SANTINIKETAN
1. Context
Visva-Bharati University has finally replaced the controversial plaques commemorating UNESCO's world heritage tag to Santiniketan with a board approved by the Centre
2. Santiniketan
Santiniketan is a renowned cultural and educational institution located in the town of Bolpur in the Birbhum district of West Bengal, India. It was founded by the famous Indian poet, philosopher, and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore in 1901.
Santiniketan, which means "abode of peace," has had a profound influence on Indian art, literature, and education
Santiniketan becomes the 41st UNESCO World Heritage Site in India and the third in West Bengal, after the Sundarbans National Park and the Darjeeling Mountain Railways. Last year, the state’s Durga Puja got space in “Intangible Cultural Heritage of humanity” under UNESCO
3. Key Aspects of Santiniketan
Here are some key aspects of Santiniketan:
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Foundation and Philosophy: Rabindranath Tagore established Santiniketan with the vision of creating a unique educational environment that integrated the best of Indian and Western educational systems. His philosophy emphasized learning in harmony with nature and the surrounding environment.
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Visva-Bharati University: Santiniketan is the home of Visva-Bharati University, an institution founded by Tagore in 1921. The university is known for its emphasis on liberal arts, humanities, and creative disciplines. It follows the pedagogical principles of Tagore and offers a range of undergraduate and postgraduate programs.
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Rabindranath Tagore: Tagore, who is often referred to as "Gurudev," was the driving force behind Santiniketan. He was not only a poet but also a philosopher, playwright, painter, and musician. His works, including the famous poem "Gitanjali," earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913.
- Culture and Arts: Santiniketan has been a hub of Indian culture and arts. It is known for its festivals, including Basanta Utsav (Spring Festival) and Poush Mela (Winter Festival). Students and artists from various disciplines come together to celebrate and showcase their talents during these festivals.
4.About World Heritage Site
- A World Heritage Site is a place, landmark, building, or area that is recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) for its cultural, historical, scientific, or natural significance.
- These sites are considered to be of outstanding value to humanity, and their preservation and protection are of global importance.
- As of September 2023, a total of 1,172 World Heritage Sites (913 cultural, 220 natural, and 39 mixed properties) exist across 166 countries.
- With 58 selected areas, Italy is the country with the most sites on the list; China is the second with 57 sites, and Germany is the third with 52.
4.1.World Heritage Sites can fall into one of three categories
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Cultural Heritage Sites: These include historical buildings, cities, monuments, archaeological sites, and cultural landscapes that hold significant cultural or historical importance. Examples include the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt, and the Historic Centre of Rome.
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Natural Heritage Sites: These encompass natural features such as national parks, forests, wildlife reserves, geological formations, and ecosystems that are of exceptional ecological or geological significance. Examples include the Great Barrier Reef in Australia, Yellowstone National Park in the United States, and the Galapagos Islands in Ecuador.
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Mixed Heritage Sites: Some sites are recognized for both their cultural and natural value, and they are classified as mixed heritage sites. For instance, Machu Picchu in Peru is renowned for its archaeological significance as well as its stunning natural setting in the Andes Mountains.
- The designation of a site as a World Heritage Site signifies the commitment of the international community to protect and preserve it for future generations.
- UNESCO works closely with countries to identify and nominate sites, and once a site is inscribed on the World Heritage List, it may receive international assistance and support for its conservation and management.
- The World Heritage designation also brings increased tourism and recognition to these sites, which can have economic and cultural benefits for the local communities and countries where they are located.
- However, managing the influx of tourists while safeguarding the site's integrity is often a significant challenge for World Heritage Sites.
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Previous Year Questions
1. The UNESCO World Heritage Site, “MahabodhiVihar” is situated in which Indian state? (SSC MTS 2017)
A. Madhya Pradesh B. Himachal Pradesh C. Bihar D. Maharashtra
Answer: C
2. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2019)
a. As of July 2018, a total of 1092 World Heritage sites exist across 167 countries.
b. Italy, with 54 World Heritage sites has the most of any country (up to July 2018).
c. India has 39 World Heritage sites (up to July 2018).
d. A collection of Victorian, Gothic, and Art Deco buildings of Mumbai are declared as World Heritage sites in 2018.
Which of the above statements are correct?
