LEFT-WING EXTREMISM
2. About Left-wing Extremism
Left-wing extremism, often referred to simply as "left-wing extremism" or "left-wing terrorism," is a political ideology and movement characterised by radical leftist beliefs and methods that aim to bring about significant social, political, or economic change through violent or subversive means. Left-wing extremists typically advocate for the overthrow of existing societal structures, including capitalist systems, and the establishment of a more egalitarian or socialist society.
Some common characteristics of left-wing extremism include
- Left-wing extremists often oppose capitalist economic systems, viewing them as inherently oppressive and exploitative. They may advocate for the abolition of private property and the redistribution of wealth.
- Left-wing extremists frequently oppose imperialism, colonialism, and what they perceive as Western hegemony. They may support movements for national liberation and self-determination.
- Many left-wing extremists embrace revolutionary socialist ideologies, seeking to establish socialist or communist states through revolutionary means, such as armed struggle or mass uprisings.
- Left-wing extremists often engage in direct action tactics, such as bombings, assassinations, sabotage, and armed insurrections, to further their goals. These tactics are seen as necessary to challenge and disrupt existing power structures.
- Left-wing extremists may align themselves with marginalised or oppressed groups, such as ethnic minorities, indigenous peoples, LGBTQ+ communities, and workers, in their struggle against perceived oppression.
3. The difference between terrorism and Naxalism
| Features | Terrorism | Naxalism |
| Political Ideology | Varied ideologies including political, religious, nationalist, or separatist beliefs | Rooted in Marxist-Leninist-Maoist ideology |
| Targets | Varied, including civilians, religious institutions, businesses, infrastructure | Primarily government institutions, security forces, symbols of state authority, and collaborators |
| Geographical Focus | Occurs worldwide, not limited to specific regions | Largely confined to certain regions of India, particularly rural areas with social and economic inequalities |
| Organizational Structure | Wide range of organizations, from hierarchical militant groups to loosely organized networks or lone individuals |
Associated with specific Maoist-inspired rebel groups in India, such as the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and various Naxalite factions |
4. What is a Red corridor region?
- The term "Red Corridor" refers to a vast area in India that is affected by left-wing extremism, particularly Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. This region is characterized by the presence of various insurgent groups, including the Communist Party of India (Maoist) and other Naxalite factions, which seek to overthrow the Indian government through armed struggle and establish a communist state.
- The Red Corridor stretches across several states in central and eastern India, encompassing predominantly rural and forested areas. Some of the states included in the Red Corridor are Chhattisgarh, Jharkhand, Odisha, Bihar, Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, and West Bengal.
- The term "Red" in "Red corridor" symbolizes the communist ideology embraced by these insurgent groups, while "corridor" refers to the interconnectedness of the affected regions, forming a corridor-like shape on the map. The presence of left-wing extremism in these areas has led to significant security challenges for the Indian government, including armed conflict, violence against civilians and security forces, and disruption of development initiatives.
- Efforts to address the issue of left-wing extremism in the Red Corridor have involved a combination of military operations, development programs, socio-economic initiatives, and political dialogues aimed at addressing the root causes of the insurgency and promoting peace and development in the affected regions. However, the situation remains complex, and the Red Corridor continues to be a focal point of counterinsurgency efforts in India.
5. Role of the District Reserve Guards (DRG) and Border Security Force (BSF)
The District Reserve Guards (DRG) and the Border Security Force (BSF) play crucial roles in addressing security challenges in India, particularly in regions affected by left-wing extremism and border security concerns, respectively.
District Reserve Guards (DRG)
- The DRG is a specialized force deployed in states affected by left-wing extremism, primarily in the Red Corridor regions of India.
- Their primary role is to conduct anti-insurgency operations, counter Naxalite/Maoist activities, and maintain law and order in the affected districts.
- DRG personnel are often recruited from local tribal communities and are trained in guerrilla warfare tactics, jungle warfare, and counterinsurgency operations to effectively combat left-wing extremist groups.
- They work in close coordination with state police forces, central paramilitary forces such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), and other specialized units to conduct targeted operations against insurgent groups and maintain security in the region.
- Additionally, DRG units often engage in community policing efforts, intelligence gathering, and development activities aimed at winning the trust and support of local communities and isolating the insurgents.
Border Security Force (BSF)
- The BSF is one of India's primary border guarding forces, tasked with safeguarding the country's borders with neighboring countries such as Pakistan and Bangladesh.
- The BSF plays a crucial role in maintaining border security, preventing illegal immigration, curbing cross-border smuggling, and countering various security threats, including terrorism and infiltration attempts.
- Along with its primary responsibilities of border security, the BSF is often called upon to assist in internal security operations, including counterinsurgency efforts in regions affected by left-wing extremism or other security challenges.
- The BSF conducts regular patrols, surveillance, and border fortification measures to deter and respond to any threats along India's borders.
- In addition to its security duties, the BSF is also involved in various humanitarian and community development activities in border areas to foster goodwill among local populations and strengthen border management efforts.
6. Strategies of the government to curb the LWE
The Indian government has employed various strategies to curb Left-Wing Extremism (LWE), particularly in regions affected by Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. These strategies typically involve a multifaceted approach that integrates security measures with development initiatives, socio-economic reforms, and political dialogues. Some of the key strategies employed by the government include:
Security Operations
- Conducting targeted anti-insurgency operations by deploying specialized forces such as the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), District Reserve Guards (DRG), and state police units to combat Naxalite/Maoist activities.
- Enhancing intelligence gathering and sharing mechanisms to track and neutralize insurgent groups, disrupt their supply lines, and apprehend key leaders and operatives.
- Improving coordination among various security agencies, including state police forces, central paramilitary forces, and intelligence agencies, to conduct joint operations and intelligence-driven counterinsurgency efforts.
Development Initiatives
- Implementing development programs and infrastructure projects in Naxal-affected areas to address socio-economic grievances, reduce poverty, and improve living standards.
- Focusing on rural development, including the provision of basic amenities such as healthcare, education, electricity, and roads, to bridge the development deficit in marginalized communities.
- Promoting livelihood opportunities, skill development, and employment generation schemes to empower local populations and dissuade them from supporting or joining insurgent groups.
Socio-Economic Reforms
- Undertaking land reforms and addressing issues related to land ownership, land distribution, and land rights to address underlying socio-economic inequalities and grievances.
- Implementing social welfare schemes and affirmative action programs to uplift marginalized communities, including Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Castes (SCs), who are often disproportionately affected by Naxalism.
Political Dialogues and Reconciliation
- Engaging in dialogue with moderate Naxalite factions and offering amnesty and rehabilitation opportunities to surrendering insurgents.
- Encouraging political participation and representation of marginalized communities in local governance structures to address their grievances through democratic means.
- Facilitating peace talks and negotiations between the government and insurgent groups to explore avenues for conflict resolution and long-term peace-building.
