revisiting Katchatheevu's status would require drastic measures, potentially leading to diplomatic complexities or conflict.

7. The Way Forward

Resolving the Katchatheevu issue requires a delicate approach that acknowledges historical claims, addresses Tamil Nadu's concerns, and prioritises peaceful coexistence with Sri Lanka. Open communication, diplomatic efforts, and a focus on mutually beneficial solutions like designated fishing zones or joint patrols hold promise for a sustainable resolution.

For Prelims: India-Sri Lanka, Katchatheevu island, LTTE, Sri Lanka Civil War, Exclusive Economic Zones

For Mains:

1. The Katchatheevu dispute highlights the complexities of maritime border demarcation. How can India ensure the security of its fishermen and promote sustainable fishing practices in the Palk Strait? (250 words)

2. You are a senior diplomat tasked with finding a solution to the Katchatheevu dispute. Outline a framework for negotiations that considers the historical, economic, and social aspects of the issue. (250 words)

Previous Year Questions

1. Katchatheevu Island was ceded by India to which Country in 1974 (SSC CPO 2017)

A. Sri Lanka B.Maldives C.Indonesia D.Myanmar

2. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)

1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.

2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.

3. The Exclusive Economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

A.1 and 2 only B.2 and 3 only C.1 and 3 only D.1, 2 and 3

Answers: 1-A, 2-D

Source: The Indian Express

EUROPEAN UNION (EU)

1. Context

A four day election has shaken the foundation of the European Union, with the far right rocking ruling parties in France and Germany, the bloc’s traditional driving forces. For the next five years, it will be harder for the European Parliament to make decisions

2. What is the European Union (EU)?

The European Parliament (EP) represents the citizens of EU member states. Its main roles include negotiating EU laws with member state governments, which are represented by the European Council.
The EP also has the authority to approve the EU budget, vote on international agreements, and decide on the enlargement of the bloc. Additionally, it can approve or reject the appointment of the European Commission president — currently Germany’s Ursula von der Leyen — and the commissioners.
Unlike national parliaments, the EP does not have the right to propose laws; it can only negotiate those proposed by the executive European Commission.
The EP consists of 720 Members (MEPs) who are elected every five years. These MEPs then elect their president for a term of two and a half years.
In 21 member states, individuals aged 18 and above can vote.
Citizens living in another EU country can choose to vote for candidates either from their home country or from their country of residence.
In some member states, voters can only choose closed lists where they cannot change the order of preferred candidates, while in others, they can select individual candidates in a preferential system.
All candidates must be EU citizens. Depending on the country, voters may choose from individual candidates or political parties’ delegates. Once elected, politicians from each nation join the European groups in the Parliament based on their political orientations. Elected individuals cannot hold positions in national governments or other political bodies such as the EU Commission

What are the member countries of the EU?

Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden

3. History of EU

1945-1957: Post-War Integration Efforts

1945: After the devastation of World War II, European countries seek to ensure lasting peace and economic stability.
1951: The European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) is established by the Treaty of Paris, signed by Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and West Germany. This organization aims to integrate the coal and steel industries of member countries, making war between them "materially impossible."

1957: The Treaties of Rome

1957: The Treaties of Rome are signed, establishing the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EURATOM). The EEC aims to create a common market and a customs union among its members

960s-1980s: Growth and Challenges

1973: The first enlargement of the EEC occurs, with Denmark, Ireland, and the United Kingdom joining the Community.
1981: Greece becomes a member, followed by Spain and Portugal in 1986.
1986: The Single European Act is signed, aiming to create a single market by 1992, ensuring the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people.

1990s: Political and Economic Union

1992: The Maastricht Treaty is signed, formally establishing the European Union. The treaty introduces new forms of cooperation between governments, such as a common foreign and security policy, and lays the foundation for economic and monetary union, including the creation of a single currency.
1995: Austria, Finland, and Sweden join the EU.
1999: The euro is introduced as the single currency for 11 EU countries, with physical currency (banknotes and coins) entering circulation in 2002.

2000s: Major Enlargement and Institutional Reforms

2004: The EU undergoes its largest expansion, with ten new countries (Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia) joining.
2007: Bulgaria and Romania join the EU.
2009: The Lisbon Treaty comes into force, reforming the EU's institutional structure and increasing its powers in areas such as justice, security, and foreign policy

2010s: Economic Crises and Brexit

2010: The eurozone faces a significant debt crisis, prompting reforms and financial support mechanisms to stabilize the economies of member states.
2013: Croatia becomes the EU's 28th member state.
2016: The United Kingdom votes to leave the EU in a referendum, leading to Brexit.
2020: The UK officially leaves the EU on January 31, 2020

4. What is the European Council?

The European Council is one of the principal institutions of the European Union (EU), playing a crucial role in shaping the EU's overall political direction and priorities.

