GOODS AND SERVICE TAX (GST)
1. Context
Gross Goods and Services Tax (GST) revenue hit its second-highest level of ₹1,78,484 crore in March, even as the pace of growth in collections slowed to 11.5%, from February’s 12.5%. This lifted the tally for 2023-24 by 11.6% to a little over ₹20.18 lakh crore.
2. What is the Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
- The Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a value-added tax levied on the supply of goods and services at each stage of the production and distribution chain. It is a comprehensive indirect tax that aims to replace multiple indirect taxes imposed by the central and state governments in India.
- GST is designed to simplify the tax structure, eliminate the cascading effect of taxes, and create a unified national market. Under the GST system, both goods and services are taxed at multiple rates based on the nature of the product or service. The tax is collected at each stage of the supply chain, and businesses are allowed to claim a credit for the taxes paid on their inputs.
- The GST system in India came into effect on July 1, 2017, replacing a complex tax structure that included central excise duty, service tax, and state-level taxes like VAT (Value Added Tax), among others. The GST Council, consisting of representatives from the central and state governments, is responsible for making decisions on various aspects of GST, including tax rates and rules.
- GST is intended to create a more transparent and efficient tax system, reduce tax evasion, and promote economic growth by fostering a seamless flow of goods and services across the country. It has a significant impact on businesses, as they need to comply with the new tax regulations and maintain detailed records of their transactions for GST filing
3.Goods and Services Tax (GST) and 101st Amendment Act, 2016
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was introduced through the 101st Amendment Act of 2016. This constitutional amendment was a crucial step in the implementation of GST, which aimed to create a unified and comprehensive indirect tax system across the country.
Here are some key points related to the 101st Amendment Act and GST:
- The 101st Amendment Act was enacted to amend the Constitution of India to pave the way for the introduction of the Goods and Services Tax.
- It added a new article, Article 246A, which confers concurrent powers to both the central and state governments to levy and collect GST
- The amendment led to the creation of the GST Council, a constitutional body consisting of representatives from the central and state governments. The council is responsible for making recommendations on GST rates, exemptions, and other related issues
- The amendment introduced a dual GST structure, where both the central government and the state governments have the power to levy and collect GST on the supply of goods and services
- For inter-state transactions, the 101st Amendment Act provides that the central government would levy and collect the Integrated Goods and Services Tax (IGST), which would be a sum total of the central and state GST
- The amendment also included a provision for compensating states for any revenue loss they might incur due to the implementation of GST for a period of five years
The 101st Amendment Act was a critical legislative step that provided the constitutional framework for the implementation of GST in India. It addressed the need for a unified tax system, simplifying the tax structure and promoting a common market across the country. The subsequent establishment of the GST Council has played a pivotal role in the ongoing management and evolution of the GST system in India
4. What are the different types of Goods and Services Tax (GST)?
In India, the Goods and Services Tax (GST) is structured into different tax rates based on the nature of the goods and services. As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, the GST rates are divided into multiple slabs. It's important to note that tax rates may be subject to changes, and new amendments could have been introduced since then. As of my last update, the GST rates are as follows:
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Nil Rate:
- Some goods and services are categorized under the nil rate, meaning they attract a 0% GST. This implies that no tax is levied on the supply of these goods or services.
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5% Rate:
- This is a lower rate, applicable to essential goods such as certain food items, medical supplies, and other basic necessities.
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12% Rate:
- Goods and services falling in this category attract a 12% GST rate. Items such as mobile phones, processed foods, and certain services fall under this slab.
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18% Rate:
- A higher rate of 18% is applicable to goods and services such as electronic items, capital goods, and various services.
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28% Rate:
- The highest GST rate of 28% is applied to luxury items, automobiles, and certain goods and services that are considered non-essential or fall into the luxury category.
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Compensation Cess:
- In addition to the above rates, some specific goods attract a compensation cess, which is levied to compensate the states for any revenue loss during the transition to GST. This is often applied to items like tobacco and luxury cars.
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Zero Rate:
- Certain categories of goods and services may be specified as "zero-rated," which means they are effectively taxed at 0%. This is different from the nil rate, as it allows businesses to claim input tax credit on inputs, capital goods, and input services.