Capacity Building and Training
- Enhancing the capabilities of security forces through specialized training in counterinsurgency operations, jungle warfare, intelligence gathering, and community policing.
- Strengthening the institutional capacity of local administration, law enforcement agencies, and judiciary to effectively address security challenges and deliver justice.
7. Why do Naxals continue to hold out in Chhattisgarh?
The persistence of Naxalism in Chhattisgarh, despite efforts by the government to address the issue, can be attributed to a combination of socio-economic, political, and strategic factors
- Chhattisgarh, particularly its rural and tribal areas, continues to grapple with deep-rooted socio-economic inequalities, including landlessness, poverty, lack of access to basic amenities, and exploitation by landlords and local elites. These grievances provide fertile ground for Naxalite recruitment and support.
- Many areas affected by Naxalism in Chhattisgarh suffer from underdevelopment, with inadequate infrastructure, limited healthcare and education facilities, and poor connectivity. The lack of government presence and development initiatives in these remote regions contributes to a sense of alienation and discontent among local communities.
- Chhattisgarh is rich in natural resources, including minerals and forests, which have been subject to exploitation by government agencies and private corporations. Disputes over land acquisition, displacement of indigenous communities, and environmental degradation have fueled resentment and resistance, often exploited by Naxalite groups.
- Weak governance, corruption, and ineffective law enforcement exacerbate the challenges of addressing Naxalism in Chhattisgarh. In some cases, local politicians, officials, and law enforcement agencies may collude with Naxalite groups or exploit the situation for personal gain, undermining counter-insurgency efforts.
- The dense forests and rugged terrain of Chhattisgarh provide Naxalite groups with strategic advantages, including natural cover, logistical support, and sanctuary from security forces. These geographic features make it challenging for security forces to conduct operations and root out insurgents effectively.
- Despite the decline of communism globally, Naxalite groups in Chhattisgarh remain ideologically committed to their cause of overthrowing the state and establishing a communist society. This ideological fervor motivates them to continue their armed struggle, despite setbacks and government efforts to engage in dialogue and reconciliation.
- Naxalite groups in Chhattisgarh may receive external support, including ideological guidance, arms, and funding, from sympathetic entities or transnational networks sharing similar leftist ideologies. Such support can bolster their resilience and sustain their activities despite government crackdowns.
8. Who are the urban Naxals?
The term "urban Naxals" is often used in India to refer to individuals or groups who allegedly provide ideological, logistical, financial, or political support to Naxalite/Maoist insurgents operating in rural areas from urban centres. The concept of urban Naxals is controversial and has been the subject of intense debate in Indian society, politics, and media.
Some key points regarding urban Naxals
- Urban Naxals are accused of various activities, including spreading Maoist ideology, recruiting and radicalizing youth, providing funding and material support, facilitating communication and coordination between urban and rural Naxalite groups, and organizing protests, rallies, or campaigns to advance Naxalite objectives.
- Urban Naxals may have diverse backgrounds, including academics, intellectuals, activists, journalists, artists, students, and members of civil society organizations. Some individuals or groups associated with leftist or progressive ideologies have been labelled as urban Naxals by their critics.
- While some individuals accused of being urban Naxals may have genuine concerns about social justice, human rights, or environmental issues, others may have ideological sympathies with Naxalism or engage in activities perceived as supporting or sympathizing with Naxalite groups.
- The term "urban Naxals" has generated controversy, with critics arguing that it is used by authorities to stifle dissent, target activists, and suppress legitimate political opposition under the guise of combating extremism.
- Critics of the concept argue that labelling dissenting voices or activists as urban Naxals undermines democratic principles, freedom of expression, and civil liberties. They contend that it is a politically motivated tactic to discredit and delegitimize progressive movements or critics of the government.
- There have been instances in India where individuals or activists accused of being urban Naxals have been arrested, charged under anti-terrorism laws such as the Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act (UAPA), and prosecuted by authorities. These cases have sparked concerns about due process, judicial independence, and human rights violations.
- The term "urban Naxals" has gained traction in public discourse and media narratives, with some sections of society viewing urban Naxals as a serious threat to national security and social stability. However, others criticize the concept as a tool to demonize dissent and suppress legitimate activism.
9. How does LWE impact the electoral process in India?
Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India can have significant impacts on the electoral process, particularly in regions affected by Naxalism or Maoist insurgency. Some of these impacts include:
Voter Intimidation and Violence
- In areas where Naxalite groups hold sway, they may resort to voter intimidation, coercion, or violence to influence election outcomes. This can include threats against voters, attacks on polling stations, and targeting of political candidates or party workers who are perceived as opposing the Naxalite agenda.
- Fear of reprisals from Naxalite groups can deter voters from exercising their franchise, leading to low voter turnout in affected areas. This undermines the democratic process and can affect the legitimacy of election results.
Disruption of Electoral Activities
- Naxalite groups often target election-related activities, such as campaigning, voter registration drives, and polling operations, to disrupt the electoral process and undermine the authority of the state. They may use violence or sabotage to disrupt election rallies, destroy election materials, or block access to polling stations.
- Security concerns in Naxal-affected areas may necessitate the deployment of large numbers of security forces to ensure the safety of voters, candidates, and election officials, which can disrupt normal life and create a tense atmosphere during elections.
Influence on Political Dynamics
- Naxalite groups may seek to influence the electoral process by supporting sympathetic candidates or parties, either overtly or covertly. They may provide material support, including funding, manpower, or logistical assistance, to candidates who align with their ideology or interests.
- The presence of Naxalite violence and intimidation can also affect political campaigning and party strategies, with political parties often adjusting their approaches and priorities in response to security concerns in Naxal-affected areas.
Challenges for Electoral Administration
- Organizing elections in Naxal-affected regions poses logistical and security challenges for electoral authorities. Ensuring the safety and security of voters, candidates, and election officials is a major concern, requiring extensive coordination with security forces and local administration.
- Election officials may face difficulties in conducting voter registration, voter education campaigns, and polling operations in remote or insecure areas, which can affect the overall conduct of elections and the accuracy of voter participation data.
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For Prelims: Left-Wing Extremism, Naxals, Urban Naxals, Maiosits, CRPF, DRG, BSF, Unlawful Activities (Prevention) Act
For Mains:
1. What are the root causes of Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) in India? Discuss the factors that contribute to the persistence of Naxalism in Chhattisgarh. (250 Words)
2. The concept of "urban Naxals" is highly contested in India. What are the arguments for and against it? How does it impact freedom of expression and dissent? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The persisting drives of the government for development of large industries in backward areas have resulted in isolating the tribal population and the farmers who face multiple displacements. With Malkangiri and Naxalbari foci, discussthe corrective strategies needed to win the Left-Wing Extremism (LWE) doctrine affected citizens back into mainstream of social and economic growth. (UPSC 2015) 2. Article 244 of the Indian Constitution relates to administration of scheduled areas and tribal areas. Analyse the impact of non-implementation of the provisions of the Fifth schedule on the growth of Left-wing extremism. (UPSC 2018) 3. What are the determinants of left-wing extremism in Eastern part of India? What strategy should the Government of India, civil administration and security forces adopt to counter the threat in the affected areas? (UPSC 2020) |
NATIONAL CLEAN AIR PROGRAM (NCAP)
2. Abour National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was initiated by the Indian government to address the alarming levels of atmospheric pollution, particularly the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM). Under NCAP, cities in India exceeding annual PM levels are required to develop and execute Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs) annually. To support this initiative, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change has allocated ₹10,422.73 crore.
