The recent India-Maldives controversy stemmed from offensive comments made by three Maldivian ministers on social media about Prime Minister Narendra Modi's visit to the Lakshadweep islands in early January 2024. 

The Incident

• Maldivian Deputy Minister of Youth Empowerment Mariyam Shiuna posted a mocking and disrespectful remark about PM Modi on social media. Two other ministers, Malsha Shareef and Abdulla Mahzoom Majid, also made disparaging comments.
• India summoned the Maldivian envoy and expressed strong disapproval of the derogatory remarks.
• The Maldivian government suspended the three ministers and distanced itself from their statements. President Mohamed Muizzu also affirmed the importance of close ties with India.
• The episode coincides with Maldivian President Ibrahim Mohamed Solih's maiden visit to China, raising speculation about China's possible role in influencing the ministers' remarks.

3. India-Maldives

India-Maldives relations have historically been close, marked by vibrant cultural ties, strong economic partnerships, and strategic cooperation. However, the relationship has encountered some challenges in recent years, highlighting the need for renewed focus and strategic adjustments.

Historical Ties

• Both nations share Buddhist and Hindu influences, with Maldivians speaking Dhivehi, which belongs to the Indo-Aryan language family.
• India has been a significant trading partner for Maldives, exporting food, and manufactured goods, and providing tourism services.
• India has played a crucial role in ensuring the Maldives' security, assisting in the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis.

Strategic Interests

• The Maldives occupies a strategic position in the Indian Ocean, making it crucial for India's maritime security interests.
• China's increasing economic and military presence in the region presents both challenges and opportunities for India-Maldives cooperation.
• Both countries share concerns about terrorism and have collaborated in intelligence sharing and capacity building.

Contemporary Challenges

• Despite close ties, the significant economic disparity between India and the Maldives can lead to imbalances and resentment.
• The Maldives has experienced political turmoil in recent years, which can impact relations with India.
• Both countries face challenges related to climate change and rising sea levels, requiring collaborative solutions.

• The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives, triggered by offensive comments directed at Prime Minister Modi, might appear as a fleeting "storm in a teacup." However, a closer look reveals several critical dimensions with far-reaching implications for India's maritime security landscape, offering valuable lessons for the future.
• The Maldives archipelago stretches across the southern Indian Ocean, forming a vital piece of India's maritime security puzzle. Its 27 coral atolls dispersed over 900 km encompass an exclusive economic zone of nearly a million square kilometres. Despite the Indian Navy's acknowledgement of this strategic importance, India's overall security approach suffers from a persistent "continental fixation."
• The lack of a comprehensive national security strategy translates into sporadic and uncoordinated maritime initiatives. This shortcoming hinders India's ability to effectively maintain control over strategically crucial areas like the Maldives.
• As early as 1945, K.M. Panikkar, revered as India's "oracle of maritime wisdom," warned against the perils of a solely land-based defence strategy. He presciently declared that neglect of Indian interests in the Indian Ocean would render freedom inconsequential and accurately predicted China's burgeoning naval ambitions. Panikkar's foresight highlights the urgent need for India to prioritize its maritime security interests.
• The British presence on Gan Island, a Maldivian island, until 1976 underscores the strategic significance of the region. Additionally, China's expanding naval power and its proximity to the Indian Ocean raise concerns about potential strategic rivalries.

The recent diplomatic spat with the Maldives serves as a stark reminder of the need for India to re-evaluate its approach to the island nation and, perhaps, other neighbouring countries. While external factors like China's influence and Pakistan's religious incitement undoubtedly play a role, it's crucial to acknowledge and address any shortcomings within India's own diplomatic strategies.

Missed Warning Signs: The relationship with the Maldives started fraying as early as 2011, with the cancellation of the Male airport contract awarded to GMR. This should have triggered alarm bells within the Ministry of External Affairs (MEA). Did India receive any early warnings of this shift in sentiment from its representatives in Male? If so, were proactive measures taken to address the concerns and mend ties?

Beyond Big Brother: Maldives, with its small population and unique identity, is naturally sensitive to any perceived "big-brotherly" attitude. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some Indian diplomats' condescending demeanours, overemphasis on cultural dominance, and projection of a "viceroy" image can foster resentment. This, coupled with India's own internal struggles and occasional instances of unchecked communal tensions, paints an unappealing picture for neighbours.

Introspection and Recalibration: Addressing these concerns requires introspection and recalibration within India's diplomatic approach. Building stronger ties with the Maldives, and other neighbours, demands:

• Recognizing the sensitivities of smaller nations and engaging them with empathy and respect is crucial. This involves actively listening to their concerns, addressing them sincerely, and avoiding patronizing attitudes.
• Appreciation for the Maldives' unique cultural identity and traditions, along with fostering mutual understanding through cultural exchange programs and collaborative initiatives, can strengthen the bond between the two countries.
• Building strong economic partnerships, promoting mutually beneficial trade and development projects, and ensuring fair treatment of Maldivian workers in India can contribute to a more stable and prosperous relationship.
• Addressing domestic issues like communal tensions and hate speech, and upholding democratic principles, will project a more positive image of India as a reliable and trustworthy partner.

