MUTUAL RECOGNITION AGREEMENT (MRA)
- A Mutual Recognition Agreement (MRA) is an international agreement between two or more countries to recognize and accept the conformity assessment results of each other's regulatory bodies or accredited conformity assessment bodies.
- The purpose of an MRA is to facilitate trade by reducing technical barriers and redundant testing and certification requirements for products and services.
- In simpler terms, when two or more countries have an MRA in place, they agree to accept each other's testing, inspection, and certification procedures, which means that products or services that meet the standards and requirements in one country can be sold or used in the other country without needing to undergo additional testing or certification
MRAs can have a number of benefits, including:
- Reduced costs for businesses, as they do not have to duplicate testing and certification
- Increased efficiency for regulatory authorities, as they do not have to duplicate inspections
- Improved consumer protection, as products and services that meet the requirements of one country are also likely to meet the requirements of another country
MRAs can also have some challenges, such as:
- The need for close cooperation between regulatory authorities
- The need to ensure that the conformity assessment systems in each country are equivalent
- The need to address issues such as language barriers and cultural differences
Despite these challenges, MRAs can be a valuable tool for facilitating trade and improving consumer protection
5. Examples of MRA
Here are some examples of MRAs:
- The European Union has MRAs with a number of countries, including the United States, Canada, and Japan. These MRAs cover a wide range of products, including cars, medical devices, and toys.
- The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) has an MRA on conformity assessment of electrical and electronic equipment. This MRA allows manufacturers to have their products tested and certified in one APEC country and then have those results accepted in other APEC countries.
- The World Trade Organization (WTO) has a TBT Agreement, which encourages countries to enter into MRAs. The TBT Agreement also provides a forum for countries to discuss and resolve issues related to MRAs.
PLATFORM-BASED GIG WORKERS BILL
1. Context
2. Gig Workers
- Gig workers, also known as freelancers, independent contractors, or contingent workers, are individuals who work on a temporary or project-based basis, often for multiple employers or clients.
- Unlike traditional employees, gig workers are not tied to a specific company or employer and have the flexibility to choose when, where, and how they work.
- This emerging workforce is redefining the way work is done and is becoming an integral part of the modern economy.
3. Characteristics of Gig Workers
- Gig workers can be found across various industries, from rideshare drivers and food delivery couriers to freelance writers, designers, and consultants.
- They are characterized by their flexibility and autonomy, enabling them to take on multiple projects simultaneously or focus on specific niches where their skills excel.
- Gig workers often use digital platforms and online marketplaces to connect with clients and find work opportunities, making use of technology to enhance their employability and reach.
4. Advantages of Gig Work:
- Flexibility: Gig work offers unparalleled flexibility, allowing individuals to create a work schedule that fits their lifestyle and personal commitments. This flexibility is particularly appealing to parents, students, or individuals pursuing other interests alongside their work.
- Diverse Opportunities: Gig workers can explore diverse opportunities and gain experience in various industries and projects. This variety can lead to skill development, exposure to different working environments, and the chance to build a diverse professional portfolio.
- Autonomy and Independence: Gig workers enjoy a higher degree of autonomy and control over their work. They can choose projects they are passionate about, negotiate terms with clients, and take charge of their career paths.
- Location Independence: The nature of gig work often allows workers to perform their tasks remotely, providing the freedom to work from any location with an internet connection.
5. Challenges and Concerns
- Income Stability: Gig work may lack the stability of a traditional job, as gig workers may experience fluctuations in income depending on the availability of projects or clients.
- Lack of Benefits: Gig workers are typically not entitled to employee benefits such as health insurance, retirement plans, or paid time off, which can pose financial challenges and reduce social security.
- Legal Protections: Some gig workers face legal uncertainties regarding their employment status, leading to concerns about worker rights, job security, and access to legal protections.
- Work-life Balance: While gig work offers flexibility, it can also blur the boundaries between work and personal life, leading to potential challenges in maintaining a healthy work-life balance.
