ONE NATION-ONE ELECTION
1. Context
The committee on “one nation, one election”, headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind, may submit its report on Thursday.
The report is likely to recommend amending relevant articles of the Constitution and/or adding new sections to enable holding of simultaneous polls in the country.
2. About the ONOE Plan
- The ONOE plan revolves around a core concept synchronizing the timing of Lok Sabha (India's lower house of Parliament) and State Assembly elections across all states.
- The primary objective is to reduce the frequency of elections throughout the country.
3. Historical Perspective on Simultaneous Elections
- Taking a historical glance, the first-ever general elections to Lok Sabha and all State Assemblies occurred simultaneously in 1951-1952, immediately following the enforcement of the Constitution on January 26, 1950.
- This practice persisted through three subsequent Lok Sabha elections until 1967 when it was disrupted.
- The initial disruption took place in 1959 when Article 356 of the Constitution was invoked by the Centre to dismiss the Kerala government.
- Subsequently, due to political defections and counter-defections, several Legislative Assemblies dissolved post-1960, ultimately leading to separate elections for Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
- Presently, assembly polls in the states of Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim, Andhra Pradesh, and Odisha are held in conjunction with Lok Sabha elections.
4. Insights from Reports on ONOE
- In August 2018, the Law Commission of India (LCI), chaired by Justice B. S. Chauhan, released a draft report on simultaneous elections.
- This comprehensive report analyzed the constitutional and legal aspects of the ONOE issue.
- Notably, the LCI submitted that simultaneous elections are not feasible within the current framework of the Constitution.
- The LCI emphasized that conducting simultaneous polls would require amendments to the Constitution, the Representation of the People's Act 1951, and the Rules of Procedure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies.
- Furthermore, the commission recommended that this proposal receive ratification from at least 50% of the states.
- However, in terms of the benefits of simultaneous elections, the commission argued that ONOE would result in substantial cost savings, reduced strain on the administrative setup and security forces, timely implementation of government policies, and a shift of managerial focus towards development activities instead of electioneering.
- Notably, this is not the first time such a proposal has been made, as a similar recommendation was made by the LCI in 1999, headed by Justice B. P. Jeevan Reddy.
5. Concerns Surrounding ONOE
- The feasibility of ONOE is a matter of paramount concern. Articles 83(2) and 172 of the Constitution specify that the tenure of Lok Sabha and State Assemblies, respectively, shall last for five years unless dissolved earlier.
- However, Article 356 provides for circumstances where assemblies can be dissolved earlier.
- Consequently, the ONOE plan raises crucial questions, such as what would happen if the Central or State government collapses mid-tenure.
- Would elections be held again in every state, or would President's rule be imposed
- Amending the Constitution to implement such a significant change would necessitate extensive consideration of various scenarios and provisions and could set a concerning precedent for further constitutional amendments.
- Another critical concern relates to the idea of ONOE not aligning with the concept of 'federalism.'
- Federalism is established on the notion that the entire nation is a "Union of States," which appears to contradict the concept of 'one nation' proposed by ONOE.
6. Benefits of Recurrent Elections
- The present system of recurrent elections is viewed by some as beneficial in a democracy.
- It allows voters to have their voices heard more frequently and ensures that issues at the national and state levels remain distinct.
- This separation of issues promotes greater accountability among elected officials.
- The Central government has highlighted the substantial costs associated with frequent elections as a key motivator for ONOE.
- The Election Commission's expenditure of ₹8,000 crore over five years, equivalent to ₹1,500 crore annually or ₹27 per voter per year, can truly be considered a 'massive' expense for maintaining India's status as the world's largest electoral democracy.
8. The Way Forward
- The 'One Nation, One Election' plan presents both advantages and challenges that warrant careful consideration and debate.
- It is essential to weigh the benefits of reduced election frequency against the potential disruption to the democratic process and the fundamental principles of federalism and accountability.
|
For Prelims: One Nation-One Election, Article 356, Law Commission of India, Representation of the People's Act 1951, Article 83(2), Article 172, federalism,
For Mains:
1. What is One Nation-One Election? Explain how having simultaneous elections across Lok Sabha and State assemblies counter federalism. (250 Words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. If the President of India exercises his power as provided under Article 356 of the Constitution in respect of a particular State, then (UPSC 2018)
A. the Assembly of the State is automatically dissolved.
B. the powers of the Legislature of that State shall be exercisable by or under the authority of the Parliament.
C. Article 19 is suspended in that State.
D. the President can make laws relating to that State.
Answer: B
2. What is the provision in Article 356 of Indian Constitution? (Soldier Technical Paper 2021)
A. For jobs in reservation of backward classes
B. To impose President's rule in the states
C. For the protection of religious monument
D. To give special status to Jammu and kashmir
Answer: B
3. According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the event of a person being elected to both houses of Parliament, he has to notify within ______ days in which house he intends to function. (Delhi Police Constable 2020)
A. 22 B. 10 C. 20 D. 15
Answer: B
4. Under what Article of the Constitution of India can the President take over the administration of a state in case its constitutional machinery breaks down? (MP Police Constable 2016)
A. Article 83 B. Article 352 C. Article 356 D. Article 343
Answer: C
5. Which one of the following in Indian Polity is an essential feature that indicates that it is federal in character? (UPSC 2021)
A. The independence of judiciary is safeguarded
B. The Union Legislature has elected representatives from constituent units
C. The Union Cabinet can have elected representatives from regional parties
D. The Fundamental Rights are enforceable by Courts of Law
Answer: A
|
Source: The Hindu
TEJAS AIRCRAFT
1. Context
An indigenously-built Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas crashed in Rajasthan’s Jaisalmer district during a routine training sortie on Tuesday, the Indian Air Force announced. The first crash in Tejas’s 23-year history was not fatal, with the pilot safely ejecting from the aircraft.
