GOVERNORS AND STATES
1.Context
Tamil Nadu Chief Minister M K Stalin has written to President Droupadi Murmu accusing Governor R N Ravi of inciting “communal hatred” and labelling him a “threat to peace in the state”. “Sitting in the state capital and looking for an opportunity to overthrow the state government, the Governor can only be considered as an agent of the Union and such action of the Governor will destroy our federal philosophy and destroy the basic principles of Indian democracy, Tamil Nadu Governor … R N Ravi himself has outlined a good example of such a Governor
2. About Governor
- Part VI of the Constitution deals with the states and lists out the role and responsibility of the Governor of states.
- Article 153 provides for a Governor of every state and is the constitutional head of the state.
- The executive power of the State shall be vested in the Governor and shall be exercised by him either directly or through officers subordinate to him in accordance with this Constitution (Article 154).
- Governor performs the same duties as of President, but as the executive head of a State; the work remains the same as of the office of the President of India.
- A Governor is a nominated head and not an elected representative.
- Dual Role of the Governor as head and representative
- Constitutional head of state; and
- Link between Union and State governments. - His dual role makes him a key functionary in the Indian Constitutional system.
3. Powers of Governor
- Under Article 161 the Governor has the following powers –the power to grant pardons, reprieves, respites, or remissions of punishment; the power to suspend, remit or commute the sentence of any person convicted of any offence against any law relating to a matter to which the executive power of the State extends.
- The Governor makes all executive decisions on behalf of the state government (Article 166(1)).
- The Governor appoints the Chief Minister and other cabinet members. They serve at the pleasure of the Governor (Article 164).
- He may create rules for the efficient execution of a state government's work and its distribution among the ministers. (Article 166(3))
- He appoints the state's advocate general and determines his tenure and conditions of service.
- He has the authority to recommend to the President the declaration of a state of constitutional emergency.
- He may request from the Chief Minister any information about the administration of the state's affairs, as well as legislative suggestions (Article 167).
- The governor appoints the state election commissioner and establishes his term of office and working conditions (Article 243K).
4. Friction points between the States and Governor
- In recent years. these have been largely about the selection of the party to form a government, the deadline for proving the majority, sitting on Bills, and passing negative remarks on the state administration.
- Kerala’s government was dismissed based on a report by the Governor. Several state governments have been dismissed since then, including 63 through President’s Rule orders issued by Governors between 1971 and 1990.
- Kerala Governor in 2020 turned down a request to summon a special sitting of the Assembly to debate the three central farm laws.
- In 2018 J&K Governor dissolved the Assembly amid indications that various parties were coming together to form the government. This paved the way for the Centre to later bifurcate the state into two Union territories, by considering the Governor as the government.
- In 2019 Maharashtra Governor quietly invited the BJP leader and administered his oath as CM. This government lasted just 80 hours. Six months later, the governor refused to nominate CM to the Legislative Council.
- Following the Karnataka polls in 2018, Governor Vajubhai Vala invited the BJP to form the government and gave B S Yeddyurappa 15 days to prove the majority. Challenged by Congress and JDS in the Supreme Court, it was reduced to three days.
5. Reasons for the friction between the Governor and the state governments
- There is no provision for impeaching the Governor, who is appointed by the President on the Centre's advice. While the Governor has a 5-year tenure, he can remain in office only until the pleasure of the President.
- There are no guidelines for the exercise of the Governor's powers, including for appointing a CM or dissolving the Assembly. There is no limit set for how long a Governor can withhold assent to a Bill.
- According to the Constitutional expert, although the Constituent Assembly envisaged the governor to be apolitical. But the truth is, politicians, become Governors and then resign to fight elections.
- The CM is answerable to the people. But the Governor is answerable to no one except the Centre. This is the fundamental defect in the Constitution.
6. Reforms Suggested
Several Panels, the Administrative Reforms Commission of 1968 and the Sarkaria Commission of 1988 have recommended reforms such as
- selection of the Governor through a panel comprising the PM, the Home Minister, the Lok Sabha Speaker, and the CM.
- Apart from fixing his tenure for five years
- Recommendations have also been made for a provision to impeach the Governor by the Assembly.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Governor, Chief Minister, Article 153, Article 154, Article 164, and Article 243K.
