2. Abour National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)

The National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) was initiated by the Indian government to address the alarming levels of atmospheric pollution, particularly the concentration of Particulate Matter (PM). Under NCAP, cities in India exceeding annual PM levels are required to develop and execute Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs) annually. To support this initiative, the Ministry of Environment, Forest, and Climate Change has allocated ₹10,422.73 crore.

Challenges in NCAP Implementation

Despite the proactive submission of CAAPs by most cities, the implementation of NCAP has faced inconsistencies. According to the Ministry, only 60% of the allocated funds have been utilized on average, with 27% of cities spending less than 30% of their designated budgets. Notably, cities like Visakhapatnam and Bengaluru have spent minimal percentages of their NCAP funds, hindering progress.

Barriers to Implementation

• Delays in implementation primarily stem from bureaucratic hurdles and a lack of standard operating procedures.
• Approval delays from competent authorities, such as technical specifications for tendering processes and procurement of necessary equipment like mechanical sweepers and electric buses, have been significant impediments.
• Additionally, the absence of well-defined timelines and time-consuming tasks further exacerbate delays.
• Overcoming these challenges requires a systematic approach integrating Emissions Inventory (EI), Air Quality (AQ) modelling, and Source Apportionment (SA).
• Recent findings questioning the efficacy of outdoor smog towers have also fueled doubts among decision-makers, necessitating a comprehensive reevaluation of proposed mitigation measures.

3. Role of Scientific Tools in Pollution Management

Scientific tools play a crucial role in addressing air pollution challenges, particularly in identifying and understanding its origins.

• EI studies provide valuable insights into local pollution sources and their contributions, enabling experts to forecast future emissions and shape targeted pollution control strategies.
• Despite their usefulness, EI studies have limitations, especially in assessing the impact of transboundary pollution sources, such as stubble burning outside Delhi, on local air quality.
• SA studies offer detailed analyses of contributions from various pollution sources, including distant ones.
• However, they lack predictive capabilities and require substantial resources for chemical analysis.
• Additionally, SA studies struggle to differentiate between pollution origins with similar chemical signatures, such as emissions from diesel trucks nearby versus those further away.
• AQ modelling bridges gaps left by EI and SA studies by informing our understanding of pollution dispersion, including from distant sources.
• By simulating the movement of pollutants in the atmosphere, AQ modelling enhances our ability to assess and mitigate air pollution's impacts.

4. Utilization of Scientific Data in Air Pollution Management

• Cities ideally utilize Emissions Inventory (EI) and Source Apportionment (SA) data to identify air pollutants and devise targeted mitigation measures for each polluting activity.
• However, according to the Portal for Regulation of Air Pollution in Non-Attainment Cities, only 37% of cities have completed EI and SA studies, leaving 63% without a clear understanding of their air pollution sources.
• This lack of data raises concerns about the effectiveness of Clean Air Action Plans (CAAPs), as cities may not accurately gauge the emission reduction potential of proposed measures.
• To address this, cities must establish proper yearly targets based on their potential and infrastructure capabilities.

Challenges and Considerations

• The reliance of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) on concentration data, which measures population exposure to pollution, adds complexity.
• Pollution from high-emitting industries and sources beyond city limits, transported into urban areas by wind, complicates urban air quality management.
• Additionally, many existing control measures primarily target primary PM emissions, overlooking their secondary precursors.
• There's a need for a shift towards comprehensive strategies addressing both primary and secondary pollutants.
• Furthermore, while NCAP aims to establish infrastructure for air quality forecasting, only a few cities like Delhi, Pune, Mumbai, and Ahmedabad have implemented decision-support systems.
• Implementing such systems across cities is crucial for timely and effective pollution management.

5. Key Factors for NCAP Success

The success of the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP) relies on several critical elements beyond just data and models.

• Efficient implementation on the ground is paramount. To achieve this, implementation agencies must streamline bureaucratic processes by adopting shared, standardized technical evaluations. This will expedite the execution of NCAP initiatives and ensure timely action on pollution reduction measures.
• Given that NCAP funding is tied to cities' performance in reducing annual average PM concentrations, proactive budgeting and meticulous time management are essential. Initial plans should encompass thorough assessments of technical feasibility, budget requirements, and timeframes to facilitate successful execution.
• NCAP's vision for cleaner air in India necessitates a multifaceted approach. Success requires integrating rigorous scientific studies, strategic allocation of funds, and prompt, efficient implementation of mitigation measures.