2.Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)
- The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) is a type of multi-role combat aircraft designed and developed for use by various air forces around the world. It is typically characterized by its lightweight construction, advanced avionics, and capabilities for both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions.
- LCAs are designed to operate in various combat scenarios, including close air support, air superiority, reconnaissance, and ground attack missions. They are often agile and versatile, capable of performing a wide range of missions with relatively low operating costs compared to larger, more complex fighter aircraft.
- The development of LCAs typically involves a combination of advanced technologies, including fly-by-wire flight controls, advanced radar systems, and sophisticated weapon systems. These features enable the aircraft to operate effectively in modern combat environments, often incorporating stealth technology to reduce its radar signature and increase survivability.
- Several countries have developed their own versions of the Light Combat Aircraft, each tailored to meet the specific requirements of their respective air forces. These aircraft play a crucial role in modern military operations, providing a cost-effective solution for various tactical air missions
3.LCA Tejas Specifications
The specifications of the LCA Tejas, which is developed by the Aeronautical Development Agency (ADA) in India, vary depending on the specific variant. However, here are some general specifications:
-
Dimensions:
- Length: Approximately 13.2 meters (43 feet)
- Wingspan: Approximately 8.2 meters (27 feet)
- Height: Approximately 4.4 meters (14 feet)
-
Weight:
- Empty Weight: Around 6,560 kilograms (14,470 pounds)
- Maximum Takeoff Weight: Approximately 13,500 kilograms (29,750 pounds)
-
Powerplant:
- Engine: General Electric F404-GE-IN20 turbofan engine (in initial variants)
- Thrust: Approximately 53.9 kilonewtons (12,100 pounds-force)
-
Performance:
- Maximum Speed: Approximately Mach 1.8 (2,205 kilometers per hour or 1,370 miles per hour)
- Range: Approximately 3,000 kilometers (1,860 miles)
- Service Ceiling: Approximately 15,250 meters (50,000 feet)
- Rate of Climb: Approximately 16,000 feet per minute
-
Armament:
- Guns: One 23mm twin-barrel GSh-23 cannon
- Hardpoints: Eight hardpoints for carrying a variety of air-to-air and air-to-ground weapons, including missiles, bombs, and rockets
-
Avionics:
- Radar: Multi-mode radar (varies by version)
- Avionics Suite: Advanced avionics including HUD (Head-Up Display), MFDs (Multi-Function Displays), mission computers, and integrated electronic warfare systems
4.Planned Variants of Tejas
-
Tejas Mk1: This is the initial production variant of the Tejas. It features a conventional configuration and is primarily intended for air defense and ground attack missions.
-
Tejas Mk1A: This variant is an upgraded version of the Mk1, featuring improvements in avionics, sensors, and weapon systems. It aims to enhance the overall combat capability of the aircraft.
-
Tejas Mk2: The Mk2 variant is a medium-weight multirole fighter designed to address the Indian Air Force's requirements for a more capable and versatile platform. It is expected to have improved performance, range, and payload capacity compared to the Mk1.
-
Tejas Navy (Mk1 and Mk2): These variants are specifically designed for carrier-based operations. They feature strengthened landing gear, arrestor hook, and other modifications to enable takeoff and landing from aircraft carriers.
-
Tejas Trainer (Mk1 and Mk2): These variants are dual-seat training versions of the Tejas, designed to train pilots for both the Indian Air Force and the Indian Navy.
-
Tejas Trainer (LIFT): The Lead-In Fighter Trainer (LIFT) variant is intended for advanced pilot training and weapons delivery practice. It is equipped with advanced avionics and weapon systems similar to operational variants.
-
Tejas Twin-Engine Variant: There have been discussions and studies about developing a twin-engine variant of the Tejas to further enhance its performance and capabilities. However, as of my last update, detailed plans for this variant were not finalized.
5. The 'Bailout' Process
- Bailouts are an extremely forceful procedure, often resulting in injuries for those who eject. Roughly 20-30 percent of individuals who eject suffer some form of spinal injury due to the intense forces involved.
- Newton's Second Law of Motion dictates that force equals mass multiplied by acceleration. On Earth's surface, gravity produces an acceleration of 1G (9.806 m/s^2). However, during extreme fighter jet maneuvers, pilots may experience a debilitating 8-10 Gs of acceleration.
- During ejections, albeit for a brief duration, forces can reach up to 20 Gs, meaning ejectees endure up to 20 times their body weight in force. This extreme force can cause bone fractures, cartilage tears, and even spinal compression, leading to a loss of height.