For Mains: 1. In the context of friction between the state governments and the Governor explain the role and powers of the Governor and what reforms have been suggested so far to end the tussle between the state governments and the Governor.
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Source: The Indian Express
ALAUDDIN KHILJI
1. Context
Siri Fort stands among the numerous monuments and palaces which Ala-ud-din had constructed. Built-in 1311 AD, the fort served as a seat of Ala-ud-din’s administration.
Among a host of administrative buildings and palaces, the construction, which deserves the most credit was the Hazar Sutun, a magnificent palace comprising one thousand pillars.
2. About Allauddin Khilji
- Allauddin Khilji, also known as Ala-ud-din Khilji, was one of the most powerful rulers of the Delhi Sultanate in medieval India.
- He ascended the throne in 1296 AD and ruled until he died in 1316 AD.
- Allauddin Khilji's reign was marked by military conquests, administrative reforms, and a strict and centralized governance system.
- Alauddin Khilji was a complex and contradictory figure. He was a ruthless and cunning military leader, but he was also a capable administrator and patron of the arts.
- He was known for his brutality, but he was also a devout Muslim who was committed to spreading Islam.
3. Early life
- Allauddin Khilji was born in 1250 AD to Shihabuddin Masud, the nephew of the first Delhi Sultan, Iltutmish.
- He grew up in the courtly atmosphere of the Sultanate and received a sound education in subjects like theology, philosophy, and statecraft.
- When he came to power, he faced challenges from various internal and external enemies, including Mongol invasions, rebellious nobles, and rival kingdoms.
Image Source: Wikibro
4. Military prowess
- One of the defining features of Allauddin Khilji's rule was his military prowess.
- He undertook several military campaigns to expand his empire and strengthen his hold over the territories.
- His most notable conquest was the annexation of the prosperous and powerful kingdom of Gujarat in 1299 AD.
- He also launched expeditions into Rajasthan, Malwa, and Deccan, extending his empire's boundaries.
- Allauddin Khilji's military successes were attributed to his strategic acumen, efficient administration, and disciplined and well-equipped army.
5. Administrative reforms
- To ensure the smooth functioning of his empire, Allauddin Khilji implemented a series of administrative reforms.
- He established several departments to oversee the administration of the Delhi Sultanate, and he introduced several reforms to improve efficiency and reduce corruption.
- He also built several forts and other infrastructure projects, and he promoted trade and commerce.
- He established a strong central authority and reduced the powers of the nobles, whom he saw as a potential threat.
- He introduced a price control system known as the "Market Reforms" to stabilize the economy and prevent hoarding and black marketing.
- He also set up an efficient spy network, called the "Barid," to gather information and maintain law and order throughout his empire.
6. Centralized governance system
- Allauddin Khilji's reign was characterized by a strict and centralized governance system.
- He imposed heavy taxes on the wealthy and introduced several economic regulations to strengthen the treasury.
- He established a separate department, called the "Diwan-i-Risalat," to oversee religious matters and promote Islamic orthodoxy.
- Allauddin Khilji's policies were often criticized for their strictness and authoritarianism, but they were aimed at consolidating his power and maintaining stability within his empire.
7. Criticism
- Despite his achievements, Allauddin Khilji's reign was not without controversies.
- His treatment of the Hindu population, particularly during his conquest of Gujarat, has been a subject of debate among historians.
- He imposed Jizya, a tax on non-Muslims, and implemented policies that were seen as oppressive towards Hindus.
- However, it is worth noting that his administration also included several Hindus in important positions, and he patronized arts and literature, irrespective of religious affiliations.
- Allauddin Khilji's reign came to an end in 1316 AD when he passed away.
- After his death, the Delhi Sultanate faced challenges from internal conflicts and external invasions, ultimately leading to its decline.
- Despite the controversies surrounding his rule, Allauddin Khilji's military achievements and administrative reforms left a lasting impact on the Delhi Sultanate and shaped its trajectory in the years to come.
8. Conclusion
- Allauddin Khilji was a powerful ruler of the Delhi Sultanate known for his military conquests and administrative reforms.
