FREEBIES
1. Context
The politics of ‘freebies’ is ruling the roost in Andhra Pradesh as it heads to polls on May 13 for both the Assembly and Lok Sabha. Various political parties have made it apparent in their manifestos and promises during major public meetings that they cannot appeal for votes without promising freebies, on a competitive scale, to the public
2. About Freebies
- Freebies in politics are goods or services that are given away for free by political parties or candidates to win votes.
- They can be anything from free food and drinks to free laptops and smartphones.
- Freebies have become increasingly common in political campaigns in recent years.
- The freebie culture is not new to India. It has been around for many years, but it has become more prevalent in recent years.
- There are several different reasons why the freebie culture has become so popular. Some people believe that freebies are a way to help the poor, while others believe that they are a way to buy votes.
- The freebie culture has several negative consequences. It can lead to unsustainable debt levels, it can distort the economy, and it can harm the poor.
- The prime minister is not the only one who has spoken out against the freebie culture. Several economists and policymakers have also expressed concerns about the dangers of this culture.
- There are several different ways to address the freebie culture. The government could focus on providing essential services, it could use technology to target welfare programs more effectively, or it could simply raise taxes.
3. The Perils of the Freebie Culture
- They can lead to unsustainable debt levels. When governments give away free stuff, they have to find a way to pay for it. This often means increasing taxes or borrowing money. In the long run, this can lead to a debt crisis.
- Freebies can distort the economy. When people get free stuff, they have less incentive to work and save. This can lead to lower economic growth.
- Freebies can harm the poor. Often, freebies are not targeted at the people who need them the most. Instead, they are given to everyone, regardless of their income level. This means that the poor may not benefit from freebies at all, while the rich may benefit disproportionately.
4. Types of Freebies and Welfare Schemes
- Political parties in India often promise a range of freebies and welfare schemes, such as free healthcare services, subsidized or free education, subsidized housing, free electricity or water, and distribution of essential commodities.
- These schemes are designed to directly benefit certain sections of society, such as farmers, women, students, or low-income households.
5. Impact on Election Outcomes
- Freebies and welfare schemes can have a significant impact on election outcomes, as they appeal to voters who may see immediate benefits from such promises.
- Parties strategically target specific voter groups based on their needs and interests, aiming to secure their support and votes.
6. Criticism and Concerns
- Critics argue that the distribution of freebies and welfare schemes can create a culture of dependency on the government, hinder economic growth, and lead to unsustainable fiscal policies.
- There are concerns about the long-term impact on the economy, such as increased fiscal deficits, inflationary pressures, and a potential burden on future generations.
7. Effectiveness and Implementation
- The effectiveness of freebies and welfare schemes varies. While some schemes have successfully reached their intended beneficiaries and improved their well-being, others have faced challenges in implementation, including corruption, mismanagement, and targeting issues.
- Evaluating the implementation and impact of these schemes is crucial to assess their effectiveness.
8. Role of the Election Commission
- The Election Commission of India plays a crucial role in monitoring election campaigns and enforcing the Model Code of Conduct.
- It aims to ensure a level playing field for all political parties, including monitoring the distribution of freebies during elections and taking action against any violations.
9. Conclusion
For freebies and welfare in Indian elections, it is essential to analyze the potential benefits and drawbacks of such initiatives, their impact on the economy and society, and the role of responsible governance in ensuring their effective implementation while maintaining long-term sustainability.
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For Prelims: freebies, Election Commission of India, Political Parties
For Mains:
1. Discuss the impact of the freebies culture and welfare schemes on Indian elections. How do these promises influence voter behaviour and election outcomes? (250 Words)
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Source: The Indian Express
FOREST FIRES
1. Context
A raging forest fire near Nainital district headquarters on Saturday put the residents of High Court Colony, nestled in The Pines area, on edge, prompting the state government to use the Army’s MI 17 helicopters to collect water from Bhimtal Lake and spray over the forests
2. What is a forest fire?
- A forest fire is an uncontrolled fire occurring in vegetation more than 1.8 meters (6 feet) in height. These fires often reach the proportions of a major conflagration and are sometimes begun by combustion and heat from surface and ground fires.