A. a, b and d B. b, c and d C. a, b and c D. All of the above
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Source: indianexpress
UNEMPLOYMENT IN INDIA
1. Context
While the Congress government found some appreciation among the voters for its efforts to deal with the farmers’ distress , it faired quite poorly on three fronts – tackling unemployment, corruption, and price rise . More than one-fourth of those with access to higher education (27%) and 26% of those below 25 years of age were unhappy with the efforts of the government to generate employment. Two of every 10 of the urban voters and the poor were also disappointed with the government regarding its inability to deal with unemployment . This factor may well have been responsible for the Congress being voted out of power
2. Unemployment
Unemployment is a situation where people who are actively seeking employment are unable to find work. The unemployment rate is calculated as the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed.
The labor force is defined as the number of people who are either employed or unemployed.
2.1. Unemployment rate
The unemployment rate in India is the percentage of the labor force that is unemployed
The unemployment rate in India has been fluctuating in recent years.
In 2020, the unemployment rate was 10.20%, which was the highest it had been in decades.
The unemployment rate then declined to 7.71% in 2021
Unemployment rate = (Number of unemployed / Labor force) x 100
Where:
- Number of Unemployed Individuals: The total number of people who are able and willing to work but are currently unemployed and actively seeking employment.
- Labor Force: The total number of people who are either employed or actively seeking employment.
2.2. Employment rate (ER)
The employment rate, often abbreviated as ER, is a labor market indicator that measures the proportion of the working-age population (usually defined as individuals of a certain age range) that is employed or working. It provides insights into the percentage of the population that is actively engaged in productive work
The formula to calculate the employment rate is:
Employment Rate = (Number of Employed Individuals / Working-Age Population) x 100
Where:
- Number of Employed Individuals: The total number of people who are currently employed.
- Working-Age Population: The total number of people within a specified age range (typically those considered to be of working age).
2.3. Types of Unemployment
Some common types of unemployment include:
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Structural Unemployment: This type of unemployment occurs when there is a mismatch between the skills possessed by workers and the skills demanded by available job opportunities. It can result from changes in technology, shifts in industries, or changes in consumer preferences.
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Frictional Unemployment: Frictional unemployment arises due to the natural process of workers moving between jobs or entering the workforce for the first time. It occurs when there is a temporary gap between the end of one job and the start of another.
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Cyclical Unemployment: Cyclical unemployment is caused by fluctuations in economic activity and demand. It increases during economic downturns or recessions when businesses reduce production and lay off workers due to decreased consumer spending.
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Seasonal Unemployment: Seasonal unemployment is linked to seasonal changes in demand for specific industries. For example, agricultural or tourism-related jobs might experience temporary unemployment during off-seasons.
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Long-Term Unemployment: This refers to individuals who have been unemployed for an extended period, often for more than six months. It can lead to skill erosion and decreased employability.
3. Statistics
- The deterioration in the employment scenario can be tracked at many levels
- One, over the years, there has been a sharp fall in the labour force participation rate in India
- Data from CMIE suggests that the labour force participation rate has fallen to around 40 per cent. For comparable countries, it is significantly higher.
- This decline suggests that despite India’s young population, many have simply opted out of the labour force, perhaps feeling let down by the absence of remunerative, productive jobs
- The situation is even more dire for women who had a considerably lower participation rate to begin with. India’s female labour force participation is not only lower than the global average, but also lower than countries like Bangladesh
- Two, even as the unemployment rate has declined from the highs observed during the initial phase of the pandemic, it remains elevated, suggesting that among those looking for jobs, those unable to find jobs remains high
- Three, the unemployment rate is higher among the younger and more educated. As per the periodic labour force surveys, the unemployment rate is higher among those in the 15-29 age group (22.5 per cent in September 2019), and those educated up to at least the secondary level (11 per cent).
- Four, while there are signs of increasing formalisation as indicated by the EPFO data, a substantial share of the labour force continues to remain employed in the informal sector, lacking a safety net
4. About Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE)
The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) is a leading independent economic think tank and research organization based in India.
Established in 1976, CMIE is known for its extensive data collection, economic analysis, and research on various aspects of the Indian economy and labor market
CMIE is not under any ministry or organization. It is an independent private limited entity. However, it does have a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Ministry of Finance, Government of India. This MoU allows CMIE to access government data and to collaborate with government agencies on economic research and analysis
CMIE's role is to provide economic data, analysis, and forecasts for India and the world. It does this through a variety of products and services, including:
- Economic data: CMIE collects and publishes economic data on a variety of topics, including GDP, inflation, employment, and trade.
- Economic analysis: CMIE provides analysis of economic data and trends.
- Economic forecasts: CMIE provides forecasts of economic growth, inflation, and other economic indicators.
