GLOBAL INDICES FOR DEMOCRACY
2. Significance of Democracy Indices to India
- Challenges to Global Rating Assessments: India has consistently rejected global rating assessments across multiple domains, including democracy, press freedom, hunger, human development, and happiness. Foreign Minister S. Jaishankar, in 2021, denounced the creators of these indices as "self-appointed custodians," suggesting they might have ulterior motives rather than being objective evaluators.
- Critique of Democracy Assessments: The criticism against democracy assessments primarily revolves around perceived flaws in methodology, inadequate sample sizes, and allegations of cultural bias favouring subjective opinions over objective metrics. India's positioning in these indices, such as being ranked between Niger, governed by a military junta, and the Ivory Coast, as well as being in the same category as Palestine, raises questions about the validity and fairness of these assessments.
- India's Defense of Democratic Standards: Despite these challenges, Mr Jaishankar argues that any benchmark of democracy, whether it's fair elections or electoral participation, would suggest that India is performing on par with other democracies. This defence aims to showcase India's democratic credentials and challenge the negative portrayal presented by these indices.
3. Types of Data Utilized by Indices
Indices measuring democracy employ various methodologies, incorporating both factual and subjective elements. They draw upon four main types of data:
Debate Over Methodological Approaches: While the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights advocates for prioritizing observational, objective data to enhance the credibility and acceptance of assessments, some argue that fact-based metrics alone are insufficient. They contend that expert intervention is necessary to capture the complex realities of governance on the ground.
Evaluation Criteria and Dimensions of Democracy: Different indices pose varying questions and dimensions to evaluate the health of democracy beyond electoral participation. While all recognize democracy as a system where citizens participate in free and fair elections, indices like V-Dem's, Economist Intelligence Unit, and the Bertelsmann Transformation Index assess additional dimensions. These include:
- Participatory Democracy: Evaluating the functionality of citizen groups and civil society organizations.
- Deliberative Decision-Making: Assessing whether decisions are made in the best interest of all citizens rather than through coercion or minority group interests.
- Egalitarianism: Examining the equal distribution of economic and social resources.
Methodological Variations: The approach to measuring democracy varies widely among indices, with differences in the number of indicators used (ranging from two to over 400), as well as in the assigned weightage and aggregation models. For example, V-Dem researchers code indicators across 12 areas, including media, civil society, political parties, and civil liberties, with each area assessed by five experts.
4. Limitations of Democracy Indices
Despite their utility in capturing broad trends in democracy, democracy indices are subject to several limitations:
- Subjectivity in Evaluation: One of the most common criticisms is the inherent subjectivity involved in the assessment process. Evaluations rely on the judgment of researchers and coders rather than concrete characteristics, which can undermine credibility and precision. For example, V-Dem's "egalitarian" indicator evaluates the equality of social groups in the political arena, which can be a subjective measure compared to more tangible indicators like the number of political parties.
- Scope of Coverage: Many indices have limited coverage, focusing primarily on independent states and overlooking non-independent or microstates. This omission can lead to the oversight of smaller countries in certain cases, affecting the comprehensiveness of the assessments.
- Ideological Discrepancy: There is often perceived ideological bias in some indices, partly due to the ambiguous definition of democracy itself. For instance, countries like Lesotho, which experienced a military coup in 2014, may receive higher scores than others like India, leading to discrepancies in rankings.
No Singular Definition or Index: Democracy is a complex concept with no universally agreed-upon definition. Similarly, there is no singular, perfect democracy index. Each index may emphasize different aspects of democracy and use varied methodologies, making direct comparisons challenging.
Acknowledgement of Utility: Despite these limitations, experts recognize that democracy indices play a valuable role in capturing significant dynamics and trends in democracy. They provide a framework for benchmarking the strengths and weaknesses of regimes, facilitating comparisons across different periods and geographical regions.
5. The Way Forward
|
For Prelims: Democracy, democracy index, Varieties of Democracy
For Mains:
1. India has recently been critical of various Democracy Indices and plans to launch its own. What are the potential benefits and drawbacks of this approach? How can India constructively engage with existing Democracy Indices? (250 Words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements:
The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (UPSC 2013)
1. consists of not more than 25 members of the Lok Sabha.
2. scrutinizes appropriation and finance accounts of the Government.
3. examines the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
2. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC 2018)
A. Committee on Government Assurances
B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
C. Rules Committee
D. Business Advisory Committee
3. According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the event of a person being elected to both houses of Parliament, he has to notify within ______ days in which house he intends to function. (Delhi Police Constable 2020)
A. 22 B. 10 C. 20 D. 15
4. Democracy's superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into activity (UPSC 2017) A. the intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.
B. the methods for strengthening executive leadership.
C. a superior individual with dynamism and vision.
D. a band of dedicated party workers.
5. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018) 1. In the first Lok Sabha, the single largest party in the opposition was the Swatantra Party.
2. In the Lok Sabha, a "Leader of the Opposition" was recognized for the first time in 1969.
3. In the Lok Sabha, if a party does not have a minimum of 75 members, its leader cannot be recognized as the Leader of the Opposition.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
6. With reference to the Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022) 1. As per the Rules of Procedure and Conduct of Business in Lok Sabha, the election of Deputy Speaker shall be held on such date as the Speaker may fix.