- A big forest fire may crown that is, spread rapidly through the topmost branches of the trees before involving undergrowth or the forest floor.
- As a result, violent blowups are common in forest fires, and they may assume the characteristics of a firestorm.
- Though forest fire is often seen as harmful, several forests are specifically fire-adapted; the species of plants and animals native to those ecosystems are enhanced by or dependent on the occurrence of fire to persist and reproduce.
- Lightning strikes in a dry forest occur naturally, and fire can improve ecosystem health by reducing competition, fertilizing the soil with ash, and decreasing diseases and pests. some plant species even require fire for their seeds to germinate.
- In many regions that have historically experienced forest fires, such as forested areas of the western united states, years of fire exclusion and suppression in the 19th and 20th centuries allowed fuels to accumulate, altering the vegetation communities present and leading to more extreme conflagrations when fires do occur.
- The use of prescribed fire, in which areas are burned intentionally and under controlled conditions, can restore those ecosystems and promote the conditions that were present historically before the removal of wildfire.
3. Causes of Forest Fires
- Natural causes like lightning can set fires on trees which may be spread by wind. Sometimes, High atmospheric temperatures and dryness (low humidity) offer favorable circumstances for a fire to start.
- Man-made causes are usually the ones that become dangerous. Fire is caused when a source of fire like naked flame, cigarette, electric spark, or any source of ignition comes into contact with inflammable material.
- Other human-led causes are land clearing and other agricultural activities, maintenance of grasslands for livestock management, extraction of non-wood forest products, industrial development, settlement, hunting, negligence, and arson.
4. Types of forest fires
- Surface fire: Spread along the surface litter (leaves, twigs, dry grasses) on the forest floor.
- Ground fire: Fires in the subsurface organic fuels, such as duff layers under forest stands, burn underneath and are often ignited by surface fires.
- Crown fire: A Crown fire is one in which the crown of trees and shrubs burn, often sustained by surface fire.
5. Forest fires in Odisha
- A sudden jump in the incidents of fires across Odisha resulted in a massive loss of flora and fauna in the state's forests.
- A prolonged dry spell since October 2022 and the accumulation of inflammable material such as dry leaves are some of the reasons that started these forest fires.
- Some of the fires may have also been caused by human-made reasons. The tribal people set fire to forests for shifting cultivation, and collection of mahua flowers and kendu leaves.
- Forests are set on fire to cultivate turmeric in the Baliguda forest division in the Kandhamal district.
- Regeneration of the forests will be affected due to wildfires. The seeds which are supposed to germinate in the monsoon rain get burnt due to ground fires in the forest areas, affecting the forest growth.
- Forest fires result in the loss of timber, fruit-bearing trees, and medicinal plants. They also pose a threat to wildlife and their habitat areas.
- The forest department did not learn from the 2021 forest fires when a record 51,968 forest fire incidents occurred in the state. Massive fires had broken out in Similipal National Park in the Mayurbhanj district, which is one of the major biospheres of Asia.
Source: The Logical Indian
6. Mitigation measures by the Government
- The incidence of forest fires in the country is on the increase and more area is razed each year.
- The major cause of this failure is the slow and gradual approach to the problem.
- Both the national focus and the technical resources required for sustaining a systematic forest fire management program are lacking in the country.
- Important forest fire management elements like strategic fire centers, coordination among Ministers, funding, human resource development, fire research, fire management, and extension programs are missing.
- Taking into consideration the serious nature of the problem, it is necessary to make some major improvements in the forest fire management strategy for the country.
- The Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change has prepared a National Master plan for Forest Fire Control. The Forest Survey of India (FSI) monitors the incidence of wildfires.
Previous year Question
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1. Consider the following States: (UPSC 2019)
1. Chhattisgarh
2. Madhya Pradesh
3. Maharashtra
4. Odisha
With reference to the State mentioned above, in terms of the percentage of forest cover to the total area of the State, which one of the following is the correct ascending order?