- Business information: CMIE provides information on businesses in India, including financial data, company profiles, and industry reports.
- Market research: CMIE provides market research on a variety of topics, including consumer behavior, retail trends, and industrial production.
- Training: CMIE provides training on economic data analysis and forecasting.
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For Prelims: Unemployment, Types of Unemployment, Periodic Labour Force Survey
For Mains: 1.Discuss the different types of unemployment prevalent in India and analyze their causes. How do these types of unemployment impact the country's labor market and overall economic growth?
2.India's demographic dividend has the potential to drive economic growth, but the challenge of youth unemployment persists. Analyze the factors contributing to youth unemployment and propose policy interventions to address this issue effectively.
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Previous Year Questions
1.Disguised Unemployment generally means
A. Large number of people remain unemployed
B. Alternative Employment is not available
C. Marginal Productivity od Labour is Zero
D. Productivity of Workers is Zero
Answer -C
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Source: indianexpress
DEEPFAKES
1. Context
Back in 2020, in the first-ever use of AI-generated deepfakes in political campaigns, a series of videos of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Manoj Tiwari were circulated on multiple WhatsApp groups. The videos showed Mr. Tiwari hurling allegations against his political opponent Arvind Kejriwal in English and Haryanvi, before Delhi elections. In a similar incident, a doctored video of Madhya Pradesh Congress chief Kamal Nath recently went viral, creating confusion over the future of the State government’s Laadli Behna Scheme
2. What are Deepfakes
- Deepfake is a type of synthetic media in which a person in an already-existing video or image is replaced with another person. It manipulates the audio/video, which has the propensity to the device, using machine learning and artificial intelligence.
- Due to the ease with which bogus news, celebrity pornographic content, etc. get shared online, it has drawn attention.
- It makes a fake version of original or real audio-visual content by superimposing a new audio or image over an existing media file.
- In September 2019, the AI company Deeptrance discovered 15,000 deep fakes videos online-nearly tripling in just nine months. A starting 96% of them were pornographic, and 99% of them matched the faces of famous women to porn actors.
- Deepfakes can be used to damage reputation, fabricate evidence, defraud the public, and undermine trust in democratic institutions.
- All this can be achieved with fewer resources, with scale and speed, and even microtargeted to galvanize support.
3. How did Deepfakes Work?
- Deepfake content is created by using two competing AI algorithms- one is called the generator and the other is called the discriminator.
- The discriminator is tasked with determining if the fake multimedia content produced by the generator is real and manufactured.
- A generative adversarial network is created when the generator and discriminator work together (GAN). Every time the discriminator correctly recognizes the content as being fake, it gives the generator important insights into how to make the next deep fakes better.
- The first step in establishing a GAN is to identify the desired output and create a training dataset for the generator.
- Video clips can be supplied to the discriminator after the generator starts producing output at a level that is acceptable.
4. Who are the Victims?
- The first case of malicious use of deep fake was detected in pornography. According to sensity.ai, 96% of deepfakes are pornographic videos, with over 135 million views on pornographic websites alone. Deepfake pornography exclusively targets women.
- Pornographic deepfakes can threaten, intimidate, and inflict psychological harm. It reduces women to sexual objects causing emotional distress, and in some cases, leading to financial loss and collateral consequences like job loss.
- Deepfake could act as a powerful tool by a malicious nation-state to undermine public safety and create uncertainty and chaos in the target country. Deepfake can undermine trust in institutions and diplomacy.
5. Challenges with Deepfake
- Deepfake causes financial fraud, which poses problems for the entire financial system.
- In the era of the threat of fake news, it also poses a threat to the security of cyber systems and the validity of online registration.
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Deepfakes in phishing efforts would make it more challenging for people to recognize a hoax.
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In any nation, deep fakes can be used to sabotage democratic procedures like elections.
- The potential for harm to people, organizations, and societies is enormous since it can be used to generate phony pornographic videos and make politicians appear to say things they did not.
- Any genuine evidence of a crime can be easily discounted as false because the public is so distrustful due to the prevalence of deep fakes.
- Fake movies are likely to become more popular outside the world of celebrities as new technology enables unskilled people to create deep fakes with just a few images. This will feed the growth of revenge porn.
- The use of fake identities and impostor frauds in cybercrime is rising.
6. What is the Solution?
- Media literacy efforts must be enhanced to cultivate a discerning public. Media literacy for consumers is the most effective tool to combat disinformation and deep fakes.
- We also need meaningful regulations with a collaborative discussion with the technology industry, Civil society, and policymakers to develop legislative solutions to disincentivize the creation and distribution of malicious deepfakes.