The "Security and Growth for All in the Region" (SAGAR) initiative, launched by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2015, is India's vision for maritime cooperation in the Indian Ocean region. It aims to create a secure, stable, and prosperous environment for all nations through collaboration in various areas.

Key objectives of SAGAR

•  Promoting cooperation to combat piracy, terrorism, and other maritime threats; enhancing capacity building in coastal countries.
•  Encouraging trade and investment; developing port infrastructure and connectivity; promoting sustainable resource management.
• Providing training and expertise to partner nations in areas like maritime safety, search and rescue, and pollution control.
•  Assisting with preparedness, response, and recovery efforts during natural disasters in the region.
• Working together to conserve marine ecosystems and address pollution challenges.

Significance of SAGAR:

• SAGAR positions India as a leading maritime power in the Indian Ocean, fostering its strategic partnerships and influence.
•  In the face of China's growing presence in the region, SAGAR offers a cooperative alternative based on shared values and mutual benefit.
• The initiative's focus on development and capacity building caters to the needs of smaller island nations, strengthening regional stability.
• SAGAR encourages collaboration between countries on shared challenges, fostering trust and mutual understanding.

Challenges and Future Development

• While the vision is clear, a comprehensive document outlining specific action plans and operational strategies is needed.
• Implementing SAGAR initiatives effectively requires adequate resources both financially and in terms of personnel and expertise.
• Gaining the trust and active participation of all countries in the region is crucial for SAGAR's success.

The recent diplomatic discord with the Maldives highlights the need for India to shift its strategic focus in the Indo-Pacific beyond land borders and engage in larger geopolitical competition. Recognizing the crucial role of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) and the distinct advantages of proximity, India must navigate the complex interplay between its own interests and the growing influence of China.

Geographic Advantage: Compared to China, India enjoys a clear geographic advantage in the IOR. With Male, the Maldivian capital, just 700 km from Kochi, India, compared to 6,000 km from the nearest Chinese port, India can respond to crises and offer assistance much faster. This was evident during the 1988 coup attempt, the 2004 tsunami, and the 2014 water crisis, where the Indian Navy swiftly provided crucial aid. This demonstrates the inherent value of having a reliable and responsive neighbour.

The Imperative of Securing Sea Lanes: As the world's largest trading nation, China's economic and industrial prosperity hinges on uninterrupted maritime trade. Its sea lanes in the IOR, therefore, become a critical "jugular vein" requiring protection. This has led China to develop strategic footholds like Hambantota in Sri Lanka and Gwadar in Pakistan, and even lease a military base in Djibouti. Securing allies like the Maldives becomes strategically vital for China to counterbalance India's geographic advantage.

Checkmating China: The Maldives presents a crucial strategic puzzle in this context. While India enjoys the inherent benefits of proximity and historical goodwill, China's economic clout and strategic ambitions pose a significant challenge. India must navigate this complex landscape by:

• Continuing to provide humanitarian assistance, disaster relief, and economic partnerships can solidify India's image as a trustworthy and beneficial partner.
• Strengthening cultural ties and fostering a deeper understanding of each other's perspectives can build trust and goodwill.
• Upholding democratic values and addressing issues like communal tensions can project a more positive image of India on the international stage.
• Collaborating with other IOR countries on regional issues like maritime security and environmental protection can showcase India's commitment to shared prosperity and cooperation.

• The untapped potential of maritime diplomacy in strengthening India's relationships with its maritime neighbours. While conventional diplomacy remains essential, embracing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool can offer significant benefits.
• India's Maritime Doctrine clearly outlines the "diplomatic role" as a crucial function of the Indian Navy. This role aims to "favourably shape the maritime environment" and support national interests in line with foreign policy and security goals.
• For years, India's response to requests for maritime assistance from neighbouring countries like Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Myanmar often fell short due to bureaucratic hurdles and funding limitations. This missed opportunities to build goodwill and foster stronger ties.
• In 2005-06, recognizing this gap, the Indian Navy took a proactive step by establishing a dedicated organization led by a two-star admiral to oversee foreign cooperation. This unit facilitated the transfer of patrol boats, aircraft, and helicopters from the Navy's own inventory to partner nations. This initiative exemplified the potential of maritime diplomacy in action.

The positive outcomes of this maritime cooperation are evident in India's strengthened relationships with Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar, and other coastal neighbours. This successful model paves the way for further expansion:

•  Providing training, joint exercises, and equipment support to partner nations can build maritime security capabilities and foster trust.
• Rapidly deploying naval resources during natural disasters or emergencies showcases India's commitment to regional stability and builds goodwill.
• Collaborating on maritime infrastructure development, resource exploration, and sustainable fishing practices can create shared prosperity.

By prioritizing maritime diplomacy as a vital tool alongside conventional diplomacy, India can:

• A collaborative maritime environment fosters trust and cooperation, mitigating potential conflicts and ensuring safer seas for all.
• Proactive maritime engagement can strengthen India's position in the Indian Ocean and counterbalance China's strategic manoeuvres.
• By addressing their needs and demonstrating genuine commitment, India can cultivate lasting and mutually beneficial relationships with its maritime neighbours.