A. 2-3-1-4
B. 2-3-4-1
C. 3-2-4-1
D. 3-2-1-4
Answer: C
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For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Forest fires, Forest Survey of India (FSI), Surface fire, Ground fire, Crown fire, High atmospheric temperatures, and dryness, Climate Change, Ministry of Environment, Forests, and Climate Change (MoEFCC),
For Mains: 1. What are various reasons for forest fires? Discuss the consequences of fires and suggest some solutions to prevent them.
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Source: Down to Earth
STATE OF THE CLIMATE IN ASIA
1. Context
The 2023 'State of the Climate in Asia' report by the World Meteorological Organization highlighted that Asia has experienced a more rapid warming trend compared to the global average since 1960. Furthermore, it reaffirmed that 2023 stood as the warmest year on record globally. Additionally, the report emphasized a concerning disparity between climate forecasts and the capacity of Asian nations to effectively address and lessen the impacts of climate change.
2. State of the Climate in Asia Report
- The "State of the Climate in Asia" report provides a comprehensive assessment of the current climatic conditions, trends, and impacts across the Asian continent. Produced by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) or other relevant organizations, this report offers insights into various aspects of climate change, including temperature trends, extreme weather events, sea level rise, and their effects on ecosystems, communities, and economies in Asia.
- Key components of the report typically include analyses of observational data, climate modelling results, and case studies highlighting significant climate events and their consequences.
- The report aims to inform policymakers, researchers, and the public about the state of the climate in Asia, emphasizing the need for proactive measures to address climate change impacts and enhance resilience in the region.
3. Impact of Heat in Asia
- In 2023, Asia bore a heavy toll from extreme heat, with more than 2,000 fatalities and over nine million individuals affected by severe climate events.
- Over 80% of these occurrences were linked to storms and floods. Although the report acknowledged that heat-related deaths are often underreported, it documented numerous regions enduring severe heatwaves, resulting in multiple casualties.
- For instance, India faced severe heat waves in April and June, claiming approximately 110 lives.
- Moreover, a prolonged heatwave swept across vast swathes of South and Southeast Asia in April and May, impacting regions from Bangladesh and eastern India to southern China.
4. Impact of Floods and Storms in Asia
- In 2023, floods and storms wreaked havoc across Asia, causing significant devastation.
- Tropical cyclone Mocha, the most potent cyclone in the Bay of Bengal in the past decade, struck Myanmar and Bangladesh in May.
- Subsequently, floods, landslides, and lightning claimed the lives of approximately 600 individuals across India, Pakistan, and Nepal in June and July.
- Specifically in India, floods and landslides in August, particularly in Himachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, resulted in the loss of at least 25 lives.
- Furthermore, lightning strikes were responsible for approximately 1,200 fatalities across India throughout the year.
6. Implications for India
- The global trend of increasing extreme climate events, including in India, underscores the potential for minimizing damage through enhanced preparedness. India's utilization of early warnings during cyclone Mocha exemplifies this approach, which has historically saved lives compared to previous similar cyclones.
- However, it also points out areas for improvement, particularly in managing fatalities and destruction caused by lightning. Despite efforts such as mobile applications, marginalized communities, like farmers working in fields, often lack access to timely alerts due to limited response time.
- India's historical resilience in facing floods, storms, and droughts, the escalating challenges posed by climate change, such as unprecedented heatwaves, glacier retreats, and rising sea levels, reveal significant inadequacies in preparedness. The urgent attention and strategic revisions of policies and adaptation strategies to effectively address these evolving climatic threats. Empowering communities with the necessary resources and policies is deemed crucial to confront these challenges effectively.
7. The Way Forward
By implementing the measures, Asian nations can build a more resilient future in the face of climate change. The urgency to act is clear, and a collective effort from governments, communities, and international organizations is essential to safeguard lives, livelihoods, and ecosystems across Asia.
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For Prelims: Climate Change, Heatwaves, State of the Climate in Asia report, World Meteorological Organization
For Mains:
1. Analyze the impacts of extreme heatwaves in Asia in 2023. How did these heatwaves contribute to significant casualties and challenges in affected regions, particularly in India and Southeast Asia?
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. High clouds primarily reflect solar radiation and cool the surface of the Earth.