6. The Way Forward

The successful implementation of the NCAP requires concerted efforts to address challenges, utilize scientific data effectively, and adopt a comprehensive approach towards pollution management. By addressing these key factors, India can make significant progress towards achieving cleaner air for its citizens.

GLOBAL GENDER GAP

 

 

1. Context

 

The 2024 edition of the Global Gender Gap Index places India at 129 out of the 146 countries it surveyed. This puts India at the 18th position from the bottom. For comparison, of the 156 countries included in 2021, India was at the 17th position from the bottom. Thus, overall, India’s ranking has remained in the bottom 20 over years

 

2. What is the Global Gender Gap?

 

The Global Gender Gap refers to the measurement of gender-based disparities across various aspects of life, including but not limited to economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, political empowerment, and health and survival. It is commonly assessed and reported by the World Economic Forum (WEF) through its annual Global Gender Gap Report.

The Global Gender Gap Index ranks countries based on their progress towards gender parity. It measures the gap between women and men across four key areas:

• Economic Participation and Opportunity: This includes indicators such as labor force participation, wage equality for similar work, and the ratio of women to men in leadership positions and skilled roles.

• Educational Attainment: This assesses the gap in access to and completion of education between women and men at all levels, from primary to tertiary education.

• Health and Survival: This measures differences in life expectancy and sex ratio at birth, reflecting disparities in health outcomes between women and men.

• Political Empowerment: This evaluates the gap in political representation and participation between women and men, including the ratio of women to men in decision-making positions and parliamentary representation.

The Global Gender Gap Report serves as a tool to assess progress and identify areas where interventions are needed to address gender disparities. It highlights both achievements and challenges in achieving gender equality globally and provides policymakers, businesses, and civil society organizations with data-driven insights to inform their efforts toward gender equality and women's empowerment

3.What explains the gender pay gap?

 

The gender pay gap refers to the difference in average earnings between men and women in the workforce. Several factors contribute to the gender pay gap, including:

• Occupational Segregation: Women are often concentrated in lower-paying industries and occupations compared to men. This occupational segregation is influenced by various factors, including social norms, discrimination, and differences in educational and career choices.

• Unequal Pay for Equal Work: Even within the same occupation and industry, women may earn less than men for performing similar roles. This can be due to factors such as discrimination in hiring, promotion, and compensation decisions, as well as negotiation disparities.

• Motherhood Penalty: Women who become mothers often experience a reduction in earnings compared to women without children and men with children. This can be attributed to factors such as career interruptions, decreased work hours, and bias against working mothers in the workplace.

• Lack of Representation in Leadership Positions: Women are underrepresented in senior leadership roles and executive positions, which typically come with higher salaries and bonuses. This lack of representation contributes to the gender pay gap at the highest levels of organizations.

• Unpaid Care Work: Women are more likely to take on a disproportionate share of unpaid care work, such as childcare and eldercare responsibilities. This can limit their ability to work full-time or pursue higher-paying career opportunities.

• Gender Stereotypes and Bias: Societal stereotypes and biases about gender roles and capabilities can influence hiring, promotion, and compensation decisions, leading to disparities in pay between men and women

4. Global Gender Gap Report 2023-What are the Key Findings?

 

• The International Labour Organization (ILO) defines the gender pay gap as the disparity between the average wages of all women and all men in the labor market, regardless of whether they receive monthly salaries, hourly wages, or daily pay rates. It clarifies that this gap differs from the concept of "equal pay for equal work," which stipulates that individuals with the same qualifications and performing identical tasks should receive equivalent compensation.
• Moreover, there isn't a universally accepted method for calculating this discrepancy. For instance, while Pew Research found in 2012 that women earned 84% of men's earnings in the United States, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics reported a figure of 81 cents to the dollar shortly before that.
• Several factors contribute to this gap. Firstly, women's lower participation in paid employment compared to men, influenced by societal perceptions of gender roles, is a significant factor, as indicated by the labor force participation rate.
• The ILO states that globally, women's labor force participation rate stands at just under 47%, while for men, it is 72%. In India, according to the 2011 Census, only 25.51% of women participate in the workforce, compared to 53.26% of men.
• Secondly, the types of occupations women enter upon joining the workforce play a role. According to the ILO's Women in Business and Management report, women are underrepresented in managerial and leadership positions, especially at higher levels. Additionally, when women do hold managerial roles, they tend to be concentrated in support functions such as human resources and financial administration, which typically offer lower salaries compared to more strategic roles occupied by men.
• A survey conducted by Georgetown University in 2013 revealed that the top 10 highest-paying professions, predominantly in engineering and computer science, were dominated by men, whereas the 10 lowest-paying professions, primarily in fields like arts and education, were dominated by women.
• Furthermore, in 73 countries (based on 2018 data), women outnumber men as part-time workers. The ILO suggests that women's opportunities for full-time employment may be constrained compared to men's, leading them to opt for part-time work, which often comes with fewer benefits and lower remuneration over time.
• Institutional and socio-economic factors also contribute significantly to the gender pay gap, including the perception that men should be the primary breadwinners, unequal investments in women's education, and safety concerns during commute and in the workplace