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Exempt Supplies:
- Some goods and services may be exempt from GST altogether. This means that they are not subject to any GST, and businesses cannot claim input tax credit on related inputs
5.Central GST (CGST), State GST (SGST), Union territory GST (UTGST) and Integrated GST (IGST)
| Subject | Central GST (CGST) | State GST (SGST) | Union Territory GST (UTGST) | Integrated GST (IGST) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Levied by | Central Government | Respective State Governments | Union Territory Administrations | Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
| Applicability | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-state supplies (within the same state) | On intra-union territory supplies (within the same union territory) | On inter-state supplies (across states or union territories) |
| Rate Determination | Determined by the Central Government | Determined by the Respective State Government | Determined by the Union Territory Administration | IGST rate is a sum of CGST and SGST rates |
| Revenue Collection | Collected by the Central Government | Collected by the Respective State Government | Collected by the Union Territory Administration | Collected by the Central Government (on inter-state transactions) |
| Utilization of Revenue | Shared between Central and State Governments | Retained by the Respective State Government | Retained by the Union Territory Administration | Shared between Central and State Governments |
| Purpose | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover central taxes | Part of the dual GST structure, meant to cover state taxes | Applicable in union territories for intra-territory supplies | Applied to regulate and tax inter-state supplies |
| Input Tax Credit (ITC) | ITC available for CGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for SGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for UTGST paid on inputs and services | ITC available for both CGST and SGST paid on inputs |
| Tax Jurisdiction | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular state | Applies within a particular union territory | Applies to transactions across states and union territories |
| GSTN Portal for Filing Returns | Central GSTN portal | State-specific GSTN portals | UTGSTN portal | Integrated GSTN portal |
6.What are the benefits of Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India?
The Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India was implemented with the aim of bringing about significant reforms in the indirect tax structure. Several benefits have been associated with the introduction of GST.
Here are some key advantages:
- GST replaced multiple indirect taxes levied by the central and state governments, simplifying the tax structure. This streamlined system reduces the complexity of compliance for businesses
- GST eliminates the cascading effect of taxes, where taxes are levied on top of other taxes. With a seamless credit mechanism, businesses can claim input tax credit on the taxes paid on their purchases, leading to a more transparent and efficient system
- GST has facilitated the creation of a common national market by harmonizing tax rates and regulations across states. This has reduced trade barriers and promoted the free flow of goods and services throughout the country
- The GST system has incorporated technology-driven processes, including electronic filing and real-time reporting, making it harder for businesses to evade taxes. This has contributed to increased tax compliance
- The input tax credit mechanism under GST benefits manufacturers, as they can claim credits for taxes paid on raw materials and input services. This has a positive impact on the cost of production and enhances the competitiveness of Indian goods in the international market
- GST brings transparency to the taxation system. The online filing of returns and the availability of transaction-level data make it easier for tax authorities to monitor and track transactions, reducing the scope for corruption
- GST has replaced a complex system of filing multiple tax returns with a more straightforward mechanism. Businesses now need to file fewer returns, reducing the compliance burden
- The implementation of GST has contributed to an improvement in the ease of doing business in India. The unified tax system has made it simpler for businesses to operate across states and has reduced the paperwork and bureaucratic hurdles associated with tax compliance
- GST has led to the harmonization of tax rates across states and union territories, minimizing the tax rate disparities that existed earlier. This creates a more predictable tax environment for businesses
7.Goods and Services Tax (GST)-Issues and Challenge
- Despite the intention to simplify the tax structure, the multi-tiered rate system (0%, 5%, 12%, 18%, and 28%) and the inclusion of cess on certain goods have introduced complexity. The classification of goods and services under different tax slabs can be challenging, leading to disputes and confusion
- The successful implementation of GST relies heavily on technology. Issues such as technical glitches on the GSTN (Goods and Services Tax Network) portal, especially during the initial phases, have caused difficulties for businesses in filing returns and complying with regulations
- The compliance requirements for businesses under GST, including multiple returns filing, have been perceived as burdensome. Smaller businesses, in particular, may find it challenging to adapt to the new system and comply with the various provisions
- The transition from the previous tax regime to GST posed challenges, especially for businesses in terms of understanding the new tax structure, reconfiguring accounting systems, and ensuring a smooth transition of credits from the old tax system to the GST system
- The classification of certain goods and services into specific tax slabs has been a source of contention. Ambiguities in classification have led to disputes and litigations, with businesses seeking clarity on the applicable tax rates
- The implementation of GST has increased compliance costs for businesses due to the need for sophisticated IT infrastructure, the hiring of tax professionals, and efforts to ensure accurate reporting and filing
- Challenges related to availing and matching input tax credits have been reported. Timely matching of credits and resolving discrepancies can be cumbersome, leading to concerns about the seamless flow of credit across the supply chain
- The anti-profiteering provisions were introduced to ensure that businesses pass on the benefits of reduced tax rates to consumers. However, the implementation of anti-profiteering measures has been criticized for its complexity and potential for disputes
- The periodic changes in the GST return filing system have created challenges for businesses in adapting their processes. Delays and complexities in return filing can affect working capital management
8.Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council)
The Goods and Services Tax Council (GST Council) is a constitutional body in India that makes recommendations on the Goods and Services Tax (GST). It was established under the Constitution (122nd Amendment) Act, 2016, which introduced the GST in India
The GST Council consists of the following members:
- The Union Finance Minister, who is the Chairperson of the Council.