2. Low clouds have a high absorption of infrared radiation emanating from the Earth's surface and thus cause a warming effect.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
2. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substance? (UPSC CSE 2015) A.Bretton woods conference
B. Montreal Protocol
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Nagoya Protocol
3. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington
B. Geneva
C. Moscow
D. London
4. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
5. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
7. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
8. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank.
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
9. What are the possible limitations of India in mitigating global warming at present and in the immediate future? (UPSC 2010)
1. Appropriate alternate technologies are not sufficiently available.
2. India cannot invest huge funds in research and development.
3. Many developed countries have already set up their polluting industries in India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
10. Which of the following best describes/describe the aim of ‘Green India Mission’ of the Government of India? (upsc 2016) 1. Incorporating environmental benefits and costs into the Union and State Budgets thereby implementing the ‘green accounting’.
2. Launching the second green revolution to enhance agricultural output so as to ensure food security to one and all in the future.
3. Restoring and enhancing forest cover and responding to climate change by a combination of adaptation and mitigation measures.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
11. With reference to ‘Global Climate Change Alliance’, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017) 1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD).
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
12. “Momentum for Change: Climate Neutral Now” is an initiative launched by (2018) (a) The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3-B, 4-B, 5-B, 6-D, 7-D, 8- A, 9-A, 10-C, 11-A, 12-C
Mains
1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC 2021)
2. ‘Climate Change’ is a global problem. How will India be affected by climate change? How Himalayan and coastal states of India will be affected by climate change? (UPSC 2017)
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Source: The Hindu
INS VIKRANT
1. Context
Recently, The Indian Navy showcased its growing power with "twin carrier operations". Both INS Vikramaditya and the indigenously built INS Vikrant launched MiG-29K fighters, demonstrating a capability possessed by only a few nations. INS Vikrant, commissioned in September 2022, has been integrated into operations remarkably fast.
2. INS Vikrant
- INS Vikrant symbolizes a significant milestone in India's naval capabilities and indigenous defence manufacturing. The Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC)-I project, later named Vikrant, commenced its design work in 1999, with the years 2005-2006 were pivotal for India's warship-building endeavours.
- A crucial decision during this period involved the selection of warship-grade steel, previously imported from Russia.
- Following extensive deliberation, it was determined that India would develop and produce this steel domestically. This decision led to the collaborative effort between the Steel Authority of India, the Defence Research Development Organisation (DRDO), and the Indian Navy to develop DMR-249 steel, now utilized in constructing all warships in the country.
- The construction of INS Vikrant also introduced numerous new processes and advancements, benefiting the broader shipbuilding industry. Notably, in 2002, India adopted 3-D modelling for the first time, with a joint team from the Navy's Warship Design Bureau and Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) spearheading the effort.
- The keel of Vikrant was laid in 2009, followed by its launch into water in 2013. Subsequently, extensive user acceptance trials were conducted between August 2021 and July 2022 before its eventual commissioning.
- INS Vikrant stands as a testament to India's capability to undertake complex defence projects and marks a significant step towards self-reliance in naval defence manufacturing.
3. Composition of INS Vikrant
- Despite delays, INS Vikrant stands as an engineering marvel with impressive specifications. The vessel boasts a total area exceeding 12,450 m2, equivalent to about two and a half hockey fields. Measuring 262 meters in length and 62 meters in width, it is propelled by four General Electric LM2500 engines generating 88 MW of power, enabling a maximum speed of 28 knots and an endurance of 7,500 nautical miles.
- Constructed at an approximate cost of ₹20,000 crore with 76% indigenous content, INS Vikrant comprises around 2,200 compartments to accommodate a crew of about 1,600 personnel, including specialized cabins for women officers and sailors.
- The vessel features two galleys that cater to all onboard, preparing up to 4,500-5,000 meals daily. Operations in the galleys commence at 3 am every morning and continue for almost 20 hours a day. State-of-the-art automatic chapati-making machines, capable of producing 6,000 chapatis per meal, as well as large cooking boilers for preparing 4,000 kgs of rice, dal, vegetables, and other dishes, are among the onboard facilities.
- Additionally, the vessel is equipped with combi-steamers, a dosa machine, and ovens for preparing idlis, dosas, bread, and other bakery items to cater to a diverse menu.