Here are the key aspects of the European Council:

The European Council comprises the heads of state or government of the EU member states, along with the President of the European Council and the President of the European Commission. The High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy also participates
The European Council meets at least four times a year, usually in Brussels, Belgium. Additionally, extraordinary meetings can be convened to address urgent issues
The European Council sets the EU's general political agenda and provides strategic leadership on key issues facing the EU. While it does not legislate or adopt laws, its decisions and recommendations guide the work of other EU institutions
The European Council operates on the basis of consensus, with decisions typically reached through discussions and negotiations among its members. However, unanimity is not always required for certain decisions, particularly in areas where EU treaties allow for qualified majority voting

5. What are the areas of cooperation between India and EU?

India and the European Union (EU) engage in cooperation across various sectors, reflecting their shared interests and objectives.

Some of the key areas of cooperation between India and the EU include:

Trade and Investment: Both India and the EU are major trading partners. Efforts are underway to enhance bilateral trade relations through negotiations for a comprehensive free trade agreement known as the EU-India Broad-Based Trade and Investment Agreement (BTIA). Additionally, initiatives aim to promote investment flows between India and the EU.
Political Dialogue and Strategic Partnership: India and the EU engage in regular political dialogues to discuss regional and global issues of mutual concern, including security, counter-terrorism, climate change, and sustainable development. They have established a strategic partnership framework to deepen cooperation in these areas.
Research and Innovation: Collaboration in research and innovation is a growing area of cooperation between India and the EU. Joint research projects, technology partnerships, and academic exchanges are promoted to address common challenges and foster technological innovation.
Education and Culture: India and the EU cooperate in the fields of education, culture, and people-to-people exchanges. Programs such as Erasmus+ facilitate student and academic mobility between India and EU member states, while cultural events and initiatives promote mutual understanding and appreciation.
Energy and Climate Change: India and the EU collaborate on energy security, renewable energy, and climate change mitigation efforts. Dialogues and partnerships focus on promoting clean energy technologies, sustainable development, and the implementation of the Paris Agreement on climate change.
Security and Counter-Terrorism: Cooperation in security and counter-terrorism is a priority for India and the EU. They exchange information, share best practices, and coordinate efforts to combat terrorism, cyber threats, and other transnational security challenges.
Migration and Mobility: India and the EU engage in dialogue on migration and mobility issues, including legal migration, visa facilitation, and irregular migration management. Cooperation aims to promote safe, orderly, and regular migration flows while addressing challenges related to migration governance.
Healthcare and Public Health: Collaboration in healthcare and public health is increasingly important, especially in areas such as pandemic preparedness, disease surveillance, and healthcare infrastructure development. India and the EU work together to strengthen health systems and respond to global health challenges.

For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance

For Mains: GS-II:GS-II: Bilateral, regional and global groupings and agreements involving India and/or affecting India’s interests.

Previous Year Questions

1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2023)

The ‘Stability and Growth Pact’ of the European Union is a treaty that

1. limits the levels of the budgetary deficit of the countries of the European Union

2. makes the countries of the European Union to share their infrastructure facilitie

3. enables the countries of the European Union to share their technologie

How many of the above statements are correct

(a) Only one

(b) Only two

(d) None

Answer (a)

Source: Indianexpress

PRO-TEM SPEAKER

1.Context

As the 18th Lok Sabha prepares to meet, the TDP and JD(U), key allies of the BJP in the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), are said to be jockeying for the post of Speaker. After a pro tem or temporary Speaker administers the oath to new members, the Speaker is chosen to be the Presiding Officer of the House.

2.Who is pro-tem Speaker?

A Protem Speaker, or Pro Tempore Speaker, is a temporary or acting Speaker of a legislative body, such as a parliament or house of representatives. This position is typically filled when the regular Speaker is absent, incapacitated, or the position is vacant. The Protem Speaker carries out the duties and responsibilities of the Speaker during this interim period.
In many legislative systems, the Protem Speaker is often a senior or respected member of the legislature who is appointed to maintain the order and continuity of legislative proceedings. Their role is crucial in ensuring that legislative activities can continue without interruption and that procedural rules are followed

The pro-tem Speaker is appointed by the President of India. This appointment is typically made from among the senior-most members of the Lok Sabha. The role of the pro-tem Speaker is to preside over the first meeting of the newly elected Lok Sabha, administer the oath of office to new members, and oversee the election of the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.