- The Union Minister of State in charge of revenue or any other Minister of State nominated by the Union Government.
- One Minister from each state, nominated by the Governor of that state.
- The Chief Secretary of each state, ex-officio.
- If the President, on the recommendation of the Council, so directs, one representative of each Union territory which has a legislature, to be nominated by the Lieutenant Governor of that Union territory.
- Three to seven members (other than Ministers) to be nominated by the Union Government, of whom at least one member shall be from the field of economics and another from the field of chartered accountancy, legal affairs or public finance
9. Way forward
It's important to note that the composition and structure of the GST Council may evolve over time, and there might have been changes since my last update in January 2022. To obtain the latest and most accurate information about the GST Council and its members, it is recommended to refer to official government sources or recent announcements by the relevant authorities
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For Prelims: Economic and Social Development and Indian Polity and Governance
For Mains: General Studies II: Functions and responsibilities of the Union and the States, issues and challenges pertaining to the federal structure, devolution of powers and finances up to local levels and challenges therein
General Studies III: Inclusive growth and issues arising from it |
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which of the following are true of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) introduced in India in recent times? (UGC Paper II 2020)
A. It is a destination tax
B. It benefits producing states more
C. It benefits consuming states more
D. It is a progressive taxation
E. It is an umbrella tax to improve ease of doing business
Choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:
A.B, D and E only
B.A, C and D only
C.A, D and E only
D.A, C and E only
Answer (D)
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Source: Indianexpress
GREEN REVOLUTION
1. Context
With wheat stocks in government godowns, at 9.7 million tonnes on March 1, the lowest in seven years for this date, all eyes are on the crop about to be marketed. For now, a bumper harvest seems to be in the offing, at least in Punjab, Haryana, UP and Bihar
2. Green Revolution
The Green Revolution refers to a series of agricultural advancements and initiatives that took place in the mid-20th century, primarily during the 1960s and 1970s.
These developments had a profound impact on global agriculture, particularly in developing countries, and were aimed at increasing food production to address issues of food scarcity and hunger
The Green Revolution had a significant impact on India, which was previously a food-deficient country.
The introduction of high-yielding varieties of wheat and rice led to a dramatic increase in agricultural production, helping to alleviate poverty and hunger. India also became self-sufficient in food production
3. Key Features of Green Revolution
Key features and components of the Green Revolution include:
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Introduction of High-Yielding Varieties (HYVs): One of the central elements of the Green Revolution was the development and widespread adoption of high-yielding crop varieties, particularly for wheat and rice. These new varieties produced significantly higher yields per acre compared to traditional varieties.
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Use of Modern Farming Techniques: Alongside HYVs, the Green Revolution promoted the use of modern agricultural practices, including the use of synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation. These technologies helped boost crop yields.
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Expansion of Irrigation: Increasing access to irrigation was a critical component of the Green Revolution. Irrigation allowed for better water management and more consistent crop production.
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Access to Credit and Infrastructure: The Green Revolution often included measures to provide farmers with access to credit, improved transportation, and marketing infrastructure to support their increased agricultural production.
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Research and Education: Government and international organizations invested in agricultural research and extension services to disseminate knowledge about the new agricultural practices to farmers.
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Public and Private Sector Collaboration: Collaboration between public sector institutions, such as research institutions and agricultural extension agencies, and the private sector, including seed companies, played a crucial role in the Green Revolution's success.
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Increased Crop Production: As a result of these efforts, many countries experienced substantial increases in crop production, particularly in staple crops like rice, wheat, and maize. This helped alleviate hunger and food shortages in many regions
4. Impacts of the Green Revolution
The Green Revolution had a number of positive impacts on India, including:
- The Green Revolution led to a significant increase in agricultural production in India. Wheat production increased by 170% between 1965 and 1980, while rice production increased by 270%. This increase in production helped to alleviate poverty and hunger in India.
- The Green Revolution helped India to become self-sufficient in food production. This meant that India was no longer dependent on imported food to feed its population.
- The Green Revolution contributed to India's economic growth. The increase in agricultural production led to an increase in incomes for farmers and rural communities. This increased spending power boosted the demand for goods and services, which helped to drive economic growth.
