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DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 24 MAY 2024

MICROPLASTICS 

 
 
1. Context
A new study has shed light on the extent of microplastic pollution in Ashtamudi Lake, a Ramsar wetland in Kollam district of Kerala, underscoring the need for continuous monitoring and addressing “potential public health concerns”.
2. About Microplastics
  • Microplastics are tiny plastic particles that result from commercial product development and the breakdown of larger plastics.
  • They are fragments of any type of plastic less than 5mm(0.20 in) in length.
  • Plastic pollution is big evil and can help viruses alive and infectious in fresh water for days
  • Microplastics are particularly harmful to the oceans as they don’t readily break down into harmless molecules and adversely affect the health of marine organisms, which mistake plastic for food. Moreover, these particles can trigger loss of biodiversity and threaten ecosystem balance
3. Key Findings
  • Researchers examined surface-level plastic pollution data from nearly 12,000 ocean stations in six major marine regions, from 1979 to 2019
  • Finally, by using computer modelling, the researchers were able to come up with a global time series to estimate not only how much microplastic is currently in the oceans but also how their concentration has changed over the years
  • They found that from 1990 to 2005, the number of plastic particles more or less fluctuated
  • One of the reasons for this could be due to the effective implementation of important policy measures at the time
  • In the 1980s and 90s, some international policies, like MARPOL Annex 5, enforced laws against dumping trash at sea. They were powerful laws that were enforceable and were preventative
  • However, things went downhill soon after as the world began producing much more plastic than ever before
  • Therefore, as the study pointed out, the concentration of plastic particles including microplastics in the ocean has skyrocketed in the oceans since the mid-2000s, and it continues to increase
  • Researchers further mentioned that if the world fails to take any drastic action about the issue, there will be a 2.6-fold increase in plastic flowing into aquatic environments by 2040
4. Impacts of Microplastics on Ocean and Marine life
  • Several recent studies have detected microplastics in marine organisms, from phytoplankton to whales and dolphins, which might prove hazardous for them
  • The ingestion of such particles can cause “mechanical problems, such as lacerations and blockages to internal systems.”
  • Ingested plastics can cause chemical problems by leaching absorb chemicals into organisms
  • We know that microplastics absorb many hydrophobic compounds, like DDT, PCBs and other industrial chemicals, and evidence shows they can be released when ingested
  • Microplastics can also disrupt the carbon cycle of the oceans
  • Normally, phytoplankton absorbs carbon and are eaten by zooplankton, who excrete the carbon in the form of faecal pellets that sink to the sea floor
  •  Once these carbon-containing pellets reach there, “the carbon can be remineralized into rocks  preventing it from escaping back into the atmosphere,”
  • If zooplanktons consume microplastics, their faecal pellets sink at a much slower rate, which means they are more likely to break apart or be eaten by other animals
  • Making it less likely that the carbon will reach the seafloor and become permanently sequestered
5. How to limit plastic pollution in oceans
 
  • Researchers of the latest study suggested that there is an urgent need to implement a global resolution to limit the production of single-use, throwaway plastic
  • We need cities to be responsible for managing their waste so it does not leave their territory
  • We need to reduce the amount of chemical additives in new plastic products
  •  If we talk about recycling, there have to be requirements that recycled plastic be used in new products
  •  The industries that make plastic like to talk about how technically we can recycle all of it. But they don’t like to commit to buying recycled plastic, therefore recycling fails
 
 
 
Source: indianexpress
 
 

KUKI TRIBE

 
 
1. Context
 
The Indian armed forces were using a Kuki extremist outfit and a pro-democracy armed group in civil war-torn Myanmar to wage a war against the “Naga Army” along the India-Myanmar border
 

2. Who are Kukis?

  • The Kukis are an ethnic group including multiple tribes originally inhabiting the North-Eastern states of India such as Manipur, Mizoram and Assam; parts of Burma (now Myanmar), and Sylhet district and Chittagong hill tracts of Bangladesh.
  • While Kuki is not a term coined by the ethnic group itself, the tribes associated with it came to be generically called Kuki under colonial rule.
  • In Manipur, the various Kuki tribes, living mainly in the hills, currently make up 30% of the total 28.5 lakh population of the State.
  • The rest of the population of Manipur is made up mainly of two other ethnic groups: the Meiteis or non-tribal, Vaishnavite Hindus who live in the valley region of Manipur, and the Naga tribes, historically at loggerheads with the Kukis, also living in the hilly areas of the State.
  • Of the 60 seats in the Manipur Assembly, 40 are held by Meiteis and the rest 20 seats are held by Kukis and Nagas.
  • The people of Manipur are grouped into three main ethnic communities Meiteis those inhabiting the valley and 29 major tribes in the hills dividing into two main ethno denominations, namely Nagas and Kuki-Chins. 

 

 

3. Which are the major communities residing in Manipur?

The major communities residing in Manipur are:

Meiteis

  • The Meiteis, also known as Manipuris, are the largest and dominant ethnic group in Manipur, constituting around 53% of the state's population.
  • They primarily inhabit the Imphal Valley, the central valley region of Manipur.
  • Their language, Meitei (officially called Manipuri), is the sole official language of the state and one of the 22 official languages of India.
  • The Meiteis have a rich cultural heritage, with unique traditions, dance forms like Manipuri Raas Leela and various festivals, including Yaoshang and Kang Chingba.
  • The majority of Meiteis follow Hinduism, with a mix of indigenous beliefs. The cultural identity of Meiteis has played a significant role in shaping the history and politics of Manipur.

Naga Tribes

  • Various Naga tribes collectively form the second-largest community in Manipur, representing about 24% of the population.
  • Some prominent Naga tribes include Tangkhul, Mao, Maram, Zeme, and Kabui.
  • They primarily reside in the northern hilly regions of Manipur.
  • Each Naga tribe has its own distinct language and culture, with rich traditions, festivals, and attire.
  • Their villages are spread across the hills, and each tribe has its own traditional governance system.