- Social media platforms are taking cognizance of the deepfake issue, and almost all of them have some policy or acceptable terms of use for deepfakes.
- We also need easy-to-use and accessible technology solutions to detect deepfakes, authenticate media, and amplify authoritative sources.
For Prelims & Mains
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For Prelims: Artificial Intelligence (AI), Deepfake Technology, and AI algorithms.
For Mains: 1. What are deepfakes and explain the challenges with deep-fake technology in the present technological world.
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Source: The Hindu
INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE
1. Context
The UNESCO approved the inclusion of garba, Gujarat’s most popular folk dance form, in its Representative List of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) of Humanity. A decision to “inscribe” the dance form as “intangible heritage” was taken at the 18th session of the UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Committee for Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage held in the Republic of Botswana.
2. Garba
Garba is a traditional folk dance from the Indian state of Gujarat. It is performed during the nine-day Hindu festival of Navratri, which celebrates the triumph of good over evil. Garba is also performed on other special occasions in Gujarat
Garba is a high-energy dance that celebrates fertility, womanhood, and mother goddesses.
The dance is performed in a circle around a clay lantern with a light inside, called a Garbha Deep. The lantern represents life and the fetus in the womb. The dancers honor Durga, the feminine form of divinity
Origin and Significance:
- Garba is believed to have originated centuries ago and was initially performed by women in villages around a clay lamp (garbha deep) symbolizing the womb of the goddess.
- Over time, the dance evolved and became a symbol of devotion, celebration, and community spirit.
Dance Style:
- Garba is characterized by circular movements, synchronized clapping, and intricate footwork.
- Dancers typically move clockwise around a central point, often a garbha deep or a symbolic representation of the goddess.
- The steps are simple yet energetic, making the dance accessible to all ages and skill levels.
3. Intangible Cultural Heritage
| UNESCO, the international body which aims at promoting peace and cooperation among nations through education, arts, sciences and culture, recognized the "Artisanal know-how and culture of baguette bread" as a world cultural heritage. |
- It is the practices, expressions, knowledge and skills that communities, groups and sometimes individuals recognise as part of their cultural heritage also called living cultural heritage.
It is usually expressed in one of the following forms:
- Oral Traditions
- Performing Arts
- Social Practices
- Rituals and Festive events
- Knowledge and Practices concerning nature and the universe
- Traditional Craftsmanship
4. Selection Criteria
There are three criteria for an intangible cultural heritage to be inscribed in the United Nations list.
- Be recognized by communities, groups and in some cases, individuals as part of their cultural heritage.
- Be transmitted from generation to generation and be constantly recreated by communities and groups in response to their environment, their interaction with nature and their history and
- Provide them with a sense of identity and continuity, thus promoting respect for cultural diversity and human creativity
5. India's cultural symbols
- India nominated Garba, a traditional dance form that originated in the state of Gujarat, for inscription on UNESCO's ICH list.
The elements which have been on the representative list of intangible cultural heritage from India in the past decade include
- Kolkata's Durga Puja (2021),
- Kumbh Mela (2017),
- Navroz (2016),
- Yoga (2016),
- Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil-making among coppersmiths of Punjab (2014)
- Sankirtana, a ritual musical performance of Manipur (2013)
- The Buddhist chanting of Ladakh (2012).
- Before 2011, the list included Chhau dance,
- Kalbelia folk songs and dance of Rajasthan and
- Mudiyettu, a dance drama from Kerala (2010),
- Ramman, a religious festival and theatre performance of Garhwal in the Himalayas (2009) and
- Kutiyattam or Sanskrit theatre (2008)
- Vedic Chanting (2008).
- Ramlila, a traditional performance of Ramayana, was also included in 2008.
For Prelims
| For Prelims: Intangible Cultural Heritage, UNESCO, Durga Puja, |
Source: The Indian Express
POMPE DISEASE
1. Context
Recently, Nidhi Shirol, India’s first Pompe disease patient, passed away at the age of 24 years after battling the disease. She spent the last six years in a semicomatose state. In 2010, her father Prasanna Shirol started the Organisation for Rare Diseases India (ORDI), the first NGO in the country for rare diseases. Here, he explains what the disease is, how common it is, and how it is diagnosed.
2. What is Pompe Disease?
Pompe Disease, also referred to as Glycogen Storage Disease Type II, is an uncommon genetic disorder resulting from a deficiency in the enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). This essential enzyme plays a critical role in breaking down glycogen into glucose within the lysosomes of cells.