- Highlighting the significant economic impact of shipbuilding, the Economic Survey 2022-23 noted that INS Vikrant alone engaged approximately 500 MSMEs, 12,000 employees from ancillary industries, and 2,000 CSL employees, emphasizing the vessel's role in generating employment and fostering economic growth.
4. Capabilities of INS Vikrant
- INS Vikrant possesses formidable capabilities, allowing it to operate an air wing comprising 30 aircraft. This includes MiG-29K fighter jets, Kamov-31 helicopters, MH-60R multi-role helicopters, as well as indigenous Advanced Light Helicopters and Light Combat Aircraft (Navy). Utilizing the STOBAR (Short Take-Off but Arrested Recovery) method, the carrier launches and recovers aircraft, facilitated by a ski-jump for launching and three 'arrester wires' for recovery.
- Each day, approximately 200 personnel prepare the flight deck for flying operations, ensuring cleanliness and briefing pilots for missions. Upon completion of missions, aircraft are safely guided back to the ship for precision landings, aided by an independent lighting system for bad weather and night operations.
- The carrier's fighters utilize arresting gear wires on the flight deck to swiftly halt their landing, with speeds exceeding 250 kmph stopped within a mere 90 meters in just 2-3 seconds.
- INS Vikrant boasts larger deck space and hallways compared to previous carriers like Vikramaditya, enhancing operational efficiency. Currently, India is in negotiations with France for the purchase of 26 Rafale-M carrier jets due to the limited availability of MiG-29Ks, while simultaneously developing an indigenous twin-engine deck-based fighter and receiving the indigenous fighter by around 2034.
- While INS Vikrant marks India's first domestically built carrier, the country has a rich history of carrier operations, including the erstwhile Vikrant, purchased from the U.K. in 1961, and the INS Viraat, formerly HMS Hermes, commissioned in 1987. INS Vikramaditya, procured from Russia and commissioned in 2013, serves as India's third carrier.
5. Future Plans After INS Vikrant
- The critical role of aircraft carriers in maritime operations, particularly in light of the fragile security situation in the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and India's position as the largest resident naval power.
- The importance of maintaining a robust Navy, with aircraft carriers playing a pivotal role in projecting combat power ashore and ensuring credible presence and preparedness across both the Western and Eastern seaboard.
- In line with this strategic vision, the Navy has proposed the construction of a second Indigenous Aircraft Carrier (IAC-II), akin to INS Vikrant. The proposal, cleared by the Defence Procurement Board in September, awaits approval by the Defence Acquisition Council, expected to be addressed post-elections.
- The IAC-II, displacing 45,000 tonnes, will feature modifications and incorporate newer technologies compared to its predecessor, with Cochin Shipyard Limited (CSL) slated to oversee its manufacture.
- The construction timeline of eight to 10 years for the new carrier, provided that the basic design, engines, and propulsion remain unchanged. Plans for a larger 65,000-tonne carrier have been shelved due to technological complexities and associated costs and timelines.
- While often referred to as India's third aircraft carrier, the IAC-II primarily serves as a timely replacement for INS Vikramaditya. The necessity of maintaining a force structure around three carriers, with two at sea and one undergoing maintenance.
- Any delay in decision-making risks jeopardizing India's expertise in carrier building and operations, akin to the submarine debacle of the 1980s.
- The global interest in carriers continues to grow, with countries like the U.S., U.K., France, Russia, and Japan investing in carrier programs of varying sizes and capabilities. China, in particular, has made unprecedented strides in carrier development, with plans for a fourth aircraft carrier underway.
- Amidst debates surrounding carriers versus submarines, each platform offers distinct advantages in naval warfare, highlighting the enduring relevance of carrier aviation in shaping future conflicts.
6. The Way Forward
The INS Vikrant marks a significant achievement for India, showcasing its growing self-reliance in defence manufacturing and naval capabilities. The planned IAC-II and the pursuit of a three-carrier force demonstrate India's commitment to maintaining its position as a leading maritime power in the Indian Ocean Region and on the global stage.
