CRITICAL MINERALS
1. Context
2. Previous Efforts and International Commitments
- Previous initiatives in India to identify critical minerals for industrial growth and resource management.
- The recent focus is on exploring and developing rare earth elements in the country.
- The trigger for the latest exercise is India's international commitments to reduce carbon emissions and transition to cleaner energy sources.
3. Three-Stage Assessment Process
- First Stage: Studying strategies and priorities of major global economies and identifying 69 elements or minerals considered critical.
- Second Stage: Inter-ministerial consultations to identify minerals critical to specific sectors
- Third Stage: Develop an empirical formula to evaluate criticality based on economic importance and supply risk.
4. Critical Minerals
- Critical minerals are a group of minerals that are essential for a country's economic development and national security.
- These minerals play a crucial role in various industries and sectors including clean technologies, advanced manufacturing, telecommunications, defence and transportation.
- The lack of availability or concentration of extraction in a few geographic locations can lead to supply chain vulnerabilities and disrupt the supply of critical minerals.
4.1. List of Critical Minerals
- A total of 30 minerals were identified as most critical for India, including lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin and copper.
- Importance of these minerals in various sectors like high-tech electronics, telecommunications, transport and defence.
- Two critical minerals identified as fertiliser minerals: Selenium and Cadmium.
5. Establishment of a Specialized Agency
- Proposal to establish a National Institute or Centre of Excellence on critical minerals similar to Australia's CSIRO.
- This agency will periodically update the list of critical minerals, develop strategies and facilitate the value chain development.
6. Global Practices
- Overview of critical mineral identification methodologies in the US, UK, European Union, Japan and Australia.
- Parameters considered include supply risk, economic importance, production concentration and recycling rate.
7. Domestic and Global Outreach
- Geological Survey of India's exploration of lithium ore reserves in Jammu & Kashmir.
- Khanij Bidesh India Ltd. (KABIL) was established to acquire overseas mineral assets of critical and strategic nature.
- India's inclusion in the US-led Mineral Security Partnership to secure critical mineral supply chains and reduce dependency on China.
8. The Way Forward
- India's identification of critical minerals supports economic growth, national security and international commitments.
- Focus on developing competitive value chains and utilizing advanced technologies for mineral exploration.
- The list of critical minerals will guide India in planning for acquisition, reducing import dependency and ensuring long-term supply.
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For Prelims: Critical minerals, Ministry of Mines, carbon emissions, cleaner energy, lithium, cobalt, nickel, graphite, tin, copper, Selenium, Cadmium, Centre of Excellence on critical minerals, Australia's CSIRO, Geological Survey of India,
For Mains:
1. What are critical minerals? Discuss their significance for a country's economic development and national security. Explain how the identification of critical minerals helps in reducing import dependency and ensuring resource security. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. With reference to the mineral resources of India, consider the following pairs: (UPSC 2010)
Mineral 90%Natural sources in
1. Copper Jharkhand
2. Nickel Orissa
3. Tungsten Kerala
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
2. Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC 2012)
1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
3. In India, what is the role of the Coal Controller's Organization (CCO)? (UPSC 2022)
1. CCO is the major source of Coal Statistics in Government of India.
2. It monitors progress of development of Captive Coal/Lignite blocks.
3. It hears any objection to the Government's notification relating to acquisition of coal-bearing areas.
4. It ensures that coal mining companies deliver the coal to end users in the prescribed time. Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1, 2 and 3 B. 3 and 4 only C. 1 and 2 only D. 1, 2 and 4
Answer: A
4. Which of the following statements best describes the term 'Social Cost of Carbon'? It is a measure, in monetary value, of the (UPSC 2020)
A. long-term damage done by a tonne of CO2 emission in a given year.
B. requirement of fossil fuels for a country to provide goods and services to its citizens, based on the burning of those fuels.
C. efforts put in by a climate refugee to adapt to live in a new place.
D. contribution of an individual person to the carbon footprint on the planet Earth.
Answer: A
5. Direction: It consists of two statements, one labelled as ‘Statement (I)’ and the others as ‘Statement (II)’. You are to examine these two statements carefully and select the answer using the codes given below: (UPSC ESE 2018)
Statement (I): Green energy refers to one which does not harm the ecosystem of planet earth. Statement (II): All renewable energy is green energy.
A. Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) individually true and Statement (II) is the correct explanation of Statement (I)
B. Both statement (I) and Statement (II) are individually true, but Statement (II) is not the correct explanation of Statement (I)
C. Statement (I) is true, but Statement (II) is false
D. Statement (I) is false, but Statement (II) is true
Answer: C
6. Which type of battery is used in the recently launched world's first fully electric cargo ship by change? (Delhi Police Constable 2017)
A. Lead Acid B. Manganese C. Lithium ion D. Nickel metal hydride
Answer: C
7. White gold is an alloy of (UPSC CAPF 2022)
A. gold, nickel and palladium
B. gold, cobalt and palladium
C. gold, titanium and platinum
D. gold, magnesium and palladium
Answer: A
8. Graphene is frequently in news recently. What is its importance? (UPSC 2012)
1. It is a two-dimensional material and has good electrical conductivity.
2. It is one of the thinnest but strongest materials tested so far.
3. It is entirely made of silicon and has high optical transparency.
4. It can be used as 'conducting electrodes' required for touch screens, LCDs and organic LEDs. Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 and 4 only C. 1, 2 and 4 only D. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C
9. Graphite and diamonds are__________. (WBCS Prelims 2020)
A. isotopes B. isomers C. isotones D. allotropes
Answer: D
10. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2020)
1. Coal ash contains arsenic, lead and mercury.
2. Coal-fired power plants release sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen into the environment. 3. High ash content is observed in Indian coal.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
11. Which of the following can be found as pollutants in the drinking water in some parts of India? (UPSC 2013)
1. Arsenic
2. Sorbitol
3. Fluoride
4. Formaldehyde
5. Uranium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2, 4 and 5 only C. 1, 3 and 5 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5
Answer: C
12. In the context of solving pollution problems, what is/are the advantage/advantages of the bioremediation technique? (UPSC 2017)
1. It is a technique for cleaning up pollution by enhancing the same biodegradation process that occurs in nature.
2. Any contaminant with heavy metals such as cadmium and lead can be readily and completely treated by bioremediation using microorganisms.
3. Genetic engineering can be used to create microorganisms specifically designed for bioremediation.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
13. Due to improper/indiscriminate disposal of old and used computers or their parts, which of the following are released into the environment as e-waste? (UPSC 2013)
1. Beryllium
2. Cadmium
3. Chromium
4. Heptachlor
5. Mercury
6. Lead
7. Plutonium
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.
A. 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 only B. 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 only
C. 2, 4, 5 and 7 only D. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7
Answer: B
14. When was the Geological Survey of India (GSI) of India founded? (UPRVUNL Staff Nurse 2021)
A. 1851 B. 1951 C. 1871 D. 1931
Answer: A
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SPECIAL ENQUIRY COMMITTEES OF PARLIAMENT
The ethics committee of the Lok Sabha is believed to have recommended the expulsion of Trinamool Congress Member of Parliament (MP) Mahua Moitra from the Lok Sabha for her “unethical conduct” and “breach of privileges”. This follows the ethics committee examining the complaints which accused her of asking questions to target a business house at the behest of a businessman in exchange for cash. She was also accused of sharing her login credentials with the businessman.
2. Ethics Committee of Parliament
The Ethics Committee in the Indian Parliament plays a crucial role in upholding the ethical standards and conduct of its members. It serves as the watchdog of the Parliament, ensuring that MPs adhere to the highest ethical standards and are accountable for their actions.
Composition
- Lok Sabha Comprises 15 members, including the Speaker (ex officio chairperson), the Deputy Speaker (ex officio member), and 13 other members elected by the House.
- Rajya Sabha Consists of 10 members, including the Chairman (ex officio chairperson), the Deputy Chairman (ex officio member), and 8 other members elected by the House.
Functions
- Examines complaints of misconduct against MPs, including allegations of corruption, misuse of power, or violations of parliamentary rules and ethics.
- Conduct hearings to gather evidence from complainants, witnesses, and the accused MPs.
- Based on the evidence, recommend appropriate disciplinary action to the House, ranging from reprimands to expulsion.
- Upholds the integrity of the institution by ensuring ethical conduct and accountability among its members.
Key Features
- Functions independently of the government and political parties.
- Members are chosen from different parties to ensure objectivity and fairness.
- Has the authority to summon any person or acquire any document necessary for its investigation.
Examples of Cases
- The Committee investigated allegations that MP Mahua Moitra accepted money in exchange for raising questions in Parliament.
- The Committee examined a notice accusing MP Nishikant Dubey of breaching parliamentary privilege by revealing sensitive information.
- In 2007, an MP accompanying his close female companion, impersonating her as his wife was considered ‘unethical’ by the Committee. It recommended suspension of the MP from 30 sittings of the House.
Significance
- Holding MPs accountable for their actions helps maintain public confidence in the Parliament and the democratic process.
- Serves as a deterrent to unethical behaviour and promotes high standards among MPs.
- Addresses misconduct to safeguard the reputation and dignity of the Parliament.
Challenges
- Can be subject to political pressure and interference, hindering its independence.
- Limited resources may hamper its ability to conduct thorough investigations.
- Public awareness about the Committee's role and functioning may be limited.
3. What are privileges committees?
The Privileges Committees in the Indian Parliament are crucial bodies entrusted with upholding the dignity, authority, and functioning of both Houses: the Lok Sabha (lower house) and the Rajya Sabha (upper house). They act as watchdogs, investigating and addressing any breach of privilege committed against the institution or its members.