5. How is the gender pay gap calculated?

 

The gender pay gap is typically calculated by comparing the average earnings of all women to the average earnings of all men within a specific workforce or labor market. Here's a basic outline of the calculation:

• Collect Data: Gather data on earnings for both men and women within the chosen population, whether it's a particular company, industry, region, or country. This data can be obtained from payroll records, government databases, surveys, or other sources.

• Calculate Average Earnings: Determine the average earnings for men and women separately by summing up the total earnings of each group and dividing by the number of individuals in that group.

• Calculate the Gap: Subtract the average earnings of women from the average earnings of men to find the absolute difference.

  Gap = Average Earnings of Men - Average Earnings of Women

• Express the Gap as a Percentage: To express the gap as a percentage, divide the absolute difference by the average earnings of men and then multiply by 100.

  Percentage Gap = (Gap / Average Earnings of Men) * 100

This percentage represents the gender pay gap, indicating the difference in average earnings between men and women as a proportion of men's average earnings

6.The Global Gender Gap Index and Gender Inequality Index (GII)

 

Subject	Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI)	Gender Inequality Index (GII)
Measurement	Measures gender-based disparities across four key areas: Economic participation and opportunity, Educational attainment, Health and survival, Political empowerment.	Measures gender inequality in three dimensions: Reproductive health, Empowerment, Labor market participation.
Focus	Focuses on gender disparities and gender parity in various aspects of life, including economic, educational, health, and political participation.	Focuses specifically on gender inequality, highlighting disparities in reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Components	Includes economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, political empowerment.	Includes maternal mortality ratio, adolescent birth rate, women in parliament, educational attainment, labor force participation.
Data Sources	Relies on data collected by the World Economic Forum (WEF) through its annual Global Gender Gap Report.	Utilizes data from various sources, including United Nations agencies and other international organizations.
Ranking Method	Ranks countries based on their progress towards gender parity in each component and overall.	Ranks countries based on a composite index that combines indicators from the three dimensions of reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation.
Scope	Covers a broad range of gender disparities and focuses on the gender gap within each country.	Specifically targets gender inequality and highlights countries where women face significant barriers to equal rights and opportunities.
Policy Implications	Provides policymakers with insights into areas where interventions are needed to address gender disparities and promote gender equality.	Helps policymakers identify areas where targeted interventions are required to address gender inequality and improve women's rights and opportunities.
Global Rankings	Provides a global ranking of countries based on their performance in closing the gender gap.	Provides a global ranking of countries based on their level of gender inequality, highlighting countries with the highest levels of disparity.
Publication Frequency	Published annually by the World Economic Forum (WEF).	Published annually by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP).

 

 

7. Way forward

 

One notable study conducted by the World Economic Forum (WEF) as part of its Global Gender Gap Report has consistently highlighted the gender wage disparity in India. The report typically provides an estimate of the gender wage gap based on the ratio of female to male earned income. In the most recent report available to me, India's gender wage gap was significant, with women earning substantially less than men. However, it's essential to note that this data may have changed since then, as gender wage gap figures can fluctuate over time due to various economic and social factors

 

For Prelims: Economic and Social Development-Sustainable Development, Poverty, Inclusion, Demographics, Social Sector Initiatives, etc For Mains:  General Studies I: Social empowerment • General Studies II: Welfare schemes for vulnerable sections of the population by the Centre and States and the performance of these schemes; mechanisms, laws, institutions and Bodies constituted for the protection and betterment of these vulnerable sections. • General Studies II: Issues relating to development and management of Social Sector/Services relating to Health, Education, Human Resources