3.What are the duties of the pro-tem Speaker?

Presiding Over the First Meeting: The pro-tem Speaker presides over the first meeting of the newly elected Lok Sabha until a regular Speaker is elected.
Administering the Oath: The pro-tem Speaker administers the oath of office to the newly elected members of the Lok Sabha. This is a crucial step to formally induct members so they can participate in parliamentary proceedings.
Conducting the Election of the Speaker: The pro-tem Speaker oversees the election process of the new Speaker of the Lok Sabha. This involves ensuring that the election is conducted fairly and in accordance with established parliamentary rules and procedures.
Maintaining Order: While presiding over the session, the pro-tem Speaker is responsible for maintaining order and decorum in the House, ensuring that proceedings are conducted smoothly.

The role of the pro-tem Speaker is temporary and primarily ceremonial, aimed at facilitating the initial proceedings of the new Lok Sabha. Once the Speaker is elected, the pro-tem Speaker's duties come to an end.

4.What are the constitutional provisions related to the Speaker?

The Speaker plays a crucial role in parliamentary democracy. The Constitution of India establishes the positions of the Speaker and Deputy Speaker, who, according to Article 93, are to be elected "as soon as may be" after the House convenes.
The Speaker is chosen by a simple majority vote in the House. Their term concludes with the dissolution of the House unless they resign or are removed from office beforehand.
According to Article 94 of the Constitution, a no-confidence motion against the Speaker requires a 14-day notice. Additionally, the Speaker, like any other member, can be disqualified.
There are no specific qualifications required to become the Speaker, meaning any member of the House can be considered. Nonetheless, the role of the Speaker is unique compared to other members.
The Speaker's salary is sourced from the Consolidated Fund of India, unlike the salaries of other MPs, which are determined by a statute passed by the House itself.

5.Powers of the Speaker

Managing House Affairs: The Speaker, in collaboration with the Leader of the House, determines the conduct of government proceedings. Members must obtain prior approval from the Speaker to raise questions or initiate discussions.
Handling Questions and Records: The Speaker assesses the suitability of questions raised by members and oversees the publication of House proceedings. She holds the authority to censor, either wholly or partially, any remarks deemed unparliamentary. Criticisms directed towards the ruling party may be omitted from publication if deemed necessary by the Speaker.
Exercising Casting Vote: As per Article 100 of the Constitution, regarding voting in legislative chambers, the Chairman of the Rajya Sabha or the Speaker of the Lok Sabha, or their substitutes, abstain from voting initially but may exercise a casting vote in the event of a tie.
No-confidence Motions: A Speaker's impartiality is especially crucial during motions of no-confidence against the government, impacting the Opposition significantly.
Disqualification of Members: Under the Tenth Schedule or anti-defection law, integrated into the Constitution via the Fifty-Second (Amendment) Act, 1985, the Speaker holds the authority to disqualify legislators who defect from their party.

In the landmark case of Kihoto Hollohan versus Zachillhu in 1992, the Supreme Court upheld the Speaker's authority, stating that only the Speaker's final decision is subject to judicial review. Furthermore, in 2020, the Supreme Court ruled that Speakers of Assemblies and the Lok Sabha must adjudicate disqualification petitions within three months, barring exceptional circumstances.

6.What are the roles and responsibilities of the Speaker?

The Speaker of a legislative body, such as the Speaker of the House of Representatives in the United States, plays a crucial role in the functioning of the legislative process. The responsibilities of the Speaker include a mix of procedural, administrative, and representative duties. Here are the key roles and responsibilities:

The Speaker maintains order during debates and ensures that legislative rules and procedures are followed.
They moderate debates, decide who may speak, and manage the flow of discussion on the floor.
The Speaker rules on points of order and interprets the House rules, ensuring fair and orderly conduct of business.
The Speaker oversees the administration of the House, including managing legislative staff and House offices.
They control the legislative agenda, deciding which bills and issues are considered and when they are debated.
The Speaker represents their congressional district, advocating for the interests and concerns of their constituents.
As a prominent political leader, the Speaker often represents the House and their party on national and international issues.
The Speaker has the power to appoint members to various committees, including selecting committee chairs and influencing the composition of committees.
They refer bills and resolutions to appropriate committees for consideration.
As the leader of the majority party in the House, the Speaker plays a key role in setting the party's legislative priorities and strategy.
They coordinate with party members to garner support for the party’s legislative agenda and ensure party discipline.
The Speaker acts as a spokesperson for the House, communicating its actions and policies to the public and the media.
They engage in negotiations with the Senate, the President, and other key political figures on major legislative issues.
The Speaker performs various ceremonial duties, such as presiding over joint sessions of Congress and representing the House at official events.