BHARAT STAGE EMISSION STANDARDS (BS NORMS)

• Bharat Stage Emission Standards (BSES) are a series of emission standards established by the Central Government of India to regulate the output of air pollutants from internal combustion engine engines and Spark-ignition engines equipment, including motor vehicles (MCVs), three-wheelers (3Ws) and four-wheel drive (4WD) vehicles.
• The standards are based on the European emission standards and are designed to reduce vehicular emissions of particulate matter (PM), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
• The first BSES norms were introduced in 2000 and have been progressively tightened since then. The current BSES norms, BSVI, were introduced in 2020 and are equivalent to the Euro 6/VI norms.
• The implementation of Bharat Stage standards aims to reduce vehicular pollution and improve air quality.
• These standards become increasingly stringent with each successive stage, requiring vehicles to adopt better emission control technologies. For instance, a move from BS-IV to BS-VI involved a significant reduction in the permissible levels of pollutants, particularly in the case of diesel vehicles.
• The adoption of Bharat Stage emission standards impacts the automotive industry, requiring manufacturers to upgrade engines and exhaust systems to comply with the new regulations. It's a step toward aligning India's vehicular emission norms with global standards to mitigate environmental pollution and improve public health

3. Euro V and Euro VI norms

Euro V and Euro VI are two sets of emission standards for road vehicles in the European Union (EU). They are designed to reduce air pollution from vehicles by setting limits on the amount of pollutants that vehicles can emit.

Euro V

Euro V was introduced in 2009 and applied to all new passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles sold in the EU. It tightened the emission limits for nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbons (HC) compared to the previous Euro IV standards. Euro V also introduced stricter limits for carbon monoxide (CO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) for certain vehicle categories.

Euro VI

Euro VI is the current set of emission standards for road vehicles in the EU. It was introduced in 2014 and applies to all new passenger cars, light commercial vehicles, and heavy-duty vehicles sold in the EU. Euro VI further tightened the emission limits for NOx, PM, and HC compared to Euro V. It also introduced new limits for black carbon (BC) and particle number (PN).

Key differences between Euro V and Euro VI

The main differences between Euro V and Euro VI are:

• NOx limits: Euro VI limits NOx emissions to 0.08 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.4 g/kWh for diesel vehicles, compared to 0.25 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.18 g/kWh for diesel vehicles under Euro V.
• PM limits: Euro VI limits PM emissions to 0.0045 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.005 g/km for diesel vehicles, compared to 0.005 g/km for both gasoline and diesel vehicles under Euro V.
• HC limits: Euro VI limits HC emissions to 0.075 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.10 g/km for diesel vehicles, compared to 0.07 g/km for gasoline vehicles and 0.15 g/km for diesel vehicles under Euro V.
• Real-world driving emissions (RDE) testing: Euro VI introduced RDE testing, which measures emissions from vehicles in real-world driving conditions. This is in addition to the laboratory testing that was used under Euro V.

Impacts of Euro V and Euro VI

Euro V and Euro VI have had a significant impact on air quality in the EU. They have helped to reduce emissions of NOx, PM, and HC from road vehicles, which has improved air quality and reduced the health impacts of air pollution.

Future of Euro VI

The European Commission is currently considering the next generation of emission standards for road vehicles, which are likely to be even stricter than Euro VI. These standards are expected to focus on reducing emissions of NOx, PM, and HC, as well as introducing new limits for other pollutants such as ammonia (NH3)

4. Difference between BS-IV and the new BS-VI

Subject	BS-IV	BS-VI
Pollutant Limits	Less stringent compared to BS-VI	Stricter limits on pollutants (NOx, PM, CO, HC)
Sulfur Content in Fuel	Higher (50 ppm for both petrol & diesel)	Lower (10 ppm for petrol, 10 ppm for diesel)
Emission Control Tech	Basic emission control technology	Advanced systems like SCR, DPF
Impact on Vehicles	Required vehicle engine & exhaust upgrades	Introduced newer, more efficient models
Onboard Diagnostics	Basic systems	More sophisticated monitoring systems
Environmental Impact	Moderate reduction in emissions	Significant reduction in vehicular emissions, improving air quality

5.Significance of the Bharat Standard Norms

• These norms are crucial for reducing vehicular emissions of harmful pollutants like nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and hydrocarbons (HC). By setting stricter limits with each successive stage, these standards aim to improve air quality and reduce the impact of vehicular pollution on the environment and public health.
• The Bharat Stage norms align India's vehicular emission standards with global benchmarks like Euro norms. This alignment is crucial for international cooperation, facilitating technology transfer, and ensuring that vehicles manufactured in India meet global environmental standards
• The implementation of these norms drives innovation and technological advancements in the automotive industry. Manufacturers need to continually improve engine technology, exhaust systems, and emission control mechanisms to comply with these stringent standards
•  Reduced vehicular emissions result in cleaner air, which has a direct positive impact on public health. Lower levels of pollutants contribute to a decrease in respiratory illnesses, cardiovascular diseases, and other health issues associated with poor air quality
• The establishment and enforcement of these standards signify a commitment from the government to address environmental concerns. It involves setting policies and regulations that encourage cleaner fuel usage, adoption of advanced technologies, and compliance from automotive manufacturers
• These standards pave the way for a more sustainable transportation sector by promoting the use of cleaner fuels, encouraging the development of eco-friendly vehicles, and contributing to overall environmental sustainability