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For Prelims: INS Vikrant, INS Vikramaditya, MiG-29K fighters, Cochin Shipyard Limited, DMR-249 steel, DRDO, Indian Ocean Region, STOBAR, Kamov-31 helicopters, MH-60R multi-role helicopters
For Mains:
1. How does the development of INS Vikrant showcase India's growing technological prowess in the field of shipbuilding? (250 words)
2. Discuss the emerging trends in global carrier development and their implications for India's naval strategy. (250 words)
3. What are the potential challenges India might face in maintaining a three-carrier force structure? Suggest solutions to overcome these challenges. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which is India's first indigenous Aircraft carrier? (KSP Civil SI 2020)
A. INS Vikrant B. INS Virat C. INS Vaibhav D. INS Varaha
2. Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (UPSC 2016) (a) Amphibious warfare ship 3 Consider the following in respect of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS): (UPSC 2017) 1. Inaugural IONS was held in India in 2015 under the chairmanship of the Indian Navy.
2. IONS is a voluntary initiative that seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 4. The Lakshadweep islands are located in the ________ (SSC GD 2019)
A. Indian Ocean B. Pacific Ocean C. Arabian Sea D. Bay of Bengal
5. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Rim Association for Regional Cooperation (IOR-ARC)', consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015)
1. It was established very recently in response to incidents of piracy and accidents of oil spills. 2. It is an alliance meant for maritime security only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 Only B. 2 Only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon. '
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
7. 'INS Vikramaditya' is a/an- (RRB JE 2019) A. Aircraft carrier B. Jet fighter C. Submarine D. Main battle tank 8. Which is the largest Shipyard in India? (MP Police Constable 2016) A. Cochin Shipyard B. Hindustan Shipyard C. Goa Shipyard D. Naval Shipyard Answers: 1-A, 2-C, 3-B, 4-C, 5-D, 6-B, 7-A, 8-A |
Source: The Hindu
INSURANCE REGULATORY DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY OF INDIA REGULATIONS 2024
1. Context
The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India (Insurance Products) Regulations, 2024, came into force on April 1 2024. Introduced as part of a wider reforms agenda that the IRDAI has been actively pushing for in recent months, the new norms covering various aspects of life, general and health insurance have generated considerable interest, particularly around a presumed change in the upper age limit to avail a new health cover
2.New Regulations
- The newly introduced regulations have attracted significant attention, aiming to facilitate insurers in promptly addressing evolving market demands, streamlining business processes, and boosting insurance penetration, all while safeguarding the interests of policyholders. Emphasis is placed on ensuring good governance among insurers in the formulation and pricing of their products to achieve this objective.
- In the realm of health insurance, these regulations hold particular importance. For instance, there is a reduction in the waiting period for specific ailments from four years to three years.
- This translates to a shorter duration between purchasing the policy and obtaining coverage for specified diseases or treatments (excluding those resulting from accidents). Under the new norms, once the waiting period is completed, coverage for diseases or treatments is provided, contingent upon the policy being renewed without any interruption.
- Additionally, the definition of pre-existing diseases has been revised to encompass health conditions, ailments, injuries, or diseases diagnosed or treated by a physician within three years prior to the policy's commencement.
- The new norms also highlight the inclusion of AYUSH (Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha, and Homoeopathy systems) treatments in health insurance coverage. By mandating insurers to offer Board-approved policies, the regulator aims to ensure equitable treatment of AYUSH alongside other treatment options.
- Previously, insurers were encouraged to provide coverage for one or more AYUSH systems, subject to specified guidelines, until March 31, 2024.
- Furthermore, insurers are discouraged from refusing to renew health insurance policies based solely on the insured's previous claims, except in the case of benefit-based policies where the policy terminates upon the payment of covered benefits, such as critical illness policies
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What changes are relevant to senior citizens? The notification released on April 1 aims to expand insurance coverage from a demographic standpoint, aligning with IRDAI’s objective of achieving ‘Insurance for All by 2047’. Unlike the Health Insurance Regulations of 2016, which specified an entry age of up to 65 years for health insurance policies, the recent notification suggests a broader approach. While the previous regulations ensured coverage for individuals up to the age of 65, it didn’t imply that insurers were unwilling to provide health cover to those above this age. Siddharth Singhal, Business Head of Health Insurance at Policybazaar.com, highlighted nine policies with a maximum entry age of 99 years and five policies with a maximum entry age of 75 years offered by various insurers. Additionally, the new regulations require insurers to establish a dedicated channel for addressing health insurance claims and grievances specifically for senior citizens |
3.Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI)
- The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India or the IRDAI is the apex body responsible for the regulation and development of the insurance industry in India.