2. There is a mandatory provision that the election of a candidate as Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha shall be from either the principal opposition party or the ruling party.
3. The Deputy Speaker has the same power as of the Speaker when presiding over the sitting of the House and no appeal lies against his rulings.
4. The well-established parliamentary practice regarding the appointment of a Deputy Speaker is that the motion is moved by the Speaker and duly seconded by the Prime Minister.
Which of the statements given above are correct? A. 1 and 3 only B. 1, 2 and 3 C. 3 and 4 only D. 2 and 4 only Answer: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B, 4-A, 5-B, 6-A
|
2. Specifications of Election Symbols
- Symbols are allocated to political parties and contesting candidates according to the provisions of the Symbols Order by the ECI. In a democracy where a significant portion of the population is illiterate, symbols play a vital role in the voting process. A recognized political party is assigned a reserved symbol that is not allotted to any other candidate in any constituency.
- For registered but unrecognised political parties, one of the free symbols is allotted as a common symbol during an election if that party contests in two Lok Sabha constituencies or in 5% of seats in the Assembly of a State, as applicable.
3. Allocation of Common Symbols
According to Rule 10B of the Symbols Order, a concession of a common free symbol is granted to a 'registered unrecognised party' for two general elections. To be eligible for a common symbol in subsequent elections, the party must have secured at least 1% of votes polled in the State during the previous election when availing of this facility. The party must apply for a symbol within six months before the expiry of the Lok Sabha or State Assembly term and symbols are allotted on a 'first-come-first-served' basis.
- Case of Naam Tamilar Katchi (NTK) Despite securing more than 1% of votes in the last two elections with the common symbol 'Ganna Kisan', the NTK applied for the symbol only in February 2024. The Election Commission of India (ECI) allotted the symbol to the Bharatiya Praja Aikyata Party (BPAP), which had applied earlier based on the 'first-come-first-served' rule. Notably, the BPAP has not contested elections in Tamil Nadu previously.
- The case of Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi (VCK) was denied the allotment of a common symbol because it failed to secure 1% of votes polled in the 2021 elections to the State Legislative Assembly. Despite having one Lok Sabha MP and four MLAs in Tamil Nadu contesting on the 'Pot' symbol in the 2019 and 2021 elections, the VCK's application for a common symbol was declined.
4. Addressing Symbol Allocation Issues
The Election Commission of India (ECI) should conduct a comprehensive review of the existing rules governing symbol allocation to ensure fairness and transparency in the process.
- Consideration of Electoral Performance: The ECI should consider amending the rules to give due weightage to the electoral performance of registered unrecognised parties. Parties that secure at least 1% of votes polled in a previous election or have elected representatives in the Lok Sabha or State Assembly should be eligible for the allocation of a common symbol of their choice.
- Ensuring Voter Understanding: To enhance voter understanding and trust in the electoral process, the ECI should ensure that decisions regarding symbol allocation are made in a manner that is easily comprehensible to the average voter. The current scenario, where parties with significant voter support are denied their preferred symbols, can be perplexing and may undermine confidence in the electoral system.
- Fair Representation: Amending the rules to allow registered unrecognised parties with a certain threshold of electoral support or elected representatives to choose a common symbol would promote fair representation in the democratic process. This would ensure that parties with genuine voter support are not disadvantaged due to procedural constraints.
- Strengthening Democratic Processes: By revising the rules to account for past electoral performance and representation, the ECI can contribute to strengthening democratic processes and fostering inclusivity in the political landscape. Fair and transparent symbol allocation mechanisms are essential for upholding the principles of democracy and ensuring equal opportunities for all political parties.
|
For Prelims: Election Commission of India, Election Symbols (Reservation and Allotment) Order, 1968
For Mains:
1. What is the significance of election symbols in a democracy with a large illiterate population? How can the Election Commission of India (ECI) balance the need for stability with fostering a vibrant political landscape through its symbol allocation policies? (250 Words)
2. A political party with a significant vote share is denied its preferred symbol due to a technicality. This can lead to confusion among voters and potentially undermine their trust in the electoral process. How can the ECI uphold ethical principles and ensure public confidence in its decisions regarding symbol allocation? (250 Words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2017) 1. The Election Commission of India is a five-member body.
2. Union Ministry of Home Affairs decides the election schedule for the conduct of both general elections and bye-elections.
3. Election Commission resolves the disputes relating to splits/mergers of recognised political parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 3 only 2. Consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021) 1. In India, there is no law restricting the candidates from contesting in one Lok Sabha election from three constituencies.