Responsibilities
- Investigate complaints: Examine complaints alleging breaches of privilege, including:
- Obstructing parliamentary proceedings
- Contempt of Parliament
- Disrupting parliamentary activities
- Assaulting or intimidating MPs
- Publishing false or defamatory statements against Parliament or its members
- Summon witnesses: Possess the power to summon individuals to appear and provide testimony, and demand relevant documents for investigation.
- Conduct hearings: Hold hearings to gather evidence, and hear arguments from the complainant, witnesses, and the accused individual or entity.
- Recommend action: Based on their findings, they recommend appropriate action to the respective House, which may include:
- Reprimand
- Fine
- Imprisonment
- Exclusion from Parliament premises
- Referral to law enforcement agencies for further investigation and potential prosecution
Significance
- Ensure smooth and unhindered functioning by addressing violations that impede proceedings.
- Uphold the authority and dignity of Parliament by holding individuals or entities accountable for disrespectful or disruptive behaviour.
- Safeguard the rights and privileges of Members of Parliament (MPs), ensuring they can freely perform their legislative duties without fear of intimidation or interference.
Composition
Each House has a separate committee with different compositions:
- Lok Sabha Privileges Committee Comprises 15 members, nominated by the Speaker and reflecting various political parties.
- Rajya Sabha Privileges Committee Comprises 10 members, nominated by the Chairman and reflecting the strength of different parties in the House.
Challenges
- Maintaining impartiality: Ensuring fair investigations and recommendations free from political bias.
- Balancing rights: Striking a balance between protecting Parliament's authority and upholding the rights of individuals accused of breaches.
- Defending freedom of speech: Defining the boundaries of "contempt" and ensuring it does not stifle legitimate criticism or dissent.
Examples
- Lok Sabha Privileges Committee: Investigated the alleged breach of privilege by 12 opposition MPs who repeatedly entered the well of the House, shouting slogans, and obstructing proceedings.
- Rajya Sabha Privileges Committee: Examined the case of a newspaper editor accused of publishing defamatory content against Parliament.
4. Is Expulsion Constitutional for Members of Parliament?
- Article 101 of the Constitution outlines various grounds for the vacation of a seat by a Member of Parliament (MP), including voluntary resignation, disqualification, and continuous absence from the House for 60 sittings. Notably, expulsion is not explicitly mentioned in the Constitution. However, the Supreme Court has issued conflicting judgments on this matter.
- In the case of Raja Ram Pal versus Hon’ble Speaker (2007), the Supreme Court upheld Parliament's power to expel its members for a breach of privilege. It interpreted Article 101 broadly, considering expulsion as an implied ground for vacation of the seat.
- Conversely, in the case of Amarinder Singh versus Special Committee, Punjab Vidhan Sabha (2010), the Supreme Court ruled that expulsion by a State Assembly was unconstitutional. The court argued that such instances could undermine the fundamental objectives of Parliamentary democracy, emphasizing the potential frustration of democratic principles.
- The constitutional status of expulsion remains a subject of legal interpretation, with varying perspectives presented by different judgments. The tension between upholding parliamentary privilege and safeguarding democratic principles continues to shape the discourse on the constitutional validity of expulsion.
5. Balancing House Privileges and Democratic Representation
- The allegations of 'cash for query' against Mahua Moitra carry significant weight, prompting the question of whether expulsion is a proportionate response to such actions.
- The potential consequence of expulsion, leaving the constituency without representation until the next elections or a bye-election, raises concerns about the impact on democratic representation.
- House privileges, rooted in medieval Britain to safeguard the House of Commons from an authoritarian King, are crucial for upholding the dignity and autonomy of the legislative body. However, in a modern democracy, it becomes equally imperative to ensure that democratic representation is not unfairly compromised for political reasons.
- It's crucial to recognize that Parliamentary Committee proceedings, unlike detailed judicial cases under the Evidence Act, may lack the same level of intricacy. In this particular case, where the ethics committee recommends a legal inquiry and the CBI has initiated a preliminary inquiry, there is a need for a balanced approach.
- A pragmatic solution could involve the establishment of fast-track courts specifically designed to handle such cases promptly, within a time frame of, for example, 60 days. If individuals are convicted in such expedited trials, disqualification under the Representation of the People Act, 1951, would follow. On the other hand, if acquitted, they should retain their status as members of the House.
- This approach ensures that due process is observed, maintaining the integrity of House privileges while safeguarding the principle of democratic representation. It strikes a balance between upholding the dignity of the House and ensuring fair treatment for elected representatives in a modern democratic context.
6. Parliamentary committees
- The Parliamentary committees are an essential part of the governance of India.
- They support the legislature in the discharge of its duties. Their work includes supervision, control, and vigilance, and they share the workload of the legislature.
- Also, the Parliamentary committees in India offer better insight into the issues in discussion. And they provide detailed analysis and scrutiny. There are two types of Parliamentary committees: Parliamentary standing committee and Ad Hoc Committee.
- Article 118 of the Indian Constitution deals with any subject related to these committees. Here, we discuss all Parliamentary committees of India with their types, including the Financial and Departmental Committees.