6. What does the bill propose?
- The Gig Worker Welfare Bill applies to aggregators and primary employers in the gig economy.
- Aggregators are digital intermediaries connecting buyers and sellers, while primary employers engage platform-based workers.
- The proposed Welfare Board will comprise State officials, representatives from gig workers and aggregators, and civil society members.
- The Board's responsibilities include setting up a welfare fund, registering platform-based gig workers, aggregators, and primary employers, and ensuring social security for gig workers.
- Each gig worker will receive a unique ID, which will be valid indefinitely, and the Board will maintain a database of companies and workers.
- Labour unions raised concerns about vague terminologies in the Bill that may create loopholes for companies.
7. Social Security and Welfare Fund:
- The Board will create a "Social Security and Welfare Fund" for gig workers.
- The fund will comprise contributions from individual workers, State government aids, and a 'welfare cess' paid by aggregators.
- The welfare cess will be up to 2% or not less than 1% of the value of each transaction.
- Unions objected to worker contributions due to fluctuating and inadequate pay.
8. Recognition of Workers' Rights:
- Existing labour laws often do not recognize gig workers as 'employees' since they do not have a fixed term of employment.
- The Rajasthan Bill eliminates "restrictive criteria" about eligibility, allowing any person to be registered upon joining an app-based platform.
- The Welfare Board will formulate schemes for social security, including accidental and health insurance.
- Unions suggest clarifying the benefits available to gig workers in the Bill.
9. Grievance Redressal:
- Gig workers can raise grievances related to entitlements, payments, and benefits provided under the Act.
- Petitions can be filed physically or online through the web portal.
- The employer can object to the order within 90 days before an 'Appellate Authority.'
- Concerns were raised about the effectiveness of current redressal mechanisms, as evidenced by protests from Urban Company workers.
10. Aggregator's Duties under the Bill:
- Aggregators must deposit the welfare cess on time, which is a percentage of each transaction's value.
- Aggregators are responsible for updating the database of gig workers regularly.
- Aggregators must document any changes in the number of gig workers within one month of such variations.
- For first offences, primary employers will be fined up to ₹10,000, while aggregators will face fines up to ₹5 lahks.
- Subsequent violations will incur higher penalties, with primary employers paying up to ₹2 lakh and aggregators facing fines up to ₹50 lahks.
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For Prelims: Gig Workers, Gig Economy, Social Security and Welfare Fund, Aggregators, and Rajasthan Platform Based Gig Workers (Registration and Welfare) Bill, 2023.
For Mains: 1. Examine the role of the 'Gig Economy' in the process of empowerment of women in India (UPSC 2021).
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Previous year Question1. With reference to casual workers employed in India, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2021)
1. All casual workers are entitled to Employees Provident Fund coverage.
2. All casual workers are entitled to regular working hours and overtime payment.
3. The government can by a Notification specify that an establishment or industry shall pay wages only through its bank account.
Which of the above statements is correct?
A. 1 and 2 only
B. 2 and 3 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: D
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CANNABIS MEDICINAL RESEARCH PROJECT
Union Minister of State (Independent Charge) Science & Technology; MoS PMO, Personnel, Public Grievances, Pensions, Atomic Energy and Space, Dr Jitendra Singh today said, Jammu is going to pioneer India's first Cannabis Medicine Project.
‘Cannabis Research Project’ of CSIR-IIIM Jammu is a first of its kind in India initiated under the leadership of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, in Private Public Partnership with a Canadian firm, which has a great potential to put substance of abuse for the good of mankind especially for patients suffering from neuropathies, cancer and epilepsy.
Image Source: Britanica
2. Objectives
- The Cannabis Medicinal Research Project in Jammu is a first-of-its-kind project in India.