In summary, the Speaker's role is multifaceted, involving leadership, administrative oversight, procedural management, and representation. They are pivotal in shaping the legislative agenda, maintaining order in the House, and representing both their constituents and their party on the national stage.

7.What is the process for the removal of the Speaker?

The process for the removal of the Speaker of the House of Representatives involves several steps, typically initiated by members of the House. Here is an outline of the process:

Any member of the House can introduce a resolution known as a "motion to vacate the chair," which calls for the Speaker's removal.
The motion must be filed with the House Clerk.
The motion is referred to the House Rules Committee, which schedules it for consideration by the full House.
The House debates the motion. The length and terms of the debate are typically set by the Rules Committee.
Following the debate, the motion is put to a vote by the entire House of Representatives.
A simple majority (more than half of the members present and voting) is required to pass the motion.
If the motion to vacate the chair passes, the Speaker is removed from office immediately. The House then proceeds to elect a new Speaker.
If the motion does not receive a majority vote, the Speaker remains in office.

For Prelims:Indian Polity

For Mains:GS-II: Governance, Constitution, Polity

Previous year questions

1.Consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2017)

1. In the election for Lok Sabha or State Assembly, the winning candidate must get at least 50 percent of the votes polled, to be declared elected.

2. According to the provisions laid down in the Constitution of India, in Lok Sabha, the Speaker’s post goes to the majority party and the Deputy Speaker’s to the Opposition.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 only

(b) 2 only

(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer(d)

The correct answer is option 4 i.e. Neither 1 nor 2. India has first past the post system of election for Lok Sabha or State Assembly, wherein a candidate who wins the election may not (need to) get majority (50%+1) votes. Also, the constitution of India has adopted the system of territorial representation for the election of members to the Lok Sabha or State Assembly. Under this system, MP or MLA represents a geographical area known as a constituency. From each constituency, only one representative is elected. Hence such a constituency is known as a single-member constituency. In this system, a candidate who secures the majority of votes is declared elected. Hence, statement 1 is not correct. Till 10th Lok Sabha, both the Deputy Speaker and the Speaker were usually from the ruling party. From the 11th Lok Sabha, there has been a consensus that the post of Deputy Speaker goes to the main opposition party and the Speaker comes from the ruling party (or ruling alliance). Meaning it's an 'informal consensus' among political parties and not Constitutional provision. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.

Source: Indian express

ORIENTAL DESPOTISM

1. Context

A look at the evolution of the concept of Oriental despotism, influenced by the Eurocentric perspectives of various thinkers across centuries; this idea was further shaped by medieval and Enlightenment thinkers

2. About Oriental Despotism

The idea of Oriental despotism, enriched by the contributions of philosophers, political theorists, travellers, administrators, and diplomats, is deeply embedded in European culture, and heavily influenced by travel literature.
Its origins can be traced to Greek thought, where terms like "despot" and "despotism" were employed to assert Greek identity and superiority over "barbaric" nations, especially the Persians. Greek philosophers often differentiated between Greeks and Persians, portraying the latter as subjugated slaves, in contrast to the freedom-loving Greeks.
Aristotle elaborated on this concept in his work Politics, offering a more structured theoretical basis.
He viewed despotism as a legitimate, hereditary form of monarchy, particularly fitting for societies considered more barbarous, such as Persia, where the monarch exercised absolute power due to the people's tendency towards subordination.
This form of governance, however, was distinct from tyranny, which Aristotle deemed illegitimate and against the will of the subjects