Kuki/Zo Tribes

  • The Kuki/Zo tribes are the third largest community in Manipur, constituting about 16% of the population.
  • Some prominent Kuki/Zo tribes include Thadou, Gangte, Hmar, Paite, and Simte.
  • They primarily reside in the southern hilly regions of Manipur.
  • Similar to the Naga tribes, each Kuki/Zo tribe has its own distinct language, culture, and traditions.
  • While some Kuki groups follow traditional indigenous religions, a significant number have adopted Christianity, introduced by missionaries during the British colonial period.
  • Pangals (Manipuri Muslims): The Pangals are Meiteis who converted to Islam, forming the Muslim community in Manipur. They have a unique cultural identity that combines elements of Meitei culture with Islamic traditions. Pangals are spread across the state, and they have contributed to the socio-cultural fabric of Manipur.
  • Mizos: While the majority of Mizos reside in the neighbouring state of Mizoram, there is a Mizo population in the Churachandpur district of Manipur. They are part of the larger Mizo community.
  • Monsangs (Monsang Naga): The Monsangs are a Naga tribe residing in the northeastern part of Manipur, particularly in Tamenglong district. They have their distinct language and cultural practices.
  • Zeliangrongs (Zeliangrong Naga): The Zeliangrongs are a Naga tribe comprising three major communities: Zeme, Liangmei, and Rongmei. They mainly inhabit the hills of Tamenglong district.
  • Kom/Komrem: The Kom people are one of the indigenous communities in Manipur, residing primarily in the northeastern part of the state.
  • Mao (Mao Naga): The Mao Naga community is one of the Naga tribes in Manipur, with a significant population in the Senapati district.
  • Gangtes: The Gangte community is a Kuki-Chin-Mizo ethnic group residing in the hills of Manipur.
  • Hmars: The Hmars are a Kuki-Chin-Mizo ethnic group with a presence in Manipur, especially in the Churachandpur district.
 

4. Reasons for the Meitei community wants ST status

The Meitei community, the dominant group in Manipur, has been demanding Scheduled Tribe (ST) status for over a decade. Several factors contribute to this demand, and the debate surrounding it is complex and multi-faceted. 

Historical Factors

  • The Meiteis argue that they were historically recognized as a tribe by the British during colonial rule. Some historical documents indicate the inclusion of Meiteis in the list of "semi-Hinduized tribes" or "hill tribes." However, others assert that they were classified as a caste or a martial race depending on context.
  • They claim that after the merger of Manipur with India in 1949, they lost their tribal status and the associated benefits, such as reservations in education and government jobs. This, they argue, led to their marginalization compared to other ST communities.

Socio-Economic Conditions

  • The Meiteis argue that despite being the largest ethnic group, they lag behind other ST communities in terms of socio-economic development. They face issues like poverty, unemployment, and lack of access to quality education and healthcare.
  • Some Meiteis, particularly those residing in the hills, feel they are disadvantaged in terms of land ownership compared to other tribes. They believe ST status would enable them to better protect their ancestral land rights.

Cultural Preservation: The Meiteis argue that their culture, language (Manipuri), and traditions are distinct from those of other communities in Manipur. They believe ST status would provide them with constitutional safeguards to preserve their unique identity and heritage.

 

5. Reasons for the Kuki group opposing

 

The issue of Meiteis seeking Scheduled Tribe (ST) status in Manipur is intricately woven with opposition from the Kuki community, primarily comprised of various Kuki-Zo tribes. Here are some key reasons behind their resistance:

  • Kukis fear that granting ST status to the Meiteis, who already constitute a dominant majority, could dilute the existing benefits and resources allocated to their own community. This includes reservations in education, government jobs, and other opportunities reserved for ST communities.
  • Many Kukis believe that Meiteis, with their historical and political prominence, may not meet the true criteria for ST status based on socio-economic backwardness compared to other marginalized tribal groups. They worry that granting them similar benefits could create an unfair advantage and disrupt the existing balance of power and resources among various communities in Manipur.
  • Complex historical relationships between the Meiteis and some Kuki tribes continue to influence the present. Past conflicts and land disputes have left scars, and granting ST status to the Meiteis could be perceived as further empowering them at the expense of Kuki communities.
  • While Meiteis emphasize their historical tribal recognition and claim marginalization after losing ST status, Kukis often assert that Meiteis were never truly tribals and enjoyed advantages throughout history. This clashing of narratives makes it difficult to find common ground and fuels further scepticism toward the Meiteis' claims.
  • The issue has become politicized, with various political parties aligning with different communities based on their constituencies. This politicization further complicates the debate and may prioritize political gains over objective considerations.
  • Some Kukis express concern that granting ST status to Meiteis might lead to a homogenization of tribal identity and culture in Manipur. They fear that their own unique tribal identity and customs could be overshadowed by the larger Meitei community.
  • For some Kuki groups residing in the hills, granting ST status to Meiteis might create potential conflicts over land ownership and ancestral rights. They worry that Meiteis could gain legal advantages concerning land claims in tribal areas.

 

6. The Way Forward

The debate surrounding Meiteis' ST status is complex, with valid concerns and historical considerations on both sides. Finding a solution requires understanding these complexities, fostering open dialogue, and prioritizing the well-being of all communities while ensuring social justice and upholding constitutional principles.

 

For Prelims: Kuki, Naga, Meiteis, ST, Manipur
For Mains: 
1. Discuss the potential political implications of granting ST status to the Meitei community in Manipur. How might it impact the power dynamics between different ethnic groups and political parties in the state? (250 Words)

 

Previous Year Questions

1. Which of the following is NOT correctly matched? (UPPSC BEO 2020) 

(Revolts)                      (Years)

A. Neel Rebellion       1859-60

B. Jaintia Rebellion    1860-63

C. Kuki Rebellion      1860-90

D. Kuka Revolt         1870-72

A. ​Neel Rebellion        B. Kuki Revellion       C.  Kuka Revolt       D. Jaintiya Rebellion 

 

2. Which two of the following are correctly matched? (UPPSC 2022)

Tribe                 State

1. Kharia           Odisha

2. Kuki             Uttar Pradesh

3. Yanadi         Rajasthan

4. Paliyan         Tamil Nadu

Select the correct answer from the codes given below. 

A. 3 and 4      B. 1 and 4           C.  2 and 3           D. 1 and 2

Answers: 1-B, 2-B

Source: The Indian Express

FIRST INFORMATION REPORT (FIR)

 

1. Context

A first information report (FIR) was filed against Rohini Acharya, daughter of Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) chief Lalu Prasad and Saran candidate, on Thursday in the Saran post-poll violence case.