 

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Which of the following gives 'Global Gender Gap Index' ranking to the countries of the world? (UPSC CSE 2017) A.World Economic Forum B.UN Human Rights Council C.UN Women D.World Health Organization Answer (A)

Source: Indianexpress

 

KAVACH SYSTEM

 

1. Context

Safety is a feature of rail operations – it is not an externality. Yet, once again, two trains collided at Rangapani, and one of these, unfortunately, was the passenger-carrying Kanchenjunga Express. Many precious lives were lost and several people were injured, including crew members entrusted with the responsibility of safe operations

2. What is Kavach System?

• The KAVACH is an indigenously developed Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system by the Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO) in collaboration with the Indian industry.
• The South Central Railway facilitated the trials to achieve safety in train operations across Indian Railways. It is a state­ of­ he­art electronic system with Safety Integrity Level-­4 (SIL-­4) standards.
• It is meant to protect by preventing trains from passing the signal at Red (which marks danger) and avoiding collision.
• It activates the train’s braking system automatically if the driver fails to control the train as per speed restrictions. In addition, it prevents the collision between two locomotives equipped with functional Kavach systems.
• The system also relays SoS messages during emergencies. An added feature is
  the centralized live monitoring of train movements through the Network Monitor System.
• ‘Kavach’ is one of the cheapest, SIL­4 certified technologies where the probability of error is 1 in 10,000 years. 

Source: The Hindu

3. The key feature of Kavach

• One of its features is that by continuously refreshing a train's movement information, it can send out triggers when a loco pilot jumps signal, called Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD).
• The devices also continuously relay the signals ahead to the locomotive, making it useful for loco pilots in low visibility, especially during dense fog.
• It includes the key elements from already existing and tried and tested systems like the European Train Protection and Warning System, and the indigenous Anti Collison Device.
• It will also carry features of the high-tech European Train Control System Level-2 in the future.
• The current form of Kavach adheres to the highest level of safety and reliability standard called Safety Integrity Level 4.

4. How does Kavach work on Railway systems?

• The Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), with the help of equipment on board the locomotive and transmission towers at stations connected to Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags, helps in two ­way communication between the station master and loco­pilot to convey any emergency message.
• The instrument panel inside the cabin helps the loco­pilot know about the signal in advance without visual sighting and the permissible speeds to be maintained.
• If a red signal is jumped and two trains come face to face on the same line, the technology automatically takes over and applies sudden brakes.
• Additionally, the hooter activates by itself when approaching a level crossing which serves as a big boon to loco­pilots during fog conditions when visibility is low.

5. Kavach deployment strategy

• Kavach implementation is being taken up in a focused manner by the Railway board.
• The priority is the High-Density Routes and the New Delhi­Mumbai and New Delhi­Howrah Sections, as they have higher chances of accidents because the trains run closer to each other.
• The second priority lines are the Highly Used Networks, the third ones are other Passenger High-Density Routes and the final priority is of course to cover all other routes.
• The RDSO has approved three firms -Medha Servo Drives, HBL, and Kernex -for providing Kavach equipment with two more being in the pipeline.
• Glitches about the vulnerability of a vehicle crossing a closed level crossing, stray cattle or boulders on track, radio communication issues in tunnels, and ghat sections have been tackled.

6. Significance of the Kavach System

• The Kavach system will help prevent accidents on rail tracks like collisions of trains.
• Once the system is activated, all trains within a 5-km range will halt to protect trains on adjacent tracks.
• Currently, the loco-pilots or assistant loco-pilots have to look out for caution signs and signals. It will only cost Rs 50 lakh per kilometer to operate in comparison to about Rs 2 crore worldwide.
• It will also include stationary equipment to gather signaling inputs and relay them to a central system to enable seamless communication with the train crew and stations.

For Prelims: Automatic Train Protection (ATP) system, KAVACH System, Research Design and Standards Organisation (RDSO), Safety Integrity Level-­4 (SIL-­4) standards, Signal Passed at Danger (SPAD), Traffic collision avoidance system (TCAS), and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). For Mains: 1. The Indigenous train collision avoidance system also known as the automatic train protection system or Kavach, is to help the railways to achieve the goal of Zero Accidents. Comment.