The prevalence of Pompe Disease is estimated to be between 1 in 40,000 to 1 in 300,000 births, and it affects individuals across diverse ethnicities and populations. The onset of symptoms and the severity of the condition can vary, leading to a range of clinical presentations.
Types of Pompe Disease
There are three main types of Pompe disease, each with its own characteristic features:
- Infantile-onset Pompe Disease is the most severe form of the disease, with symptoms appearing in the first few months of life. Infants with this form often experience rapid muscle weakness, respiratory failure, and heart failure.
- Late-onset Pompe Disease typically appears in childhood or adulthood with milder symptoms that progress slowly. Affected individuals may experience muscle weakness, fatigue, and difficulty breathing.
- Adult-onset Pompe Disease is the least severe form of the disease, with symptoms appearing in adulthood. Affected individuals may have minimal muscle weakness and fatigue.
3. The Impact of Pompe Disease on Individuals
Pompe disease, a rare genetic disorder, affects individuals in a variety of ways, with the severity and progression of symptoms varying greatly from person to person.
Muscle Weakness
- This is the hallmark symptom of Pompe disease, affecting both skeletal and smooth muscles.
- It can lead to difficulties with mobility, daily activities, and even breathing, especially during physical exertion or while lying down.
- In children, it may cause delays in achieving motor milestones and can limit their participation in physical activities.
Motor Skill Development
- Children with Pompe disease often experience delays in achieving motor milestones such as sitting, crawling, and walking.
- The severity of these delays can vary, and some individuals may never reach certain milestones.
- This can lead to challenges in daily life and may require additional support and therapy.
Skeletal Deformities
- Prolonged muscle weakness and reduced mobility can hurt bones and joints.
- This can lead to joint contractures, where joints become fixed in a bent position, and skeletal deformities, which can affect posture and movement.
Respiratory Complications
- The weakening of respiratory muscles, including the diaphragm, can make breathing difficult.
- Individuals with Pompe disease may experience shortness of breath, respiratory infections, and in severe cases, respiratory failure.
- This can require oxygen therapy and other interventions to manage breathing difficulties.
Cardiac Involvement
In some cases, Pompe disease can affect the heart muscles, leading to complications such as:
- Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: thickening of the heart muscle walls, impairing heart function.
- Heart palpitations, fatigue, and chest pain.
- Increased risk of heart failure if left untreated.
Impact on Daily Living
- The combination of muscle weakness, respiratory limitations, and potential cardiac issues can significantly impact daily life.
- Individuals may face challenges with mobility, self-care, and participating in social activities.
- Assistive devices such as wheelchairs, walkers, and respiratory equipment may become necessary.
- This can lead to feelings of dependence and isolation, highlighting the importance of social support and accessible environments.
Adapting to Pompe Disease
- While living with Pompe disease presents various challenges, individuals can manage their condition and live fulfilling lives with appropriate medical care, support networks, and a positive attitude.
- Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial in preventing or slowing down the progression of the disease and minimizing its impact.
- Joining support groups and connecting with other individuals with the disease can provide valuable resources, emotional support, and a sense of community.
4. Diagnosing and Managing Pompe Disease
Diagnosis
- Clinical evaluation involves a thorough assessment of the patient's symptoms, including muscle weakness, respiratory issues, and developmental delays. Family history and medical records are also reviewed.
- Blood or skin cells are tested to measure the activity of the GAA enzyme. Low levels of GAA are indicative of Pompe disease.
- Genetic testing confirms the presence of specific mutations in the GAA gene that are responsible for the disease.
Management
- Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the primary treatment for Pompe disease. ERT involves regular infusions of the missing GAA enzyme, which helps to break down glycogen and alleviate symptoms. Early initiation of ERT is crucial to prevent or slow down the progression of the disease.
- Substrate reduction therapy (SRT) newer treatment option aims to reduce the production of glycogen, the substrate that accumulates in lysosomes due to the GAA deficiency. SRT is often used in combination with ERT for improved outcomes.
- Supportive care includes respiratory support, physical therapy, occupational therapy, and nutritional counselling to address specific symptoms and improve overall well-being.
- Individuals with Pompe disease require regular monitoring for potential heart complications, as the disease can affect the heart muscles.
5. The Wayforward
While there is currently no cure for Pompe disease, early diagnosis and effective treatment can significantly improve the quality of life for individuals with the condition. Treatment aims to manage symptoms, slow down disease progression, and prevent complications. With advancements in research and development, there is hope for future therapeutic options that may offer a cure or even prevent the onset of the disease.