2. First Information Report (FIR)

  • The term first information report (FIR) is not defined in the Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), 1973, or in any other law, but in police regulations or rules, information recorded under Section 154 of CrPC is known as First Information Report (FIR).
  • Section 154 (“Information in cognizable cases”) says that “every information relating to the commission of a cognizable offence if given orally to an officer in charge of a police station, shall be reduced to writing by him or under his direction, and be read over to the informant; and every such information, whether given in writing or reduced to writing as aforesaid shall be signed by the person giving it, and the substance thereof shall be entered in a book to be kept by such officer in such form as the State Government may prescribe”.
  • Also, a copy of the information as recorded shall be given forthwith, free of cost, to the informant.

3. Important elements of an FIR

In essence, then, there are three important elements of an FIR:
  • the information must relate to the commission of a cognizable offence,
  • it should be given in writing or orally to the head of the police station and,
  • it must be written down and signed by the informant, and its key points should be recorded in a daily diary. 

4. What is a cognizable offence?

  • A cognizable offence/case is one in which a police officer may, in accordance with the First Schedule of the CrPC, or under any other law for the time being in force, make an arrest without a warrant.
  • In the First Schedule, “the word ‘cognizable’ stands for a police officer may arrest without warrant’; and the word ‘non-cognizable’ stands for a police officer shall not arrest without warrant.” 

5. What is the difference between a complaint and an FIR?

  • The CrPC defines a “complaint” as “any allegation made orally or in writing to a Magistrate, with a view to his taking action under this Code, that some person, whether known or unknown, has committed an offence, but does not include a police report.”
  • However, an FIR is a document that has been prepared by the police after verifying the facts of the complaint. The FIR may contain details of the crime and the alleged criminal.
  • If, on the basis of a complaint, it appears that a cognizable offence has been committed, then an FIR under Section 154 CrPC will be registered, and police will open an investigation. If no offence is found, the police will close the inquiry.
  • In case of non-cognizable offences, an FIR under Section 155 CrPC, commonly called “NCR”, is registered, and the complainant will be asked to approach a court for an order. The court may then direct the police to conduct an investigation of the complaint.

6. Section 155

Section 155 (“Information as to non-cognizable cases and investigation of such cases”) says: “When information is given to an officer in charge of a police station of the commission within the limits of such station of a non-cognizable offence, he shall enter or cause to be entered the substance of the information in a book and refer the informant to the Magistrate. No police officer shall investigate a non-cognizable case without the order of a Magistrate having the power to try such case or commit the case for trial.”

7. Zero FIR

  • When a police station receives a complaint regarding an alleged offence that has been committed in the jurisdiction of another police station, it registers an FIR and then transfers it to the concerned police station for further investigation. This is called a Zero FIR.
  • No regular FIR number is given. After receiving the Zero FIR, the concerned police station registers a fresh FIR and starts the investigation.

8. What if the Police refuse to register an FIR?

  • Under Section 154(3) CrPC, if any person is aggrieved by the refusal on the part of the officer in charge of a police station to register an FIR, she can send the complaint to the Superintendent of Police/DCP concerned who, if satisfied that such information discloses the commission of a cognizable offence, will either investigate the case or direct an investigation by a subordinate police officer.
  • If no FIR is registered, the aggrieved persons can file a complaint under Section 156(3) CrPC before a concerned court which, if satisfied that a cognizable offence is made out from the complaint, will direct the police to register an FIR and conduct an investigation. 

9. What happens after an FIR is filed?

  • The police will investigate the case and will collect evidence in the form of statements of witnesses or other scientific materials.
  • They can arrest the alleged persons as per law.
    If there is sufficient evidence to corroborate the allegations of the complainant, then a chargesheet will be filed. Or else, a Final Report mentioning that no evidence was found will be filed in court.
  • If it is found that no offence has been committed, a cancellation report will be filed. If no trace of the accused persons is found, an ‘untraced’ report will be filed.
  • However, if the court does not agree with the investigation report, it can order further investigation.
For Prelims: First information report (FIR), Indian Penal Code (IPC), Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC), Cognizable offence, Non-Cognizable offence, Zero FIR, Section 154 CrPC, and Section 155 of CrPC.
Source: The Indian Express
 

HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE SURVEY 2022-23

 
 
 
1. Context
 
The bone of contention in the recent debate has been the drastic fall in household net financial savings to GDP ratio during 2022-23 on account of a higher borrowing to GDP ratio
 
2.Household Consumption Expenditure Survey 2022-23
 
  • The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey (HCES) 2022-23 was conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) in India. It aimed to gather data on the spending patterns of households across the country
  • The Household Consumption Expenditure Survey is typically conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) in India. This survey is crucial for understanding the consumption patterns and expenditure habits of households, providing valuable insights into the economic conditions and trends.
  • The HCES collects data on various aspects of household expenditures, including food, education, healthcare, housing, and more. It is an essential tool for policymakers, researchers, and economists to analyse and formulate strategies related to economic development and social welfare.

2.1. Statistics

  • Data from the Household Consumer Expenditure Survey (HCES), conducted by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO), indicates a decline in the percentage of food expenditure in the average monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) for both rural and urban India.
  • In rural areas, the share of food in MPCE decreased from 52.9% in 2011-12, 53.1% in 2004-05, and 59.4% in 1999-2000 to 46.4% in 2022-23.
  • Similarly, in urban areas, although the drop was not as pronounced, there was still a decrease from 48.1% in 1999-2000 to 40.5% in 2004-05, 42.6% in 2011-12, and 39.2% in 2022-23
3.Analysis on Consumer Expenditure Survey
 
  • Reducing spending on food as a proportion of your overall consumption allows for more financial resources to be allocated to various other areas, including consumer durables, clothing, footwear, fuel for transportation, and entertainment. In simpler terms, it opens up the possibility to aspire for a broader range of goods and experiences.
  • From the 1999-2000 National Sample Survey 55th round to 2022-23, the proportion of expenditure on food has gradually decreased for both urban and rural households. Notably, it is the first instance where spending on food has dropped below 50% of the total consumption expenditure in rural India and below 40% in urban India, marking a significant shift.
  • In 1999-2000, the share of food in consumption expenditure in rural India was as high as 59.4%, remaining around 50% during the first decade of the new millennium. However, in 2022-23, it reached 46.38%. In urban India, the share of food in the average monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE) has declined to 39.17% in 2022-23 from 48.06% in 1999-2000
4.What is Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE)?
 