Source: The Hindu

 

BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE (BRI)

 

 

1. Context

China said it was willing to study a plan to connect Malaysia’s $10-billion East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) to other China-backed railway projects in Laos and Thailand, potentially expanding Beijing’s Belt and Road initiatives across Southeast Asia.

 

2. What is the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI)?

 

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), previously known as the One Belt One Road Initiative, a mammoth infrastructure project launched by China in 2013. China aims to recreate its medieval Silk Road. China wants to build infrastructure such as ports, bridges and rail lines in over 150 countries spanning Asia, Africa and Europe. While China claims it is solely an economic initiative, not many countries, including India, are willing to buy that argument. The countries opposing the project fear this could a China-centered sphere of influence and lead to "debt traps"

 

2.1. Routes of BRI

• New Eurasian Land Bridge:

  • Connects Western China to Western Europe.
  • Passes through Kazakhstan, Russia, Belarus, Poland, and Germany.
  • Key cities: Urumqi (China), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Moscow (Russia), and Duisburg (Germany).

• China-Mongolia-Russia Economic Corridor:

  • Connects Northern China to Eastern Russia.
  • Passes through Mongolia.
  • Key cities: Beijing (China), Ulaanbaatar (Mongolia), and Moscow (Russia).

• China-Central Asia-West Asia Economic Corridor:

  • Connects Western China to Turkey and the Mediterranean.
  • Passes through Central Asian countries such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, and Iran.
  • Key cities: Xi’an (China), Almaty (Kazakhstan), Tehran (Iran), and Istanbul (Turkey).

• China-Indochina Peninsula Economic Corridor:

  • Connects Southern China to Southeast Asian countries.
  • Passes through Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, Thailand, and Myanmar.
  • Key cities: Nanning (China), Hanoi (Vietnam), Bangkok (Thailand), and Yangon (Myanmar).

• China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC):

  • Connects Western China to Pakistan.
  • Stretches from Kashgar (China) to Gwadar Port (Pakistan).
  • Key cities: Kashgar (China) and Gwadar (Pakistan).

• Bangladesh-China-India-Myanmar Economic Corridor (BCIM):

  • Connects Southern China to India via Myanmar and Bangladesh.
  • Key cities: Kunming (China), Mandalay (Myanmar), Dhaka (Bangladesh), and Kolkata (India)

3. What is India’s Stance on BRI?

 

India's stance on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) is generally one of scepticism and opposition.

Several key factors and concerns shape India's position on the BRI:

• One of India's primary concerns is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), a flagship project of the BRI. CPEC passes through the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which India claims as part of its territory. India views this as a violation of its sovereignty and territorial integrity
• India perceives the BRI as an attempt by China to expand its strategic influence and economic dominance across Asia and beyond. The development of infrastructure, ports, and other facilities in India's neighboring countries, such as Sri Lanka, Maldives, and Nepal, is viewed with suspicion, as it may enhance China's military and strategic footprint in the region
• India is cautious about the economic implications of the BRI. There are concerns that participating countries may fall into a "debt trap" due to heavy borrowing from China for infrastructure projects, leading to long-term economic dependency on China. This could create economic instability in the region, which would indirectly affect India
• India has criticized the BRI for its lack of transparency, inclusive consultation, and adherence to international norms and standards. There are apprehensions about the governance, environmental impact, and financial sustainability of BRI projects
• India has chosen not to participate in the BRI. It did not attend the Belt and Road Forum, the key international summit organized by China to promote the initiative
• India has been actively involved in promoting alternative regional connectivity and development initiatives. Notable examples include the Asia-Africa Growth Corridor (AAGC) in collaboration with Japan, and the International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC) with Russia, Iran, and other countries to improve trade links between India, Central Asia, and Europe
• India has been working to strengthen its bilateral and multilateral ties with neighboring countries and other regional players. This includes enhancing infrastructure and trade connectivity, providing development assistance, and engaging in diplomatic efforts to counterbalance China's influence
• India has been deepening its strategic partnerships with countries like the United States, Japan, and Australia. These partnerships aim to ensure a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific region, often seen as a counter to China's growing assertiveness under the BRI framework

4.What are the Issues Concerned with the BRI?

 

The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), while ambitious and far-reaching, has encountered several significant issues and criticisms. These concerns span across various dimensions, including economic, political, environmental, and social aspects.