6.1. Standing Committees
- Financial Committees
- Departmental Standing Committees
- Committees to Enquire
- Committees to Scrutinise and Control
- Committees Relating to the Day-to-Day Business of the House
- House-keeping committees or Service Committees
6.2. Ad Hoc Committees
- While the Ad Hoc Committees are temporary and cease to exist on completion of the task assigned to them.
- They are further subdivided into Inquiry Committees and Advisory Committees.
- The Principal Ad hoc Committees are the select and Joint Committees on Bills.
7. Evolution of Committees
- Even though a structured committee system was only established in 1993, individual committees were being formed for various reasons as far back as independence.
- The Ad Hoc Committee on the Citizenship Clause, as the name suggests, was formed to discuss the nature and scope of Indian citizenship.
- Two other very significant committees were the Northeast Frontier (Assam) Tribal and Excluded Areas SubCommittee (July 28, 1947) and the Excluded and Partially Excluded Areas (Other than Assam) SubCommittee (August 18, 1947).
- Then there was the Expert Committee on Financial Provisions of the Union Constitution (December 5, 1947), which was responsible for giving recommendations on Union and Province (State) tax collection, central excise duty, liquor revenue, the divisible pool of income tax, sharing of proceeds among provinces, residuary powers, and the institutions of the Finance Commission and the Auditor General, among other things.
- Finally, the Advisory Committee on the Subject of Political Safeguards for Minorities (May 11, 1949), chaired by Sardar Patel, looked at the abolition of reservations for religious minorities.
- So, in essence, committees have been doing monumental work since the unveiling of independent India.
- Today, both the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha have their Standing (permanent) Committees and Ad Hoc (needbased) Committees. There are also Joint Committees with representation from both Houses.
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For Prelims: Ethics Committee, Privileges Committees, Parliament Committees, Representation of the People Act, 1951, Raja Ram Pal versus Hon’ble Speaker, Amarinder Singh versus Special Committee
For Mains:
1. Critically evaluate the role of the Ethics Committee in upholding ethical standards among MPs. How can its effectiveness be enhanced? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Consider the following statements:
The Parliamentary Committee on Public Accounts (UPSC 2013)
1. consists of not more than 25 members of the Lok Sabha.
2. scrutinizes appropriation and finance accounts of the Government.
3. examines the report of the Comptroller and Auditor General of India.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
2. With reference to the Parliament of India, which of the following Parliamentary Committees scrutinizes and reports to the House whether the powers to make regulations, rules, sub-rules, by-laws, etc., conferred by the Constitution or delegated by the Parliament are being properly exercised by the Executive within the scope of such delegation? (UPSC 2018)
A. Committee on Government Assurances
B. Committee on Subordinate Legislation
C. Rules Committee
D. Business Advisory Committee
3. According to the Representation of the People Act, 1951, in the event of a person being elected to both houses of Parliament, he has to notify within ______ days in which house he intends to function. (Delhi Police Constable 2020)
A. 22 B. 10 C. 20 D. 15
Answer: 1-B, 2-B, 3-B
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COASTAL EROSION
The erosion of the coastline refers to the gradual wearing away or removal of land, cliffs, or beaches along the shoreline. It's a natural process driven by various factors such as wave action, currents, tides, wind, and sometimes human activities. Coastal erosion can occur due to:
Wave Action: Waves carry energy that can erode the shoreline by breaking down rocks, cliffs, and beaches.
Currents and Tides: Strong currents and tides can further exacerbate erosion by moving sediment away from the coastline.
Storms and Weathering: Severe storms, high winds, and heavy rainfall can accelerate erosion by intensifying wave action and causing landslides or cliff collapses.
Sea Level Rise: Rising sea levels due to climate change contribute to increased erosion as higher water levels can encroach upon and erode coastal land.
Human Activities: Human intervention like construction, dredging, sand mining, and altering natural coastal features can also accelerate erosion by disrupting natural coastal processes.
Coastal erosion can have significant impacts, including loss of land, damage to infrastructure and property, habitat loss for coastal wildlife, and changes in the shape and structure of coastlines. Efforts to manage and mitigate erosion often involve strategies such as building seawalls, constructing groynes (barriers to trap sand), beach nourishment (adding sand to beaches), and implementing coastal vegetation restoration to stabilize the shoreline and reduce erosion
3.What are the types of coastal erosion?
Coastal erosion can manifest in various forms, each with distinct characteristics and impacts. Here are some common types:
Abrasion: Also known as "corrasion," this occurs when waves carrying sediment or debris continuously hit the shoreline, causing the gradual wearing away of cliffs or rocks.
Attrition: This type of erosion happens when waves force rocks and pebbles against each other, resulting in their gradual breakdown into smaller particles.
Hydraulic Action: Occurs when waves impact cliffs or rocks, exerting pressure and forcing air into cracks. Over time, this repeated action weakens the structure, leading to erosion.
Solution: Primarily affects cliffs made of soluble rock, such as limestone or chalk, where certain minerals dissolve due to the presence of acidic water, gradually wearing away the coastline.