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For Prelims: Pompe disease, Substrate reduction therapy, Enzyme replacement therapy, Organisation for Rare Diseases India, acid alpha-glucosidase
For Mains:
1. Analyze the social and economic impact of rare diseases on individuals and families. Discuss the importance of social support and community involvement in empowering affected individuals and their families. (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. In the context of hereditary diseases, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. Concerning the use of Nano-technology in health sector, which of the following statement(s) is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
Select the correct answer using the codes given below. (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
3. A nurse caring for a patient on pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy should assess them for (JIPMER 2013)
A. Weight gain B. Hypertension C. Arrhythmias D. GIT irritation
4. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (upsc 2022)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 3 only (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answers: 1-C, 2-C, 3-A, 4-D Mains
1. Appropriate local community-level healthcare intervention is a prerequisite to achieve ‘Health for All’ in India. Explain. (UPSC 2018)
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Source: The Indian Express
SECTION 6A OF CITIZENSHIP ACT
1. Context
Defending the constitutional validity of Section 6A of the Citizenship Act, 1955, the Centre has told the Supreme Court that the provision “is a part of the legislative policy of Parliament, arising from a political settlement with relevant parties, based on certain relevant considerations of State policy and foreign policy” and as such is not arbitrary and has a rational nexus with the object sought to be achieved.
2. What is Section 6A of the Citizenship Act?
Section 6A is a special provision inserted into the Indian Citizenship Act, 1955, in 1985, as part of the Assam Accord. It deals with the citizenship of people who migrated to Assam from Bangladesh:
- It applies to people who entered Assam on or after January 1, 1966, but before March 25, 1971.
- It grants citizenship to these people if they can prove that they were "ordinarily resident" in Assam on March 24, 1971.
- People who claim citizenship under Section 6A must apply to a Foreigners Tribunal. The Tribunal will then decide whether or not to grant them citizenship based on the evidence they provide.
3. Questions surrounding Section 6A
- The constitutionality of Section 6A has been challenged in court, with some arguing that it is discriminatory against people who migrated to Assam after 1971.
- There have been concerns about how Section 6A has been implemented, with some people alleging that it has led to the disenfranchisement of legitimate citizens.
- Some Assamese people argue that Section 6A has led to a large influx of migrants, which has threatened their culture and identity.
4. Citizens and Aliens
Citizens
- A citizen is a person who has full legal membership in a country.
- Citizens have certain rights and privileges that are not available to non-citizens, such as the right to vote, hold public office, and own property.
- Citizens also have certain responsibilities, such as obeying the law and paying taxes.
Aliens
- An alien is a person who is not a citizen of the country in which they are living.
- Aliens may have some of the same rights as citizens, such as the right to freedom of speech and religion. However, they do not have all of the same rights as citizens, and they may be subject to certain restrictions, such as not being able to vote or hold public office.
- Aliens are also subject to the laws of the country in which they are living, and they may be deported if they break the law.
5. Ways of Acquiring Citizenship
The Citizenship Act of 1955 prescribes five ways of acquiring Indian citizenship:
- By birth: A person born in India after January 26, 1950, is a citizen of India by birth.
- By descent: A person born in India on or after January 26, 1950, but before December 10, 1992, whose father was an Indian citizen at the time of his birth, is a citizen of India by descent.
- By registration: A person who is a citizen of another country may apply for Indian citizenship by registration if they have been residing in India for a continuous period of 12 months immediately before the date of application.
- By naturalization: A person who is not a citizen of India may apply for Indian citizenship by naturalization if they have been residing in India for a continuous period of 11 years immediately before the date of application.
- By incorporation of territory: When territory is incorporated into India, the people who were residing in that territory at the time of incorporation are granted Indian citizenship.
6. Ways of Losing Citizenship
The Citizenship Act, 1955, prescribes three ways of losing Indian citizenship:
1. Renunciation involves a voluntary surrender of Indian citizenship by a citizen through a formal declaration. This declaration can only be made if the individual has acquired the citizenship of another country. This is a straightforward process and does not require any prior approval from the Indian government. Once renounced, Indian citizenship cannot be regained automatically. However, a former citizen can reapply for Indian citizenship through naturalization, subject to meeting the eligibility criteria.
2. Termination occurs automatically when an Indian citizen acquires the citizenship of another country without fulfilling the conditions for retaining Indian citizenship. Specifically, an Indian citizen who lives outside India for a continuous period of 7 years without registering with an Indian diplomatic or consular officer loses their citizenship. This period can be extended under certain exceptional circumstances, such as serving in the employment of the Indian government or a public sector undertaking.