2. In the 1991 Lok Sabha Election, Shri Devi Lal contested from three Lok Sabha constituencies.
3. As per the- existing rules, if a candidate contests in one Lok Sabha election from many constituencies, his/her party should bear the cost of bye-elections to the constituencies vacated by him/her in the event of him/her winning in all the constituencies.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 2 and 3
Answers: 1-D, 2-B Mains 1. In the light of recent controversy regarding the use of Electronic Voting Machines (EVM), what are the challenges before the Election Commission of India to ensure the trustworthiness of elections in India? (UPSC 2018) |
INDUS VALLEY CIVILISATION (IVC)
- Cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira were meticulously planned, with advanced drainage systems, well-laid-out streets, and organized housing
- The civilization had extensive trade networks, evidenced by artifacts found in excavations, including seals, pottery, and ornaments. Trade routes extended to Mesopotamia, Afghanistan, and other regions
- The Indus script, found on seals and pottery, remains undeciphered, so our understanding of their language and writing system is limited
- Agriculture was the primary economic activity, with evidence of sophisticated irrigation systems and the cultivation of various crops like wheat, barley, and cotton.
- The civilization demonstrated remarkable craftsmanship in pottery, metallurgy, and city planning. They made significant advancements in bronze metallurgy, creating tools, weapons, and ornaments from copper and bronze
- Archaeological findings suggest a complex belief system with evidence of worship of various deities, including mother goddesses and male gods. The discovery of seals with animal motifs suggests a possible connection to ritual practices
- The reasons for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization are not entirely clear, but theories include environmental changes, such as drought or flooding, invasion, or the breakdown of trade networks. The civilization gradually declined around 1900 BCE to 1300 BCE
The Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) is typically divided into three main phases: the Early Harappan Phase, the Mature Harappan Phase, and the Late Harappan Phase. These phases mark the developmental stages of the civilization from its inception to its eventual decline.
-
Early Harappan Phase (3300 BCE - 2600 BCE):
- This phase represents the initial stages of urbanization and civilization in the Indus Valley region.
- Settlements during this phase were characterized by small villages with rudimentary forms of pottery and simple agricultural practices.
- Evidence of early forms of craft specialization and trade begins to emerge.
- Cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were not fully developed during this phase but show signs of early urban planning.
-
Mature Harappan Phase (2600 BCE - 1900 BCE):
- This phase marks the peak of the civilization, characterized by fully developed urban centers with advanced infrastructure.
- Cities such as Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Dholavira reached their zenith during this period, exhibiting sophisticated city planning, advanced drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes.
- Trade networks expanded, evidenced by the presence of Indus seals and artifacts found in Mesopotamia and other distant regions.
- The civilization reached its cultural and technological heights during this phase, with advancements in metallurgy, pottery, and arts.
- The Indus script was in use during this period, though it remains undeciphered.
-
Late Harappan Phase (1900 BCE - 1300 BCE):
- This phase marks the decline and eventual collapse of the Indus Valley Civilization.
- Urban centers began to decline, and many sites were abandoned or experienced a significant decrease in population.
- There is evidence of environmental stress, such as changes in river courses, possibly leading to agricultural decline.
- Increased evidence of conflict and invasions is noted, with some scholars suggesting that external pressures may have contributed to the civilization's decline.
- The Indus script disappears, and many of the distinctive features of the Mature Harappan Phase, such as standardized weights and measures, also vanish
The origins of the Indus Valley Civilization (IVC) are still subject to debate among historians and archaeologists. However, it is generally believed that the civilization emerged in the northwestern region of the Indian subcontinent, particularly in present-day Pakistan and northwest India, around 3300 BCE. The civilization likely emerged from earlier Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures in the region.
Town Planning:
- One of the most remarkable features of the Indus Valley Civilization was its advanced urban planning.
- Cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were carefully laid out with grid-like street patterns, well-organized residential and industrial areas, and sophisticated drainage systems.
- Buildings were constructed using standardized bricks, indicating a high level of central authority and organization.
Crafts:
- The Indus Valley Civilization was known for its skilled craftsmanship in various fields.
- Artifacts found at excavation sites include pottery, seals, sculptures, jewelry, and tools, showcasing the civilization's mastery of materials such as pottery, metal, and stone.
- The civilization also had a sophisticated system of weights and measures, indicating a well-developed economy and trade network.
Economy:
- Agriculture was the backbone of the economy, with the cultivation of crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and cotton.
- The civilization had extensive trade networks, both within the subcontinent and with regions as far as Mesopotamia.
- Indus seals, with inscriptions yet to be deciphered, were used for trade and administrative purposes, indicating the existence of a complex economic system.
Religion:
- The religious beliefs of the Indus Valley Civilization are not fully understood due to the lack of deciphered texts or inscriptions.
- However, archaeological evidence suggests the presence of a pantheon of deities, including mother goddesses and male gods, as well as animals such as bulls and elephants.
- Ritualistic practices, possibly including animal sacrifice, are inferred from archaeological findings.
Decline of the Civilization:
- The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization remains a subject of speculation and ongoing research.
- Various factors have been proposed, including environmental changes such as climate shifts, floods, or droughts, which may have led to agricultural decline.
- Some scholars suggest internal factors such as social unrest, political instability, or the exhaustion of natural resources.
- External factors such as invasion or conquest by Indo-Aryan tribes have also been proposed as contributing to the decline of urban centers.