- Furthermore, pilots must ensure their bodies are streamlined during ejection to avoid injury. Any protruding limbs, such as knees, risk severe damage upon contact with surrounding objects.
- Pilots undergo extensive training to prepare for ejections, and individuals entering fighter aircraft must undergo basic training as well. Physical fitness is crucial for withstanding the intense forces experienced during ejection
- After the ejectee gets to a safe distance from the aircraft, their seat falls off and the parachute is deployed. This is supposed to happen automatically, but pilots also have the ability to manually deploy the chute in case of a malfunction
6. Way Forward
Crucially, parachutes are not supposed to be deployed at a very high altitude. Doing so risks the person freezing to death, or going hypoxic from the lack of oxygen, or both. For higher altitude ejections, a smaller parachute, known as the drogue, is first deployed in order to cut the speed of descent and stabilise the fall.
|
Previous Year Questions
1.Consider the following statements regarding Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) Tejas:(AFCAT 2022)
I. Most of them are capable of flying at supersonic speeds reaching nearly Mach 1.5.
II. It is a single-engine multi-role light fighter designed by the Aeronautical Development Agency.
III. It is equipped with Python-5 Air-to-Air Missile and Derby Beyond Visual Range Missile. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.I only
B.I and II only
C.III only
D.II and III only
Answer (D)
2.The Light Combat Aircraft (LCA) designed and developed by HAL is also known as (MP Police Constable 2017)
A.Suryakiran
B.Aryabhatta
C.Tejas
D.Prakash
Answer (C)
|
Source: Indianexpress
Pi DAY
1. Context
March 14, or 3/14 as per the American convention, is celebrated as Pi Day worldwide as an ode to the most well-known approximation (3.14) of the mathematical constant Pi
In 2019, UNESCO’s 40th General Conference designated Pi Day as the International Day of Mathematics
2. What is Pi?
Pi, commonly denoted by the Greek symbol π, stands out as the most renowned among mathematical constants. It signifies the relationship between a circle’s circumference (its outer boundary) and its diameter (a straight line connecting two points on the circle’s perimeter and passing through its center). Irrespective of the circle's dimensions, this ratio remains consistent. Pi is categorized as an irrational number, meaning it is a decimal that continues indefinitely without repetition. It is typically approximated as 3.14 or expressed as the fraction 22/7
3.How is Pi calculated?
- Pi (π) is calculated using various mathematical methods. One of the earliest methods is to measure the circumference and diameter of a circle and divide the circumference by the diameter. However, this method is not very accurate and can only provide an approximation of pi.
- Another common method is through geometric approaches, such as the method of inscribed and circumscribed polygons. This involves inscribing regular polygons (polygons with equal sides and angles) inside and around a circle and calculating their perimeters. As the number of sides of the polygons increases, their perimeters approach the circumference of the circle, yielding a more accurate value for pi.
- There are also infinite series and calculus-based methods for calculating pi, such as the Leibniz formula, the Gregory-Leibniz series, and various integral representations.
- Modern computers and algorithms have been used to calculate pi to trillions of digits using sophisticated mathematical algorithms and supercomputers. However, for most practical purposes, using approximations like 3.14 or 22/7 is sufficient
4.Evolution of Pi Calculation
- Both ancient Babylonians and ancient Egyptians came up with their own measurements, probably by drawing a circle of some diameter, and then measuring its circumference using a rope of said diameter in length. Babylonians settled at 25/8 (3.125) as the value of Pi, while ancient Egyptians settled at (16/9)^2 (approximately 3.16)
- It was Greek polymath Archimedes (circa 287-212 BCE) who came up with the method to calculate Pi that remained in use till the 17th century. He realised that the perimeter of a regular polygon of ‘n’ sides inscribed in a circle is smaller than the circumference of the circle, whereas the perimeter of a similar polygon circumscribed around the circle is greater than its circumference. He used this to calculate the limits within which the value of Pi must lie
- Now, as one keeps adding more and more sides to this polygon, it gets closer and closer to the shape of a circle. Having reached 96-sided polygons, Archimedes proved that 223/71 < Pi < 22/7 (in decimal notation, this is 3.14084 < π < 3.142858).
- Following Archimedes, mathematicians constantly increased the number of sides of the polygon to calculate Pi to ever greater decimal places. By 1630, Austrian astronomer Christoph Grienberger calculated 38 digits of Pi using polygons with 10^40 sides
- The problem with this method, however, is that it is extremely labour intensive. For instance, it took Dutch mathematician Ludolph van Ceulen (1540-1610) a staggering three decades to calculate Pi to 35 decimal points
- It would be Isaac Newton (1643-1727) who significantly simplified the process of calculating Pi. In 1666, he calculated Pi up to 16 decimal places using calculus, which he discovered along with mathematician Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1713). What had taken previous mathematicians years to calculate now could be done in a matter of days
- By 1719, French mathematician Thomas Fantet de Lagny (1660-1734) had already calculated Pi up to 112 correct decimal places. Today, with the help of modern computers, this method has calculated the value of Pi up to 31 trillion (1012) decimal places
5. Significance
- Circles abound in the world around us, as do three-dimensional shapes like cylinders, spheres, and cones, all of which embody the constant proportion of Pi.
- Understanding the value of Pi holds significant practical advantages across various domains such as architecture, design, and engineering.