 

Here are the key issues associated with the BRI:

• Many participating countries have accumulated significant debt due to BRI projects. Critics argue that the loans provided by China are often on terms that are not sustainable for these countries, potentially leading to a "debt trap" where nations are unable to repay their loans, thus increasing their dependency on China.
• Examples include Sri Lanka, where the inability to service debt led to China taking control of the strategic Hambantota Port on a 99-year lease
• There are concerns about the economic feasibility of some BRI projects. Critics argue that many of these projects may not generate enough economic returns to justify the massive investments, leading to underutilized infrastructure and financial burdens on the host countries.
• Some BRI projects, like the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), pass through disputed territories, raising issues of sovereignty and territorial integrity. For example, CPEC runs through the Gilgit-Baltistan region in Pakistan-occupied Kashmir, which India claims as its own
• The BRI is seen as a tool for China to expand its geopolitical influence. By building infrastructure and providing loans, China increases its strategic foothold in various regions, which can shift the balance of power and create dependencies that favour Chinese interests

 

 

For Prelims: Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) For Mains: China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and its implications on India

 

Previous Year Questions   1.Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (2016) (a) African Union (b) Brazil (c) European Union (d) China Answer: (d) 1.The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (2018) 2. “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (2017)

 

Source: Indianexpress

 

GREAT NICOBAR ISLAND PROJECT

 

 

1. Context

The Congress party has described the proposed Rs 72,000-crore infra upgrade at the Great Nicobar Island as a “grave threat” to the island’s indigenous inhabitants and fragile ecosystem, and demanded “immediate suspension of all clearances” and a “thorough, impartial review of the proposed project, including by the Parliamentary committees concerned”

 

2.What is the Great Nicobar Island Project?

 

• The Great Nicobar Island Project is a significant infrastructure development initiative undertaken by the Indian government on Great Nicobar Island, part of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean. The project aims to transform the island into a strategic and economic hub.
• A deep-draft international container transshipment terminal is planned to be developed at Galathea Bay. This port is expected to serve as a key shipping hub in the region, facilitating trade and reducing dependency on transshipment ports in other countries
• An international airport is proposed to improve connectivity to the island, both for tourism and strategic purposes. This airport will be capable of handling wide-bodied aircraft and will enhance the island's accessibility
• To support the infrastructure and population growth, a gas- and solar-based power plant will be developed. This plant aims to provide a reliable and sustainable energy source for the island's needs
• A modern township with residential, commercial, and recreational facilities is planned to accommodate the increased population and workforce that the project will attract. This township is expected to have state-of-the-art amenities and infrastructure

 

Strategic and Economic Importance

• Great Nicobar Island is situated near the Malacca Strait, one of the world's busiest shipping lanes. Developing this island will enhance India's strategic presence in the Indian Ocean Region, particularly in terms of maritime security and trade control
• The project aims to boost the local economy by creating job opportunities and attracting investments. Improved infrastructure and connectivity are expected to stimulate tourism and other economic activities on the island
• Enhancing connectivity through the transhipment port and international airport will integrate Great Nicobar Island more closely with the global and regional trade networks, potentially making it a key logistical and commercial hub

 

Environmental and Social Considerations

• The project has raised concerns about its potential impact on the island's rich biodiversity and ecosystems. Great Nicobar Island is home to unique flora and fauna, including endangered species. Ensuring sustainable development practices and environmental protection measures will be crucial
• There are concerns about the impact on local communities, particularly indigenous tribes such as the Nicobarese and Shompen. Ensuring that their rights and livelihoods are protected is a key consideration for the project
• The project's emphasis on using renewable energy sources like solar power and promoting eco-friendly practices is an effort to mitigate environmental concerns. However, balancing development with conservation will be an ongoing challenge

 

 