5. Challenges of the Green Revolution
However, the Green Revolution also had some negative impacts, including:
- The Green Revolution led to an increase in the use of fertilizers and pesticides, which can have a negative impact on the environment.
- The use of water also increased significantly during the Green Revolution, leading to water shortages in some areas
- The Green Revolution benefited large farmers more than small farmers. Large farmers were able to invest in the new technologies, such as high-yielding varieties of seeds and fertilizers, which led to significant increases in their production.
- Small farmers, on the other hand, often did not have the resources to invest in these new technologies, and their production did not increase as much
- The Green Revolution led to an increase in rural indebtedness. Many farmers borrowed money to invest in the new technologies, but they were unable to repay their loans when agricultural prices fell. This led to a debt crisis in rural India
6. Way forward
It's important to note that the Green Revolution was not a one-size-fits-all solution, and its success varied from region to region. Additionally, there have been ongoing efforts to address the environmental and social challenges associated with its implementation, while still benefiting from its agricultural innovations
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For Prelims: Bt Cotton, High Yielding Varieties (HYV), Green Revolution
For Mains: 1.The Green Revolution is often credited with increasing agricultural productivity in India. However, it has also faced criticism for its environmental and social repercussions. Analyze the positive and negative aspects of the Green Revolution and its long-term sustainability
2.Critically evaluate the impact of the Green Revolution on income distribution among farmers in India. Has it contributed to income inequality within the agricultural sector? Provide examples and data to support your analysis
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Previous Year Questions
1.Which one of the following most appropriately describes the nature of Green Revolution of the late sixties of 20th century? (BPSC CCE 2015)
A.Intensive cultivation of green vegetable
B.Intensive agriculture district programme
C.High-yielding varieties programme
D.Seed-Fertilizer-Water technology
E.None of the above/More than one of the above
Answer (E)
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Source: indianexpress
GOVERNOR
1. Context
Twelve states and the Union Territory of Ladakh will have new Governors, the Centre announced . This includes both first-time appointments as well as transfers of Governors from one state to the other
2. Background
- Part VI of the constitution deals with the states and lists out the role and responsibility of the Governors of states.
- Article 153 provides for a Governor of every state and is the constitutional head of the state.
- The executive power of the state shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him by this Constitution (Article 154).
- Governor performs the same duties as of president, but as the executive head of the state; the work remains the same as of the office of the President of India.
- A governor is a nominated head and not an elected representative.
- Dual Role of the Governor as head and representative-1. Constitution head of the state; and 2. The link between Union and State governments.
- His dual role makes him a key functionary in the Indian Constitutional system.
3. Appointment and Eligibility for the post Governor
Articles 157 and 158 specify eligibility requirements for the post of governor.
Eligibility of governor:
1. Must be a citizen of India
2. He must be at least 35 years of age.
3. Not be a member of either house of the parliament or any state legislature.
4. Not hold any office of profit
The governor of a state shall be appointed by the President (Article 155).
Reasons for the nomination of governor instead of election:
The nominated governor will promote all-India unity and not separatist provincial tendencies. An elected governor will belong to a party, hence, will not be impartial and neutral. Conflicts will arise between CM and Governor if both are elected by the People.
4. Removal of Governor
As he holds the office at the pleasure of the president, a Governor can not be impeached. No specified grounds exist for removal.
Their term is terminated on the following occasions-
Dismissal by the President on the advice of the Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister of the country. Dismissal of governors without a valid reason is not permitted. However, it is the duty of the President to dismiss a governor whose acts are upheld by courts as unconstitutional and mala fide. Resignation handed in by Governor.
5. Governor-state Relations
The Governor enjoys certain power granted under the Constitution, such as giving or withholding assent to a Bill passed by the state legislature, assenting to the convening of the state legislative assembly, determining the time needed for a party to prove its majority, and which party must be called first do so, generally after a hung verdict in an election.
5.1 What happens in the case of disagreements?
There are no provisions laid down in the constitution for the manner in which the Governor and the state must engage publicly when there is a difference of opinion. The management of differences has traditionally been guided by respect for each other's boundaries.
5.2 What courts have Said?
- In Surya Narain Choudary vs Union of India (1981), the Rajasthan High Court held that the pleasure of the president was not justiciable, the Governor had no security of tenure and can be removed at any time by the President withdrawing pleasure.
- In BP Singhal vs Union of India (2010), the supreme court elaborated on the pleasure doctrine. It upheld that "no limitations or restrictions are placed on the 'at pleasure' doctrine", but that it "does not dispense with the need for a cause for withdrawal of the pleasure".
- In its judgment, the Bench, while noting that the president can remove the Governor from office "at any time without assigning any reason and without giving any opportunity to show cause", the power to remove can't be exercised in an "arbitrary, capricious or unreasonable manner".