- The decline of the Indus Valley Civilization was a gradual process, with urban centers being gradually abandoned and the civilization eventually giving way to new cultural and political entities in the region
In addition to the well-known sites in Pakistan such as Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, the Indus Valley Civilization also had significant sites in Gujarat and other parts of India. Some major sites in Gujarat and other regions of India associated with the Indus Valley Civilization include:
-
Lothal (Gujarat):
- Lothal is one of the most prominent Indus Valley sites located in Gujarat, India.
- It was a major center for trade and commerce, known for its dockyard, which is considered one of the earliest known examples of maritime architecture.
- The site also exhibits evidence of craft production, including pottery, metalwork, and bead making.
-
Dholavira (Gujarat):
- Dholavira is another significant Indus Valley site located in Gujarat.
- It is one of the largest and most well-preserved Harappan sites, known for its sophisticated urban planning and water management systems.
- The site features a fortified citadel, large reservoirs, and extensive city walls.
-
Kalibangan (Rajasthan):
- Kalibangan is an Indus Valley site located in Rajasthan, India.
- It is known for its distinctive fire altars and evidence of early ploughing techniques.
- The site also features a fortified settlement with well-planned streets and houses.
-
Rakhigarhi (Haryana):
- Rakhigarhi is one of the largest Indus Valley sites located in Haryana, India.
- It is believed to have been one of the largest settlements of the civilization, covering an area of over 350 hectares.
- Excavations at Rakhigarhi have revealed evidence of urban planning, including a well-structured drainage system and residential complexes.
-
Surkotada (Gujarat):
- Surkotada is an Indus Valley site located in Gujarat, India.
- It is known for its fortified settlement and evidence of both urban and rural life.
- Excavations at the site have revealed evidence of craft production, including pottery and metalwork
The script of the Indus Valley Civilization remains undeciphered, which means that scholars have not been able to fully understand or interpret the writing system used by the ancient Indus people. This script, often referred to as the Indus script, has been found on seals, pottery, and other artifacts excavated from various Indus Valley sites. Despite numerous attempts by linguists, archaeologists, and epigraphers over the years, the script remains a mystery, and its decipherment remains one of the most significant challenges in the study of the civilization.
Regarding religion, our understanding of the religious beliefs and practices of the Indus Valley Civilization is also limited due to the lack of deciphered texts or inscriptions, as well as the absence of monumental architecture or temples typically associated with later ancient civilizations.
However, archaeological evidence provides some clues about the religious aspects of the civilization:
-
Iconography: Seals and terracotta figurines found at Indus Valley sites depict various animals, including bulls, elephants, rhinoceroses, and tigers, as well as human-like figures. These images suggest the presence of a diverse pantheon of deities.
-
Mother Goddess: One of the most prominent motifs in Indus Valley art is that of the female deity, often referred to as the "Mother Goddess." This figure is depicted seated in a posture of reverence, suggesting her importance in religious beliefs.
-
Animal Worship: The presence of animal motifs on seals and other artifacts suggests that certain animals may have held religious significance. Bulls, in particular, are depicted in various contexts and may have been objects of veneration or worship.
-
Ritualistic Practices: Archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of fire altars and the presence of ritual baths in some Indus Valley sites, suggests the performance of ritualistic practices. These may have included offerings, sacrifices, or purification rituals.
-
Water Symbolism: Water management systems, including wells, reservoirs, and drainage systems, were integral to the urban planning of Indus Valley cities. The significance of water in daily life and its possible religious symbolism have been proposed by scholars
The craft, technology, and artifacts of the Indus Valley Civilization reveal a sophisticated and advanced society with remarkable skills in various fields.
Here are some key aspects:
-
Pottery: The pottery of the Indus Valley Civilization was finely made and displayed a high level of craftsmanship. It was often wheel-thrown and decorated with intricate designs, including geometric patterns, animal motifs, and plant motifs.
-
Metalwork: Metalwork was another significant aspect of craft in the Indus Valley Civilization. Copper and bronze were the primary metals used, and craftsmen created a variety of objects, including tools, weapons, ornaments, and vessels. Bronze figurines and statues have also been found at excavation sites.
-
Seals: Indus seals are among the most distinctive artifacts of the civilization. These seals were typically made of steatite and engraved with intricate designs, including depictions of animals, humans, and mythical creatures. They were used for various purposes, including trade, administrative, and possibly religious functions.
-
Bead Making: The Indus Valley Civilization was known for its bead making, with beads crafted from materials such as stone, shell, faience, and metal. These beads were used for personal adornment, trade, and possibly religious rituals.
-
Urban Planning: The technology and urban planning skills of the Indus people are evident in the layout of their cities, which featured well-planned streets, drainage systems, and standardized brick sizes. Cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa are prime examples of their advanced urban planning.
-
Water Management: The civilization had sophisticated water management systems, including wells, reservoirs, and drainage systems. These systems allowed for efficient storage and distribution of water, crucial for sustaining urban life in arid regions.
-
Weights and Measures: The Indus Valley Civilization used standardized weights and measures, as evidenced by the discovery of precision-made weights and measuring instruments. This suggests a high level of organization in trade and commerce.