Great Nicobar   Great Nicobar is the largest of the Nicobar Islands, part of the Union Territory of Andaman and Nicobar Islands in India. It is located in the Indian Ocean, near the western entrance of the Malacca Strait, which is a key maritime route for international trade.   Here are some key aspects of Great Nicobar: Great Nicobar is situated at the southern end of the Nicobar Islands, approximately 1,280 kilometers (800 miles) from the Indian mainland The island features diverse landscapes, including dense tropical rainforests, hilly terrain, and coastal areas. Mount Thullier is the highest point on the island, rising to an elevation of about 642 meters (2,106 feet) Great Nicobar is known for its rich biodiversity and is part of the Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve. The island hosts unique flora and fauna, including several endemic and endangered species. The Nicobar megapode, Nicobar tree shrew, and saltwater crocodile are some of the notable species found here The island is sparsely populated, with a mix of indigenous tribes and settlers from other parts of India. The Nicobarese and Shompen are the primary indigenous communities on the island The indigenous tribes have distinct cultural practices, languages, and traditions. Efforts are being made to preserve their cultural heritage and ensure their rights and well-being amidst development initiatives Great Nicobar’s strategic location near the Malacca Strait, one of the world's busiest maritime routes, enhances its significance for India's maritime security and trade interests Given its strategic position, the island hosts Indian military installations, which play a crucial role in monitoring and securing the Indian Ocean Region

 

3. Strategic Importance

 

• The Bay of Bengal and Indian Ocean region are critically important for India's strategic and security interests, especially as the Chinese People’s Liberation Army Navy aims to increase its presence in these waters.
• India is concerned about the buildup of Chinese naval forces at key Indo-Pacific chokepoints, particularly Malacca, Sunda, and Lombok. China's efforts to extend its influence in the area include constructing a military facility on the Coco Islands in Myanmar, located just 55 km north of the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• Earlier this year, The Indian Express reported significant upgrades to the military infrastructure on the Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
• This includes modernizing airfields and jetties, creating new logistics and storage facilities, establishing a base for military personnel, and enhancing surveillance capabilities.
• The goal of these upgrades is to support the deployment of more military forces, larger warships, aircraft, missile batteries, and troops.
• Maintaining close surveillance over the area surrounding the archipelago and establishing a strong military presence on Great Nicobar is crucial for India's national security

4. Environmental Concerns

• The proposed infrastructure upgrade has faced opposition due to its potential ecological threat to the islands. Wildlife conservation researchers, anthropologists, scholars, civil society members, and the Congress party have raised concerns about the devastating impact on the Shompen, a particularly vulnerable tribal group (PVTG) of hunter-gatherers, who have an estimated population of a few hundred individuals residing in a tribal reserve on the island.
• Critics claim the project infringes on the rights of the tribal population and will harm the island’s ecology, including the felling of nearly a million trees. There are fears that the port project will damage coral reefs, affecting the local marine ecosystem, and pose a threat to terrestrial species like the Nicobar Megapode bird and leatherback turtles, which nest in the Galathea Bay area.
• A statement by senior Congress leader and former Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh highlighted that the proposed port is in a seismically active zone, which experienced permanent subsidence of about 15 feet during the 2004 tsunami.
• The statement also accused the local administration of insufficiently consulting the Tribal Council of Great and Little Nicobar Islands as required by law.
• In November 2022, the tribal council withdrew a no-objection certificate it had issued for the diversion of about 160 sq km of forest land, citing inadequate information provided to them.
• In April 2023, the Kolkata Bench of the National Green Tribunal (NGT) chose not to interfere with the environmental and forest clearances granted to the project. However, the Tribunal ordered the formation of a high-power committee to review the clearances. There is still no clarity on whether the committee, mainly composed of government representatives, has submitted its report

 

 

For Prelims: National Green Tribunal (NGT), Great Nicobar Island, Coastal Regulation Zones, Turtles, Dolphins, Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs), Mangroves, Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve For Mains: Significance and Issues Related to Great Nicobar Island Project

 

Previous Year Questions 1. Which one of the following pairs of islands is separated from each other by the ‘Ten Degree Channel’? (2014) (a) Andaman and Nicobar (b) Nicobar and Sumatra (c) Maldives and Lakshadweep (d) Sumatra and Java Answer (a) 2. Which of the following have coral reefs? (2014) Andaman and Nicobar Islands Gulf of Kachchh Gulf of Mannar Sunderbans Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1, 2 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only (c) 1 and 3 only  (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 Answer (a) 3. In which one of the following places is the Shompen tribe found? (2009) (a) Nilgiri Hills (b) Nicobar Islands (c) Spiti Valley (d) Lakshadweep Islands Answer (b)

 

Source: indianexpress

 

CONSTITUTIONAL MORALITY

 

 

1. Context

The recent arrest of a serving Chief Minister put the spotlight on the question of constitutional morality. While arresting a chief minister in office may not be illegal, members of civil society raised concerns over moral behaviour that political institutions should uphold.