6. What various commissions have said?
- Over the years, several panels and commissions have recommended reforms in how Governors are appointed and how they function, such as the Administrative Reforms Commission of 1968, The Sarkaria commission of 1988, and the National Commission to review the working of the constitution, headed by the retired CJI M N Venkachaliah, in 2001.
- The Sarkaria Commission had recommended that Governors are not sacked before completing their five-year tenure, except in "rare and compelling" circumstances. Recommendations have also been made for a provision to impeach the Governor by the Assembly. However, none of these have been implemented.
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For Prelims: Part VI of the constitution, Article 154, Article 153, Article 155, Sarkaria Commission For Mains: 1. Although in India, the Governor of the state is a constitutional head like the president he may have more rights, so do you agree? Give reasons. |
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Previous Year Questions
Which of the following are the discretionary powers given to the Governor of a State? (UPSC CSE 2014)
1. Sending a report to the President of India for imposing the President’s rule 2. Appointing the Ministers 3. Reserving certain bills passed by the State Legislature for consideration of the President of India 4. Making the rules to conduct the business of the State Government Select the correct answer using the code given below
A. 1 and 2 Only
B. 1 and 3 Only
C. 2, 3 and 4
D. 1, 2, 3, 4
Answer (B)
2.Which one of the following suggested that the Governor should be an eminent person from outside the State and should be a detached figure without intense political links or should not have taken part in politics in the recent past? (UPSC CSE 2019)
A.First Administrative Reforms Commission (1966)
B.Rajamannar Committee (1969)
C.Sarkaria Commission (1983)
D.National Commission to Review the Working of the Constitution (2000)
Answer (C)
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Source: The Indian Express
KODAIKANAL SOLAR OBSERVATORY
1. Context
Recently, The Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KSO) in Tamil Nadu Celebrated its 125th anniversary. It has been a mainstay of Indian astronomy since it was founded on April 1, 1899, by the British East India Company.
2. The Legacy of Solar Observations in India
- Since ancient times, the study of the Sun and its celestial activities has captivated seafarers, mathematicians, astronomers, and physicists alike. In a significant development in 1792, the British East India Company established the Madras Observatory, marking a pioneering venture in this part of the world.
- At the Madras Observatory, between 1812 and 1825, meticulous astronomical observations of the Sun, Moon, bright stars, and planets were meticulously recorded and preserved in two extensive data volumes. Subsequently, in 1878, dedicated solar observations commenced from the Trigonometrical Survey Office in Dehradun, further advancing the field of astronomy in India.
- During this era, astronomy primarily revolved around special celestial events such as eclipses or planetary transits, which garnered immense interest from foreign astronomers. Some of these visitors eventually settled in India, contributing significantly to the establishment of observatory-based astronomy within the country.
- Noteworthy breakthroughs emerged from these observations. Spectroscopic observations conducted during the total solar eclipse on August 18, 1868, from Guntur in Andhra Pradesh, led to the groundbreaking discovery of helium, the second-most abundant element in the universe after hydrogen.
- Another milestone was reached during the total annual solar eclipse on December 12, 1871, when celestial and solar photography were attempted for the first time at the Madras Observatory. This historic event marked a pivotal moment in the annals of solar observation, showcasing India's burgeoning prowess in astronomical research and photography.
3. Unraveling the Links to the Great Drought
- The winter monsoon of 1875 cast a shadow over south India as scanty rainfall triggered one of the most devastating droughts witnessed in the country's history. Across the famine-stricken regions of the Madras and Mysore Provinces, multiple crop failures ensued, leading to an unprecedented humanitarian crisis. Estimates suggest that between 12.2 to 29.3 million lives were lost from 1875 to 1877.
- India found itself in the company of several other nations, including China, Egypt, Morocco, Ethiopia, southern Africa, Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela, as they all grappled with concurrent multi-year droughts from 1876 to 1878. This period, later dubbed the Great Drought, was accompanied by a global famine that claimed the lives of nearly 50 million people.
- The causes of this catastrophic drought were manifold, encompassing various climatic phenomena. Solar activity, coupled with cool Pacific Ocean conditions, set the stage for the crisis. Subsequently, a record-breaking El Nino event in 1877-1878 exacerbated the situation, amplifying the impact of the drought across affected regions. Additionally, strong Indian Ocean Dipole and warm North Atlantic Ocean conditions further compounded the severity of the drought, creating a perfect storm of climatic anomalies.