- His reign was marked by a centralized governance system, strict policies, and successful military campaigns.
- While his rule has been the subject of criticism for his treatment of non-Muslims, his achievements and policies played a significant role in shaping the history of medieval India.
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For Prelims: Allauddin Khilji, Chittorgarh Fort, Siri Fort, Khalji dynasty, Delhi Sultanate, Jalaluddin Khilji, Hauz Khas reservoir, Mongols,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the administrative reforms introduced by Allauddin Khilji during his reign. How did these reforms strengthen the central authority of the Delhi Sultanate? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Chittorgarh Fort is located in ________. (SSC CHSL 2018)
A. Rajasthan B. Bihar C. Uttar Pradesh D. Gujarat
Answer: A
2. Who laid the foundation of Chittorgarh Fort? (RSMSSB Forest Guard 2022)
A. Chitrangada Mori B. Jayant Chauhan C. Sawai Jai Singh D. Maharaja Rai Singh Answer: A
3. ‘Siri’, the second city of Delhi, was built by ______. (SSC CPO 2020)
A. Prithviraj Chauhan B. Firuz Shah Tughlaq C. Alauddin Khilji D. Sher Shah Suri
Answer: C
4. Who did build the Hauz Khas of Delhi? (OTET 2018)
A. Alauddin Khilji B. IItutmish C.Firoz Tughlaq D. Mohammad Tughlaq
Answer: A
5. Comprehension
Read the passage given below and answer the questions/complete the statements that follow with the help of given options.
On one recent evening, after a heavy downpour, one of the Lodhi Garden lawns got filled up with water like a reservoir. To stand by it was like being in that fabled Lake District of England, mostly identified with poet William Wordsworth. By the next day the water had drained off. The lake seemed to be put a mocking dream.
But there is a place in the heart of the city that is a lake all year long. It is an experience to walk around the lake-or Hauz-in south Delhi's Hauz Khas village, and something has to be said about going there at this time of the year, when the monsoon is still lingering on, and the clouds play hide and seek with the sun throughout the day. In the evening, this playfulness is made sublime by the many shades of light produced by the marriage of the setting sun with the wide array of clouds _ The borders of those clouds then glow with fire with shades of pinks and blues. These clouds fall on the surface of the lake making it a kind of impressionist painting.
This evening the lane circling around the lake is teeming with joggers from Green Park and Safdarjung Enclave, along with many monkeys, boldly sitting on the park benches and fences, watching the equally fearless humans go by. There are also ladies with dogs _ One woman is met walking with her little dog under her arm. In one corner of the lake, curious walkers throw bread pieces into the water to see the surface suddenly getting dark with scores of tiny fish rushing on to claim their bites.
The lake in Hauz Khas village is teeming with activity________ (CTET Paper 2 Maths & Science 2022)
A. throughout the year.
B. only in the rainy season.
C. when the monsoon is still lingering on.
D. in the spring season.
Answer: C
6. With reference to Indian history, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. The first Mongol invasion of India happened during the reign of Jalal-ud-din Khalji.
2. During the reign of Ala-ud-din Khalji, one Mongol assault marched up to Delhi and besieged the city.
3. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq temporarily lost portions of north-west of his kingdom to Mongols. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 D. 3 only
Answer: B
7. Mongols under Genghis Khan invaded India under whose reign? (SSC JE Mechanical 2018)
A. Balban B. Firuz Tughlaq C. Iltutmish D. Muhammad-bin-Tughlaq
Answer: C
8. Who among the following Mongol leaders/commanders did not cross Indus to attack India? (CDS 2020)
A. Chenghiz Khan B. Tair Bahadur C. Abdullah D. Qutlugh Khwaja
Answer: A
9. The Mongols under _________ invaded Transoxiana in north-east Iran in 1219. (SSC CGL 2017 )
A. Timur Lang B.Nadir Shah C. Ahmed Shah Abdali D. Genghis Khan
Answer: D
10. Consider the following: The arrival of Babur into India led to the (UPSC 2015)
1. Introduction of gunpowder in the subcontinent
2. Introduction of the arch and dome in the region's architecture
3. Establishment of Timurid dynasty in the region
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
PALLIATIVE CARE
1. Context
India is home to nearly 20% of the world’s population, two-thirds of which reside in rural areas. Apart from a rising population, India has experienced a steep rise in the burden of lifestyle related noncommunicable diseases. Nearly 1.4 million people are diagnosed with cancer in India every year while diabetes, hypertension, and respiratory diseases are also on the rise. All these diseases need palliative care sooner or later in the disease trajectory.