Challenges in NCAP Implementation
Despite the proactive submission of CAAPs by most cities, the implementation of NCAP has faced inconsistencies. According to the Ministry, only 60% of the allocated funds have been utilized on average, with 27% of cities spending less than 30% of their designated budgets. Notably, cities like Visakhapatnam and Bengaluru have spent minimal percentages of their NCAP funds, hindering progress.
Barriers to Implementation
- Delays in implementation primarily stem from bureaucratic hurdles and a lack of standard operating procedures.
- Approval delays from competent authorities, such as technical specifications for tendering processes and procurement of necessary equipment like mechanical sweepers and electric buses, have been significant impediments.
- Additionally, the absence of well-defined timelines and time-consuming tasks further exacerbate delays.
- Overcoming these challenges requires a systematic approach integrating Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modelling, and Source Apportionment (SA).
- Recent findings questioning the efficacy of outdoor smog towers have also fueled doubts among decision-makers, necessitating a comprehensive reevaluation of proposed mitigation measures.
3. Role of Scientific Tools in Pollution Management
Scientific tools play a crucial role in addressing air pollution challenges, particularly in identifying and understanding its origins.
- EI studies provide valuable insights into local pollution sources and their contributions, enabling experts to forecast future emissions and shape targeted pollution control strategies.
- Despite their usefulness, EI studies have limitations, especially in assessing the impact of transboundary pollution sources, such as stubble burning outside Delhi, on local air quality.
- SA studies offer detailed analyses of contributions from various pollution sources, including distant ones.
- However, they lack predictive capabilities and require substantial resources for chemical analysis.
- Additionally, SA studies struggle to differentiate between pollution origins with similar chemical signatures, such as emissions from diesel trucks nearby versus those further away.
- AQ modelling bridges gaps left by EI and SA studies by informing our understanding of pollution dispersion, including from distant sources.
- By simulating the movement of pollutants in the atmosphere, AQ modelling enhances our ability to assess and mitigate air pollution's impacts.
4. Utilization of Scientific Data in Air Pollution Management
- Cities ideally utilize Emissions Inventory (EI) and Source Apportionment (SA) data to identify air pollutants and devise targeted mitigation measures for each polluting activity.
- However, according to the Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities, only 37% of cities have completed EI and SA studies, leaving 63% without a clear understanding of their air pollution sources.
- This lack of data raises concerns about the effectiveness of Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs), as cities may not accurately gauge the emission reduction potential of proposed measures.
- To address this, cities must establish proper yearly targets based on their potential and infrastructure capabilities.
Challenges and Considerations
- The reliance of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) on concentration data, which measures population exposure to pollution, adds complexity.
- Pollution from high-emitting industries and sources beyond city limits, transported into urban areas by wind, complicates urban air quality management.
- Additionally, many existing control measures primarily target primary PM emissions, overlooking their secondary precursors.
- There's a need for a shift towards comprehensive strategies addressing both primary and secondary pollutants.
- Furthermore, while NCAP aims to establish infrastructure for air quality forecasting, only a few cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad have implemented decision-support systems.
- Implementing such systems across cities is crucial for timely and effective pollution management.
5. Key Factors for NCAP Success
The success of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) relies on several critical elements beyond just data and models.
- Efficient implementation on the ground is paramount. To achieve this, implementation agencies must streamline bureaucratic processes by adopting shared, standardized technical evaluations. This will expedite the execution of NCAP initiatives and ensure timely action on pollution reduction measures.
- Given that NCAP funding is tied to cities' performance in reducing annual average PM concentrations, proactive budgeting and meticulous time management are essential. Initial plans should encompass thorough assessments of technical feasibility, budget requirements, and timeframes to facilitate successful execution.
- NCAP's vision for cleaner air in India necessitates a multifaceted approach. Success requires integrating rigorous scientific studies, strategic allocation of funds, and prompt, efficient implementation of mitigation measures.
6. The Way Forward
The successful implementation of the NCAP requires concerted efforts to address challenges, utilize scientific data effectively, and adopt a comprehensive approach towards pollution management. By addressing these key factors, India can make significant progress towards achieving cleaner air for its citizens.
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For Prelims: National Clean Air Programme, Air Pollution, Particulate Matter, Clean Air Action Plans For Mains:
1. What are the challenges and opportunities presented by the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) for improving air quality in Indian cities? Discuss the measures required to overcome implementation hurdles and ensure the effective management of air pollution. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In the cities of our country, which among the following atmospheric gases are normally considered in calculating the value of Air Quality Index? (UPSC 2016)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2, 3 and 4 only C. 1, 4 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 2. Which of the following are the reasons/factors for exposure to benzene pollution? (UPSC 2020)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
3. What is the ‘Greenhouse Gas Protocol’? (UPSC 2016) (a) It is an international accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify and manage greenhouse gas emissions
(b) It is an initiative of the United Nations to offer financial incentives to developing countries to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to adopt eco-friendly technologies.
(c) It is an inter-governmental agreement ratified by all the member countries of the United Nations to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to specified levels by the year 2022
(d) It is one of the multilateral REDD+ initiatives hosted by the World Bank
4. Photochemical smog is a resultant of the reaction among (UPSC 2013) (a) NO2, O3 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(b) CO, O2 and peroxyacetyl nitrate in the presence of sunlight
(c) CO, CO2 and NO2 at low temperature
(d) high concentration of NO2 O3 and CO in the evening
5. Acid rain is caused by the pollution of the environment (UPSC 2013, 2022) (a) Carbon Dioxide and Nitrogen
(b) Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide
(c) Ozone and Carbon Dioxide
(d) Nitrous Oxide and Sulphur Dioxide
6. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) is a standard criterion for (UPSC 2017) (a) Measuring oxygen level in blood
(b) Computing oxygen levels in forest ecosystems
(c) Pollution assay in aquatic ecosystem
(d) Assessing oxygen levels in high-altitude regions
7. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
8. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington B. Geneva C. Moscow D. London
9. With reference to the 'Global Climate Change Alliance', which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is an initiative of the European Union.
2. It provides technical and financial support to targeted developing countries to integrate climate change into their development policies and budgets.