- It is an autonomous body.
- It was established by an act of Parliament known as the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, of 1999. Hence, it is a statutory body.
IRDA Functions
- Its primary purpose is to protect the rights of the policyholders in India.
- It gives the registration certificate to insurance companies in the country.
- It also engages in the renewal, modification, cancellation, etc. of this registration.
- It also creates regulations to protect policyholders interests in India.
4.Way Forward
IRDAI, which does not interfere with the pricing of health products, has in the new regulations said the “premium shall remain unchanged for the policy term. Insurers may offer facility of premium payment in instalment, [also] devise mechanisms or incentives to reward policyholders for early entry, continued renewals, favourable claims experience, preventive and wellness habits and disclose upfront such mechanism or incentives in the prospectus and the policy document”
| For Prelims: Insurance Regulatory Development Authority of India (IRDAI), Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority Act, of 1999, and Expenses of Management (EOM) |
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Previous Year Questions
1. The Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority (IRDA) Act was passed in the year? (TNPSC Group -1, 2014)
A. 1986
B. 1991
C. 1999
D. 2005
Answer: B
2. IRDAI has set up a panel under whose chairmanship to examine the need for standard cyber liability insurance product? (CGPSC Civil service 2020)
A. Pravin Kutumbe
B. P. Umesh
C. K. Ganesh
D. T. L. Alamelu
Answer: B
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Source: The Hindu
NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION (NHRC)
1. Context
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is preparing to defend the government’s human rights processes at a meeting in Geneva this week, where a decision on whether India’s human rights body will retain its “A status” is expected to be made
2. What is the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)?
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) is a statutory body established in India in 1993 under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
- It serves as an autonomous public institution tasked with the protection and promotion of human rights across the country.
- The NHRC investigates complaints of human rights violations, conducts inquiries, and recommends remedial action to the government.
- It also plays a role in promoting awareness of human rights and providing education on related issues.
- The commission consists of a chairperson and several members appointed by the President of India, and it operates at both the central and state levels
3. History of NHRC
- The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) was established in India on October 12, 1993, under the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993.
- This Act was enacted to fulfill the obligations India undertook by becoming a signatory to the Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action, which called for the establishment of national institutions for the promotion and protection of human rights.
- The NHRC was founded with the aim of addressing human rights violations and promoting awareness and respect for human rights across the country. It operates as an autonomous body, independent of the government, to ensure impartiality and effectiveness in its functioning.
- Since its inception, the NHRC has played a crucial role in investigating complaints of human rights violations, conducting inquiries, and making recommendations to the government for remedial action. It also engages in advocacy, education, and awareness programs to promote a culture of human rights in India.
- Over the years, the NHRC has evolved and expanded its scope to address various human rights issues, including those related to civil, political, economic, social, and cultural rights. It operates at both the central and state levels, with a chairperson and members appointed by the President of India.
- The NHRC's history is marked by its efforts to uphold the principles of justice, equality, and dignity enshrined in the Indian Constitution and international human rights instruments
4. NHRC Composition
The composition of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) includes a chairperson and several members appointed by the President of India. According to the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993, the NHRC consists of:
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Chairperson: The chairperson is appointed by the President of India and must be a retired Chief Justice of the Supreme Court or a serving or retired Judge of the Supreme Court.
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Members: The NHRC can have up to four members, including a member who is or has been a Judge of the Supreme Court, a member who is or has been the Chief Justice of a High Court, and two other members who have knowledge or practical experience in matters relating to human rights.