Monthly Per Capita Consumer Expenditure (MPCE) is a metric that measures the average spending per person in a household over a specified period, usually a month. It is a key indicator used in economic surveys and studies to assess the patterns of household consumption and expenditure.

Here's a breakdown of the components:

  • Monthly: The expenditure is calculated over a monthly timeframe. This allows for a regular and standardized measurement of consumer spending.

  • Per Capita: The total household expenditure is divided by the number of individuals in the household to arrive at the per capita expenditure. This normalization accounts for variations in household size, providing a more accurate representation of spending on an individual basis.

  • Consumer Expenditure: This includes the total spending on various goods and services by members of a household. Consumer expenditure encompasses a wide range of items such as food, housing, education, healthcare, transportation, entertainment, and more.

MPCE is a crucial parameter for understanding the economic well-being and consumption patterns of households. It helps policymakers, researchers, and economists analyze trends in consumer behavior, identify changes in spending patterns over time, and assess the impact of economic policies on households.

The data on MPCE is often collected through household surveys, such as the National Sample Survey in India, where respondents are asked to provide details about their expenditures across different categories. This information is then aggregated and analyzed to draw conclusions about the economic conditions of the population

5.Way Forward

The Consumer Price Index (CPI)-based inflation, also called retail inflation, is currently based on a basket that was decided in 2012. But over the last 11 years, as the latest Household Consumption Expenditure (HCE) Survey 2022-23 shows, a lot has changed.

 

For Prelims:  Current events of national and international importance

For Mains: General Studies III: Indian Economy and issues relating to planning, mobilization, of resources, growth, development and employment

Source: Indianexpress

CURRENT ACCOUNT DEFICIT

1. Context 

Smartphone PLI (production-linked incentive), the most successful of all 14 such schemes, may be extended by a couple of years beyond 2025-26 when it officially ends.

2. What is a Current Account Deficit (CAD)?

  • The Current Account Deficit (CAD) refers to a situation where a country's total imports of goods, services, investment incomes, and unilateral transfers exceed its total exports. It represents a deficit or negative balance in the country's current account, which is a component of its balance of payments.
  • CAD reflects a nation's dependence on foreign sources to finance its consumption and investment. A persistent deficit in the current account might indicate that a country is spending more on foreign goods and services than it is earning, leading to increased borrowing from other countries to cover the shortfall.
  • This deficit is not necessarily negative on its own, as it can be financed by foreign investments or borrowing. However, if it becomes unsustainable or grows excessively large, it could pose risks to the country's economic stability, currency value, and overall financial health. Governments often monitor and aim to manage their current account deficits to maintain a healthy balance in their economy.

3. The significance of CAD

  • When the value of the goods and services that a country imports exceed the value of the products it exports, it is called the current account deficit.
  • CAD and the fiscal deficit together make up the twin deficits the enemies of the stock market and investors.
  • If the current account of the country's trade and transactions with other countries show a surplus, that indicates money is flowing into the country, boosting the foreign exchange reserves and the value of the rupee against the dollar.
  • These are factors that will have ramifications on the economy and the stock markets as well as on returns on investments by people.

4. RBI on CAD

  • According to the RBI, the CAD which was at $36.4 billion for the quarter ending September 2022, is expected to moderate in the second half of 2022-23 and remain eminently manageable and within the parameters of viability.
  • CAD for the first half of 2022-23 stood at 3.3. per cent of the GDP.
  • The situation has shown improvement in Q3: 2022-23 as imports moderated in the wake of lower commodity prices, resulting in the narrowing of the merchandise trade deficit.

5. Narrowed Trade deficit 

  • January trade deficit narrowed to $17.7 billion, led by a sharp fall in imports, while exports fell by a smaller amount.
  •  The sharp drop in imports was due to non-oil imports falling, mainly due to a price impact (softening in coal prices from mid-December), likely softening in domestic demand post the festival season (Such as lower imports of transport equipment) and the seasonal impact of the Chinese New Year holidays.
  • On the other hand, after the Rs 26, 000 crore sell-off by foreign portfolio investors in January, FPI outflows have come down to Rs 4, 400 crores in February so far.
  • Workers' remittances went up to $ 30 billion in the April-September 2022 period from $ 25. 48 billion in the same period a year ago.
  • At the same time, gold imports fell to $20 billion from $ 23.9 billion a year ago.

6. Improvement of Capital flow

  • While there is a perception in the markets that capital flows could come under some pressure with China's reopening and any deviations in monetary policy expectations, inflows are expected to increase the economy on the whole as foreign investors are unlikely to keep away from India, which is expected to witness one of the highest growth rates among large economies.
  • At a time when the economies of many developed markets are expected to take a hit, the RBI has projected the GDP growth for the next fiscal (FY2024) at 6.4 per cent and the Union Budget has indicated a capital expenditure of Rs 10 lakh crore (over $120 billion).
  • Moreover, with the rise in interest rates in India after the RBI hiked the repo rate by 250 basis points to 6.50 per cent, non-resident Indian deposits, remittances and FPI investment in debt are expected to rise further.
  • NRI deposits had increased by $3.62 billion to $ 134.49 billion in the April-November period of 2022.
  • Capital flow into India came under pressure in 2022 following the sharp rise in interest rates in the US.
  • While FPIs pulled out Rs 121, 439 crores in 2022, even in the first six weeks of 2023, the FPI flow has been negative and the equity markets have witnessed a net outflow of Rs 32, 887 crores till February 16.
  • While the flow of capital will depend upon the interest rate movement and currency movements vis-a-vis the US dollar, there is optimism among global investors about India.

7. Moderate CAD impact on Market

  • While rising CAD raises concerns among investors as it hurts the currency and thereby the inflow of funds into the markets a notable decline in CAD in January has improved market sentiments.
  • The benchmark Sensex at BSE rose 407 points intraday on Thursday before closing at 61, 319 with a gain of 44 points or 0.07 per cent.
  • CAD is very important for the currency and the value of an economy hinges a lot on the value of its currency thereby, it also supports the equity markets by keeping the fund flow intact.
  • While the numbers for January have come good, experts say this needs to be sustained.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Current Account Deficit, RBI, Union Budget, GDP, Capital flow, 
For Mains:
1. What is Current Account Deficit? Discuss its significance and impact on the Indian market (250 Words)

Source: The Indian Express

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANISATION (NATO)

 
 
1. Context
 
A Russian defence ministry proposal to revise Russia’s maritime border in the eastern Baltic Sea was deleted on Wednesday from an official portal after creating confusion and concern among NATO members such as Finland, Sweden, Lithuania and Estonia
 
2. Why was NATO established?
 

NATO, established on April 4, 1949, is a Western security alliance comprising 12 original members: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United Kingdom, and the United States.