3. It is coordinated by World Resources Institute (WRI) and World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD)
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
10. The IPCC is the United Nations body for assessing the science related to climate change. IPCC stands for: (RRB NTPC CBT 2 2022)
A. Intergovernmental Provision on Climate Change
B. International Panel on Climate Change
C. International Provision on Climate Change
D. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
11. Comprehension (SSC CHSL 2020)
Direction: In the following passage some words have been deleted. Fill in the blanks with the help of the alternatives given. Select the most appropriate option for each blank.
Forest fire always (1) ______ by one of two reasons-naturally caused or human-caused. Natural fire is generally (2) ______ by lightning, with a very small percentage (3) ______ by spontaneous combustion of dry fuel such as sawdust and leaves. (4) ______, human-caused fire can happen (5) ______ any number of reasons.
Select the most appropriate option for blank No. 1.
A. takes up B. happens C. causes D. creates
12. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
13. The increasing amount of carbon dioxide in the air is slowly raising the temperature of the atmosphere, because it absorbs (UPSC 2012)
A. the water vapour of the air and retains its heat
B. the ultraviolet part of the solar radiation
C. all the solar radiations
D. the infrared part of the solar radiation
14. As per the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation of a balanced diet, to avoid unhealthy weight gain, total fat should NOT exceed _______ of total energy intake. (UPSSSC Mandi Inspector 2019)
A. 20% B. 30% C. 10% D. 40%
15. What is the role of ultraviolet (UV) radiation in the water purification systems? (UPSC 2012)
1. It inactivates/kills the harmful microorganisms in water.
2. It removes all the undesirable odours from the water.
3. It quickens the sedimentation of solid particles, removes turbidity and improves the clarity of water.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
16. Which of the following ultraviolet rays is more dangerous? (UPTET 2017)
A. UV-A B. UV-B C. UV-C D. None of the above
17. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2019)
1. Agricultural soils release nitrogen oxides into environment.
2. Cattle release ammonia into environment.
3. Poultry industry releases reactive nitrogen compounds into environment.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 2 only D. 1, 2 and 3
18. Which of the following is a VOC? (MP Vyapam 2022)
A. Toulene B. Water C. Carbon dioxide D. Carbon monoxide
19. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) are of great concern because (UGC NET Environmental Science 2020)
A. Once such compounds are in the vapour state, they are difficult to control in the environment.
B. Most of them are ozone-depleting substances
C. They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the atmosphere.
D. They are less soluble in water.
Answers: 1-B, 2-A, 3-A, 4-A, 5-D, 6-C, 7-D, 8-B, 9-A, 10-D, 11-B, 12-A, 13-D, 14-B, 15-A, 16-C, 17-D, 18-A, 19-C
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ETHYLENE OXIDE
- Ethylene oxide is a flammable, colourless gas with a sweet odour. It is used primarily as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as antifreeze, textiles, detergents, solvents, plastics, and cosmetics.
- Additionally, it is used in sterilization processes for medical equipment and supplies due to its ability to effectively kill bacteria, viruses, and fungi.
- Ethylene oxide is highly reactive and can pose health risks to humans, particularly when inhaled at high concentrations.
- Prolonged exposure to ethylene oxide has been associated with respiratory issues, neurological effects, and an increased risk of certain cancers, such as leukaemia and lymphoma.
- Due to its potential health hazards, regulatory agencies closely monitor its use and exposure levels in industrial and medical settings.
Ethylene oxide can impact health through various pathways
- Inhalation of ethylene oxide can irritate the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Prolonged exposure may result in chronic respiratory issues.
- Ethylene oxide exposure has been linked to neurological symptoms such as headaches, dizziness, nausea, and confusion. In severe cases, it can cause seizures or loss of consciousness.
- Ethylene oxide is classified as a known human carcinogen by several regulatory agencies, including the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Long-term exposure to ethylene oxide has been associated with an increased risk of certain cancers, particularly leukaemia, lymphoma, and breast cancer.
- Ethylene oxide exposure may have adverse effects on reproductive health, including reduced fertility, menstrual irregularities, and pregnancy complications. Additionally, it may pose risks to fetal development, leading to birth defects or developmental delays.
- Direct contact with ethylene oxide can cause skin irritation, redness, itching, and dermatitis. Prolonged or repeated exposure may result in more severe skin reactions.
4. Where else is ethylene oxide banned?
Ethylene oxide has been subject to restrictions and bans in various countries and regions due to its hazardous properties and potential health risks. Some examples include
- Ethylene oxide is classified as a carcinogen and mutagen under the Classification, Labeling, and Packaging Regulation (CLP) in the European Union. Its use is strictly regulated, particularly in consumer products. For example, its use as a fumigant for foodstuffs and as a biocide in certain products is heavily restricted.
- In Canada, ethylene oxide is classified as a toxic substance under the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA). Its use is regulated, particularly in occupational settings and industrial processes.
- The state of California has listed ethylene oxide as a chemical known to cause cancer under Proposition 65. This requires businesses to provide warnings if their products contain ethylene oxide above certain thresholds. Some U.S. states have implemented stricter regulations on ethylene oxide due to its carcinogenic properties. For example, the state of Illinois has imposed stricter emissions controls on facilities that use ethylene oxide for sterilization processes.
- Ethylene oxide is subject to regulation under various international agreements, such as the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and the Rotterdam Convention on Prior Informed Consent (PIC). These agreements aim to regulate the production, use, and trade of hazardous chemicals like ethylene oxide to protect human health and the environment.
5. What is E. coli and Salmonella?
Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Salmonella are both types of bacteria that can cause foodborne illnesses when consumed contaminated food or water.
Escherichia coli (E. coli)
- E. coli is a type of bacteria commonly found in the intestines of humans and animals. While most strains of E. coli are harmless or even beneficial, certain strains, such as E. coli O157:H7, can cause illness.
- Ingestion of food or water contaminated with pathogenic strains of E. coli can lead to gastrointestinal infections, resulting in symptoms such as diarrhoea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and fever.
- Severe cases of E. coli infection can lead to complications such as hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), a condition characterized by kidney failure, and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP), a rare blood disorder.
- Sources of E. coli contamination can include undercooked ground beef, unpasteurized dairy products, contaminated fruits and vegetables, contaminated water, and person-to-person transmission in settings like daycare centres or nursing homes.
Salmonella
- Salmonella is a genus of bacteria that includes various species, with Salmonella enterica being the most common cause of salmonellosis in humans.
- Salmonella infection, or salmonellosis, typically presents with symptoms such as diarrhoea, abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, fever, and headache.
- Most cases of salmonellosis are self-limiting and resolve without treatment. However, in severe cases or vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, or individuals with weakened immune systems, Salmonella infection can lead to complications such as bacteremia (bloodstream infection) or sepsis.
- Salmonella is commonly associated with foods of animal origin, including raw or undercooked poultry, eggs, meat, and dairy products. However, contamination can also occur in fruits, vegetables, and other foods through contact with animal faeces, contaminated water, or cross-contamination during food preparation.