-
Art and Sculpture: The civilization produced a variety of art and sculpture, including terracotta figurines, pottery, seals, and sculptures depicting human and animal figures. These artifacts provide insight into the artistic and cultural life of the Indus people
- The Indus Valley Civilization engaged in extensive trade networks, both within the Indian subcontinent and with regions as far as Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq), Afghanistan, Oman, and the Persian Gulf. Archaeological evidence, such as the discovery of Indus seals and artifacts in distant regions, indicates the extent of these trade connections
- Indus seals, typically made of steatite, were used as markers of ownership and for administrative purposes. These seals often depicted animals, mythical creatures, and inscriptions in the Indus script. Many of these seals have been found in Mesopotamia, suggesting the presence of trade links between the two regions
- The Indus Valley Civilization imported and exported a wide range of goods. Imports included precious stones (such as lapis lazuli), metals (such as copper and tin), wood, and luxury items. Exports included pottery, textiles, beads, jewelry, and possibly agricultural products
- Excavations at sites such as Shortugai in northern Afghanistan and Lothal in Gujarat, India, have revealed the presence of Harappan trade colonies or outposts. These settlements served as centers for trade and commerce, facilitating the exchange of goods between the Indus Valley and neighboring regions
- The presence of a well-developed dockyard at Lothal suggests that maritime trade played a significant role in the Indus Valley Civilization's economy. Ships from Lothal likely sailed to the Arabian Sea and beyond, facilitating trade with coastal and overseas regions
- Trade contacts also facilitated cultural exchange between the Indus Valley Civilization and other regions. The presence of Mesopotamian artifacts in the Indus Valley and vice versa indicates the exchange of ideas, technologies, and artistic motifs
- The Indus Valley Civilization's ability to engage in long-distance trade indicates a level of economic organization and navigational skill. This trade not only contributed to the economy but also enriched the cultural diversity of the region
The decline and eventual end of the Indus Valley Civilization remain subjects of scholarly debate and ongoing research.
While the exact causes are not fully understood, several factors have been proposed:
-
Environmental Changes: Some scholars suggest that environmental factors, such as changes in the course of rivers, climate shifts, droughts, or floods, may have contributed to the decline of the civilization. These environmental changes could have disrupted agricultural practices and led to food shortages and population displacement.
-
Aryan Migration and Invasion: The arrival of Indo-Aryan tribes from Central Asia into the Indian subcontinent around the end of the Indus Valley Civilization is considered by some scholars as a possible factor in its decline. These migrations and invasions might have resulted in conflicts, disruptions to trade networks, and the collapse of urban centers.
-
Internal Decline: Internal factors such as social unrest, political instability, or the breakdown of centralized authority could have contributed to the decline of the civilization. Some evidence suggests the possibility of social stratification or the emergence of elites, which may have led to tensions within society.
-
Economic Factors: Economic factors, such as the exhaustion of natural resources, trade disruptions, or the decline of urban centers as economic hubs, may have played a role in the civilization's decline. Changes in trade routes or the emergence of new economic centers could have marginalized the Indus Valley cities.
-
Cultural Changes: Shifts in cultural practices, beliefs, or social structures within the Indus Valley Civilization could have contributed to its decline. The spread of new religious or ideological movements, changes in trade partners, or the integration of different cultural groups may have altered the social fabric of society
|
For Prelims: History of India
For Mains: GS-I: Art and Culture
|
KATCHATHEEVU ISLAND
2. Location of Katchatheevu Island
Katchatheevu is a small, uninhabited island covering 285 acres situated in the Palk Strait, positioned between India and Sri Lanka. It measures approximately 1.6 kilometres in length and slightly over 300 meters wide at its widest point.
- The island is located northeast of Rameswaram, around 33 kilometres from the Indian coastline. It is situated approximately 62 kilometres southwest of Jaffna, which is at the northern tip of Sri Lanka. Moreover, Katchatheevu is about 24 kilometres away from Delft Island, an inhabited island that belongs to Sri Lanka.
- The notable feature on Katchatheevu Island is the St. Anthony’s Church, built in the early 20th century. This Catholic shrine holds cultural and religious importance, especially during its annual festival. Christian priests from both India and Sri Lanka conduct services during this festival, attracting devotees from both countries who make pilgrimages to the island. In 2023, around 2,500 Indians travelled from Rameswaram to participate in this significant event.
- Despite its religious and cultural significance, Katchatheevu is not suitable for permanent human settlement due to the absence of a reliable source of drinking water on the island. This limitation restricts any long-term habitation on the island, making it primarily a site for occasional religious gatherings and pilgrimages.
.jpg)
3. Historical Background of Katchatheevu Island
Katchatheevu Island, formed as a result of a volcanic eruption in the 14th century, holds a relatively recent place in the geological timeline.
- During the early medieval period, Katchatheevu was under the control of the Jaffna kingdom of Sri Lanka. However, by the 17th century, control shifted to the Ramnad Zamindari, which was based in Ramanathapuram, approximately 55 kilometres northwest of Rameswaram.