The alliance was formed by signing the Washington Treaty, deriving its authority from Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, which upholds the inherent right of independent states to individual or collective defense.

Central to NATO is the principle of "collective security," where an attack on any member nation is viewed as an attack on all, necessitating collective response. This principle emerged from the Cold War context of the late 1940s, amid the rivalry between the USSR and the US over ideological and economic dominance. Article 5 of the Washington Treaty, addressing collective security, was introduced to counter the perceived threat of Soviet expansionism beyond Eastern Europe. In response, the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact in 1955, uniting socialist countries as allies.

However, invoking Article 5 does not mandate uniform military action by all member states. The extent of intervention is determined by each country "as it deems necessary." To date, the only instance of Article 5 being activated was in response to the September 11, 2001 attacks on the US, leading to NATO's deployment in Afghanistan for nearly two decades

 

3. Who are NATO’s members today?

In addition to the initial 12 members, subsequent additions to NATO's membership include Greece and Turkey in 1952, West Germany in 1955 (later recognized as Germany), Spain in 1982, the Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland in 1999, followed by Bulgaria, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Romania, Slovakia, and Slovenia in 2004, Albania and Croatia in 2009, Montenegro in 2017, North Macedonia in 2020, Finland in 2023, and Sweden in 2024.

A surge of new members joined in 1999, a few years after the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, prompting concerns about the alliance's potential obsolescence due to the absence of its original purpose

4.What challenges does NATO face today?

 

  • During the 2019 commemoration of NATO's 70th anniversary, notable tensions arose among member nations.
  • President Donald Trump of the United States emphasized the necessity for countries to increase their military expenditures.
  • This call stemmed from a 2014 agreement among NATO members to allocate a minimum of 2 percent of their Gross Domestic Product (GDP) to defense spending, a commitment made following Russia's annexation of Crimea.
  • However, only a handful of nations met this threshold, prompting criticism from President Trump who deemed it unfair, particularly to countries such as the US that were fulfilling their spending obligations. By 2023, among the 30 member countries at the time, only 11 exceeded the stipulated limit.
  • One significant catalyst for increased defense spending was the Russian invasion of Ukraine the preceding year. Even traditionally neutral countries in foreign policy, such as Finland and Sweden, found appeal in the concept of collective security in response to Russia's assertive actions.
  • Despite NATO's "open door" policy toward membership, the admission of new applicants requires unanimous approval from all member states. Turkey hesitated to support the applications of Sweden and Finland due to past criticisms from their politicians regarding Turkey's human rights record. Turkey also accused these nations of harboring "terrorists"
5. Way Forward
 
Although the Ukraine-Russia war seems to have given NATO a new focus area to converge at, funding the war has again become a source of disagreements among members, much to Ukraine’s displeasure. Just this year, Secretary-General Stoltenberg said a plan was being formulated so that 18 NATO would meet the 2 per cent limit by the end of 2024
 
Source: Indianexpress
 

CHABAHAR PORT

 
 
 

1.Context

 
The death of Iran’s President Ebrahim Raisi in a helicopter accident on May 20 has added another layer of uncertainty in a region already wracked by political tensions and war
 
 

2.Status of Chabahar Port

 
  • In recent years, India-Iran relations have been characterized by a noticeable caution and distance. Iran has been disheartened by India’s reluctance to jeopardize its strategic and economic ties with the US and the broader Western world while seeking closer connections with Iran.
  • Iran has viewed with concern the significant strengthening of India-Israel relations under Narendra Modi's administration and the simultaneous deepening of ties with influential Gulf states like Saudi Arabia and the UAE.
  • This process was facilitated by the Abraham Accords of 2020, which established diplomatic relations between Israel and the UAE, Bahrain, Morocco, and later Sudan, achieved through extensive US diplomatic efforts. There was a credible expectation that Saudi Arabia would soon follow.
  • In this context, India joined the I2U2 grouping in 2021, which includes India, Israel, the UAE, and the US, forming a western quadrilateral to parallel the eastern Quad.
  • By promoting formal relations between Israel and key Arab countries, the US aimed to create a coalition forming a regional security framework in West Asia and the Gulf, with Iran as the primary adversary.
  • Iran's displeasure over these developments has affected its relations with India.
  • Iran will be sidelined by the IMEC, and India's interest in the long-pending Chabahar project, intended to connect the Iranian port with Afghanistan and further to Central Asia, seems to have largely diminished.
  • The revival of the Chabahar project should be viewed in light of the IMEC's stalling amid the region's changing politics.
  • The latest agreement will grant an Indian entity management rights over one section of the port and its terminals for the next ten years, moving away from the short-term contractual agreements of the past.
  • In 2016, the US was eager to support the Ghani regime in Afghanistan, allowing India to secure waivers from US sanctions for the Chabahar project. However, with the US withdrawal from Afghanistan and lack of support for the Taliban regime, the latest agreement does not receive exemptions from US sanctions on Iran
 

Image source: The Iran Primer 

 


3.India's strategic vision


The first agreement for Chabahar was signed by then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee in 2003, the plan had a three-fold objective.
  1. To build India's first offshore port and to project Indian infrastructure prowess in the Gulf,
  2. To circumvent trade through Pakistan, given the tense ties with India's neighbour and build a long-term, sustainable sea trade route and 
  3. To find an alternative land route to Afghanistan, which India had rebuilt ties with after the defeat of the Taliban in 2001.
 
Prime Minister Manmohan Singh's government constructed the Zaranj-Delaram Highway in Afghanistan's South, which would help connect the trade route from the border of Iran to the main trade routes to Heart and Kabul, handing it over to the Karzai government in 2009.
 

4.Trilateral Agreement 

 
  • In 2016, Prime Minister Narendra Modi travelled to Tehran and signed the agreement to develop Chabahar port, as well as the trilateral agreement for trade through Chabahar with Afghanistan's President Ashraf Ghani.
  • Since the India Ports Global Chabahar Free Zone (IPGCFZ) authority took over the operations of the port in 2018.
  • It has handled 215 vessels, 16, 000 TEUs (Twenty-foot Equivalent Units) and four million tons of bulk and general cargo, the government said in Parliament last month.
 