- The Great Drought of 1876-1878 serves as a poignant reminder of the interconnectedness of global climate systems and the profound implications of climatic disruptions on human societies. It underscores the imperative for concerted international efforts to mitigate the impact of such extreme weather events and build resilience in vulnerable regions.
4. Significance of Studying the Sun
The study of the Sun holds immense importance due to its role as the primary source of energy that sustains life on Earth. Understanding the dynamics of the solar surface and its interactions with Earth's atmosphere is crucial for several reasons.
- Impact on Earth's Environment: Any changes occurring on the solar surface or its periphery can have significant implications for Earth's atmosphere. Solar activities such as powerful storms and flares can lead to disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere, affecting satellite-based operations, power grids, and navigational networks.
- Space Weather Concerns: Solar storms and flares can generate space weather events that pose risks to spacecraft, astronauts, and technological infrastructure in space. Studying the Sun helps in predicting and mitigating the potential impacts of such events on space missions and communications systems.
- Historical and Future Insights: Observatories like the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO), with their long-term data collection efforts, provide valuable insights into the Sun's historical behaviour. This data not only helps in reconstructing the Sun's past activities but also facilitates the study of its behavioural changes over time. By understanding the patterns and cycles of solar activity, scientists can better predict future solar events and their potential impacts on Earth and space environments.
- Space Weather Forecasting: Research conducted on solar behaviour and its impact on space weather contributes to the development of forecasting models. These models are essential for issuing early warnings about potential solar disturbances, allowing for timely precautions and safeguards to be implemented.
5. The Genesis of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
- The linkage between solar activity and seasonal rainfall in India prompted the formation of a specialised Famine Commission during the British Raj. This commission recommended regular solar observations to the Government of India to better understand meteorological patterns.
- Professor Charles Michie Smith, hailing from Scotland and associated with the Madras Christian College, was tasked with locating a suitable location for the Indian solar observatory. Initial choices like Leh, Mussoorie, and Shimla were deemed unsuitable due to weather conditions, leading to a focus on southern India's hilltops.
- After thorough surveys and assessments of hill stations in Tamil Nadu, Kodaikanal in the Palani Hills emerged as the ideal location. Factors such as rainfall, cloud cover, atmospheric stability, and sky transparency were considered, leading to the selection of Kodaikanal for the Solar Physics Observatory.
Establishment of Kodaikanal Solar Observatory
- In August 1893, the Government of India approved the establishment of the Solar Physics Observatory as part of the meteorological budget. Lord Wenlock, then Governor of Madras, laid the foundation stone in 1895. Professor Charles Michie Smith oversaw the construction, and by the early 1900s, the main observatory building and instrument domes were ready.
- The observatory received instruments, including the Bhavnagar Telescope, which remained India's largest from 1888 to 1968. The transition from the Madras Observatory to the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory was completed in 1899, with the incorporation of existing instruments from Madras.
Scientific Contributions and Evolution
- Systematic observations at Kodaikanal Solar Observatory began in 1901, focusing on solar phenomena such as sunspots, faculae, chromospheres, and prominences. Significant discoveries, including the Evershed Effect, were made during this period.
- Post-World War II, the observatory expanded its scope to include studies in cosmic rays, radio astronomy, ionospheric physics, and stellar physics. Noteworthy milestones include the commencement of solar radio observations in 1952, marking India's early foray into solar radio astronomy.
- While other contemporary observatories faded over time, Kodaikanal Solar Observatory maintained its relevance and scientific contributions, marking its enduring legacy in India's astronomical pursuits.
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6. KoSO's Legacy of Innovation and Digitization
- In a significant organisational shift, the Government of India segregated Astrophysics from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) in April 1971. This restructuring aimed to streamline and enhance the focus on astronomical research within the country.
- As part of this restructuring, the Kodaikanal Solar Observatory (KoSO) was brought under the umbrella of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics (IIA), based in Bengaluru, effective April 1, 1971. This integration marked a new phase in KoSO's journey, aligning it with a broader astrophysical research framework.
Digital Revolution and Data Repository
- Transition to Digital Data: Over its 125-year history, KoSO has transitioned from recording solar data on basic photographic plates or films to amassing a vast digital repository. This repository now contains an impressive 1.48 lakh digitised solar images, totalling 10 terabytes of data.
- Extensive Solar Image Collection: Among these digitized images are 33,500 white-light images showcasing sunspots, alongside numerous other images capturing the Sun's activity recorded daily since the early 20th century. KoSO's digital archive provides an invaluable resource for studying long-term solar behaviour and phenomena.
Advanced Instrumentation and Research Focus
Cutting-Edge Instruments
Today, KoSO boasts a range of advanced instruments designed for precise solar observations. These include
- H-alpha Telescope: Enables full disc imaging, providing detailed insights into solar phenomena.