- Whether it's constructing water storage tanks or designing sophisticated satellite equipment, Pi's value is essential in numerous applications.
- Furthermore, Pi appears to be intricately intertwined with explanations of the fundamental workings of the universe, from assessing the vast expanses of space to unraveling the helical structure of DNA.
- Professor Dorina Mitrea, chair of the Department of Mathematics at Baylor University, Texas, highlighted in a 2023 interview with Newswise that Pi serves as a crucial element in solving a multitude of problems inspired by real-world phenomena. As our comprehension of the world advances, Pi's relevance is only expected to grow.
- Nevertheless, the computation of Pi to 31 trillion digits may not seem immediately practical. While Archimedes' calculation sufficed for the practical purposes of his time, today, achieving a precision of about 39 decimal places is necessary to conduct calculations in the observable universe with virtually zero error
6. Way Forward
The digits of Pi never end and never show a pattern. They go on forever, seemingly at random except that they can’t possibly be random, because they embody the order inherent in a perfect circle
Source: Indianexpress
GREENHOUSE GASES(GHGs)
1. Context
A California man is facing criminal charges in a San Diego court for smuggling, not illegal drugs or weapons, but greenhouse gases (GHGs). These gases, some of which are used in cooling appliances such as air conditioners and refrigerators, trap heat in the atmosphere and add to global warming.
2.What are greenhouse gases?
Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect and contributing to global warming. These gases include carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), ozone (O3), and fluorinated gases (such as hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur hexafluoride, and nitrogen trifluoride).
These gases allow sunlight to enter the Earth's atmosphere freely. Once absorbed, the Earth's surface emits infrared radiation, but instead of allowing this radiation to escape back into space, greenhouse gases trap and re-radiate some of it back towards the Earth's surface. This process warms the Earth's surface and lower atmosphere, leading to the greenhouse effect.
Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes, have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, amplifying the greenhouse effect and contributing to global climate change
Here are the major greenhouse gases:
- Carbon dioxide (CO2): The most abundant greenhouse gas emitted through human activities. It is released when fossil fuels like coal, oil and natural gas are burned
- Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted from agriculture, waste decomposition, and fossil fuel production. It is a more potent greenhouse gas than CO2, but it breaks down in the atmosphere more quickly
- Nitrous oxide (N2O): Nitrous oxide is emitted from agriculture, industrial processes, and burning fossil fuels. It is a long-lived greenhouse gas that can stay in the atmosphere for centuries
- Fluorinated gases These are man-made chemicals used in refrigerants, air conditioners, and fire extinguishers. They are very potent greenhouse gases, but they are emitted in much smaller quantities than other greenhouse gases
- Water vapor (H2O): The most abundant greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Water vapor plays an important role in the natural greenhouse effect, but human activities do not significantly affect the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere
3. What is the Greenhouse gas effect?
The greenhouse effect is a natural process that occurs when certain gases in the Earth's atmosphere trap heat from the sun. This process is essential for maintaining the Earth's temperature within a range suitable for life. Without the greenhouse effect, the Earth would be much colder, and life as we know it would not exist.
Here's how the greenhouse effect works:
-
Solar radiation: Sunlight reaches the Earth's atmosphere and passes through it, warming the Earth's surface.
-
Absorption and re-radiation: The Earth's surface absorbs some of this solar energy and then emits it as infrared radiation (heat). Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), water vapor (H2O), and others, absorb some of this infrared radiation.
-
Re-emission: The absorbed energy is re-radiated in all directions, including back toward the Earth's surface. This trapped heat warms the lower atmosphere and the Earth's surface, similar to how a greenhouse traps heat.
-
Balance: The greenhouse effect helps maintain the Earth's temperature in a range suitable for life. However, human activities, such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, have significantly increased the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, leading to enhanced greenhouse effect or global warming
4. What are hydrofluorocarbons?
- Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) are a class of synthetic greenhouse gases commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam blowing agents, aerosol propellants, and other industrial applications. They are composed of hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms.
- HFCs were developed as alternatives to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), which were phased out due to their significant ozone-depleting potential. Unlike CFCs and HCFCs, HFCs do not contain chlorine atoms, so they do not contribute to ozone depletion.
- However, they are potent greenhouse gases, with high global warming potentials (GWPs), meaning they trap heat in the atmosphere at a much higher rate than carbon dioxide (CO2).
- Due to their role in contributing to climate change, efforts have been made internationally to regulate and phase out the use of HFCs. The Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, adopted in 2016, aims to gradually reduce the production and consumption of HFCs globally.
- Many countries are transitioning to alternative refrigerants with lower global warming potentials, such as hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) and natural refrigerants like ammonia and carbon dioxide. These efforts are essential for mitigating climate change by reducing the emissions of potent greenhouse gases like HFC
5. What are the adverse effects?
The greenhouse gas effect, when intensified beyond natural levels due to human activities, leads to a range of adverse effects on the environment, ecosystems, and human societies.