2. Palliative care
- Focuses on improving quality of life and preventing suffering for those with life-limiting illnesses.
- Aims to identify patients at risk of over-medicalization, considering the impact on quality of life and financial burden on the family.
- Often misinterpreted as end-of-life care but aims to address physical, psychological, spiritual, and social domains for various diseases.
- Provides support for affected families, considering the person as a whole and not just the disease.
- Includes bereavement support for caregivers after the patient's death.
3. Palliative care in India
- Palliative care is mainly available in urban areas and tertiary healthcare facilities, leaving only 1-2% of the 7-10 million people who need it with access.
- According to Aju Mathew, a medical oncologist, 7 out of 10 patients he sees daily require palliative care.
- Post-independence, India has implemented a three-tier health system, national health programs, and the Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance Scheme to enhance healthcare coverage.
- Despite efforts, 55 million people in India fall below the poverty line each year due to health-related expenses.
- Overuse of medical interventions contributes significantly to the financial burden on individuals and families.
4. Non-Communicable Diseases
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are medical conditions that are typically chronic in nature and cannot be transmitted from person to person. These diseases are often long-lasting and progress slowly over time. Common examples of non-communicable diseases include:
- Cardiovascular diseases: Such as heart disease, stroke, and hypertension.
- Cancer: Including various forms of cancer such as lung, breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer.
- Chronic respiratory diseases: Such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma.
- Diabetes: A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels.
- Neurological diseases: Including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis.
- Kidney diseases: Such as chronic kidney disease and kidney failure.
- Mental health disorders: Including depression, anxiety disorders, and schizophrenia.
- Musculoskeletal disorders: Such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
- Obesity: Excessive body weight that increases the risk of various other diseases.
- Metabolic syndrome: A cluster of conditions including high blood pressure, high blood sugar, abnormal cholesterol levels, and excess abdominal fat.
5. Palliative Care at Global Level
- At the global level, the World Health Assembly Resolution 67.19 on Strengthening of palliative care as a Component of comprehensive care throughout the life course, adopted in 2014, called upon WHO and Member States to improve access to palliative care as a core component of health systems, with an emphasis on primary health care and community/home-based care.
- Furthermore, WHO explicitly recognizes that palliative care is part of the comprehensive services required for noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) through the Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs 2013–2020, and fundamental to improving the quality of life, well-being, comfort, and human dignity for individuals, as an effective person-centered health service.
- Additionally, palliative care is encompassed in the definition of universal health coverage and the WHO global strategy on people-centered and integrated health services which offers a framework for strengthening palliative care programs across diseases.
6. Palliative care at Regional Level
- At the regional level, improved access to essential palliative care services is one of the regional strategic health care interventions included in the Framework for Action on cancer prevention and control in the Eastern Mediterranean Region.
- Every year an estimated 40 million people are in need of palliative care, 78% of whom live in low- and middle-income countries.
- Access to palliative care services is a major challenge in the Eastern Mediterranean Region, where only an estimated 5% of adults who are in need of palliative care actually receive it. A number of significant barriers explain these unmet needs for palliative care.
- National health policies and systems do not often include palliative care at all.
- Training on palliative care for health professionals is often limited or non-existent.
- Lack of awareness among policy-makers, health professionals, and the public about what palliative care is, and the benefits it can offer patients and health systems.
- Misconceptions about palliative care, such as that it is only for patients with cancer, or for the last weeks of life.
- Cultural and social barriers, such as beliefs about death and dying.
- Population access to opioid pain relief is inadequate and fails to meet international conventions on access to essential medicines.
- Misconceptions that improving access to opioid analgesia will lead to increased substance abuse.
- Palliative care in most of the Eastern Mediterranean Region remains at an early stage of development, with insufficient strategic planning by governments for palliative care services.