These appointments aim to ensure the independence, expertise, and credibility of the NHRC in addressing human rights issues effectively. The members serve fixed terms as specified by the Act, and they collectively contribute to the commission's efforts to protect and promote human rights across the country
5.Appointment of NHRC Members
The appointment of members to the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) follows a process outlined in the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. Here's an overview of the appointment procedure:
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Selection Committee: A Selection Committee is constituted to recommend candidates for appointment as Chairperson and members of the NHRC. The Selection Committee is chaired by the Prime Minister of India and includes the following members:
- The Speaker of the Lok Sabha (House of the People) or the Deputy Speaker, in case the Speaker is unable to attend.
- The Minister in charge of the Ministry of Home Affairs in the Government of India.
- The Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha.
- The Leader of the Opposition in the Rajya Sabha (Council of States) in the absence of the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha
6.Functions & Powers of NHRC
The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India is empowered with various functions and powers to protect and promote human rights across the country.
Here are some of its key functions and powers:
- The NHRC is authorized to inquire into complaints of human rights violations received from individuals or groups. It can investigate violations committed by public servants or by any authority or person acting under the government's authority
- The Commission has the power to monitor human rights violations, including through suo moto action, where it can initiate an inquiry based on media reports, complaints, or its own knowledge
- Following investigations or inquiries, the NHRC can make recommendations to the concerned authorities for remedial action, prosecution, or compensation to victims of human rights violations
- The NHRC engages in activities to raise awareness about human rights issues through seminars, workshops, publications, and other educational programs
- It advises the government on policies and measures to promote and protect human rights effectively
- The NHRC can intervene in court proceedings related to human rights violations, either as a party or as amicus curiae (friend of the court)
- The Commission conducts research and studies on human rights issues to better understand the challenges and formulate appropriate responses
- Based on its findings and experiences, the NHRC can recommend legislative reforms to strengthen human rights protection in the country
- The NHRC collaborates with international human rights organizations and participates in international forums to promote human rights globally
- The NHRC has the authority to visit and monitor places of detention, such as prisons and juvenile homes, to ensure that inmates' human rights are respected
7. Limitations of NHRC
National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) of India plays a significant role in protecting and promoting human rights, it also faces several limitations, including:
- The NHRC lacks direct enforcement authority. It can investigate human rights violations, make recommendations, and issue guidelines, but it cannot enforce its decisions or ensure their implementation. Its recommendations are non-binding, and compliance by government agencies or other authorities is voluntary.
- The process of investigation and resolution of complaints by the NHRC can be lengthy and time-consuming, leading to delays in providing justice to victims of human rights violations. This delay can undermine the effectiveness of the NHRC in addressing urgent and serious violations
- The NHRC operates with limited resources, including budgetary allocations and staffing. This constraint can affect its capacity to handle a large number of complaints effectively and conduct thorough investigations into human rights violations
- The NHRC's jurisdiction is limited to investigating human rights violations committed by public servants or authorities acting under the government's authority. It may not have jurisdiction over violations by non-state actors or in certain areas like the armed forces, where separate mechanisms exist
- There have been instances where political pressures or interference have affected the independence and impartiality of the NHRC. Political influence can hinder its ability to address human rights violations objectively and without bias
- Many people, especially in rural areas and marginalized communities, may not be aware of the NHRC's existence or how to access its services. This lack of awareness and accessibility can prevent victims of human rights violations from seeking redress through the commission
- Even when the NHRC makes recommendations for remedial action or compensation, there may be instances where these recommendations are not implemented fully or effectively by the concerned authorities
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For Prelims: National Human Rights Commission
For Mains: Emerging Human Rights Challenges, Role and Functions of the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC)
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Previous Year Questions
1.Other than the Fundamental Rights, which of the following parts of the Constitution of India reflect/reflects the principles and provisions of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)? (UPSC CSE 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 and 2 only Answer: (d) 2.Consider the following: (UPSC CSE 2011)
Which of the above is/are Human Right/Human Rights under “Universal Declaration of Human Rights”? (a) 1 only Answer: (d)
1.Though the Human Rights Commissions have contributed immensely to the protection of human rights in India, yet they have failed to assert themselves against the mighty and powerful. Analysing theirstructural and practical limitations, suggest remedial measures. (UPSC CSE Mains GS 1 2021) |
Source: The Hindu