- With the advent of colonial rule, Katchatheevu became part of the Madras Presidency under the British administration. In 1921, both India and Sri Lanka, then British colonies, laid claim to Katchatheevu to delineate fishing boundaries in the region.
- A survey conducted during this period marked Katchatheevu as part of Sri Lanka. However, a British delegation from India contested this claim, asserting ownership of the island by the Ramnad kingdom.
- The dispute over the ownership of Katchatheevu persisted until 1974 when a final resolution was reached. This resolution marked a significant milestone in clarifying the status of the island and delineating the maritime boundaries between India and Sri Lanka.
4. Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement and Fishing Rights
In 1974, efforts were made by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi to resolve the maritime border dispute between India and Sri Lanka permanently. This initiative led to the establishment of the 'Indo-Sri Lankan Maritime Agreement,' which resulted in the cession of Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka by India.
- Under the agreement, Indira Gandhi decided to "cede" Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka, perceiving the island to hold little strategic value for India. This move was intended to strengthen diplomatic ties between the two neighbouring countries.
- Despite ceding the island, Indian fishermen were granted continued access to Katchatheevu as per the agreement, maintaining their traditional fishing practices in the region. However, the agreement did not explicitly address the issue of fishing rights, leading to subsequent challenges and differing interpretations.
- Sri Lanka interpreted Indian fishermen's access to Katchatheevu as limited to activities such as resting, drying nets, and visiting the Catholic shrine, without requiring a visa. This interpretation created ambiguity regarding the extent of fishing rights granted to Indian fishermen in the waters surrounding Katchatheevu.
- In 1976, another agreement during India's Emergency period further complicated matters by prohibiting both countries from fishing in each other's Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs). However, Katchatheevu lies at the boundary of both countries' EEZs, adding to the uncertainty surrounding fishing rights and activities in the region.
- The agreements made in the 1970s regarding Katchatheevu and fishing rights have left unresolved issues, contributing to periodic tensions and disputes between Indian fishermen and Sri Lankan authorities. The lack of clear delineation and mutual understanding regarding fishing access around Katchatheevu continues to be a contentious issue between India and Sri Lanka.
5. Impact of the Sri Lankan Civil War on Katchatheevu
The period between 1983 and 2009 was marked by the Sri Lankan Civil War, during which the border dispute involving Katchatheevu took a back seat amidst the intense conflict.
- During the civil war, Sri Lankan naval forces were primarily focused on combating the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE) based in Jaffna. This preoccupation allowed Indian fishermen to venture deep into Sri Lankan waters without significant repercussions. Incursions by Indian fishermen, especially using larger trawlers, became common during this time. These activities led to tensions as they not only overfished but also caused damage to Sri Lankan fishing equipment and vessels.
- The end of the civil war in 2009 brought about significant changes. Sri Lanka bolstered its maritime defences and shifted its attention to issues such as illegal fishing activities by Indian fishermen.
- Indian fishermen, facing resource depletion in Indian waters, continued to venture into Sri Lankan waters as they had done for years. However, with increased surveillance and stricter enforcement post-civil war, they began facing arrests and other consequences by the Sri Lankan navy.
- To this day, the Sri Lankan navy regularly apprehends Indian fishermen for illegal fishing activities in Sri Lankan waters. Incidents of alleged custodial torture and deaths have also been reported, further complicating the situation. Each such incident reignites demands to revisit the issue of Katchatheevu and its impact on fishing rights and maritime boundaries between India and Sri Lanka. The historical context of the island's ownership and fishing rights continues to be a source of contention and debate between the two nations.
6. Tamil Nadu's Stance on Katchatheevu
The issue of Katchatheevu holds significant political and emotional weight in Tamil Nadu, with successive governments and leaders advocating for its retrieval and the restoration of fishing rights for Tamil fishermen.
- The decision to "cede" Katchatheevu to Sri Lanka in 1974 without consulting the Tamil Nadu state assembly sparked immediate protests. This decision was seen as infringing on traditional fishing rights and livelihoods of Indian Tamil fishermen, given the historical ties of the Ramnad Zamindari to the island.
- The Tamil Nadu Assembly has consistently demanded the retrieval of Katchatheevu and the restoration of fishing rights. Leaders like J Jayalalitha and MK Stalin, among others, have actively pursued this agenda through legal and diplomatic channels.
- In 2008, Jayalalitha filed a petition arguing that ceding Katchatheevu required a constitutional amendment and had adversely affected fishermen's rights. Similar efforts were made by other leaders, including appeals to the Supreme Court.
- Despite Tamil Nadu's persistent demands, the Union government's stance has remained unchanged. It asserts that since Katchatheevu has been under dispute historically, no territorial or sovereignty claims were ceded.
- While there is vocal demand for Katchatheevu's retrieval, practical challenges hinder such efforts. The Union government has pointed out that revisiting Katchatheevu's status would require drastic measures, potentially leading to diplomatic complexities or conflict.