- Proper food handling, cooking, and hygiene practices are essential for preventing Salmonella contamination and foodborne illness.
6. What is listeria?
Listeria is a genus of bacteria that includes several species, with Listeria monocytogenes being the most notable from a public health perspective. Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium that can cause a serious foodborne illness known as listeriosis.
The key points about Listeria
- Listeria monocytogenes is primarily transmitted through the consumption of contaminated food. It can be found in various raw and processed foods, including unpasteurized dairy products, raw vegetables, raw and smoked fish, deli meats, and ready-to-eat foods that have been contaminated after processing.
- While listeriosis can affect anyone, certain groups are at higher risk of severe illness, including pregnant women, newborns, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems (such as those with HIV/AIDS, cancer, diabetes, or undergoing chemotherapy).
- The symptoms of listeriosis can vary but often include fever, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhoea, and gastrointestinal symptoms. In severe cases, it can lead to more serious complications such as meningitis, septicemia (blood infection), and miscarriage or stillbirth in pregnant women.
- Listeriosis is typically treated with antibiotics. However, treatment may be more challenging in pregnant women and individuals with compromised immune systems, as the infection can be more severe and have a higher risk of complications.
- Preventing listeriosis involves practising proper food safety measures, such as thoroughly cooking foods, washing raw fruits and vegetables, avoiding unpasteurized dairy products, and practising good hygiene in food preparation areas. Additionally, individuals at higher risk of listeriosis should avoid certain high-risk foods and follow medical advice regarding food safety.
7. The challenges associated with food safety in India
India faces several challenges related to food safety, stemming from various factors including infrastructure limitations, regulatory gaps, cultural practices, and socioeconomic disparities.
The key challenges associated with food safety in India include
- Many parts of India lack adequate infrastructure for food safety management, including laboratories for testing, inspection facilities, and proper sanitation systems along the food supply chain. This can hinder the detection and prevention of foodborne illnesses.
- A significant portion of food production and distribution in India occurs within the informal sector, where regulatory oversight and enforcement may be lacking. This informal sector includes street vendors, small-scale producers, and unregistered food establishments, which may not adhere to food safety standards.
- Inadequate sanitation and hygiene practices, both at the household level and in food establishments, can contribute to foodborne illness. Lack of clean water, improper handwashing, and unsanitary food handling practices can lead to contamination of food with pathogens.
- Contamination of food with microbial pathogens, chemical contaminants, and adulterants remains a significant concern in India. Contaminants may enter the food supply chain during production, processing, storage, or distribution, posing risks to public health.
- The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture can result in residues in food products, which may exceed permissible limits and pose health risks to consumers. Inadequate monitoring and enforcement of pesticide regulations contribute to this problem.
- Foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites are common in India. Poor sanitation, unsafe food handling practices, and consumption of contaminated food contribute to the high burden of foodborne diseases.
- While India has established food safety laws and regulatory bodies such as the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI), enforcement of regulations remains a challenge. Limited resources, capacity constraints, and gaps in coordination among regulatory agencies contribute to inadequate enforcement of food safety standards.
- Limited consumer awareness about food safety and hygiene practices can contribute to the prevalence of foodborne illnesses. Many consumers may be unaware of safe food handling practices, proper storage techniques, and the risks associated with consuming contaminated food.
8. FSSAI
The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is a statutory body established under the Government of India's Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. It's the central regulatory body responsible for ensuring food safety and standards across India.
FSSAI's key functions and roles
- FSSAI establishes and enforces science-based standards for various food products to ensure food quality and safety.
- It regulates the manufacture, storage, distribution, sale, and import of food items. FSSAI also implements a licensing system for food businesses based on their size and risk category.
- FSSAI conducts inspections of food businesses to ensure compliance with food safety regulations. It can take corrective actions, including penalties, against non-compliant businesses.
- FSSAI plays a crucial role in raising public awareness about food safety issues and promoting safe food handling practices.
- It provides training programs for food safety officers, food business operators, and consumers to enhance their knowledge and skills in ensuring food safety.
- FSSAI has a mechanism for addressing consumer grievances related to food safety issues.
Recent initiatives undertaken by FSSAI
- The Eat Right India Movement is a national campaign that aims to promote safe, healthy, and sustainable food habits among citizens.
- FSSAI is working towards improving hygiene standards and food safety practices in street food vendors.
- FSSAI has streamlined the licensing and registration process for food businesses.
- They've launched mobile applications to empower consumers with information about food safety and facilitate grievance redressal.
Challenges
- The vastness and complexity of the food sector in India pose a challenge for FSSAI's enforcement capacity.
- Regulating the large number of small, unorganized food businesses is a significant hurdle.
- Both consumers and food handlers often lack adequate knowledge about food safety practices.
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For Prelims: FSSAI, Ethylene oxide, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Salmonella, Listeria
For Mains:
1. The informal sector plays a significant role in India's food production and distribution. Discuss the challenges of regulating the informal sector and suggest strategies to integrate them into a formal food safety framework. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statement: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Food Safety and Standards Act, 2006 replaced the Prevention of Food Adulteration Act, 1954.
2. The Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) is under the charge of Director General of Health Services in the Union Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
2. With reference to polyethylene terephthalate, the use of which is so widespread in our daily lives, consider the following statements : (UPSC 2022)
1. Its fibres can be blended with wool and cotton fibres to reinforce their properties.
2. Containers made of it can be used to store any alcoholic beverage.
3. Bottles made of it can be recycled into other products.
4. Articles made of it can be easily disposed of by incineration without causing greenhouse gas emissions.
Which of the statements given above are correct ?
A. 1 and 3 B. 2 and 4 C. 1 and 4 D. 2 and 3
3. Formaldehyde and Ethylene oxide are example of? (NCL Staff Nurse 2020)
A. Natural disinfectant
B. Solid disinfectants
C. Chemical gases disinfectants
D. Physical disinfectants
4. Consider the following characteristics of E Coli bacteria: (ESE 2016)
1. Gram-negative
2. Spore-forming
3. Facultative anaerobic
4. Bacillus
Which of the above are correct?
A. 1, 2 and 3 only B. 2 and 4 only C. 1, 3 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
5. What should be the count of E-Coli in any sample of 100 ml? (DSSSB JE CE 2019)
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 0
6. Salmonella food poisoning is bacterial food poisoning. (UP TGT Home Science 2019)
A. True B. False C. Not relvevant D. Controversial
7. Listeriosis is generally caused by: (FSSAI Central Food Safety Officer 2019)
A. Hepatitis A virus
B. L. monocytogenes
C. Norovirus
D. E. coli
Answers: 1-A, 2-A, 3-C, 4-C, 5-D, 6-A, 7- B
Mains
1. Elaborate the policy taken by the Government of India to meet the challenges of the food processing sector. (UPSC 2021)
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SIPRI REPORT
The indigenization of defense refers to the process by which a country seeks to develop its own domestic defense industry and capabilities, rather than relying extensively on foreign suppliers for its defense needs. This often involves initiatives such as promoting domestic defense research and development, fostering partnerships between government, academia, and industry, and investing in the production of defense equipment and technologies within the country.