3. Deprivation involves the withdrawal of Indian citizenship by the Indian government on specific grounds outlined in the Citizenship Act. These grounds include:
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- Obtaining Indian citizenship by fraud, false representation, or concealment of a material fact.
- Disloyalty or disaffection towards the Constitution of India.
- Trading with the enemy during a war.
- Engaging in activities prejudicial to the sovereignty and integrity of India.
- Being convicted of an offence for which they are sentenced to imprisonment for 2 years or more.
The process of deprivation involves a formal inquiry and hearing by a designated authority. The individual has the right to be represented by a lawyer and to present their defence. If found guilty, their citizenship is revoked by the Central government.
7. Assam Accord
- The plea before the Constitutional bench in the Supreme Court challenges one of the core elements of the Accord which determines who is a foreigner in the state and the basis of the final National Register of Citizens in Assam, published in 2019.
- Clause 5 of the Assam Accord states that January 1, 1966, shall serve as the base cutoff date for the detection and deletion of “foreigners” but it also contains provisions for the regularisation of those who arrived in the state after that date and up till.
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Section 6 A of the Citizenship Act was inserted as an amendment to accommodate this.
What Section 6 A essentially does is establish March 24, 1971, as the cut-off date for entry into the state, meaning that those entering the state after that would be considered “illegal immigrants”.
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- It states that while those who came to Assam on or after January 1, 1966, but before March 25, 1971, from Bangladesh shall be detected as “foreigners”, they would have to register themselves according to rules made by the Central Government.
- Till a period of 10 years from the date they were detected as foreigners, they would have the same rights and obligations as Indian citizens except for being included in electoral rolls for any assembly or parliamentary constituency.
- At the end of the ten years, they were to be deemed citizens.
- The final National Register of Citizens in Assam which was published in 2019 was conducted with this cut-off date of 24 March 1971.
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For Prelims: Citizenship Act 1955, Aliens, Assam Accord
For Mains:
1. Discuss the challenges and concerns surrounding the implementation of Section 6A. How can these be addressed to ensure a fair and impartial process? (250 words)
2. Examine the administrative challenges associated with the implementation of Section 6A. How can these be overcome to ensure efficient and effective decision-making? (250 words)
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Previous Year Questions Consider the following statements: (2018)
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? (a) 1 only (b) 2 only (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2
2. What is the position of the Right to Property in India? (UPSC 2021) (a) Legal right available to citizens only (b) Legal right available to any person (c) Fundamental Rights available to citizens only (d) Neither Fundamental Right nor legal right
3. With reference to the Delimitation Commission, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2012)
1. The orders of the Delimitation Commission cannot be challenged in a Court of Law.
2. When the orders of the Delimitation Commission are laid before the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly, they cannot effect any modifications in the orders.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
4. Barak Valley in Assam is famous for which among the following? (MSTET 2019)
A. Bamboo Industry
B. Petroleum Production
C. Cottage Industries
D. Tea Cultivation
5. Which one of the following is an important crop of the Barak Valley? (Karnataka Civil Police Constable 2019)
A. Sugarcane B. Jute C. Tea D. Cotton
6. Under Assam Accord of 1985, foreigners who had entered Assam before March 25, _____ were to be given citizenship. (DSSSB JE & Section Officer 2022)
A. 1954 B. 1971 C. 1981 D. 1966
Answers: 1-D, 2-B, 3-C, 4-D, 5-B, 6-B
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Source: The Indian Express
NATIONAL MEDICAL COMMISSION
1. Context
The logo of the National Medical Commission (NMC), with a colourful image of physician god Dhanvantri in the centre, has drawn criticism from doctors, with the Indian Medical Association (IMA) urging the the apex medical education regulator to take “corrective steps”.
2. About the National Medical Commission
- The National Medical Commission (NMC) is a statutory body in India that regulates medical education and medical professionals.
- It was established by the National Medical Commission Act, 2019, which came into force on 25 September 2020.
- The NMC replaced the Medical Council of India (MCI), which had been criticized for corruption and inefficiency.
- The NMC is composed of 25 members, including doctors, medical educators, and government officials.
- The members are appointed by the central government for a term of four years.
3. The role of the National Medical Commission
The NMC has several important roles, including:
- The NMC sets the standards for medical colleges and courses and ensures that they are met. It also conducts regular inspections of medical colleges and takes action against those that do not meet the standards.