5.Chabahar Route

  • In the last few years, a fourth strategic objective for the Chabahar route has appeared, with China's Belt and Road Initiative making inroads in the region.
  • The government hopes to provide Central Asia with an alternate route to the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) through Iran for Future Trade.
 
Mr Sonowal in his Speech at the Chabahar Day function said that it is India's vision to make the Shahid Beheshti port a transit hub and link it to the International North-South Trade Corridor (INSTC) that also connects to Russia and Europe.
 

6.Reasons for the delay

  • Since the beginning, the development of the Shahid Beheshti terminal in Chabahar, as well as surrounding infrastructure, has hit geopolitical roadblock after roadblock.
  • The biggest issue has been over Iran's relationship with western countries, especially the United States.
  • In years when Western sanctions against Iran increased and the Chabahar project has been put on the back-burner, while in the years when nuclear talks that resulted in the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA) in 2015 came into being, the Chabahar port has been easier to work on.
  • In 2018, the U.S. Trump administration put paid to India's plans by walking out of the JCPOA and slapping new sanctions on dealing with Iran.
  • This led to the Modi Government "Zeroing out" all its oil imports from Iran, earlier a major supplier to India, causing a strain in ties.
  • Even though the U.S. made a special "carve-out" on sanctions for Chabahar.
  • On the ground, has been difficult to source equipment for the port construction from infrastructure companies that continue to fear secondary sanctions, as well as to engage in shipping and insurance companies for trade through Chabahar.

7.Ties with Taliban

  • The Modi Government also snapped ties with Afghanistan after the Taliban takeover in August 2021, which put an end to the Humanitarian aid of wheat and pulses that were being sent to Kabul via Chabahar.
  • When India restarted Wheat aid to Afghanistan this year, it negotiated with Pakistan to use the land route instead.
  • With the government now reopening the Indian Embassy in Kabul and Establishing ties with the Taliban government.
  • The Chabahar route may once again be employed, another reason for the recent flurry of activity at the Iranian port the terminal that India has pinned so many hopes on.


 
 
Source: Hindu
 
 

CYBERCRIME

 
 
1. Context
 
 
Analysis of data by the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), a division of the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), has revealed that around 7,000 cyber-related complaints on average are registered with the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) daily and most of the frauds have origin in three Southeast Asian countries Cambodia, Myanmar and Laos. 
 

2. About cybercrime

 

Cybercrime is essentially any illegal activity that involves computers, networks, or digital devices. Criminals can use these tools to steal data, commit fraud, disrupt computer systems, or cause other harm. Some common types of cybercrime include:

  • Stealing someone's personal information like their name, Social Security number, or credit card details to impersonate them and commit fraud.
  • Tricking people into giving up their personal information or clicking on malicious links by disguising emails or websites as legitimate ones.
  • Malicious software that can be installed on a computer to steal data, damage files, or disrupt operations.
  • Gaining unauthorized access to a computer system or network to steal data, install malware, or cause damage.
 

3. What is NCRP?

 

The National Cybercrime Reporting Portal is an online platform established by the government of India to facilitate the reporting of cybercrimes by citizens. The portal allows individuals to report incidents of cybercrime in a streamlined and accessible manner.

Key features and functions of the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal include

  • Individuals can report various types of cybercrimes such as online harassment, financial fraud, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. The portal provides specific categories for different types of cyber incidents to ensure proper documentation and handling.
  • The portal places a special emphasis on crimes related to women and children, providing a dedicated section to report cases of online harassment, child pornography, and other related offences.
  • The portal allows users to report crimes anonymously if they choose, ensuring the confidentiality and privacy of the complainant.
  • Once a complaint is filed, the portal provides a tracking number which can be used to follow up on the status of the complaint.
  • The portal offers resources and guidelines on how to protect oneself from cybercrime, as well as information on legal recourse and support available for victims.
 
4. What is the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)?
 

The Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C), established by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA), is essentially India's central command centre for combating cybercrime.

Functions

  • The I4C serves as a focal point for coordinating efforts between various Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) across the country to tackle cybercrime effectively.
  • It facilitates the exchange of information on cybercrime investigations, cyber threat intelligence, and best practices among LEAs. This allows for a more unified approach to combating cyber threats.
  • The I4C is citizen-centric. It played a role in launching the National Cybercrime Reporting Portal (NCRP) which allows people to report cybercrime complaints online. There's also a National Cybercrime Helpline (1930) to report incidents and get assistance.
  • The I4C identifies the need for adapting cyber laws to keep pace with evolving technology. They recommend amendments to existing laws and suggest the creation of new ones if necessary.
  • The I4C works with academia and research institutes to develop new technologies and forensic tools to aid in cybercrime investigations.
  • They promote collaboration between the government, industry, and academia to raise awareness about cybercrime and develop standard operating procedures (SOPs) for containing and responding to cyberattacks.

5. What is the Budapest Convention?

 

The Budapest Convention, also known as the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime, is the world's first international treaty specifically designed to address cybercrime. It came into effect in 2004 with three main objectives:

  1. The convention aims to improve how countries investigate cybercrime by setting standards for collecting electronic evidence and fostering cooperation between law enforcement agencies.
  2. It facilitates cooperation among member states in tackling cybercrime. This includes sharing information, assisting with investigations, and extraditing cybercriminals.
  3. The convention encourages member countries to harmonize their national laws related to cybercrime. This creates a more unified approach to defining and prosecuting cyber offences.

India's Stand: India is not currently a party to the Budapest Convention. There are concerns that some provisions, like data sharing with foreign law enforcement agencies, might infringe on India's national sovereignty. India has also argued that it wasn't involved in drafting the initial convention.

 

6. What is the Global Cybersecurity Index?

 

The Global Cybersecurity Index (GCI) is an initiative by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) to measure and rank the cybersecurity capabilities of countries around the world. The index provides insights into the commitment of countries to cybersecurity at a global level, assessing their strengths and identifying areas for improvement. The key aspects of the Global Cybersecurity Index

Purpose

  • To promote cybersecurity awareness and foster a global culture of cybersecurity.
  • To encourage countries to enhance their cybersecurity infrastructure and strategies.
  • To facilitate knowledge sharing and cooperation among nations.