7. The Way Forward
|
For Prelims: India-Sri Lanka, Katchatheevu island, LTTE, Sri Lanka Civil War, Exclusive Economic Zones
For Mains:
1. The Katchatheevu dispute highlights the complexities of maritime border demarcation. How can India ensure the security of its fishermen and promote sustainable fishing practices in the Palk Strait? (250 words)
2. You are a senior diplomat tasked with finding a solution to the Katchatheevu dispute. Outline a framework for negotiations that considers the historical, economic, and social aspects of the issue. (250 words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. Katchatheevu Island was ceded by India to which Country in 1974 (SSC CPO 2017)
A. Sri Lanka B.Maldives C.Indonesia D.Myanmar
2. With reference to the United Nations Convention on the Law of Sea, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. A coastal state has the right to establish the breadth of its territorial sea up to a limit not exceeding 12 nautical miles, measured from baseline determined in accordance with the convention.
2. Ships of all states, whether coastal or land-locked, enjoy the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea.
3. The Exclusive Economic zone shall not extend beyond 200 nautical miles from the baseline from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A.1 and 2 only B.2 and 3 only C.1 and 3 only D.1, 2 and 3
Answers: 1-A, 2-D
|
PURCHASING MANAGERS INDEX (PMI)
- PMI is typically calculated through surveys of purchasing managers in various industries. These managers are asked about their perception of different aspects of business activity, including new orders, production levels, employment, supplier deliveries, and inventories.
- PMI is usually reported as a number between 0 and 100.
- A PMI value above 50 generally indicates expansion in the sector, while a value below 50 suggests contraction. The farther the PMI is from 50, the stronger the perceived expansion or contraction.
- PMI is considered a leading indicator because it provides insights into economic conditions before official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures, are released. It can be used to anticipate changes in economic activity.
- PMIs are calculated separately for manufacturing and services sectors. A Manufacturing PMI focuses on the manufacturing sector, while a Services PMI provides insights into the services sector. These sector-specific PMIs can give a more detailed view of the economy.
Components: PMI is composed of several components, including:
- New Orders: This component measures the number of new orders received by businesses. An increase in new orders often signals growing demand and economic expansion.
- Production: This component reflects changes in production levels. An increase suggests increased economic activity.
- Employment: The employment component indicates changes in the level of employment within the sector. An increase typically means job growth.
- Supplier Deliveries: This measures the speed at which suppliers can deliver materials. Slower deliveries may indicate supply chain issues or increased demand.
- Inventories: Inventory levels can be an indicator of expected demand. A decrease in inventories might suggest an expectation of rising demand.
- The Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI) is a significant economic indicator with several important implications and uses
- PMI serves as a barometer of the economic health of a country or region. A PMI above 50 generally indicates economic expansion, while a PMI below 50 suggests contraction.
- This provides a quick and easily understandable snapshot of the direction of economic activity, making it a valuable tool for assessing the overall economic climate.
- PMI is a leading indicator, meaning it often provides insights into economic conditions ahead of other official economic data, such as GDP growth or employment figures. As such, it is used by businesses, investors, and policymakers to anticipate changes in economic activity and make informed decisions
|
Previous Year Questions
1.What does S & P 500 relate to? (UPSC CSE 2008) (a) Supercomputer Answer: (d) |
CHINA-PAKISTAN ECONOMIC CORRIDOR (CPEC)
1. Context
2. About China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is a bilateral project between China and Pakistan that aims to connect the Gwadar Port in Balochistan, Pakistan to Kashgar in Xinjiang, China via a network of highways, railways, and pipelines.
- The project is part of China's Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which is a massive infrastructure development program that aims to create new trade and investment links between China and the rest of the world.
2.1. Objectives of CPEC
- CPEC aims to enhance economic cooperation between China and Pakistan by promoting trade, investment, and economic growth.
- It seeks to strengthen the economic ties between the two countries.
- Pakistan faces chronic energy shortages, and CPEC addresses this issue through the development of energy projects, including coal, hydro, and solar power plants.
- These projects are vital for meeting Pakistan's growing energy demands.
- CPEC includes the construction of new highways, railways, and pipelines.
- This improved infrastructure is essential for facilitating the movement of goods and people, reducing transportation costs, and promoting regional connectivity.
2.2. Components of CPEC
- Gwadar Port is a central component of CPEC. It is located in Balochistan and is being developed into a deep-sea port and regional trade hub.
- Gwadar's strategic location provides China with access to the Arabian Sea, which is significant for its maritime trade.
- CPEC involves the construction and upgrading of transportation networks.
- This includes the development of the Karakoram Highway, the construction of the Gwadar-Ratodero Motorway, and the expansion of railway lines connecting Gwadar to China's western regions.
- Energy infrastructure is a critical part of CPEC. Several power projects, including coal-fired, hydroelectric, and solar power plants, are being developed to address Pakistan's energy deficit.
- These projects enhance energy security and promote economic development.
- CPEC envisions the establishment of Special Economic Zones in various regions of Pakistan.
- These SEZs are designed to attract Chinese and other foreign investors by offering tax incentives, infrastructure, and a conducive business environment.
2.3. Strategic Significance
- CPEC offers China a shorter and more secure route for its energy imports from the Middle East, reducing its reliance on the longer sea route through the Strait of Malacca.
- This enhances China's energy security, a vital consideration for its economic growth.