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1. Regarding Bharat Stage (BS-VI) vehicular emissions norms, choose the correct statements : (UGC NET 2020) A. BS (VI) emission norms are equivalent to Euro (VI) norms. B. BS (VI) norms require the up-gradation of engine and emission control technology C. BS(VI) norms are applicable to all categories of the vehicles including two, three and four- wheelers. D. BS (VI) norms do not require any change in fuel quality Choose the correct answer from the options given below a)A, B, C, only b)B, C, D only c)A, C, D only d)A, B, C, D - All   Answer (a)

 

 

Source: The Hindu

 

CHINA TAIWAN TUSSLE

 

1. Context

On January 13 2024, Taiwan will vote to elect its next President and legislature. Given the island’s fraught relationship with China and the escalating global tensions, the outcome of this election might be historic for Taiwan.

2. Brief History of Taiwan

• Taiwan, earlier known as Formosa, a tiny island off the east coast of China, is where Chinese republicans of the Kuomintang government retreated after the 1949 victory of the communists.
• It has since continued as the Republic of China (RoC).
• Although largely unrecognized by other countries as such, self-ruled Taiwan sees itself as no less than an independent nation.
• Its leaders, have vowed to defend its sovereignty against the Chinese goal of “reunification”.

3. China-Taiwan Tensions

• In 1954-55, and 1958, the PRC bombed the Jinmen, Mazu, and Dachen islands under Taiwan's control, drawing in the US.
• Congress passed the Formosa Resolution authorizing President Dwight D Eisenhower to defend Taiwanese (Republic of China- ROC) territory.
• In 1955, Premier Zhou En-lai declared at the Bandung Conference that he wanted negotiations with the US. But as civil war broke out in Lebanon in 1958, China resumed the bombing, provoking the US to supply Taiwanese outposts on the islands.
• The people's Republic of China (PRC) i.e. mainland China and ROC (Taiwan) then arrived at an arrangement to bomb each other's garrisons on alternate days-this continued until 1971.
• Taiwan became the non-communist frontier against China during the Cold war. It was described as an "unsinkable aircraft carrier" underscoring its strategic significance.
• It was only in 1971 that the US inaugurated ties with Mainland China through the secret diplomacy of Henry Kissinger, national security adviser to President Richard Nixon.
• In 1975, Chiang Kai-shek died, martial law was lifted, and Taiwan got its first democratic reforms.
• U.S. recognized the communist party that ruled People's Republic of China (PRC) as the legitimate government of China in 1979, ending its official relationship with Taiwan and abrogating its mutual defense treaty with the island.
• The US has a policy of strategic ambiguity towards Taiwan. This means that it maintains ties with Taipei, and sells weapons to it, but officially subscribes to the PRC's "One China Policy" in which Taiwan does not exist as a separate entity.
• Just 14 countries around the world recognize Taiwan. Most are very small, many are remote island nations. As the British prepared to exit Hong Kong in 1999, the "One China, Two Systems" solution was offered to Taiwan as well, but it was rejected by the Taiwanese.

 

Image Source: The Indian Express

4. The Current Tensions Between the Two Nations

• Lasy year, amid worsening the US-China relations over Covid and trade, the State Department sent its highest-ranking delegation yet to Taipei.
• During the visit, the Chinese conducted a military exercise in the Taiwan Strait, which separates Taiwan from mainland China.
• In October 2020, President Xi Jinping asked the PLA to prepare for war, triggering an alarm in Taiwan, which read it as an open threat.
• Early in the Biden Administration, which declared "rock solid" commitment to Taiwan, Taipei raised an alert about an incursion by Chinese Warplanes.
• In April, Taiwan reported Chinese jets in its air defense Zone. In July, Xi warned that he would "smash" any Taiwanese move toward independence.
• At the beginning of this month, as the Chinese jets came back, Taiwanese Defence Minister Chiu Kuo-Cheng told Parliament that China already has the capacity to invade Taiwan, and would be able to "bring the cost and attrition to its lowest" by 2025.

5. US Ties with China

• Officially, the US has subscribed to PRC's "One China Policy" which means there is only one legitimate Chinese government.
• The most serious encounter was in 1995-96 when China began testing missiles in the seas around Taiwan, triggering the biggest US mobilization in the region since the Vietnam war.
• Now, the US backs Taiwan's independence, maintains ties with Taipei, and sells weapons to it.
• Taiwan is entirely dependent on the US for its defense against possible Chinese aggression.
• This is why every spike in military tensions between China and Taiwan injects more hostility into the already strained relationship between Washington and Beijing.