Indigenization is often pursued for several reasons:
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National Security: By developing indigenous defense capabilities, a country can reduce its dependence on foreign suppliers, thus enhancing its national security and sovereignty.
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Economic Development: Building a domestic defense industry can stimulate economic growth by creating jobs, fostering technological innovation, and generating export opportunities.
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Strategic Autonomy: Indigenization allows a country to have greater control over its defense procurement and technology, reducing vulnerabilities to disruptions in the global supply chain or changes in international relations.
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Cost Efficiency: While there may be initial costs associated with developing indigenous capabilities, in the long run, it can be more cost-effective than relying solely on imports, as it reduces reliance on expensive foreign equipment and technologies.
Countries pursue indigenization strategies to varying degrees based on their security needs, technological capabilities, and economic resources. It often requires significant investments in research and development, infrastructure, and human capital, as well as long-term planning and sustained commitment from government and industry stakeholders
4. Key Takeaways from SIPRI report
- The latest data showed that the United States, China and Russia remained the top three military spenders globally followed by India and Saudi Arabia.
- According to the report, Indian spending was up by 4.2 per cent from 2022 and by 44 per cent from 2014.
- The capital outlays to fund military procurement remained relatively stable at around 22 per cent of the budget in 2023, of which 75 per cent went towards equipment produced domestically.
- As per the report the five biggest spenders in 2023 –the United States, China, Russia, India and Saudi Arabia—together accounted for 61 per cent of world military spending. The US spending was $916 billion and the Chinese spending was an estimated $296 billion. Russia’s military spending grew by 24 per cent in 2023 to an estimated $109 billion.
- As per the report, Ukraine became the eighth largest military spender in 2023, increasing its spending by 51%
- India remains the world's foremost importer of arms, representing 9.8% of global arms imports from 2019 to 2023. This marks a 4.7% increase compared to the period from 2014 to 2018, attributed in part to urgent procurements made in response to tensions with China.
- Russia, France, Israel, the United States, and the United Kingdom are India's primary arms suppliers. During 2019-2023, Russia accounted for 36% of India's defense imports, followed by France at 33%, the United States at 13%, and Israel at 9%.
- Nevertheless, India aims to diminish its reliance on Russian weaponry and is unlikely to pursue further acquisitions from Russia. The government is actively promoting the indigenization of military equipment.
- In 2022, it annulled the import of various significant defense platforms and gear, including Coast Guard helicopters, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and short-range missiles. Furthermore, the defense ministry has outlined plans to progressively halt the import of specific items from December 2023 to December 2028
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Which countries are the top arms suppliers to India?
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What is the new FDI policy in the defense sector?
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) limit in defence sector was enhanced in 2020 up to 74% through the Automatic Route for companies seeking new defence industrial license, and up to 100% through the Government Route wherever it is likely to result in access to modern technology
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The Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX) initiative is a flagship program launched by the Government of India to foster innovation and technology development in the defense sector. The primary objective of iDEX is to create an ecosystem that promotes innovation, encourages startups, and facilitates collaboration between the Indian defense industry, academia, and startups to address defense-related challenges.
Key features of the iDEX initiative include:
- iDEX organizes open innovation challenges where defense problems are shared with the public, including startups, academia, and individual innovators. Participants are invited to propose innovative solutions to these challenges
- Selected startups and innovators receive funding, mentorship, and other forms of support to develop and commercialize their innovative solutions for defense applications.
- iDEX provides platforms for collaboration and networking between stakeholders in the defense innovation ecosystem, including defense organizations, startups, research institutions, and industry players
- The initiative supports product development and prototyping of innovative defense technologies, helping to bridge the gap between research and commercialization.
- iDEX facilitates market access for innovative defense products and technologies developed by startups and other participants, connecting them with potential buyers within the defense establishment
The Government of India has introduced several initiatives to promote the indigenization of technology in the defense sector.
Some of the key initiatives include:
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Make in India: Make in India is a flagship initiative aimed at promoting domestic manufacturing across various sectors, including defense. The initiative encourages domestic production, collaboration, and investment in the defense industry to reduce dependence on imports and enhance self-reliance.
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Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): As mentioned earlier, iDEX is an initiative focused on fostering innovation and technology development in the defense sector. It encourages collaboration between the defense industry, startups, academia, and other stakeholders to address defense challenges through innovative solutions.
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Defence Procurement Procedure (DPP): The Defence Procurement Procedure outlines the guidelines and procedures for defense procurement in India. Recent iterations of the DPP have emphasized the importance of promoting indigenous manufacturing and technology development, including provisions for preference to domestically designed, developed, and manufactured products.
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Technology Development Fund (TDF): The Technology Development Fund is aimed at supporting research and development projects in defense technology by providing financial assistance to public and private sector entities, including industry, academia, and research institutions.
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Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO): The DRDO is India's primary agency for defense research and development. It plays a crucial role in indigenous technology development, designing and developing a wide range of defense systems and technologies for the Indian Armed Forces.
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance
For Mains: GS-II, GS-III: GS-II, GS-III: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors, indigenization of technology
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which one of the following is the best description of ‘INS Astradharini’, that was in the news recently? (UPSC CSE 2016) (a) Amphibious warfare ship (b) Nuclear-powered submarine (c) Torpedo launch and recovery vessel (d) Nuclear-powered aircraft car Answer (c)
INS Astradharini is a Torpedo Launch and Recovery Vessel (TLRV). It is a specialized naval vessel designed for testing and evaluation of torpedoes. TLRVs are equipped with facilities for launching, recovering, and handling torpedoes during testing and training exercises. They play a crucial role in the development and validation of torpedo systems for naval warfare
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GLACIAL LAKE OUTBURST FLOOD (GLOF)
1. Context
2. About glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF)
- A glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF) is a type of outburst flood caused by the failure of a dam containing a glacial lake.
- An event similar to a GLOF, where a body of water contained by a glacier melts or overflows the glacier, is called a jokulhlaup.
- The dam can consist of glacier ice or a terminal moraine. Failure can happen due to erosion, a buildup of water pressure, an avalanche of rock or heavy snow, an earthquake or cryoseism, volcanic eruptions under the ice, or massive displacement of water in a glacial lake when a large portion of an adjacent glacier collapses into it.
3. About flash flooding
- Flash flooding is a rapid flooding of low-lying areas: washes, rivers, dry lakes and depressions.
- It may be caused by heavy rain associated with a severe thunderstorm, hurricane, or tropical storm, or by meltwater from ice or snow flowing over ice sheets or snowfields.