- The situation is further compounded by complicated political situations and weak health care systems coupled with conflicts affecting some countries in the Region, weakening health services and further increasing the demand for palliative care services.
7. National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD):
- Evolution: The NP-NCD was previously known as the National Programme for Prevention & Control of Cancer, Diabetes, Cardiovascular Diseases & Stroke (NPCDCS). It was launched in 2010 to address the growing burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in India.
- The program encompasses chronic diseases that contribute significantly to health-related expenses and aims to provide promotive, preventive, and curative care across all levels of healthcare, from primary to tertiary institutes.
- In an ideal scenario, as these chronic diseases progress, palliative care should transition from curative care. Palliative care is intended to improve the quality of life and alleviate suffering for patients with life-limiting illnesses.
- The NP-NCD's revised operational guidelines were expected to strengthen the program. However, these guidelines have not adequately addressed the gaps in palliative care services in India, limiting its impact on patients in need.
- The guidelines fail to encompass a broader range of non-communicable diseases beyond cancer and neglect the importance of home-based palliative care services. This results in a limited scope and accessibility of palliative care for patients.
- Despite the program's objectives, there is still a considerable gap in addressing palliative care in India's healthcare system. Additional efforts are required to ensure comprehensive palliative care services are integrated into the NP-NCD framework.
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For Prelims: Palliative care, Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), Ayushman Bharat Health Insurance Scheme, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), Eastern Mediterranean Region, National Programme for Prevention & Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NP-NCD).
For Mains: 1. Discuss the importance of collaboration between the government, healthcare providers, NGOs, and community organizations in improving palliative care services and ensuring holistic support for patients and caregivers. (250 Words).
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Source: The Hindu
LONG-PERIOD AVERAGE (LPA)
1. Context
As per the Indian Meteorological Department (IMD), the monsoon rainfall momentum has picked up in India, and the overall deficiency of rainfall in June (1 to 29) has reduced to 5 per cent compared to its Long Period Average (LPA).The IMD has also predicted that the July rainfall will be normal and so would be overall rainfall for the monsoon season (June to September)
2. About Long Period Average (LPA)
- The IMD predicts a “normal”, “below normal”, or “above normal” monsoon in relation to a benchmark “long period average” (LPA)
- According to the IMD, the “LPA of rainfall is the rainfall recorded over a particular region for a given interval (like month or season) average over a long period like 30 years, 50 years, etc”
- The IMD’s prediction of a normal monsoon on Thursday was based on the LPA of the 1971-2020 period, during which India received 87 cm of rain for the entire country on average
- The IMD has in the past calculated the LPA at 88 cm for the 1961-2010 period, and at 89 cm for the period 1951-2000
- While this quantitative benchmark refers to the average rainfall recorded from June to September for the entire country, the amount of rain that falls every year varies from region to region and from month to month
- Therefore, along with the countrywide figure, the IMD also maintains LPAs for every meteorological region of the country this number ranges from around 61 cm for the drier Northwest India to more than 143 cm for the wetter East and Northeast India
- LPA of the southwest monsoon rainfall over Kerala: 556 mm, 659 mm, 427 mm and 252 mm for the months of June, July, August, and September respectively
- Broken down monthwise for the entire country, the LPA figures for the season are 16.36 cm for June, 28.92 cm for July, 26.13 cm for August, and 17.34 cm for September
3. Need of LPA
- The IMD records rainfall data at more than 2,400 locations and 3,500 rain-gauge stations
- Because annual rainfall can vary greatly not just from region to region and from month to month, but also from year to year within a particular region or month, an LPA is needed to smooth out trends so that a reasonably accurate prediction can be made
- A 50-year LPA covers for large variations in either direction caused by freak years of unusually high or low rainfall (as a result of events such as El Nino or La Nina)
- As well as for the periodic drought years and the increasingly common extreme weather events caused by climate change
4.IMD Calculations
Quantitatively, the monsoon seasonal (June to September) rainfall is likely to be 99% of the LPA with a model error of ± 5%. The LPA of the season rainfall over the country as a whole for the period 1971-2020 is 87 cm