6. Challenges for the US

• As tensions rise, the world is watching the US, whose status as the world's pre-eminent power has been dented by the messy exit from Afghanistan.
• In East and Southeast Asia, several countries including Japan, South Korea, and the Philippines, which are sheltered under the protective umbrella of the US, are concerned about US security commitments in the Pacific region.
• President Joe Biden has been seen as walking a thin line between pledging support for Taiwan and keeping the lid on tensions with Beijing.
• After speaking with Xi in October 2021, Joe Biden said that they had agreed to abide by the "Taiwan Agreement", under which US support for the "One China Policy" is conditioned on China not invading Taiwan.
• The AUKUS pact among the US, UK, and Australia, under which Australia will be supplied with nuclear submarines, imparted a new dimension to the security dynamics of the Indo-Pacific. Taiwan welcomed the pact, while China denounced it as seriously undermining regional peace.

7. What are the implications for India

• With India facing its problems with China on the LAC, there have been suggestions that it should review its One China Policy- it has in any case long stopped reiterating this officially.
• Also, it is suggested that India use not just the Tibet Card, but also develop more robust relations with Taiwan to send a message to Beijing.
• India and Taiwan currently maintain "trade and cultural exchange" offices in each other's capitals.
• In May 2020, the swearing-in of Tsai was attended virtually by BJP MPs Meenakshi Lekhi (now MoS External Affairs) and Rahul Kaswan. In 2016, New Delhi had dropped plans to send two representatives for Tsai's first inaugural at the last minute.
• India has been reported to be in talks with Taipei to bring a $7.5 billion semiconductor chip manufacturing plant to India. Chips are used in a range of devices from computers to 5G smartphones, to electric cars and medical equipment. The deal was reported on the heels of last year's summit of the QUAD, which discussed the need to build a "safe supply chain for semiconductors".
• India also follows asymmetric Federalism where many states enjoy greater autonomy in their functioning as compared to other states (Article 371, Schedule V & VI).
• These special provisions are also intended to deal with issues to identity & Culture. India thus needs to handle these democratically to not see Taiwan/Hongkong types of protests happening in India.
• India can always use the leverage of Taiwan and Hong Kong whenever China meddles in India's internal issues like Kashmir/Naga unrest.

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: People’s Republic of China (PRC), Republic of China (RoC), Henry Kissinger, East China Sea, Taiwan Strait, One China Policy, QUAD, and AUKUS. For Mains: 1. Discuss the rise of tensions between China and Taiwan and what are the serious implications for India.

 Source: The Indian Express

Previous year Question

1. Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news? (UPSC 2022) A. It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around the South China Sea. B. China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in the East China Sea. C. A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defense capabilities. D. Though the International Court of Justice declared them as no man's land, some South-East Asian countries claim them. Answer: B

 

PRADHAN MANTRI AWAS YOJANA (PMAY)

 

1. Context

THE GOVERNMENT may unveil a new version of the Pradhan Mantri Awaas Yojana- Gramin (PMAY-G) for the next five years, with financial assistance 85 per cent higher than under the current scheme for each beneficiary, to build pucca houses in rural areas.

2. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana-Urban

• The government had launched the Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Urban) on June 25, 2015, to provide pucca houses to all eligible beneficiaries by 2022.
• Launched by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) in Mission Mode.
• The PMAY-U is one of the two schemes envisioned under the PMAY-U.
• It is focused on the urban areas, while the other one PMAY-G is for rural areas.
• The scheme has four verticals “In-situ” Slum Redevelopment (ISSR); Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS);  Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) and  Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancements (BLC).

3.Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G)

The Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G) is a flagship affordable housing scheme launched by the Government of India. It is part of the broader Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) initiative, which aims to provide "Housing for All" by the year 2022. PMAY-G specifically focuses on providing affordable housing in rural areas of India.

Key features and objectives of PMAY-G include:

• The scheme primarily targets economically disadvantaged and homeless individuals in rural areas. It aims to provide pucca houses to those who do not have a proper dwelling
• Under PMAY-G, eligible beneficiaries receive financial assistance from the government to construct new houses or make necessary improvements to their existing houses. The financial assistance is provided in the form of direct cash transfers to the beneficiaries
• The identification and selection of beneficiaries are based on the socio-economic census data. Priority is given to vulnerable and marginalized groups, including scheduled castes, scheduled tribes, and other backward classes
• The scheme promotes the construction of permanent and quality houses, referred to as "pucca houses," with amenities such as toilets, electricity, and clean cooking facilities
• PMAY-G encourages the inclusion of women as the head of the household or as co-applicants in property ownership. This is in line with the government's efforts to promote women's empowerment and gender equality
• There is a strong emphasis on transparency and accountability in the implementation of PMAY-G. The progress of the scheme is monitored through technology-driven tools to ensure that the benefits reach the intended beneficiaries