- Flash floods may also occur after the collapse of a natural ice or debris dam, or a human structure such as a man-made dam, as occurred before the Johnstown Flood of 1889.
- Flash floods are distinguished from regular floods by having a timescale of fewer than six hours between rainfall and the onset of flooding.
3.1. The reason for flash floods
There are several reasons why flash floods can occur, but the most common cause is heavy rainfall. When rain falls too quickly for the ground to absorb it, the water can run off and cause flooding. Flash floods can also be caused by:
- Thunderstorms can produce heavy rainfall, especially slow-moving or stationary thunderstorms.
- Hurricanes and tropical storms can produce heavy rainfall and storm surge, which can lead to flash flooding.
- If a dam or levee fails, it can release a large amount of water that can cause flash flooding downstream.
- Ice jams can form when large chunks of ice break off from a glacier or river and jam together. This can block the flow of water and cause flooding upstream.
- Landslides can block rivers and streams, causing flash flooding downstream.
- Vegetation helps slow the water flow and allows it to infiltrate the ground more easily. Areas with little or no vegetation are more likely to experience flash flooding.
- Urban areas are more likely to experience flash flooding than rural areas. This is because pavement and other impervious surfaces prevent water from infiltrating the ground.
4. How did South Lhonak Lake become susceptible to GLOF?
- Climate change is causing glaciers in the Himalayas to melt at an accelerated rate. This is leading to the formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones, such as South Lhonak Lake.
- South Lhonak Lake is located in a steep-sided valley with a narrow outlet. This makes it difficult for water to drain from the lake, increasing the risk of a GLOF.
- South Lhonak Lake is dammed by a moraine, which is a pile of loose rocks and debris.
- Moraines are naturally unstable and can be easily breached by heavy rainfall, earthquakes, or other triggers.
- South Lhonak Lake is a relatively deep lake, with a maximum depth of over 100 meters.
- This means that a large volume of water could be released quickly if the lake dam were to breach.
- South Lhonak Lake is also located in a seismically active region. Earthquakes can destabilize the moraine dam and trigger a GLOF.
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Image Source: Research Gate
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For Prelims: South Lhonak Lake, Flash Flooding, Glaciers, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood, Sikkam, Climate Change, Teesta River,
For Mains:
1. Describe the environmental and socio-economic impacts of flash floods. How can early warning systems and disaster preparedness help mitigate the risks associated with flash floods? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. On the planet earth, most of the freshwater exists as ice caps and glaciers. Out of the remaining freshwater, the largest proportion (UPSC 2013) (a) is found in the atmosphere as moisture and clouds (b) is found in freshwater lakes and rivers (c) exists as groundwater (d) exists as soil moisture Answer: C 2. Consider the following pairs: (UPSC CSE 2019)
Glacier River
1. Bandarpunch Yamuna
2. Bara Shigri Chenab
3. Milam Mandakini
4. Siachen Nubra
5. Zemu Manas
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?
A. 1, 2 and 4 B. 1, 3 and 4 C. 2 and 5 D. 3 and 5
Answer: A
3. Consider the following features related to a glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF): (UGC NET Geography 2019)
a. Involves sudden release of meltwater
b. Failure of moraine and ice dam
c. Large downstream discharge causing floods
d. Rapid event casting for few seconds
Select the correct answer from the options given below:
A. (a) and (b) are correct
B. (c) and (d) are correct
C. (a), (b) and (c) are correct
D. (b), (c) and (d) are correct
Answer: C
4. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
6. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
7. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
Answer: D
8. With reference to Ocean Mean Temperature (OMT), which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2020)
1. OMT is measured up to a depth of 26°C isotherm which is 129 meters in the south-western Indian Ocean during January-March.
2. OMT collected during January-March can be used in assessing whether the amount of rainfall in monsoon will be less or more than a certain long-term mean.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
9. With reference to 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)' sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2017)
1. IOD phenomenon is characterised by a difference in sea surface temperature between tropical Western Indian Ocean and tropical Eastern Pacific Ocean.
2. An IOD phenomenon can influence an EI Nino's impact on the monsoon.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
10. "EL Nino" refers to a temperature anomaly in the ________ ocean. (NTPC 2017)
A. Indian B. Pacific C. Southern D. Atlantic
Answer: B
11. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
12. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research program.
2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
13. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
1. In India, the Himalayas are spread over five States only.
2. Western Ghats are spread over five States only.
3. Pulicat Lake is spread over two States only.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1 and 3 only
Answer: B
14. Which of the following statements in respect of landslides are correct? (NDA 2022) 1. These occur only on gentle slopes during rain.
2. They generally occur in clay-rich soil.
3. Earthquakes trigger landslides.
Select the correct answer using the code given below. A. 1 and 2 B. 2 and 3 C. 1 and 3 D. 1, 2 and 3 Answer: B 15. With reference to River Teesta, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017)
1. The source of river Teesta is the same as that of Brahmaputra but it flows through Sikkim.
2. River Rangeet originates in Sikkim and it is a tributary of river Teesta.
3. River Teesta flows into the Bay of Bengal on the border of India and Bangladesh.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B 16. Teesta River is the tributary of _______. (Kerala PSC Secretariat Assistant 2018) A. Ganga B. Yamuna C. Brahmaputra D. Narmada Answer: C Mains 1.Describe the various causes and the effects of landslides. Mention the important components of the National Landslide Risk Management Strategy. (2021, GS3)
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Source: indianexpress
INFLATION
- It is the rise in prices of goods and services within a particular economy wherein consumers' purchasing power decreases, and the value of the cash holdings erodes.
- In India, the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) measures inflation.
- Some causes that lead to inflation are demand increases, reduction in supply, demand-supply gap, excess circulation of money, increase in input costs, devaluation of the currency, and rise in wages, among others.
3. How is Food Inflation measured in India?
Food inflation in India is measured using various indices and indicators. The primary indices used to measure food inflation in India include the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Both indices provide insights into the overall price movements of goods and services, including food items, but they differ in terms of their coverage and methodology.
Consumer Price Index (CPI)
- The CPI is a key indicator used by the Government of India and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to monitor inflation, including food inflation.
- The CPI measures the average change over time in the prices paid by urban and rural consumers for a basket of goods and services, including food items, housing, clothing, transportation, and more.
- Within the CPI, food and beverages form a significant component, and food inflation is specifically derived from the changes in food prices within the CPI basket.
- The CPI is released monthly by the Central Statistics Office (CSO) under the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation.
Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
- The WPI is another important index that tracks price changes at the wholesale level for a selected group of commodities, including food products, manufactured goods, fuel, and more.
- The WPI measures price changes from the perspective of producers and wholesalers, providing insights into inflationary pressures in the production and distribution stages.
- Food articles, such as cereals, pulses, vegetables, fruits, and edible oils, are included in the WPI basket for monitoring food inflation.
- The WPI is released weekly by the Office of Economic Adviser under the Ministry of Commerce and Industry.