Weathering: While not solely caused by waves, weathering contributes to coastal erosion. It involves the breakdown of rocks or cliffs due to natural elements like rain, wind, and temperature changes.
Mass Movement: Includes processes like landslides, slumping, or rockfalls along the coastline due to gravity, often triggered by heavy rainfall, undercutting of cliffs, or seismic activity.
Longshore Drift: The movement of sediment or sand along the coast caused by waves approaching at an angle. This can lead to the erosion of one part of the coastline and deposition in another area.
Each type of coastal erosion contributes differently to the overall degradation of coastal areas. Understanding these processes helps in developing appropriate strategies for managing and mitigating erosion in specific coastal environments
Coastal erosion can create various landforms and geological features as it reshapes the coastline. Some of the formations resulting from coastal erosion include:
Sea Cliffs: Steep, vertical or near-vertical rock formations formed by the erosion of coastal land by waves, weathering, and other erosive forces.
Caves, Arches, and Stacks: Continuous erosion can create sea caves in cliffs, which might further erode to form arches. When these arches collapse, stacks, isolated vertical columns of rock, are left behind in the water.
Headlands and Bays: Differential erosion can create headlands (prominent coastal landforms that extend into the sea) and bays (curved indentations in the coastline).
Beaches and Sandbars: Erosion and deposition of sediment by waves can form sandy beaches, which act as natural buffers against erosion. Sandbars, shallow underwater ridges made of sand, can also form parallel to the coastline due to wave action.
Spits and Barrier Islands: Longshore drift, the movement of sediment along the coast, can result in the formation of spits (narrow, elongated deposits of sand or shingle) and barrier islands (long, narrow islands parallel to the mainland, separated by a lagoon or bay).
Blowholes: These are openings in cliffs or headlands formed by erosion. When waves crash into these openings, water and air are forced out, creating impressive geysers or spouts.
Coastal erosion is a dynamic process that continuously shapes and reshapes the coastline, leading to the formation of diverse landforms and features over time
5. What are the Factors causing Coastal Erosion?
Coastal erosion is influenced by a combination of natural processes and human activities. Some key factors causing coastal erosion include:
Wave Action: Waves, driven by wind and currents, are a primary force eroding coastlines. The energy carried by waves can break down rocks, cliffs, and beaches over time.
Storms and Weather Events: Severe storms, hurricanes, and cyclones can intensify wave action, causing increased erosion. Strong winds and heavy rainfall can also contribute to erosion by destabilizing coastlines.
Sea Level Rise: Rising sea levels, attributed to climate change, lead to higher water levels along coastlines. This can accelerate erosion by submerging low-lying areas and increasing the force of waves on the shoreline.
Coastal Geology: The type of rock, sediment, or soil present along the coastline influences its susceptibility to erosion. Softer rocks or sediments are more prone to erosion than harder, more resistant materials.
Tides and Currents: Strong tidal currents can transport sediment away from the coast, contributing to erosion. Longshore currents that move parallel to the shoreline can also play a role in shaping coastal erosion patterns.
Human Activities: Certain human actions can exacerbate coastal erosion. Construction of infrastructure along the coast, such as harbors, jetties, or sea walls, can disrupt natural sediment transport, leading to localized erosion. Sand mining, dredging, and the removal of vegetation can also contribute to erosion.
Climate Change: Apart from sea level rise, climate change can impact erosion through changes in weather patterns, increased frequency and intensity of storms, and alterations in coastal ecosystems, all of which can amplify erosion processes.
Land Use Changes: Modifications in land use, such as urban development, deforestation, and agricultural practices, can affect natural drainage patterns and increase sediment runoff into coastal areas, contributing to erosion.
6. What are the Methods for Coastal Protection?
Coastal protection methods aim to manage and mitigate the impacts of erosion and coastal hazards. Several strategies and techniques are employed to safeguard coastlines. Here are some common methods for coastal protection:
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Hard Engineering Structures:
- Sea Walls: Vertical or sloping barriers constructed along the shoreline to absorb wave energy and prevent erosion.
- Revetments: Sloping structures made of rocks or concrete designed to protect embankments from erosion by deflecting wave energy.
- Breakwaters: Offshore barriers built parallel or at an angle to the coast to reduce wave energy and protect harbors or shorelines.
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Soft Engineering and Nature-Based Solutions:
- Beach Nourishment: Adding sand or sediment to beaches to widen them and provide a natural buffer against erosion.
- Dune Restoration: Planting vegetation and restoring sand dunes to act as natural barriers against erosion and storm surges.
- Wetland Restoration: Preserving or restoring coastal wetlands, such as mangroves or salt marshes, which can absorb wave energy and reduce erosion while providing habitats for wildlife
- Moving structures away from the coastline or removing buildings and infrastructure from vulnerable areas to allow natural coastal processes to occur.
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Regulations and Planning:
- Zoning and Land Use Regulations: Implementing regulations to limit development in high-risk erosion areas and encourage sustainable coastal development.