4. Target Beneficiaries

• The mission seeks to address the housing requirement of the urban poor including slum dwellers.
• A slum is defined as a compact area of at least 300 people or about 60 – 70 households of poorly built congested tenements in an unhygienic environment usually with inadequate infrastructure and lacking in proper sanitary and drinking water facilities.
• Beneficiaries include an Economically weaker section (EWS), low-income groups (LIGs), and Middle-Income Groups (MIGs).
• The annual income cap is up to Rs 3 lakh for EWS, Rs 3-6 lakhs for LIG, and Rs 6 + -18 lakhs for MIG.
• EWS category of beneficiaries is eligible for assistance in all four verticals of the Missions whereas LIG and MIG categories are eligible under only Credit linked subsidy scheme (CLSS) component of the Mission.
• For identification as an EWS or LIG beneficiary under the scheme, an individual loan applicant will submit a self-certificate/ affidavit as proof of income.
• A beneficiary family will comprise a husband, wife, unmarried sons, and/or unmarried daughters.
• The beneficiary family should not own a pucca house either in his/her name or in the name of any member of his/her family in any part of India to be eligible to receive central assistance under the mission.
• States/UTs, at their discretion, may decide a cut-off date on which beneficiaries need to be residents of that urban area for being eligible to take benefits under the scheme.

5. PMAY (U) Features

 

6. How many houses have been built?

• As per information available on the PMAY-U, 1.21 crore houses have been sanctioned under the scheme till May 9, 2022, of which 58.82 lakh houses have been completed/delivered.
• A maximum number of 28.17 lakh houses have been built under the BLC vertical.
• The remaining 30.65 lakh houses have been built under the other three verticals ISSR, CLSS, and AHP.

 

7. Components of PMAY-U

 

 

8. What is the Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancements (BLC)?

• Under the BLC vertical, a beneficiary receives a financial assistance of Rs 2.5 lakh from the government to build his or her house. The PMAY-U guidelines define a beneficiary family as a family comprising of “husband, wife and unmarried.
• The beneficiary family should not own a pucca house (an all-weather dwelling unit) either in his/her name or in the name of any member of his/her family in any part of India,” state the scheme guidelines.
• Under the scheme guidelines, an adult earning member (irrespective of marital status) can be treated as a separate household.
• However, to avail of the scheme, he or she should not own a pucca house (an all-weather dwelling unit) in his /her name in any part of India.
• Under the PMAY-G, a beneficiary can avail of the BLC component for the enhancement of his or her existing house.
• However, only persons with a pucca house having a built-up area of less than 21 sq.m are eligible to avail this facility.

9. What is geotagging and is it mandatory under the PMAY-U?

• Geotagging is a process of adding geographical identification to various media like photography.
• Under the PMAY-U guidelines, it is mandatory for the state government to ensure that all houses built under the scheme are geotagged to the Bhuvan HFA (housing for all) application, which has been developed by the government for the monitoring of the scheme. 

10. What is Bhuvan HFA?

• Bhuvan is an Indian Geo Platform developed by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO).
• It is a web-based application that allows users to access various map-related services. The application also provides the facility of geotagging images of houses built or being constructed under the PMAY-U.

Previous year Question

1. Time span of 'Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana' is (UPPSC 2016) A. 2014 - 2021 B. 2014 - 2024 C. 2015 - 2022 D. 2015 - 2025 Answer: C

For Prelims & Mains

For Prelims: Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana( Urban), Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (Rural), Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO), Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA),  “In-situ” Slum Redevelopment (ISSR), Credit Linked Subsidy Scheme (CLSS), Affordable Housing in Partnership (AHP) and  Beneficiary-led individual house construction/enhancements (BLC) For Mains: 1. Discuss the components and features of PMAY(U) and explain why geotagging is mandatory under PMAY(U).

 Source: The Indian Express

 

DIGI YATRA

 

 

 

1. Context

 

 

In December 2023, as air travel peaked in the holiday season, it was found that security  personnel and private staff were collecting facial biometrics at airport entry gates without the consent or knowledge of passengers for the Digi Yatra app.

 

 

2. About Digi Yatra

 

Digi Yatra is a digital initiative transforming air travel in India by replacing paper-based processes with facial recognition technology. Launched in 2018 by the Ministry of Civil Aviation, it aims to provide a seamless and paperless travel experience for passengers at airports.

Key Objectives

• Digi Yatra eliminates the need for physical documents at checkpoints like entry gates, security checks, and boarding gates, speeding up passenger flow and reducing waiting times.
• Facial recognition technology helps prevent passenger fraud and ensures the right person is boarding the right flight.
• Streamlined processes improve airport operations, allowing airlines to better track passengers and manage resources.

How it Works

• Passengers download the Digi Yatra app and register with personal details and an Aadhaar-linked selfie.
• Once a flight ticket is uploaded, a "Digi Yatra travel ID" is generated, linking the passenger to their travel details.
• Passengers scan their boarding pass and face a camera at e-gates. Successful verification opens the gate and updates the passenger data-set, combining facial scans with PNR information.
• At subsequent checkpoints, passengers only need to undergo facial scans without showing physical documents.

Current Status and Expansion

• Launched in December 2022, Digi Yatra is now operational at 13 Indian airports, including Delhi, Bangalore, and Mumbai.
• Expansion to 24 more airports is planned for 2024, indicating the government's commitment to this initiative.