- China's investments and presence in Pakistan through CPEC strengthen its geopolitical influence in South Asia.
- It provides Beijing with a stake in the region's stability and development.
- Gwadar Port gives China access to the Arabian Sea and the Indian Ocean, enabling it to bypass potential chokepoints in the South China Sea.
- This has implications for China's naval presence in the Indian Ocean.
3. Impact on India
- CPEC has been a source of significant geopolitical tension between India and Pakistan.
- A portion of CPEC passes through Pakistan-administered Gilgit-Baltistan, which India claims as part of its own territory.
- India views this as a violation of its sovereignty and has protested against the project, further straining Indo-Pak relations.
- India perceives CPEC as part of China's broader strategy to encircle India by strengthening its presence in neighbouring countries.
- This perceived encirclement has led to increased security concerns for India.
- To counterbalance China's influence in the region, India has pursued its own regional connectivity initiatives.
- These include the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) and the Chabahar Port project in Iran.
- India is also deepening its engagement with other South Asian countries to maintain its influence.
- India is concerned about the security implications of CPEC. The corridor passes through regions of Pakistan that have experienced instability and terrorism, raising fears that extremist elements could target CPEC infrastructure.
- CPEC's potential to boost Pakistan's economy and its strategic location as a trade corridor poses economic challenges for India.
- It has the potential to divert trade away from India and impact India's economic interests in the region.
- India has engaged in diplomatic efforts to voice its concerns about CPEC on various international platforms.
- However, these efforts have yielded limited results, as many countries have chosen to engage with CPEC due to its economic potential.
4. Way forward
- The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) has far-reaching implications for India, affecting both its geopolitical and economic interests.
- India's concerns about sovereignty, security, and the economic impact of CPEC have led to a complex and challenging dynamic in its relations with both China and Pakistan.
- As CPEC continues to evolve and shape the regional landscape, India will need to carefully navigate these challenges while seeking to protect its own interests and explore alternative avenues for regional cooperation and connectivity.
|
For Prelims: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, energy, water management, climate change, Belt and Road Initiative, Special Economic Zones, International North-South Transport Corridor, Chabahar Port,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the challenges and opportunities presented by CPEC for India in the context of regional cooperation and economic competitiveness. How can India navigate these challenges effectively? (250 Words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
Prelims:
1. Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2016) (a) African Union Answer: D 2. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change recently published the draft Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Notification, in 2020. Which of the following statements is correct about EIA? (Punjab Civil Service 2020)
1. It predicts the effect of a proposed industrial/infrastructural project on the environment.
2. It prevents the proposed activity/project from being approved without proper oversight or taking adverse consequences into account.
3. It compares various alternatives for a project and seeks to identify the one which represents the best combination of economic and environmental costs and benefits.
4. As per the new notification, Coal and non-Coal mineral prospecting and solar photovoltaic projects do not need prior environmental clearance.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. Only 1 and 2
B. Only 2, 3 and 4
C. Only 1, 2 and 3
D. Only 1, 2 and 4
Answer: D
3. In the context of India’s preparation for Climate -Smart Agriculture, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. The ‘Climate-Smart Village’ approach in India is part of a project led by the Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS), an international research program.
2. The project of CCAFS is carried out under the Consultative Group on International Agricultural (CGIAR) headquartered in France.
3. The International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) in India is one of the CGIAR’s research centers.
Which of the statements given above is correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
4. With reference to the water on the planet Earth, consider the following statements : (UPSC 2021)
1. The amount of water in the rivers and lakes is more than the amount of groundwater.
2. The amount of water in polar ice caps and glaciers is more than the amount of groundwater.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
5. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. 36% of India's districts are classified as "overexploited" or "critical" by the Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA).
2. CGWA was formed under the Environment (Protection) Act.
3. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 2 only
D. 1 and 3 only
6. Consider the following statements:
1. On the planet Earth, the freshwater available for use amounts to less than 1% of the total water found.
2. Of the total freshwater found on the planet Earth 95% is bound up in polar ice caps and glaciers.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
7. Special Economic Zones (SEZ) have been created first time in the: (OPSC OAS 2019)
A. EXIM Policy, 2000
B. EXIM Policy, 2005
C. Industrial Policy, 1956
D. Industrial Policy, 1991
Answer: A
8. Consider the statement: "India wants Chabahar port to be included in the 13-nations International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) that extends from India to Russia." Which of the following country/countries is/are members of INSTC? (Haryana Civil Services 2021)
1. Iran
2. Iraq
3. China
4. Mongolia
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 and 4 only D. 1, 3 and 4
Answer: A
9. What is the importance of developing Chabahar Port by India? (UPSC CSE 2017)
A. India's trade with African countries will enormously increase.
B. India's relations with oil-producing Arab countries will be strengthened.
C. India will not depend on Pakistan for access to Afghanistan and Central Asia.
D. Pakistan will facilitate and protect the installation of a gas pipe between Iraq and India.
Answer: C
Mains
1. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC CSE 2018) 2. China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for the development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India’s security? Critically examine. (UPSC CSE 2014) 3. “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (UPSC CSE 2017) |