3. Various interpretations of the concept

The Eurocentric perspective's limited understanding of Asiatic societies, particularly the Persians, led to misconceptions and various interpretations of Oriental despotism. These preconceived ideas about the Persians persisted through the Byzantine Empire and into medieval European thought.
Medieval authors and theorists, influenced by Aristotle’s classification of governments, used Oriental societies as examples of tyrannical rule to justify their own political struggles. These works reinforced the notion of Oriental otherness, creating a distinction between the so-called superior European societies and the inferior Asiatic ones.
By the 16th century, new interpretations emerged. For example, Florentine philosopher and diplomat Niccolò Machiavelli used the concept to differentiate between states governed by citizens (republics) and those governed by a single ruler (principalities). The Ottoman Empire, with its centralized monarchical government, became a new example of despotic rule, in contrast to the decentralized European monarchies.
French philosopher Jean Bodin further elaborated on the concept. He described a political system, which he called "monarchie seigneuriale," where the prince wielded unlimited authority over his subjects, akin to the relationship between master and slave.
This was contrasted with "monarchie royale," where the king’s power was limited by property rights and fundamental, divine, and natural laws. Bodin believed that monarchie seigneuriale, with no private property rights, was the most ancient form of monarchy, distinct from tyranny, which was unstable and illegitimate.
By the late 17th and early 18th centuries, travellers' accounts of Persian monarchies influenced the understanding of Oriental despotism. French physician François Bernier criticized the despotic government of the Mughal Empire he visited, noting the stark wealth disparity between rich princes and poor subjects, which he attributed to the lack of private ownership rights.
French jeweller and traveller Jean Chardin described the despotism of the Persian Safavid monarchy as a result of historical and political factors rather than the natural character of the people or Islam. This perspective challenged the uniform interpretation of Asiatic governments and highlighted the importance of empirical experience in understanding political systems

4. Oriental despotism and Enlightenment

During the Age of Enlightenment, theorists from countries like France criticized the authoritarian monarchy within their own nation, often drawing parallels between Louis XIV’s rule and that of Eastern despots.
French philosopher Montesquieu analyzed despotism as a distinct form of government, separate from the Aristotelian monarchy, characterized by concentrated authority and the use of intimidation.
He argued that the vast plains and political landscape of Asia, in contrast to Europe’s fragmented geography, contributed to the emergence of despotism. Montesquieu also explored the relationships between climate, religion, manners, economy, and laws, providing an empirical basis for understanding despotism.
Many theories of the time, like Montesquieu’s, linked despotism to theocracy. However, some critics, such as French writer Voltaire, pointed out the limitations in Montesquieu’s understanding, noting that his arguments did not apply universally, as in the case of Turkey. Other Orientalists argued against the notion of absolute authority in Asia, citing examples of princely states in India.
In contrast, some theorists, especially from the Physiocratic school, admired and promoted centralized systems like those in China, which effectively managed economic and social laws. These perspectives emphasized efficiency and presented a more positive view of despotism.
With the extensive colonization of Asia by Europe, increased interactions between colonizers and local populations led to diverse perspectives on governance in Asian countries. Detailed accounts from diplomats and administrative staff aimed at ensuring smooth authority contributed to a more nuanced understanding of the East

5. Role in the Asiatic mode of production

The concept of Oriental despotism took a new direction with German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, who used it to analyze the Asiatic mode of production. He viewed it as the earliest stage of historical development, where individual autonomy was limited and the universal spirit was embodied in a single free person—the despot. Influenced by Hegel, German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx sought to understand the rationale behind such a system centered on a single ruler.
Marx argued that despotism persisted due to the absence of individual property rights in the Asiatic mode of production, where the sovereign owned all the land. He believed that the geography of Asiatic countries reinforced their political systems, necessitating strong and centralized authority to manage essential agricultural irrigation systems. Marx asserted that European colonialism was necessary to modernize and Westernize the stagnant production systems in these societies.
German sociologist Max Weber later expanded on the concept to explain differences between Mediterranean and Asiatic societies. He considered economic and geographical factors, arguing that the agrarian needs in Asian countries led to a more centralized system of power, concentrated on the ruler, while Mediterranean societies became more secular and capitalistic.
By the 20th century, theorists like Karl August Wittfogel revisited the concept, extending the argument about despotic rule in Asian irrigation-based societies to criticize modern communist regimes as a new form of despotism. He claimed these regimes had similar features, such as the lack of private property rights and the government’s absolute control over society.
The concept of Oriental despotism evolved from its origins in Greek thought, through medieval adaptations and Enlightenment ideas, to explain power in agrarian societies across Asia. Although its theoretical relevance declined with the rise of post-colonial theories and global historical perspectives, its influence on European culture remains significant, shaping the modern European mind and its sense of civic identity and responsibility

6. Way Forward

Contemporary analyses show how the stereotype of arbitrary Oriental power created a sense of otherness in European colonial and imperial ideologies, influencing how they ruled the colonised nations, especially in Asia. The persistent influence of Oriental despotism on European culture is seen in the complex interaction between ideas, experiences, historical views, and political attitudes toward Asian countries.

Source: The Hindu

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