Ownership and Funding

• Digi Yatra is not government-owned, but operated by the Digi Yatra Foundation, a consortium including the Airports Authority of India and five private airports.
• Funding comes solely from participating airports, showcasing their belief in the system's benefits.

 

3. Controversial Digi Yatra Enrolment Practices Draw Passenger Ire

• In a recent surge of complaints from air travelers across various airports, concerns have been raised about the allegedly "coercive and deceptive" tactics employed by both private staff and Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) personnel during the enrollment process for Digi Yatra.
• Passengers have reported instances where CISF personnel stationed at entry gates of passenger buildings purportedly requested them to scan their boarding passes and capture their photos.
• Shockingly, consent for Digi Yatra registration was then allegedly provided on behalf of the passengers without seeking explicit permission or even informing them.
• The intensified enrollment activities in December were part of the "day of travel" drive at airports. This initiative specifically targets individuals who have not pre-registered on the Digi Yatra app.
• Khadakbhavi clarified that the objective is to enable passengers to familiarize themselves with the Digi Yatra process, emphasizing the seamless and hassle-free benefits of the system.
• The ultimate goal is to encourage passengers to opt for permanent enrollment on the Digi Yatra app.

 

4. Challenges in Digi Yatra Implementation

 

• The government asserts that passenger data in the Digi Yatra system is securely encrypted and stored within a protected wallet on the individual's mobile device. However, concerns have been raised regarding the level of security in mobile storage and the potential vulnerabilities associated with it.
• While the government emphasizes the absence of central storage, passenger data is shared with the departure airport on the day of travel. Questions arise about the necessity and security implications of sharing this information, even if it is claimed to be purged within 24 hours.
• The Digi Yatra policy commits to adhering to data protection laws mandated by the Government of India. However, the landscape is in flux, with the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, passed in August 2023. The absence of framed rules for the act raises uncertainties about the legal framework governing Digi Yatra's data practices.
• Criticism surrounds the Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023, for granting the government extensive powers to exempt its agencies from its provisions. Similar exemptions are mirrored in the Digi Yatra policy, allowing any security agency, Bureau of Immigration, or government entity access to passenger data based on existing protocols, even before the enactment of comprehensive data protection regulations.
• The Digi Yatra policy introduces ambiguity by stating that access to passenger data will be granted based on "current/existing protocols prevalent at that time." The absence of clearly defined and transparent access protocols raises concerns about the potential misuse or inadequate safeguards for passenger information.
• The Biometric Boarding System's ability to change data purge settings based on security requirements on a need basis introduces flexibility but raises questions about the criteria and oversight governing such adjustments. The lack of specificity may fuel apprehensions about the extent to which passenger data may be retained and for what purposes.

 

5. The Wayforward

Digi Yatra's vision for a streamlined travel experience holds promise, the current implementation practices and data privacy concerns necessitate immediate attention. Open and transparent communication, robust data security measures, and a well-defined legal framework with strong safeguards are crucial to building trust and ensuring passenger agency in this data-driven future of air travel.

 

For Prelims: Facial Recognition technology, Digi Yatra project,  For Mains: 1. What is the Digiyatra facility and Discuss the potential benefits and security concerns associated with facial recognition technology. (250 Words)

Source: The Hindu

QUBIT

 

 

 

1. Context

 

 

Information technology (IT) has become essential to communication, banking, business, health, education, entertainment, and many other walks of our lives. Its prevalence makes us wonder if society can survive without it. IT relies on gadgets that store and process vast amounts of information at humanly impossible speeds.

 

2. Understanding Bits in Computing

 

• In the realm of computing, a bit stands as the fundamental unit of information storage, derived from the term "binary digit." Despite its simplicity, a multitude of bits is often required to convey meaningful information. With the evolution of modern semiconductor technology, household computers now boast storage capacities measured in terabytes, equivalent to a staggering 8 trillion bits. To put this in perspective, one terabyte has the capability to store an extensive 500 hours of high-definition video content.
• Within a computer, a bit is not just an abstract concept but a tangible physical system, characterized by two easily distinguishable configurations or states. These states are typically represented by high and low voltage levels. This tangible manifestation of bits proves invaluable in representing and processing expressions involving 0s and 1s – the binary language of computing. Here, low voltage assumes the role of representing 0, while high voltage signifies the digit 1.
• In the intricate landscape of computing, a gate emerges as a pivotal component. Functioning as a circuit, a gate plays a transformative role in altering the states of bits in a predictable manner. The predictability of these transformations is crucial to the reliable processing of information within a computer system.
• The efficiency of these gates directly influences the speed at which a computer operates. The faster these gates can execute their functions, the more rapid and seamless the overall functioning of the computer becomes. As technology advances, the continual refinement of gates contributes to the perpetual quest for enhanced computational speed and efficiency.
• In essence, the synergy between bits, representing binary information, and gates, orchestrating predictable transformations, forms the foundational basis of computing. The evolution of these components continues to shape the landscape of information processing, from the humble binary digits to the intricate circuitry that powers our modern computing devices.