- White Light Active Region Monitor (WARM): Equipped with calcium and sodium filters, facilitating simultaneous observations of the photosphere and chromosphere layers of the Sun.
- Solar Tunnel Telescope: Supports specialized observations and research initiatives focused on solar dynamics and features.
Continued Scientific Contributions
With its advanced instrumentation and rich data legacy, KoSO continues to contribute significantly to solar physics, space weather research, and broader astrophysical studies. Its high-resolution digitised images and comprehensive data coverage make it a unique and invaluable asset in the global astronomical community.
7. The Way Forward
By strategically focusing on the areas, KoSO can ensure its continued leadership in solar research for the next 125 years and beyond. Its dedication to scientific exploration and technological advancements will be instrumental in unravelling the mysteries of the Sun and its profound influence on our planet and the wider cosmos.
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For Prelims: Kodaikanal Solar Observatory, H-alpha Telescope, India Meteorological Department, Solar Tunnel Telescope, Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bhavnagar Telescope
For Mains:
1. Kodaikanal Solar Observatory can play a crucial role in promoting public interest in astronomy and space exploration. Suggest strategies for KSO to effectively engage with the public and inspire future generations of scientists. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Solar observatory in Rajasthan is situated at - (RPSC RAS Prelims 2021)
A. Udaipur B. Jaipur C. Ajmer D. Jodhpur
2. Telescope was first invented by ________. (ESIC Staff Nurse 2016)
A. Hans Lippershey B. Copernicus C. Galileo Galilei D. Hubble
3. Arrange the following India Meteorological Headquarters in Chronological order of their establishment and select your correct answer from the codes given below: (UPPSC 2018)
A. New Delhi
B. Kolkata
C. Shimla
D. Pune
A. C D A B B. B A D C C. D B C A D. B C D A
4. The headquarters of the Indian Institute of Astrophysics is located in _____. (SSC MTS 2019)
A. Indore B. Shillong C. Nainital D. Bangalore
5. The image formed by an astronomical telescope is (Bihar Police Constable 2023)
A. virtual and diminished
B. virtual and magnified
C. real and diminished
D. real and magnified
6. Where has India's first liquid mirror telescope been installed recently? (CISF Constable Fireman 2023)
A. Arunachal Pradesh B. Visakhapatnam C. Uttarakhand D. Rajasthan
Answers: 1-A, 2-A, 3-D, 4-D, 5-B, 6-C
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Source: The Indian Express
SAHITYA AKADEMI
1. Context
A controversy erupted in the Sahitya Akademi on Monday after Malayalam author C. Radhakrishnan resigned from the membership of the premier literary body’s general council, citing political interference.
2.Sahitya Akademi
The Sahitya Akademi is India's national academy of letters. It is an organization dedicated to the promotion and development of literature in various Indian languages. Established in 1954, it functions as an autonomous body under the Ministry of Culture, Government of India.
The primary objectives of the Sahitya Akademi include promoting literary activities through seminars, workshops, and conferences; recognizing outstanding literary works through awards such as the Sahitya Akademi Award, which is one of the most prestigious literary honors in India; publishing literary journals, anthologies, and other publications; and fostering translation efforts to promote Indian literature internationally.
The Sahitya Akademi Award is conferred annually to writers for their outstanding contributions to various literary genres such as poetry, fiction, drama, essays, and translation. It has played a significant role in recognizing and encouraging literary talent across India and has helped in the preservation and propagation of the diverse literary traditions of the country
3.Who Gets Sahitya Akademi Award?
- The Sahitya Akademi Award is given to writers who have made outstanding contributions to Indian literature across various genres. These genres include poetry, fiction, drama, essays, literary criticism, biography, autobiography, and translation.
- The awards are not restricted to any specific language; they cover works in all the major Indian languages recognized by the Sahitya Akademi.
- Each year, the Akademi's Advisory Boards for each language nominate and select outstanding literary works published during the previous calendar year. These selections are then reviewed and approved by the Executive Board of the Sahitya Akademi.
- Winners of the Sahitya Akademi Award receive a cash prize, a citation, and a shawl. The award ceremony is typically held annually, where the recipients are honored for their contributions to Indian literature.
- The Sahitya Akademi Award is highly esteemed in Indian literary circles and is considered one of the most prestigious literary honors in the country.