- Coastal Management Plans: Developing comprehensive plans that consider erosion risks, climate change impacts, and sustainable coastal practices
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Erosion Monitoring and Adaptation:
- Monitoring Programs: Implementing systems to monitor coastal erosion rates, sea level rise, and changes in coastal morphology to inform adaptive strategies.
- Adaptive Management: Using collected data to adjust and improve existing coastal protection measures in response to changing coastal conditions
- Engaging communities to raise awareness about coastal hazards, promote sustainable behaviors, and encourage participation in coastal protection efforts
The National Coastal Management Program (NCMP) refers to a comprehensive approach adopted by certain countries to manage and protect their coastal zones effectively. This program typically involves a coordinated and integrated framework aimed at preserving and sustainably managing coastal areas, addressing various challenges such as erosion, habitat degradation, pollution, and climate change impacts.
Key elements and objectives of a National Coastal Management Program often include:
- Formulating policies and guidelines that govern coastal zone management, balancing conservation, development, and sustainability.
- Developing coastal management plans that consider ecological, social, and economic factors, delineating zones for specific activities (residential, recreational, conservation, etc.).
- Involving local communities, governments, industries, environmental organizations, and other stakeholders in decision-making processes related to coastal management.
- Implementing measures to mitigate erosion, protect coastal infrastructure, and manage coastal hazards such as storms and sea-level rise.
- Focusing on preserving biodiversity, protecting habitats, and restoring degraded coastal ecosystems.
- Promoting sustainable practices in coastal areas, including responsible tourism, fisheries management, and reducing pollution.
- Conducting research, gathering data, and establishing monitoring systems to assess the health of coastal ecosystems, erosion rates, and changes in the coastal environment.
- Providing training, resources, and support to local authorities and communities to enable effective coastal management and decision-making.
The specifics of a National Coastal Management Program can vary between countries based on their unique coastal challenges, environmental conditions, socio-economic factors, and policy priorities. The overarching goal is to achieve sustainable and resilient coastal management that balances environmental conservation with socio-economic development
8.National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR)
The National Centre for Coastal Research (NCCR) is an institution in India dedicated to coastal and marine research. It operates under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, Government of India. The primary objective of the National Centre for Coastal Research is to conduct scientific research, monitor coastal areas, and provide scientific advice and information to support coastal management and policy development in India.
Key areas of focus and activities conducted by the NCCR include:
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Coastal Monitoring: Conducting systematic monitoring of coastal areas to assess changes, erosion rates, shoreline dynamics, and the impact of natural events like cyclones.
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Research and Studies: Undertaking scientific research on various aspects of coastal and marine environments, including biodiversity, ecosystem health, pollution, climate change impacts, and sustainable coastal management practices.
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Data Collection and Analysis: Gathering data related to coastal processes, oceanography, sedimentation, and other factors influencing coastal zones. Analyzing this data helps in understanding and predicting changes in the coastal environment.
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Technology Development: Developing and implementing innovative technologies, tools, and models for coastal monitoring, hazard prediction, and management.
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Policy Support: Providing scientific advice and recommendations to government bodies and policymakers for formulating coastal management policies and strategies.
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Capacity Building and Outreach: Conducting workshops, training programs, and outreach activities to disseminate knowledge and build capacity among stakeholders, including coastal communities, researchers, and government officials.
The NCCR plays a crucial role in advancing scientific knowledge, providing data-driven insights, and supporting evidence-based decision-making for the sustainable management and protection of India's coastal and marine environments
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For Prelims: Indian and World Geography-Physical, Social, Economic Geography of India and the World For Mains: General Studies I: Important Geophysical phenomena such as earthquakes, Tsunami, Volcanic activity, cyclone etc., geographical features and their location-changes in critical geographical features and in flora and fauna and the effects of such changes |
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Previous Year Questions 1.In India, the problem of soil erosion is associated with which of the following? (UPSC CSE 2014)
Select the correct answer using the code given below (a) 1 and 2 only Answer: (b) 2.Which of the following is/are the coastal erosional feature(s)? (UPSC NDA General Ability 2018) 1) Notch 2) Sea Arch 3) Cliff 4) Hook Select the correct answer using the code given below: a.1, 2 and 3 b.2, 3 and 4 c.2 and 3 only d.1 only Answer (a) |
Source: indianexpress
NET ZERO
Net zero is critical in the fight against climate change for several reasons:
Limiting global warming:
- The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) states that reaching net zero by mid-century is crucial to limiting global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. This goal is essential to avoid the worst impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, rising sea levels, and mass extinctions.
- By balancing emissions and removals, we prevent the further accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, stabilizing the climate system and preventing further damage.
Environmental benefits:
- Reducing greenhouse gas emissions also leads to cleaner air, benefiting public health and reducing respiratory illnesses.
- Limiting warming protects ecosystems and the biodiversity they support, preserving vital natural resources and services.
- By lowering carbon dioxide levels, net zero helps mitigate ocean acidification, which is harmful to marine life and ecosystems.