3. Quantum Challenges in Semiconductor Technology

 

• While modern computers rely on semiconductor transistors to create circuits functioning as bits, the increasing miniaturization of transistors brings about challenges. With over 100 million transistors packed into just 1 square millimeter on a semiconductor chip, the proximity of individual transistors raises concerns about susceptibility to quantum effects.
• As transistors shrink in size, they become more vulnerable to quantum effects. This susceptibility is undesirable, as it introduces unpredictability and jeopardizes the reliability of existing computational technology. There exists a critical limit beyond which the reliability of computational tasks may be compromised due to quantum phenomena.
• Moore's Law, established in 1965, predicted a tenfold increase in computing power every five years. However, this trajectory has slowed, and we are currently experiencing a two-fold increase every five years. The limitations imposed by classical computing suggest a paradigm shift is on the horizon.
• The foundational unit of a quantum computer is the quantum bit, or qubit. Similar to classical bits, a qubit is a physical entity with two states. Examples include the spin of a particle or the energy states of a superconducting circuit mimicking an atom.
• In the quantum realm, a quantum gate takes center stage as a physical process or circuit instrumental in altering the state of a qubit or a set of qubits. Unlike classical gates, quantum gates introduce the concept of superposition, allowing qubits to exist in multiple states simultaneously.
• In quantum computing, where particles or superconducting qubits serve as physical qubits, electromagnetic pulses often assume the role of quantum gates. These pulses act as the driving force behind changing the state of individual qubits or a collective set of qubits.

4. Quantum Superposition

 

• The conventional limitation of binary states in classical computing is surpassed by the revolutionary concept of superposition in quantum physics. Unlike classical bits restricted to either 0 or 1, a quantum bit, or qubit, can exist in a superposition of both states simultaneously.
• Consider the analogy of walking in the northeast direction. Just as you can simultaneously move north and east, a qubit in superposition combines aspects of both 0 and 1 states. It's akin to realizing movement in any direction between the two by combining different distances along each axis.
• The basis states of a qubit are analogous to north and east directions. In superposition, a qubit holds contributions from each basis state. Various superpositions correspond to different amounts of contributions, providing a versatile computational landscape.
• When a qubit in superposition is measured, it collapses to one of the two states—either 0 or 1. The catch is that predicting which state it will collapse to is based on probabilities. Quantum computers leverage this inherent uncertainty to their advantage.
• Quantum computers exploit superposition to perform computations more efficiently than classical counterparts. For instance, a single quantum computation with four qubits in superposition can generate answers corresponding to all 16 inputs, a task that would require four classical bits and sixteen computations.
• While superposition offers tremendous computational advantages, it comes with a caveat it is a fragile effect. Interactions with the environment can deteriorate superposition. Identifying ways to mitigate or overcome this fragility is a forefront area of research in the realm of quantum computing.

 

5. Quantum Gates

 

• In the realm of quantum computing, quantum gates play a pivotal role in manipulating qubits to process information. Each gate has a distinct function, and their actions collectively form the building blocks of quantum algorithms.
• An essential quantum gate, the Quantum NOT gate, induces a change in the state of a qubit, toggling it from 0 to 1 and vice versa. When applied to a qubit in superposition, the NOT gate's effect yields a superposition, reflecting its action on each basis state within the initial superposition.
• A noteworthy characteristic of quantum gates is their consistent impact on superpositions. Regardless of the specific gate, the result is the superposition of the effects on the basis states contributing to the original superposition. This principle underscores the unique nature of quantum gate operations.
• The Hadamard gate, acting on a single qubit, is designed to create a superposition of the basis states. Its function contributes to the intricate orchestration of qubits within quantum computations.
• The CNOT gate, a crucial component, interacts with two qubits: a control qubit and a target qubit. Unlike the control qubit, the target qubit undergoes a flip from 0 to 1 or 1 to 0 based on the state of the control qubit. This gate, in conjunction with others, can perform a variety of logical operations.
• By combining gates like CNOT with other single-qubit gates, quantum circuits capable of executing all possible logical operations on binary information encoded in qubits can be constructed. This marks a significant advancement in quantum computing's ability to process information.
• Ongoing research in institutes, universities, and research labs worldwide focuses on developing reliable quantum computers and refining quantum algorithms. The ultimate goal is to harness large-scale, dependable quantum computers that will revolutionize industries, impacting fields from drug design to secure communications.

 

6. The Way Forward

 

Understanding the fundamentals of qubits, gates, and superposition unlocks the door to the exciting world of quantum computing. With continued research and development, this transformative technology holds the promise to shape the future of information processing and scientific discovery.

 

For Prelims: Quantum technology, Semiconductor Technology, Information technology For Mains:  1. Explain the role of information technology (IT) in modern society and its dependence on computing power. Discuss the limitations of classical computing and the potential of quantum computing to overcome them. (250 Words) 2. Discuss the role of government and private investment in advancing quantum computing research and development. (250 Words)

 

Source: The Hindu