- It plays a crucial role in recognizing and promoting literary talent across India and contributes to the enrichment and preservation of the diverse literary heritage of the nation
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Jnanpith Award
The Jnanpith Award is one of the most prestigious literary awards in India. It is presented annually to an author for their outstanding contribution to literature in any of the 22 officially recognized languages of India. The award was instituted in 1961 by the Bharatiya Jnanpith, a literary and research organization
The selection process for the Jnanpith Award involves a rigorous evaluation of the literary contributions of authors across various genres, including novels, poetry, plays, essays, and literary criticism. The Bharatiya Jnanpith organization appoints a selection committee comprising eminent literary figures, scholars, and critics who assess the nominations and select the recipient
The award recognizes literary excellence, originality, and enduring impact on Indian literature. Authors who have significantly enriched the literary heritage of India through their works are eligible for consideration. The award is not limited to any particular genre or language and encompasses the entire spectrum of Indian literature
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4. Way Forward
In a letter addressed to Sahitya Akademi member secretary K. Sreenivasarao, Mr. Radhakrishnan said: “I strongly protest against this year’s Akademi Festival having been inaugurated by a Cabinet Minister of the Government of India, a person without any known credential whatsoever in literature.”
Source: The Hindu
UTKALA DIBASA
1. Context
April 1 is celebrated as Odisha Day, or Utkala Dibasa, in the state of Odisha. This commemorates the day in 1936 when a separate Odisha state (then known as Orissa) was established by carving it out from the erstwhile Bihar and Orissa Province, and with the addition of Koraput and Ganjam districts from the Madras Presidency.
According to "The Origin Story of India’s States" (2021), this historical event makes Odisha one of only two Indian states with a formation date predating Independence, the other being Bihar. Additionally, Odisha holds the distinction of being the first state in the country to be consciously created on a linguistic basis.
2. Evolution of Odisha's Political Identity
- Before the creation of the Bihar and Orissa Provinces, the region known today as Odisha had already developed a distinct political identity around 3,000 years ago. Over time, it was ruled by various local dynasties, fostering a unique and vibrant culture.
- However, in 1568, Odisha lost its political independence and identity when it was conquered by the Bengal Sultanate. Subsequently, it came under the rule of the Marathas and then fell under British control in 1803. For the following 109 years, Odisha remained a part of the Bengal Presidency, although there was a growing movement advocating for the creation of a separate Odia-speaking state in the late 19th century.
- The late 19th and early 20th centuries witnessed a lively movement for the creation of Bihar from the Bengal Presidency. This movement was fueled by various grievances of the Hindi-speaking populations within the presidency, including issues such as the dominance of the Bengali middle-class in white-collar jobs and their perceived cultural superiority.
- Finally, on March 22, 1912, the Bihar and Orissa Province was established, comprising the non-Bengali speaking regions of the Bengal Presidency, thus marking a significant chapter in the evolution of Odisha's political landscape.
3. Movement for an Odia-Speaking State
- The establishment of the Bihar and Orissa Province did not bring significant changes to the ground reality in Odia-speaking districts. Consequently, the movement for an exclusively Odia-speaking state gained momentum after this development.
- In its early stages during the second half of the 19th century, the movement for Odisha's statehood was part of a broader wave of cultural revival movements across India. It looked back to Odisha's ancient past, as evidenced by the formation of Utkal Sabha in 1882, deriving its name from "Utkal," the region's name mentioned in the Mahabharata. This marked the initial step toward a political movement advocating for Odisha's separate identity.
- By 1903, Utkal Sammilani, led by Madhusudan Das, emerged as a prominent force in the statehood movement. Madhusudan Das, also known as Madhu 'Babu,' played a crucial role in shaping Odisha's political landscape. He continued his efforts within the united Bihar and Orissa province's legislature, championing the cause of statehood.
- The turning point came around 1920 when the Indian National Congress embraced the reorganization of provinces based on linguistic lines as a key agenda. This led to the creation of the Orissa Province in 1936 following thorough investigations by three separate committees. The decision was influenced by the rising sub-nationalism in the province, coupled with administrative and political considerations favouring a separate state.
- The new Orissa Province was formed by carving out territories from the existing Bihar and Orissa Province (42% of land area and 66% of the population), Madras Province (53% of land area and 31.7% of the population), and Central Provinces (5% of land area and 2.3% of the population). However, it's worth noting that 26 princely states under the Eastern States Agency remained within the borders of Orissa Province until Independence.
4. The Way Forward
Utkala Dibasa serves as a reminder of Odisha's resilience, unity, and cultural vibrancy. As the state forges ahead, it embraces its rich legacy while charting a course towards a prosperous and inclusive future.
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For Prelims: Utkala Dibasa, Madras Presidency, Utkal Sammilani
For Mains:
1. Examine the role of social and cultural revival movements in shaping the political landscape of India during the colonial period. (250 Words)
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Source: The Indian Express