Some of these effects include:
- The primary consequence of intensified greenhouse gas effect is global warming. Increased concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap more heat, leading to a rise in average global temperatures
- Global warming alters weather patterns and climatic conditions worldwide, leading to changes such as more frequent and intense heatwaves, storms, droughts, and floods. These changes can disrupt ecosystems, agriculture, and water supplies, leading to ecological imbalances and economic losses
- Warmer temperatures cause polar ice caps and glaciers to melt, contributing to rising sea levels. This phenomenon threatens coastal communities, low-lying islands, and habitats, increasing the risk of flooding and erosion
- Increased atmospheric CO2 levels lead to higher levels of carbon dioxide dissolving into oceans, resulting in ocean acidification. This harms marine life, particularly organisms with calcium carbonate shells or skeletons, such as corals, mollusks, and certain plankton species
- Climate change disrupts ecosystems and habitats, forcing species to migrate, adapt, or face extinction. The rapid pace of climate change often outpaces the ability of many species to adapt, leading to biodiversity loss and ecosystem degradation
- Climate change exacerbates health risks, including heat-related illnesses, respiratory problems from poor air quality, increased prevalence of infectious diseases, and food and water insecurity due to changing agricultural conditions
- Climate change can lead to displacement of populations due to extreme weather events, loss of livelihoods in sectors such as agriculture and fishing, and increased conflicts over resources like water and arable land. These disruptions can strain social systems and economies, particularly in vulnerable regions
6.What is Montreal Protocol?
The Montreal Protocol is an international environmental agreement aimed at protecting the Earth's ozone layer by phasing out the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). It was negotiated in 1987 and entered into force in 1989. The protocol is regarded as one of the most successful international environmental treaties.
Key points about the Montreal Protocol include:
-
Objective: The primary goal of the Montreal Protocol is to phase out the production and consumption of ODS, which are substances that contain chlorine and bromine atoms and are responsible for ozone depletion in the stratosphere.
-
Ozone Layer: The ozone layer is a region of the Earth's stratosphere that contains a high concentration of ozone molecules (O3). This layer plays a crucial role in absorbing and filtering out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, protecting life on Earth from its harmful effects.
-
Ozone-Depleting Substances: The Montreal Protocol targets several categories of ODS, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform, among others. These substances were commonly used in refrigeration, air conditioning, foam blowing agents, fire extinguishers, and other industrial applications.
-
Phasing Out: The protocol established a timetable for phasing out the production and consumption of ODS, with developed countries committing to earlier phase-out schedules and developing countries given more time to comply. Amendments to the protocol tightened regulations and accelerated the phase-out schedules over time.
-
Success: The Montreal Protocol is widely regarded as successful in achieving its objectives. By reducing the production and consumption of ODS, the protocol has led to a gradual recovery of the ozone layer. Scientific assessments have confirmed a decrease in the atmospheric concentrations of ODS and a healing of the ozone layer.
-
International Cooperation: The Montreal Protocol exemplifies successful international cooperation in addressing global environmental challenges. It has been ratified by almost every country in the world, demonstrating a shared commitment to protecting the ozone layer and mitigating climate change (as many ODS are also potent greenhouse gases)
7.Way Forward
Since 2020, the US has banned the import of HCFC 22 for any purpose other than in a process which results in its transformation or destruction. The American Innovation and Manufacturing (AIM) Act, passed by Congress in December 2020, authorised the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to phase down the production and consumption of numerous forms of HFCs
|
For Prelims: General issues on Environmental ecology, Bio-diversity and Climate Change – that do not require subject specialization
For Mains: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1.Global warming is attributed to the presence of the following gases in the atmosphere : (UGC NET 2022)
(A) Methane
(B) Sulphur dioxide
(C) Surface Ozone
(D) Nitrogen dioxide
(E) Carbon dioxide
Choose the correct answer from the options given below :
1.(A), (B), (C), (E) only
2.(A), (C), (E) only
3.(A), (C), (D), (E) only
4.(A), (B), (D), (E) only
Answer (2)
|
Source: Indianexpress
FISCAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BUDGET MANAGEMENT (FRBM) ACT
1. Context
Recently, The Supreme Court asked the Centre to consider allowing the Kerala government a “one-time package” in the present financial year to help it tide over funds shortage while the central government could simultaneously impose more stringent conditions for the next financial year.
2. The fiscal stress in Kerala
Kerala faces significant fiscal stress, meaning its government struggles to meet its expenditure with its revenue.
- High fiscal deficit: Kerala has a high fiscal deficit, which is the difference between its revenue and expenditure. This indicates the government spends more than it earns, requiring borrowing to bridge the gap.
- Debt burden: The state has a high debt-to-GDP ratio, which is the total debt compared to the size of its economy. This increasing debt burden raises concerns about future repayment ability and limits spending on essential services.
- Limited revenue generation: While Kerala's tax effort (ratio of tax collected to GDP) is considered above average, it still struggles to generate enough revenue to meet its needs.
- Causes: Several factors contribute to Kerala's fiscal stress, including:
- High social welfare spending: The state prioritises social programs, leading to high expenditure on healthcare, education, and pensions.
- Stagnant economic growth: Limited economic diversification and a slowdown in some sectors restrict revenue growth.
- Dependence on central government transfers: Kerala relies heavily on financial assistance from the central government, making it vulnerable to fluctuations in central transfers.