Economic and social benefits:
- The transition to net zero creates opportunities for new technologies, industries, and jobs, driving economic growth and innovation.
- Reducing reliance on fossil fuels enhances energy security and independence from volatile global markets.
- Climate change poses a serious threat to human health. Achieving net zero reduces these risks and promotes healthier communities.
Global cooperation:
- Net zero is a global challenge requiring international collaboration and cooperation. Achieving this goal requires all nations to contribute and share best practices.
- We have a moral obligation to future generations to protect the planet and ensure a sustainable future. Net zero is an essential step in this direction
- Transitioning from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric, and geothermal power is crucial. This involves increasing renewable energy capacity and enhancing energy efficiency
- Encouraging the use of electric vehicles, heat pumps, and other clean technologies can reduce emissions in transportation, heating, and cooling sectors
- Improving energy efficiency in buildings, industries, and appliances can significantly reduce energy consumption and emissions
- Implementing technologies that capture carbon dioxide emissions from industrial processes and power generation, followed by storing or utilizing it, can help offset emissions
- Protecting and restoring forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems can capture and store carbon dioxide naturally, contributing to offsetting emissions
- Encouraging industries to adopt cleaner production methods, such as low-carbon cement production or sustainable agricultural practices, can reduce emissions
- Implementing policies like carbon pricing, emissions regulations, and incentives for renewable energy can drive the transition to net zero
- Investing in research and development of new technologies, materials, and processes that produce fewer emissions is crucial for long-term sustainability
- Encouraging individuals and communities to adopt sustainable practices like reducing meat consumption, using public transportation, and embracing energy-efficient habits contributes to emissions reduction
| Subject | Net Zero | Carbon Neutral |
|---|---|---|
| Definition | Achieving a balance between emissions produced and removed from the atmosphere, ideally resulting in no net emissions. | Offsetting or balancing the emissions released with an equivalent amount of emissions removed or avoided elsewhere. |
| Focus | Focuses on achieving a balance of overall greenhouse gas emissions, not necessarily zero emissions for all activities. | Primarily focuses on balancing carbon dioxide emissions, often through offsets or carbon credits. |
| Scope | Includes all greenhouse gases, not just carbon dioxide, aiming to balance the overall emissions footprint. | Primarily centered on carbon dioxide emissions, sometimes excluding other greenhouse gases. |
| Time frame | Doesn't necessarily imply immediate zero emissions but aims to balance emissions over time, potentially allowing some emissions with equivalent removal. | Allows for ongoing emissions if they are compensated by an equivalent amount of carbon removal or offsetting. |
| Strategies | Involves reducing emissions as much as possible and offsetting remaining emissions through various methods like carbon capture, afforestation, etc. | Focuses on offsetting carbon emissions through projects that remove or prevent an equivalent amount of carbon dioxide from entering the atmosphere. |
| Target | Generally considered a more ambitious goal as it aims to ultimately eliminate or balance all greenhouse gas emissions. | May be perceived as a less ambitious goal since it primarily targets carbon emissions and allows for offsetting rather than complete elimination. |
US- CHINA
1. Context
2. Key Outcome of the Meet
- The meeting had several significant outcomes, with the most crucial being the decision to reinstate military-to-military communications between the United States and China.
- This restoration is deemed essential to avert potentially disastrous miscalculations between the two nuclear-armed nations.
- The decision entails the resumption of regular information exchange under the Military Maritime Consultative Agreement, initiated in 1998.
- These communication channels had been closed following a controversial visit to Taiwan by Nancy Pelosi, the then Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, in August 2022.
- This visit marked the first by a Speaker in 25 years and led to heightened tensions, particularly given Taiwan's disputed status.
- Taiwan, a self-ruled island, remains a contentious issue between China and the United States.
- China aims for the reunification of Taiwan with the mainland, while the U.S., adhering to the "one-China" policy, acknowledges Beijing as the sole legitimate government but stops short of endorsing Taiwan as part of China.
- The U.S. provides concrete security guarantees under the Taiwan Relations Act, and President Biden has reiterated the commitment to intervene if China were to attack Taiwan.
- The visit by Nancy Pelosi drew strong condemnation from Beijing, which viewed it as a serious violation of the existing status quo.
- President Xi Jinping, emphasizing his determination to reunify Taiwan with the mainland, warned the U.S. that it was "playing with fire."
- In response, China demonstrated its displeasure by launching ballistic missiles off the Taiwan coast and conducting military drills as a deterrent.
- Despite these tensions, the meeting succeeded in reopening channels of military communication, a critical step in preventing misunderstandings and potential conflicts between the two powerful nations.
3. Trade Dispute Dynamics
- Amid heightened political tensions between the United States and China, businesses from the world's two largest economies grapple with a volatile economic and trade policy landscape.
- President Biden, shortly after assuming office in June 2021, issued an executive order blacklisting 59 defence and surveillance companies associated with the "Chinese military-industrial complex."