- The NMC conducts several medical examinations, including the National Eligibility cum Entrance Test (NEET) for undergraduate medical admissions and the National Eligibility Test (NET) for postgraduate medical admissions. It also issues medical licenses to qualified doctors.
- The NMC approves the establishment of new medical colleges and assesses existing ones. It evaluates the infrastructure, faculty, curriculum, and other essential criteria before granting recognition to medical institutions.
- The NMC assesses and accredits medical institutions and their programs to ensure they meet the prescribed standards for medical education. This process helps maintain and improve the quality of medical education.
- The NMC maintains a register of all medical professionals in India. This register helps to ensure that only qualified doctors are practising in the country.
- NMC supports and promotes research and innovation in the medical field. It encourages medical professionals to engage in research activities and contribute to advancing healthcare and medical knowledge.
- The commission serves as an advisory body to the central and state governments on various matters related to medical education, healthcare policies, and the regulation of the medical profession.
- The NMC enforces ethical standards in the medical profession. It also investigates complaints against medical professionals and takes disciplinary action against those who are found to have violated the ethical code.
- The NMC redresses grievances from patients and medical professionals. It also provides information and guidance on medical education and practice.
4. Universal Health Coverage (UHC)
- Universal health coverage (UHC) is the vision that all people have access to quality health services, where and when they need them, without financial hardship.
- It is about ensuring that everyone can obtain the health care they need, without going broke.
- UHC is a fundamental human right, and it is essential for sustainable development.
- It is also a key component of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which aim to achieve a more just and equitable world by 2030.
UHC has three key dimensions:
- Everyone who needs health services should get them, not only those who can pay for them.
- People should not fall into debt paying for treatment and care.
- Services should be adequate and effective.
To achieve UHC, countries need to have strong, efficient, and equitable health systems. This includes having a well-trained health workforce, accessible health facilities, and a reliable supply of essential medicines and vaccines.
5. The ratio of 100 MBBS seats for a 10 lakh population
- The ratio of 100 MBBS seats for a 10 lakh population means that there should be 100 MBBS seats for every 1 million people.
- This ratio was recommended by the National Medical Commission (NMC) in India in 2023 to ensure that there are enough doctors to meet the needs of the population.
- The NMC's recommendation is based on the World Health Organization's (WHO) recommendation of 1 doctor per 1,000 people.
- However, the WHO also acknowledges that this ratio may vary depending on the specific needs of a country or region.
- In India, the current ratio of doctors to population is about 0.8 per 1,000 people.
- This is below the WHO's recommended ratio, and it is also below the ratio of 100 MBBS seats per 1 million people.
6. The new guidelines by the National Medical Commission (NMC)
The NMC has released several new regulations, such as the National Medical Commission Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 2023. These regulations set out the standards of professional conduct that medical practitioners in India must adhere to.
- The NMC has introduced a new competency-based medical curriculum, which will be implemented in all medical colleges in India from the academic year 2023-24.
- The new curriculum is focused on developing the skills and knowledge that doctors need to provide high-quality care to patients.
- The NMC has streamlined the process for obtaining a medical license. Doctors can now apply for a license online, and the processing time has been reduced.
- The NMC has established an online portal for medical professionals to register and renew their licenses. The portal also provides information on medical education and practice.
- The NMC has increased the number of medical seats in India by 10%. This will help to increase the number of doctors in the country and improve the quality of healthcare.
- The NMC has taken several steps to improve the quality of medical education and research in India. This includes conducting regular inspections of medical colleges and taking action against those that do not meet the standards. The NMC has also increased funding for medical research.
- These guidelines outline the ethical standards that medical practitioners are expected to uphold in their practice.
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For Prelims: National Medical Commission, National Medical Commission Registered Medical Practitioner (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 2023, Sustainable Development Goals, Universal Health Care, NET, NEET, Medical Council of India,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the role of the National Medical Commission in regulating medical education and practice in India. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following statements (UPSC CSE 2016)
1. The Sustainable Development Goals were first proposed in 1972 by a global think tank called the 'Club of Rome
2. Sustainable Development goals has to be achieved by the year 2030
Which of the statements given above is/ are correct
A. 1 Only B. 2 Only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 Nor 2
Answer: B
2. With reference to Ayushman Bharat Digital Mission, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE 2022) 1. Private and public hospitals must adopt it.
2. As it aims to achieve universal health coverage, every citizen of India should be part of it ultimately.
3. It has seamless portability across the country.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: indianexpress