-
Impacts: Fiscal stress can have negative consequences for Kerala's development:
- Limited investment in infrastructure: Reduced funds for infrastructure projects like roads, bridges, and power plants can hinder economic growth.
- Crowding out private investment: High government borrowing might compete with private sector borrowing, limiting investment opportunities.
- Reduced service delivery: Fiscal stress can impact the quality and accessibility of public services like healthcare and education.
Current Situation
- Kerala is categorised as one of the five most indebted states in India by the Reserve Bank of India (RBI).
- The debate continues how to address the issue. Some advocate for stricter fiscal discipline and exploring new revenue sources. Others emphasise the need for increased central government support and economic reforms to boost revenue generation.
3. Article 293
- Article 293 (1) empowers states to borrow money for their functioning, but with limitations set by their respective legislatures. This ensures responsible borrowing and prevents excessive debt accumulation by state governments.
- Article 293 (2) allows the Central Government to provide loans to state governments.
- Article 293 (3) restricts states from raising loans without the Central Government's consent if they already have outstanding loans or guarantees from the Central Government. This provision aims to ensure states manage their finances responsibly and avoid excessive debt.
- Article 293 (4) A consent under clause (3) may be granted subject to such conditions, if any, as the Government of India may think fit to impose.
4. Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003
The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, 2003 (FRBM Act) is a crucial piece of legislation in India that aims to achieve fiscal discipline by the government.
Objectives
- Reduce India's fiscal deficit: The act sets targets for the government to gradually bring down the fiscal deficit, which is the gap between its revenue and expenditure.
- Improve macroeconomic management: By ensuring responsible borrowing and spending, the FRBM Act aims to promote economic stability and growth.
- Enhance transparency in fiscal operations: The act mandates the government to present medium-term fiscal policy statements, promoting greater transparency in budgeting and debt management.
Key Provisions
- Fiscal deficit targets: The act originally laid out a roadmap for reducing the fiscal deficit to 3% of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) by March 2008. This target has been revised over time.
- Fiscal policy statements: The government is required to present three statements to the Parliament along with the annual budget
- Medium-Term Fiscal Policy Statement (MTFPS) outlines the fiscal roadmap for the next three years, including revenue and expenditure projections.
- The Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement (FPSS) document focuses on the medium-term fiscal strategy for achieving the deficit targets.
- Macroeconomic Framework Statement (MFS) statement presents the government's assessment of the overall economic situation and its implications for fiscal policy.
- Fiscal responsibility rules: The act empowers the government to frame rules for achieving the fiscal deficit targets. These rules may specify measures for curtailing expenditure, improving revenue collection, and managing public debt.
Criticisms and Challenges
- Balancing fiscal discipline with growth: Critics argue that a rigid focus on deficit reduction might hinder government spending on essential sectors, impacting economic growth.
- Achieving targets: The government has not always been able to meet the stipulated deficit targets due to various factors like economic slowdowns or unforeseen circumstances.
- Flexibility: Debates exist regarding the need for flexibility in the act to accommodate economic emergencies or unforeseen circumstances.
Significance
Despite the challenges, the FRBM Act has played a significant role in promoting fiscal discipline and transparency in India's public finances. It has helped to:
- Reduce the fiscal deficit over time, leading to greater macroeconomic stability.
- Increase awareness of fiscal issues and promote public debate on budgetary matters.
- Provide a framework for medium-term fiscal planning and debt management.
5. Can States borrow beyond FRBM Limits?
States in India can sometimes borrow beyond the FRBM (Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management) Act limits but with some restrictions.
FRBM Act and Borrowing Limits: The FRBM Act sets targets for the government to gradually reduce the fiscal deficit (the gap between revenue and expenditure). These targets apply to both the central government and state governments.
Exceptions for States
- Legislative Flexibility: State legislatures can set their own borrowing limits within the FRBM framework. This allows some flexibility for states based on their specific circumstances.
- Central Government Loans: Article 293 (2) of the Indian Constitution allows the Central Government to provide loans to state governments. In critical situations, the central government might offer loans exceeding the FRBM limits to support states.
- Natural Disasters and Emergencies: In unforeseen circumstances like natural disasters or national emergencies, states may be allowed to borrow beyond the FRBM limits to meet immediate needs. However, this usually requires approval from the central government.
Restrictions on Borrowing Beyond Limits
- Article 293 (3) of the Constitution: This provision restricts states from raising loans without the central government's consent if they already have outstanding loans or guarantees from the central government. This discourages excessive borrowing and ensures some level of control.
- Loan Conditions: The central government may impose conditions on loans exceeding FRBM limits. These conditions could involve stricter fiscal discipline measures or reforms from the state government.
6. The recommendations or targets for state governments regarding their net borrowing limits as a percentage of Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP).
These recommendations are typically part of fiscal discipline measures to ensure responsible borrowing and debt management by state governments.
- 2021-22: 4% of GSDP: This recommendation implies that for the fiscal year 2021-22, state governments are advised to keep their net borrowing within 4% of their respective Gross State Domestic Product. This limit serves as a guideline to prevent excessive borrowing that could strain state finances.
- 2022-23: 3.5% of GSDP: For the following fiscal year 2022-23, the recommended net borrowing limit is lowered to 3.5% of GSDP. This reduction indicates a gradual tightening of fiscal discipline, aiming to curb borrowing and promote fiscal sustainability.