In addition to these indices, other indicators such as the Food Sub-Index within the CPI and specific price indices for essential food items (like vegetables, pulses, and cereals) are also used to gauge food inflation more accurately. The RBI closely monitors food inflation trends as part of its monetary policy framework to make informed decisions regarding interest rates and economic stability. Overall, the combination of CPI, WPI, and specific food-related indices provides a comprehensive assessment of food inflation in India.
4. Headline and Core Inflation
Inflation is a key economic indicator that measures the rate at which prices of goods and services rise over time. In India, two important measures of inflation are headline inflation and core inflation.
- Headline Inflation: Headline inflation refers to the overall rate of inflation in an economy, taking into account the price changes across all goods and services included in the consumer basket. It reflects the broad-based movement in prices, including food, fuel, housing, transportation, and other essential and non-essential items. Headline inflation is typically measured using indices such as the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and the Wholesale Price Index (WPI). Fluctuations in headline inflation can be influenced by various factors, including changes in global commodity prices, government policies, supply chain disruptions, and demand-side pressures.
- Core Inflation: Core inflation, on the other hand, excludes volatile items such as food and energy from the basket of goods used to calculate inflation. By excluding these volatile components, core inflation provides a more stable measure of underlying inflationary trends in the economy. Core inflation is often considered a better gauge of long-term inflationary pressures and helps policymakers in making informed decisions regarding monetary policy. The Reserve Bank of India (RBI), for example, closely monitors core inflation to assess the underlying inflationary trends and formulate appropriate monetary policy responses.
Understanding the distinction between headline and core inflation is essential for policymakers, businesses, and consumers alike. While headline inflation provides a comprehensive view of overall price movements, core inflation offers insights into the underlying inflationary pressures, helping to distinguish between temporary fluctuations and sustained inflation trends. By closely monitoring both measures of inflation, policymakers can effectively manage inflationary risks and maintain price stability, contributing to sustainable economic growth and stability.
5. Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) is a crucial institutional framework established by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) to formulate and implement monetary policy decisions in India.
Role
- Formulating Monetary Policy: The primary role of the MPC is to formulate and implement monetary policy in India. This includes setting the key policy interest rates, such as the repo rate, reverse repo rate, and marginal standing facility (MSF) rate, to achieve the objectives of price stability and economic growth.
- Targeting Inflation: The MPC's main objective is to maintain price stability, which is primarily achieved by targeting a specific inflation rate. In India, the RBI has adopted a flexible inflation targeting framework, where the MPC aims to keep the Consumer Price Index (CPI) inflation within a specified target range over the medium term. Currently, the inflation target is set at 4% with a tolerance band of +/- 2%.
- Evaluating Economic Conditions: The MPC assesses various economic indicators, such as GDP growth, inflation expectations, fiscal policy measures, global economic developments, and financial market conditions, to make informed decisions about monetary policy.
- Communication: The MPC communicates its monetary policy decisions, rationale, and outlook for the economy through periodic press releases, statements, and the publication of meeting minutes. This transparency enhances predictability and credibility in monetary policy.
Composition
- Members: The MPC consists of six members, including three members nominated by the Government of India and three members from the Reserve Bank of India. The Governor of the RBI serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the MPC.
- Appointment: The members of the MPC are appointed by the Central Government based on their expertise and experience in economics, banking, finance, or related fields. The RBI Governor and Deputy Governor (in charge of monetary policy) are automatic members of the MPC.
- Voting Rights: Each member of the MPC, including the RBI Governor, has one vote in the decision-making process. Decisions are made by a majority vote, with the Governor having the casting vote in case of a tie.
- Terms: Members of the MPC serve fixed terms, typically for four years, with eligibility for reappointment. This ensures continuity and stability in monetary policy formulation.
6. The Way Forward
By implementing the measures and fostering collaborative efforts among policymakers, regulators, and stakeholders, India can effectively manage inflationary pressures, maintain price stability, and promote sustainable economic growth and development.
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For Prelims: Inflation, MPC, CPI, WPI, food Inflation, RBI, Headline inflation, Core inflation For Mains:
1. Explain the concept of inflation and its impact on an economy. Discuss the various causes of inflation and the measures that can be taken to control it, with specific reference to India. (250 Words)
2. What are the challenges and opportunities associated with managing inflation in India? Evaluate the effectiveness of recent policy measures in addressing inflationary pressures and maintaining price stability. Suggest strategies for sustainable economic growth while managing inflation risks. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The Governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) is appointed by the Central Government.
2. Certain provisions in the Constitution of India give the Central Government the right to issue directions to the RBI in the public interest.
3. The Governor of the RBI draws his natural power from the RBI Act.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. Concerning the Indian economy, consider the following: (UPSC 2015)
Which of the above is/are component(s) of Monetary Policy? (a) 1 only (b) 2, 3 and 4 (c) 1 and 2 (d) 1, 3 and 4
3. An increase in Bank Rate generally indicates: (UPSC 2013) (a) Market rate of interest is likely to fall.
(b) Central bank is no longer making loans to commercial banks.
(c) Central bank is following an easy money policy.
(d) Central bank is following a tight money policy.
4. Which of the following statements is/are correct regarding the Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)? (UPSC 2017) 1. It decides the RBI's benchmark interest rates.
2. It is a 12-member body including the Governor of RBI and is reconstituted every year.
3. It functions under the chairmanship of the Union Finance Minister.
Select the correct answer using the code given below: A. 1 only B. 1 and 2 only C. 3 only D. 2 and 3 only 5. Read the following passage and answer the question that follows. Your answers to these items should be based on the passage only.
Policymakers and media have placed the blame for skyrocketing food prices on a variety of factors, including high fuel prices, bad weather in key food producing countries, and the diversion of land to non-food production. Increased emphasis, however, has been placed on a surge in demand for food from the most populous emerging economics. It seems highly probable that mass consumption in these countries could be well poised to create a food crisis.
With reference to the above passage, the following assumptions have been made: (UPSC 2021)
1. Oil producing countries are one of the reasons for high food prices.
2. If there is a food crisis in the world in the near future, it will be in the emerging economies. Which of the above assumptions is/are valid?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
6. India has experienced persistent and high food inflation in the recent past. What could be the reasons? (UPSC 2011)
1. Due to a gradual switchover to the cultivation of commercial crops, the area under the cultivation of food grains has steadily decreased in the last five years by about 30.
2. As a consequence of increasing incomes, the consumption patterns of the people have undergone a significant change.
3. The food supply chain has structural constraints.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
7. With reference to inflation in India, which of the following statements is correct? (UPSC 2015)
A. Controlling the inflation in India is the responsibility of the Government of India only
B. The Reserve Bank of India has no role in controlling the inflation
C. Decreased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
D. Increased money circulation helps in controlling the inflation
8. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-D, 4-A, 5-D, 6-B, 6-C, 7-B
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