- This move, coupled with the Trump administration's 2019 blacklisting of Chinese Artificial Intelligence (AI) startups over alleged human rights abuses in Xinjiang, set the tone for an increasingly contentious trade environment.
4. Strategic Economic Maneuvers
- Washington and Beijing strategically deploy their respective strengths to inflict maximum damage on each other.
- Notably, the Biden administration, in October 2022 and subsequently extended in October 2023, imposed sweeping controls on exports of advanced computer chips crucial for semiconductor manufacturing.
- These controls prohibit U.S. and non-U.S. firms with American technology in their products from supplying hardware and software to specific Chinese companies.
- American citizens and firms are also restricted from collaborating with Chinese chip makers without special permission.
- The rationale behind these export bans is to undermine Beijing's advancements in AI and supercomputing, which are perceived as threats to U.S. security interests.
- The Biden administration further reinforced its stance with an August executive order prohibiting U.S. investments in the high-tech sector.
5. China's Response and Counteractions
- China retaliated with reciprocal measures, imposing a ban in July on the export of gallium and germanium, essential raw materials for microchips and weapons system production.
- These materials are crucially listed in the U.S. inventory of items critical for economic and national security.
- Additionally, in October, China implemented restrictions on the export of various types of graphite, a vital mineral for electric vehicle battery production where China holds a dominant position in the global supply chain.
- The Chinese government further tightened control through anti-espionage and data protection laws, citing national security concerns.
- This led to the imposition of requirements on firms to designate digital tools specifically for China, establish China-specific email IDs, and segregate country-exclusive servers.
- The tit-for-tat measures underscore the complexity and intensity of the ongoing trade dispute between the two economic giants.
6. India's Concerns over Shifts in US-China Relations
Potential G-2 Dynamics
India exercises caution regarding the potential emergence of a dominant Sino-American collaboration in Asia, often referred to as 'G-2.' The fear is that such a partnership could sideline other global players, negatively impacting India's strategic interests. Ensuring a multipolar world order is crucial for India's geopolitical positioning.
US-China Engagement in AI Regulation
India closely monitors the evolving areas of engagement between the United States and China, particularly in the regulation of Artificial Intelligence (AI). Any agreements or understandings in this realm could significantly shape global AI regulations and technological advancements, thereby influencing India's tech landscape. Adapting to these changes is vital for India's technological trajectory.
US Business Relations with China
China's efforts to entice US business leaders back to its shores raise concerns for India. The success of such endeavours could potentially undermine India's appeal for Western capital, impacting economic engagements and investments. India must avoid complacency, recognizing that the 'China option' remains viable for Western businesses. Sustaining India's attractiveness for Western capital necessitates ongoing efforts to engage productively with Western economic interests.
Indo-Pacific Dynamics and Taiwan Issue
India is wary of the lack of substantial breakthroughs in regional security discussions, particularly on sensitive matters like Taiwan. Scrutiny of the US-China dialogue on the Indo-Pacific is essential for understanding its implications on regional stability and security dynamics. India must navigate these developments to safeguard its strategic interests and maintain equilibrium in the Indo-Pacific region.
7. The way forward
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For Prelims: USA, China, Taiwan, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation conference, Taiwan Relations Act, one-China policy, Military Maritime Consultative Agreement
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the "one-China" policy in maintaining peace and stability in the Taiwan Strait. What are the potential risks and challenges associated with this policy? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. A semiconductor differs from a conductor in that it has (UPSC IES 2016)
A. Only one path for the free electrons in the valence band
B. Only one path for holes in the conduction band
C. Two paths followed by free electrons and holes, one an ordinary path in the conduction band and the other one an extraordinary path in the valence band, respectively
D. Two paths followed by free electrons and holes, one an extraordinary path in the conduction band and the other one an ordinary path in the valence band, respectively
2. Belt and Road Initiative’ is sometimes mentioned in the news in the context of the affairs of (UPSC CSE 2016) (a) African Union
3. The South China Sea Dispute involves which of the following countries? (CDS GK 2019)
1. China
2. Vietnam
3. Malaysia
4. Indonesia
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 4 B. 1 and 2 only C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 2, 3 and 4
4. Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news? (UPSC CSE 2022)
A. It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.
B. China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
C. A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
D. Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man's land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.
Answer: 1-C, 2-D, 3-C, 4-B
Mains
1. The China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) is viewed as a cardinal subset of China’s larger ‘One Belt One Road’ initiative. Give a brief description of CPEC and enumerate the reasons why India has distanced itself from the same. (UPSC CSE 2018) 2. China and Pakistan have entered into an agreement for the development of an economic corridor. What threat does this pose for India’s security? Critically examine. (UPSC CSE 2014) 3. “China is using its economic relations and positive trade surplus as tools to develop potential military power status in Asia”. In the light of this statement, discuss its impact on India as her neighbour. (UPSC CSE 2017) 4. Border management is a complex task due to difficult terrain and hostile relations with some countries. Elucidate the challenges and strategies for effective border management. (UPSC CSE 2016).
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