- 2023-24 to 2025-26: 3% of GSDP: The subsequent years from 2023-24 to 2025-26 see a further reduction in the recommended net borrowing limit to 3% of GSDP. This signifies a sustained effort to limit state borrowing and manage public debt within manageable levels relative to the state's economic output.
7. The Way Forward
Addressing Kerala's fiscal stress requires a multi-pronged approach that combines internal efforts to improve financial management and economic growth with seeking external support from the central government. Transparency, public participation, and a commitment to long-term sustainability are crucial for Kerala to navigate its current fiscal challenges.
|
For Prelims: Kerala, Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management Act, Article 293, GSDP, Reserve Bank of India
For Mains:
1. Explain the constitutional provisions related to states' borrowing powers as outlined in Article 293 of the Indian Constitution. How do these provisions ensure responsible borrowing and prevent excessive debt accumulation by state governments? (250 Words)
|
|
Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. An increase in the Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER) indicates the appreciation of the rupee.
2. An increase in the Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER) indicates an improvement in trade competitiveness.
3. An increasing trend in domestic inflation relative to inflation in other countries is likely to cause an increasing divergence between NEER and REER.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
2. With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2015) 1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade.
2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Review Committee Report has recommended a debt to GDP ratio of 60% for the general (combined) government by 2023, comprising 40% for the Central Government and 20% for the State Governments.
2. The Central Government has domestic liabilities of 21% of GDP as compared to that of 49% of GDP of the State Governments.
3. As per the Constitution of India, it is mandatory for a State to take the Central Government's consent for raising any loan if the former owes any outstanding liabilities to the latter.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
4. Recently, which one of the following currencies has been proposed to be added to the basket of IMF’s SDR? (UPSC 2016)
A. Rouble
B. Rand
C. Indian Rupee
D. Renminbi
5. Rapid Financing Instruments" and "Rapid Credit Facility" are related to the provisions of lending by which one of the following? (UPSC 2022)
A. Asian Development Bank
B. International Monetary Fund
C. United Nations Environment Programme
D. Finance Initiative World Bank
6. With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade. 2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade. Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 7. A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2015) 1. Slowing economic growth rate 2. Less equitable distribution of national income Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 Answers: 1-C, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-B, 6-B, 7-A
Mains
1. Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC 2020) 2. Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC 2021) |
Source: The Indian Express
JUDGES AND BUREAUCRATS JOINING POLITICS
1. Context
Recently a Calcutta High Court judge and a senior IPS officer in West Bengal resigned from their posts and joined political parties. This has once again raised questions of propriety about independent constitutional authorities and other senior government officials joining political parties after demitting office.
2. Constitutional Restrictions on Government Officials and Independent Bodies
The Constitution establishes a framework of governance based on principles of checks and balances, ensuring accountability and preventing abuse of power. Within this framework, there are specific constitutional restrictions placed on government officials and independent bodies to uphold the integrity and independence of key institutions. These restrictions are crucial for maintaining transparency, fairness, and public trust in the functioning of the state.
- The executive branch, headed by the government, is accountable to the legislature, which represents the will of the people. This accountability is essential to prevent unilateral decisions and ensure that policies and actions align with democratic principles.
- An independent judiciary acts as a check on both the executive and legislative branches. Judges are appointed based on merit and are expected to uphold the rule of law impartially, without succumbing to political pressure or influence.
- Various independent bodies such as the Election Commission, Public Service Commission, and Comptroller and Auditor General (CAG) play crucial roles in ensuring free and fair elections, merit-based public service recruitment, and financial accountability, respectively. These bodies are granted autonomy and are protected from undue interference by the government.
- To safeguard their independence, members of these bodies are often appointed for fixed tenures and are granted financial autonomy to carry out their functions effectively without external influence.
- Constitutional provisions typically outline strict procedures for the removal of key officials from these independent bodies, ensuring that such actions are not arbitrary or politically motivated.
- After demitting office, officials from these bodies often face restrictions on taking up certain positions or engagements that could compromise their impartiality or create conflicts of interest. For instance, judges of higher courts may be barred from practising law in lower courts to maintain the dignity and neutrality of the judiciary.
- These restrictions are designed to prevent favouritism or undue influence during an official's tenure and to discourage the expectation of post-retirement benefits or privileges based on their previous roles.
3. Transition from Independent Positions to Political Posts
The transition from holding independent constitutional positions to engaging in political activities, including joining political parties, contesting elections, or being nominated to political posts, is a notable aspect within governance systems. Unlike the stringent restrictions imposed during their tenure in independent bodies, individuals are generally free to pursue political roles after leaving such positions. This transition raises important considerations regarding the intersection of independence, public service, and political engagement.
- Individuals who have served in independent constitutional posts, such as judges, election commissioners, and auditors, are not typically bound by formal restrictions when it comes to participating in political activities post-retirement or post-service.
- There are notable instances where individuals from independent bodies have transitioned into political roles. For example, Supreme Court judges in the past have resigned to contest elections or join political parties, showcasing their right as citizens to engage in the political process.