Assessment Criteria

 The GCI evaluates countries based on five main pillars:

  1. Examines the existence of cybersecurity legislation and regulatory frameworks.
  2. Assesses the implementation of cybersecurity technologies and technical institutions.
  3.  Looks at national cybersecurity strategies, policies, and dedicated agencies.
  4. Evaluate the availability of cybersecurity education, training, and awareness programs.
  5. Measures the extent of international and national cooperation in cybersecurity efforts.
Methodology
 
The assessment is conducted through a comprehensive survey sent to ITU member states, followed by analysis and validation of the responses. The countries are then scored and ranked based on their overall cybersecurity posture.

Impact

 The GCI serves several important functions:

  • Provides a benchmarking tool for countries to assess their cybersecurity maturity.
  • Helps policymakers identify gaps and prioritize areas for improvement.
  • Encourages international cooperation and collaboration to tackle global cyber threats.
The GCI reports typically highlight the growing importance of cybersecurity due to increasing digital transformation and the rising number of cyber threats. They showcase best practices and successful initiatives from top-ranking countries, serving as models for others.
 

7. The challenges related to cyber security in India

 

India faces numerous challenges related to cybersecurity, reflecting its rapidly growing digital economy and increasing reliance on technology. 

Increasing Cyber Threats:

  • India has seen a significant rise in cybercrimes, including hacking, phishing, ransomware attacks, and identity theft. Sophisticated, state-sponsored attacks targeting critical infrastructure and sensitive data are becoming more common.
  • Many public and private sector systems rely on outdated technology, making them vulnerable to attacks. Inadequate implementation of robust cybersecurity measures and protocols leaves systems exposed.
  • There is a significant gap in the number of trained cybersecurity experts needed to protect against and respond to cyber threats. Ongoing education and training programs are insufficient to keep pace with evolving cyber threats.
  • The absence of a unified regulatory framework complicates cybersecurity management. While laws like the IT Act 2000 exist, enforcement and implementation remain inconsistent and weak.
  • Many individuals and small businesses lack awareness of basic cybersecurity practices. Practices like using weak passwords, not updating software, and falling for phishing scams are common.
  • The absence of robust data protection legislation makes it difficult to safeguard personal and sensitive data. Ensuring privacy and protection of personal information remains a significant challenge.
  • Effective cybersecurity often requires international cooperation, which is currently limited and inconsistent. Cross-border cyber threats and geopolitical tensions complicate collaboration and response efforts.
  • The rapid adoption of IoT devices, often with minimal security features, increases vulnerabilities. While AI can enhance security, it also introduces new risks and attack vectors.
  • Sectors like banking, healthcare, and energy are increasingly targeted, requiring enhanced protection measures. Ensuring coordinated efforts among various governmental and private entities involved in critical infrastructure protection is challenging.
  • Limited financial resources allocated for cybersecurity initiatives hinder the development and implementation of comprehensive security measures.
  • Staying abreast of the latest cybersecurity technologies and tools is difficult due to financial and logistical constraints.
 
8. Way Forward
 
Addressing these challenges requires a multifaceted approach involving improved regulatory frameworks, enhanced public awareness, investment in cybersecurity infrastructure, international cooperation, and the development of a skilled workforce. By strengthening these areas, India can better safeguard its digital ecosystem against the growing threat of cybercrime.
 
 
For Prelims: Cyber Crime, Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre,  National Cybercrime Reporting Portal, Budapest Convention, Global Cybersecurity Index, International Telecommunication union
For Mains: 
1. India witnesses a high number of cybercrimes originating from Southeast Asia. Analyze the challenges this poses for Indian Law Enforcement Agencies and suggest measures to improve cross-border cooperation in tackling cybercrime. (250 words)
2. What are the key functions of the Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C)? Critically evaluate its effectiveness in combating cybercrime in India. (250 words)
3. The rise of Internet of Things (IoT) devices introduces new vulnerabilities in cyberspace. Analyze the cybersecurity challenges posed by IoT and suggest measures to mitigate these risks. (250 words)
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only  B.1, 3 and 4 only  C.2 and 3 only   D.1, 2, 3 and 4
 
2. Global Cyber Security Index (GCI) 2020 is released by which of the following organizations? (RRB Clerk Mains 2021)
A. World Bank
B. United Nations Development Programme
C. International Telecommunication Union
D. World Economic Forum
E. None of these
Answers: 1-D, 2-C
 
Source: The Indian Express

UN CONVENTION ON COMBATING DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)

 
 
1. Context
 
 
The world GDP would be 37 per cent higher today had no global warming occurred between 1960 and 2019, according to a new working paper by economists at the US’s National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER). 
 

2. About the UN Convention on Combating Desertification (UNCCD)

 

The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is a global agreement addressing desertification, land degradation, and drought. It was adopted in 1994 and entered into force in 1996. The Convention focuses on the sustainable management and restoration of land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid areas, which are particularly vulnerable to desertification and degradation.

The function of the UNCCD

The primary function of the UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) is to address land degradation and desertification, particularly in drylands (arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid areas). It focuses on promoting sustainable land management practices to combat land degradation and desertification and mitigate the effects of drought.

  • The UNCCD helps countries develop and implement national action programs tailored to address their specific challenges related to land degradation and desertification.
  • The convention promotes scientific cooperation and knowledge sharing among countries. This facilitates the exchange of best practices in sustainable land management techniques.
  • The UNCCD works to facilitate access to financial resources for affected countries. This allows them to implement the necessary programs and projects to combat land degradation.
  • The UNCCD plays a significant role in raising public awareness about the importance of healthy land**. This fosters a global understanding of the environmental, social, and economic consequences of desertification and land degradation.
 

3. What are COPs?

 

COP stands for Conference of the Parties. It's a supreme decision-making body established by an international treaty, typically focusing on environmental issues.  Review the implementation of the convention or treaty they represent and make decisions necessary to promote its effectiveness. All member states (or "Parties") to the convention come together as representatives at COPs. This allows for a collaborative and inclusive approach to addressing global challenges.