The IMD maintains five rainfall distribution categories on an all-India scale. These are:
- Normal or near normal, when the percentage departure of actual rainfall is +/-10% of LPA, that is, between 96-104% of LPA
- Below normal, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 10% of LPA, that is 90-96% of LPA
- Above normal, when actual rainfall is 104-110% of LPA
- Deficient, when departure of actual rainfall is less than 90% of LPA
- Excess, when the departure of actual rainfall is more than 110% of LPA
5. About India Meteorological Department
- The beginnings of meteorology in India can be traced to ancient times. Early philosophical writings of the 3000 B.C. era, such as the Upanishadas, contain serious discussion about the processes of cloud formation and rain and the seasonal cycles caused by the movement of earth round the sun
- Varahamihira's classical work, the Brihatsamhita, written around 500 A.D., provides a clear evidence that a deep knowledge of atmospheric processes existed even in those times
- It was understood that rains come from the sun (Adityat Jayate Vrishti) and that good rainfall in the rainy season was the key to bountiful agriculture and food for the people
- Kautilya's Arthashastra contains records of scientific measurements of rainfall and its application to the country's revenue and relief work. Kalidasa in his epic, 'Meghdoot', written around the seventh century, even mentions the date of onset of the monsoon over central India and traces the path of the monsoon clouds
- Meteorology, as we perceive it now, may be said to have had its firm scientific foundation in the 17th century after the invention of the thermometer and the barometer and the formulation of laws governing the behaviour of atmospheric gases
- It was in 1636 that Halley, a British scientist, published his treatise on the Indian summer monsoon, which he attributed to a seasonal reversal of winds due to the differential heating of the Asian land mass and the Indian Ocean
- India is fortunate to have some of the oldest meteorological observatories of the world. The British East India Company established several such stations, for example, those at Calcutta in 1785 and Madras (now Chennai) in 1796 for studying the weather and climate of India
- The Asiatic Society of Bengal founded in 1784 at Calcutta, and in 1804 at Bombay (now Mumbai), promoted scientific studies in meteorology in India
- A disastrous tropical cyclone struck Calcutta in 1864 and this was followed by failures of the monsoon rains in 1866 and 1871
- In the year 1875, the Government of India established the India Meteorological Department, bringing all meteorological work in the country under a central authority
- The first Director General of Observatories was Sir John Eliot who was appointed in May 1889 at Calcutta headquarters
- The headquarters of IMD were later shifted to Shimla, then to Poona (now Pune) and finally to New Delhi
- From a modest beginning in 1875, IMD has progressively expanded its infrastructure for meteorological observations, communications, forecasting and weather services and it has achieved a parallel scientific growth
- IMD has always used contemporary technology. In the telegraph age, it made extensive use of weather telegrams for collecting observational data and sending warnings
- Later IMD became the first organisation in India to have a message-switching computer for supporting its global data exchange.
- One of the first few electronic computers introduced in the country was provided to IMD for scientific applications in meteorology
- India was the first developing country in the world to have its own geostationary satellite, INSAT, for continuous weather monitoring of this part of the globe and particularly for cyclone warning
- IMD has continuously ventured into new areas of application and service and steadily built upon its infrastructure in its history of 140 years
- It has simultaneously nurtured the growth of meteorology and atmospheric science in India. Today, meteorology in India is poised at the threshold of an exciting future
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For Prelims: IMD, Long Period Average, El Nino, La Nino
For Mains: 1.What characteristics can be assigned to monsoon climate that succeeds in feeding more than 50 percent of the won population residing in Monsoon Asia? (UPSC GS 1 2017
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Previous Year Questions:
1.La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011 )
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (D)
2.The seasonal reversal of winds is the typical characteristic of (UPSC 2014 )
A. Equatorial climate
B. Mediterranean climate
C. Monsoon climate
D. All of the above climates
Answer (C)
3.With reference to ‘Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)’ sometimes mentioned in the news while forecasting Indian monsoon, which of the following statements is/are correct? (2017 Prelims)
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (B)
4.Consider the following statements: (2015)
A. 1 only
B. 2 only
C. Both 1 and 2
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (B)
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Source: India Meteorological Department, indianexpress