- Instances include Supreme Court judges resigning to contest presidential or parliamentary elections, former election commissioners becoming members of parliament or even ministers, and retired chief justices being nominated to legislative bodies like the Rajya Sabha.
- Retired officials, including former auditors and judges, have also been appointed as governors of states, highlighting the diversity of roles individuals from independent positions can assume within the political landscape.
- Beyond judicial and auditing roles, numerous bureaucrats have also transitioned into political roles, either by joining political parties or contesting elections post-retirement or resignation.
- While there are no legal barriers to such transitions, ethical considerations arise concerning the perception of independence, impartiality, and potential conflicts of interest when individuals move from independent roles to political engagements.
- Such transitions often spark public debate regarding the integrity of institutions, the need for transparency in political appointments, and the accountability of individuals who move between independent and political spheres.
4. Recommendations for Cooling-Off Periods for Retired Bureaucrats in Politics
In recent years, there have been recommendations and discussions regarding the need for a cooling-off period for retired bureaucrats before they can engage in political activities, such as joining political parties or contesting elections. These recommendations have come from various quarters, including the Election Commission, highlighting the importance of addressing potential conflicts of interest and maintaining the integrity of public service.
- In 2012, the Election Commission proposed to the Union government the implementation of a cooling-off period for top bureaucrats after their retirement. This proposal aimed to mitigate concerns about the immediate transition from bureaucratic roles to active political participation.
- However, the government rejected this recommendation, citing legal and constitutional considerations. The Attorney General opined that such a cooling-off period might not align with constitutional provisions and democratic principles, leading to the dismissal of the proposed measure.
- Despite calls for a cooling-off period, judicial intervention has also highlighted the separation of powers between the judiciary and the legislature in deciding such matters. The Supreme Court, in a case in May 2022, dismissed a writ petition seeking direction to the legislature to enact a law mandating a cooling-off period for retired bureaucrats entering politics.
- The court's stance underscores that the decision to implement a cooling-off period remains within the purview of the legislature. It is up to the lawmakers to deliberate on the necessity and feasibility of such a measure, considering its implications on democratic norms, individual rights, and governance dynamics.
- The issue of a cooling-off period for retired bureaucrats entering politics continues to spark public discourse regarding ethical standards, potential conflicts of interest, and the need for transparent and accountable governance practices.
- Any future consideration of a cooling-off period would require a delicate balance between the rights of individuals to engage in political activities post-retirement and the broader public interest in upholding institutional integrity and preventing undue influence.
- As governance norms evolve and public expectations shift, ongoing evaluation and debate on measures like cooling-off periods remain essential to strengthen democratic processes and maintain public trust in governance institutions.
5. Considerations on Implementing a Cooling-Off Period for Retired Bureaucrats in Politics
The debate surrounding the desirability of a cooling-off period for retired bureaucrats before they engage in political activities, such as joining political parties or contesting elections, is multifaceted, touching upon democratic principles, institutional integrity, and public perception.
- Democratic Rights vs. Institutional Neutrality: A fundamental aspect of democracy is the right of every citizen to participate in the political process, including contesting elections. The Attorney General's opinion against imposing a cooling-off period highlighted the importance of maintaining independence and neutrality while an individual is in active government service.
- Existing Restrictions and Conflict Avoidance: There are already rules in place that restrict senior bureaucrats from taking up private employment immediately after retirement to prevent conflicts of interest. These restrictions are deemed necessary and are based on identifiable differences to safeguard against potential biases or improprieties.
- Harmony with Democratic Principles: Imposing similar restrictions on officials regarding contesting elections might not align with democratic ideals, as it could be seen as a limitation on individual rights without a clear and justifiable reason.
- Transparency and Public Confidence: However, the principle of justice not only being done but also being seen to be done is crucial, especially concerning officials who have held high-ranking positions. Extending this principle post-retirement through a reasonable cooling-off period, such as two years, before engaging in political activities can enhance transparency and public confidence.
- Mitigating Allegations of Quid Pro Quo: A cooling-off period can help negate allegations of quid pro quo or undue influence, providing a buffer between official duties and political engagements, thus reinforcing the perception of impartiality and integrity.
- Balancing Competing Interests: The challenge lies in striking a balance between preserving democratic rights and ensuring institutional integrity. A carefully crafted cooling-off period can serve this purpose without unduly infringing on individual liberties while addressing concerns about potential conflicts of interest.
- Public Perception and Accountability: Ultimately, the implementation of a cooling-off period should be guided by considerations of public trust, accountability, and the need to uphold the credibility of governance institutions.
6. The Way Forward
By adopting a comprehensive and inclusive approach that considers democratic principles, institutional integrity, ethical standards, and public accountability, policymakers can navigate the complexities associated with judges and bureaucrats joining politics while upholding the values of transparency, fairness, and public trust in democratic governance.
|
For Prelims: Election Commission, Public Service Commission, Comptroller and Auditor General, Legislature, Bureaucracy, Judiciary
For Mains:
1. The concept of independent constitutional bodies is crucial for a healthy democracy. How can the integrity and impartiality of these bodies be ensured, considering the post-retirement career choices of officials? (250 words)
2. What are the ethical considerations surrounding a potential cooling-off period for retired officials? How can a balance be struck between individual rights and public expectations? (250 words)
|
Source: The Hindu