 

2. What is Constitutional Morality?

 

• Constitutional morality involves upholding constitutional principles within a democratic framework.
• It extends beyond literal interpretations to include a dedication to values like sovereignty, social justice, and equality during constitutional interpretation.
• The term was initially coined by British historian George Grote in his extensive work, A History of Greece.
• Grote examined the reforms of the Athenian Constitution by Cleisthenes, a pivotal figure in the establishment of Athenian democracy.
• Grote underscored the necessity of a constitution that could cultivate civic responsibility among citizens and prevent the abuse of power by oligarchs and despots through coercion.
• Fundamentally, constitutional morality represents a balance between liberty and restraint. It signifies citizens' adherence to constitutional authorities while retaining the freedom to criticize those in positions of authority

 

3. Different Perspectives

 

• On November 4, 1948, during his address to the Constituent Assembly on ‘The Draft Constitution’, Dr. BR Ambedkar introduced the term constitutional morality. He advocated for integrating administrative structures into the constitution and cited the classicist Grote in his remarks.
• Ambedkar was actually more acquainted with a different interpretation of the term from its origins in the 19th century.
• This interpretation defines constitutional morality as the norms and procedures that guide decision-making in situations where the Constitution is silent or allows discretionary powers.
• However, contemporary usage of constitutional morality commonly refers to the principles embodied within a constitution itself.
• According to this perspective, adherence to constitutional morality means adhering to the substantial moral principles inherent in a constitution. For instance, the principle of non-discrimination is often considered a fundamental aspect of modern constitutional morality

 

4. Constitutional Morality in Indian Constitution

Although the term constitutional morality is not explicitly mentioned in the Indian Constitution, its principles are deeply ingrained in various provisions:

• The Preamble articulates the foundational values of our democracy, such as justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity.

• Fundamental Rights protect individuals from arbitrary state actions, with the Supreme Court empowered to enforce these rights under Article 32.

• Directive Principles offer directives to the state for achieving the constitutional goals, drawing from Gandhian, socialist, and liberal philosophies.

• Fundamental Duties outline citizens' responsibilities alongside their rights.

• Checks and balances, including judicial review and legislative oversight, ensure accountability in governance.

It is noteworthy that the discretionary powers of the state and the principle of non-discrimination are closely linked to the concept of constitutional morality

 

Supreme Court Judgements The 2015 Krishnamoorthy case underscored the Supreme Court's view that adherence to constitutional morality is crucial for effective governance. In the Union of India vs. Government of the NCT of Delhi case, the Court ruled that senior officials must abide by constitutional morality and uphold the principles enshrined in the Constitution to prevent arbitrary exercise of authority. The Court, in the Government of NCT of Delhi case (2018), likened constitutional morality to a "second basic structure doctrine," highlighting its role in restraining arbitrary authority. Similarly, in Navtej Singh Johar & Ors. vs. Union of India, the Supreme Court held that Section 377 violated the rights of the LGBTQI community and contravened the fundamental principles of individual dignity as guaranteed under Articles 14, 19, and 21 of the Constitution. In its ruling on Justice K S Puttaswamy and Anr. vs. Union of India and Ors., the Supreme Court affirmed the constitutional validity of Aadhaar with certain limitations, underscoring the judiciary's role in preventing executive overreach. In the Justice K S Puttaswamy case (2018), the Court reaffirmed its duty to uphold constitutional morality by striking down any law or executive action that goes against the constitution

 

5. Challenges

Neglecting constitutional morality can profoundly impact democratic processes. Recent discussions have raised several pertinent questions:

• To what extent can individuals be educated to uphold the moral principles outlined in the Constitution and fulfill their duties ethically?

• Are ruling governments, as accused by opposition parties, using police or investigative agencies to exert pressure?

• How does unchecked power influence constitutional morality within a parliamentary democracy?

• In specific cases, such as the entry of menstruating women into the Sabarimala temple, what strategies should be employed to ensure fairness and non-discrimination?

Addressing these fundamental questions is essential for comprehending constitutional morality across different contexts and periods

 

 

 

For Prelims: Constitutional Morality, Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties For Mains: Elements of constitutional morality in the Indian constitution

 

Source: Indianexpress