COPs are generally held annually, although the exact schedule can vary depending on the specific treaty. Some well-known COPs include:
  1. COP to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)  is the annual conference where countries discuss and negotiate actions to address climate change. (e.g. COP27 refers to the 27th Conference of the Parties)
  2. COP to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) focuses on issues related to biodiversity and the conservation of biological resources.
  3. COP to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) regulates international trade in endangered species to ensure their survival.

COPs play a critical role in international environmental governance. They provide a platform for countries to:

  • Share best practices and knowledge
  • Address emerging environmental challenges
  • Strengthen international cooperation
  • Make progress towards achieving the goals of the convention

 

4. The causes of extreme weather events

 

Extreme weather events can have various causes, often influenced by natural processes and human activities. The key factors contributing to extreme weather events include

Climate Change

  • Climate change, driven primarily by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, is altering weather patterns worldwide.
  • Rising global temperatures lead to more frequent and intense heatwaves, droughts, and wildfires, as well as changes in precipitation patterns, including heavier rainfall and increased frequency of intense storms.

Natural Climate Variability

  • Natural climate cycles, such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), can influence weather patterns on regional and global scales.
  • Variations in ocean temperatures, atmospheric pressure systems, and wind patterns associated with these climate oscillations can lead to extreme weather events, including heatwaves, floods, and hurricanes.
Atmospheric Circulation Patterns
  • Atmospheric circulation patterns, such as jet streams and atmospheric rivers, play a crucial role in shaping weather systems and influencing the distribution of precipitation and temperature.
  • Changes in these circulation patterns, caused by factors like sea surface temperatures, land surface characteristics, and topographic features, can result in prolonged periods of extreme weather, such as droughts or heavy rainfall.

Topography and Geography

  • Local topography and geographic features can contribute to the occurrence of extreme weather events. For example, mountain ranges can enhance orographic lifting, leading to heavy rainfall and flooding on windward slopes and dry conditions on leeward slopes.
  • Coastal regions are susceptible to tropical cyclones, storm surges, and coastal flooding, particularly in areas prone to sea level rise and land subsidence.

Land Use and Land Cover Changes

  • Human activities such as urbanization, deforestation, and agriculture can alter local weather patterns and exacerbate the risk of extreme weather events.
  • Urban heat island effect, where urban areas experience higher temperatures compared to surrounding rural areas, can intensify heatwaves and exacerbate air pollution.
  • Deforestation can disrupt local hydrological cycles, leading to changes in precipitation patterns, soil moisture levels, and runoff characteristics, which can increase the likelihood of floods and landslides.

Air Pollution

  • Air pollution, particularly from industrial emissions, vehicle exhaust, and biomass burning, can influence weather and climate by affecting cloud formation, atmospheric stability, and the distribution of heat and moisture.
  • Aerosols and pollutants can interact with clouds and precipitation, altering their properties and influencing precipitation patterns, intensity, and duration.

 

5. The effects of extreme weather events on the Economy

 

Extreme weather events can have significant economic impacts, affecting various sectors of the economy and leading to direct and indirect costs. 

Infrastructure Damage

  • Extreme weather events such as hurricanes, floods, and storms can cause extensive damage to infrastructure, including roads, bridges, buildings, and utilities.
  • Repairing and rebuilding infrastructure can entail significant costs for governments, businesses, and households, diverting resources from other priorities and investments.
Crop and Livestock Losses:
  • Droughts, heatwaves, floods, and severe storms can damage crops, reduce yields, and destroy livestock, leading to agricultural losses.
  • Crop failures and livestock losses can result in reduced agricultural output, lower incomes for farmers, higher food prices, and disruptions in supply chains, impacting both agricultural producers and consumers.

Disruption of Business Operations:

  • Extreme weather events can disrupt business operations, leading to production delays, supply chain interruptions, and temporary closures.
  • Businesses may incur additional costs for repairing damaged facilities, replacing equipment, and meeting insurance deductibles, as well as lost revenue from decreased sales and customer demand.

Impact on Tourism and Recreation:

  • Extreme weather events can affect tourism and recreational activities, particularly in areas prone to natural disasters or seasonal weather extremes.
  • Beach closures, damage to tourist attractions, and transportation disruptions can deter visitors, leading to reduced tourism revenues and employment opportunities in affected regions.

Healthcare Costs

  • Extreme heatwaves, wildfires, and air pollution events can increase healthcare costs by exacerbating respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, heat-related illnesses, and injuries.
  • Hospitals and healthcare facilities may experience higher demand for medical services, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations during extreme weather events, straining healthcare resources and budgets.

Insurance and Financial Losses

  • Insurance companies may face significant payouts for property damage, crop losses, business interruptions, and liability claims resulting from extreme weather events.
  • Reinsurance costs may rise in response to increased frequency and severity of weather-related losses, leading to higher premiums for policyholders and reinsurers.

Loss of Life and Human Suffering

  • Extreme weather events can result in loss of life, injuries, displacement, and psychological trauma for affected individuals and communities.
  • Human suffering and loss of productivity can have long-term social and economic consequences, including increased healthcare costs, reduced workforce participation, and loss of human capital.

 

6. Way Forward

 

The international community can work towards achieving the goals of the UNCCD and safeguarding land resources for current and future generations. Collaboration, innovation, and collective action are essential to combat desertification, preserve ecosystems, and promote sustainable development worldwide.

 

For Prelims: UNCCD, Extreme Weather events, Climate change
For Mains: 
1. The UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD) plays a vital role in addressing global environmental challenges. Discuss the key functions of the UNCCD and critically evaluate its effectiveness in achieving its objectives. (250 words)
2. Extreme weather events pose a significant threat to the global economy. Explain how desertification and climate change contribute to the occurrence of extreme weather events. Suggest mitigation strategies to address these challenges. (250 words)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
 
1. What is/are the importance/importances of the 'United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification'? (UPSC 2016)
1. It aims to promote effective action through innovative national programmes and supportive international partnerships.
2. It has a special/particular focus on South Asia and North Africa regions, and its Secretariat facilitates the allocation of a major portion of financial resources to these regions.
3. It is committed to a bottom-up approach, encouraging the participation of local people in combating desertification.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. 
A. 1 only      B. 2 and 3 only   C.  1 and 3 only    D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
 
Mains
1. The process of desertification does not have climate boundaries. Justify with examples. (UPSC 2020)
2. In what way micro-watershed development projects help in water conservation in drought-prone and semi-arid regions of India? (UPSC 2016)
Source: The Indian Express
 
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