- It is a public-private partnership between the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine (IIIM) Jammu and a Canadian firm, IBL Industries
- The project aims to develop and commercialise cannabis-based medicines for the treatment of a variety of diseases, including cancer, epilepsy, and neuropathic pain
- The project is being carried out at the CSIR-IIIM Jammu's cannabis cultivation farm in Chatha. The farm has a capacity to produce 100 tonnes of cannabis per year.
- The cannabis grown at the farm is being used to develop a variety of cannabis-based medicines, including oils, capsules, and creams.
- The project is still in its early stages, but it has the potential to make a significant contribution to the development of cannabis-based medicines in India.
- The project is also expected to create jobs and boost the economy of Jammu and Kashmir.
3. Cannabis
Cannabis is a plant that has been used for various purposes for thousands of years.
It belongs to the Cannabis sativa species and is known for its psychoactive and medicinal properties.
The plant contains compounds called cannabinoids, the most well-known being tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD)
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Recreational Use: Cannabis is often used recreationally for its psychoactive effects. THC is the primary psychoactive compound responsible for the "high" experienced by users. It can induce feelings of relaxation, euphoria, altered perception, and increased appetite.
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Medicinal Use: Cannabis has been used for medicinal purposes throughout history and is currently being studied for its potential therapeutic benefits. CBD, another important compound found in cannabis, has gained attention for its potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and anxiolytic properties. Medicinal cannabis is used to alleviate symptoms and improve the quality of life for patients with certain medical conditions, such as chronic pain, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, and nausea associated with chemotherapy.
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Industrial Use: Hemp, a variety of Cannabis sativa with low THC content, is cultivated for its industrial uses. Hemp fibers are used in the production of textiles, paper, biodegradable plastics, and construction materials. Hemp seeds are also a valuable source of nutrition, containing essential fatty acids, proteins, and vitamins.
INDIA'S GREAT POWER AMBITIONS AND DILEMMAS
- India's pursuit of great power status is influenced by its historical experiences, strategic imperatives, and evolving international dynamics. Striking the right balance between ambition and pragmatism remains a key challenge for India's foreign policy and strategic planners.
- As the global landscape continues to evolve, India's actions and decisions will continue to shape its trajectory on the path of becoming a major global player
- India has been a global power for centuries, dating back to the time of the Mughal Empire. However, its journey as a modern global power began in the early 20th century, when it gained independence from British rule.
- Since then, India has made significant progress in its economic, military, and technological capabilities.
- It is now the world's fifth largest economy, and it has a strong military that is capable of projecting power abroad. India is also a leader in the fields of information technology and space exploration
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Independence and Non-Alignment: India gained independence from British colonial rule in 1947 and adopted a policy of non-alignment during the Cold War. Led by its first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, India sought to maintain strategic autonomy and not align with any major power bloc.
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1960s-1990s: Challenging Years: During this period, India faced several challenges, including wars with Pakistan and China, economic struggles, and political instability. Its nuclear tests in 1974 and 1998 led to international sanctions but also marked India's assertion of its strategic autonomy.
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Economic Liberalization: In 1991, India embarked on significant economic reforms, liberalizing its economy and opening up to foreign investment. These reforms accelerated India's economic growth and transformation, making it one of the world's fastest-growing major economies.
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Nuclear Status and Global Recognition: Despite initial sanctions, India's nuclear capability and strategic importance led to a gradual normalization of its relations with major powers. India secured a civil nuclear deal with the United States in 2008, signaling greater recognition of its global role.
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Global Diplomacy and Multilateral Forums: India has actively engaged in various international forums and organizations, such as the United Nations, BRICS, G20, and the Indian Ocean Rim Association (IORA). It has sought to shape global debates on issues like climate change, sustainable development, and counterterrorism.
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Trade and Economic Partnerships: India has expanded its economic ties with countries around the world. It is now a member of numerous regional and bilateral trade agreements and has become an attractive destination for foreign investment.
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Defense Modernization: India has been working to modernize its defense capabilities and has emerged as one of the world's largest importers of defense equipment. It also engages in joint military exercises and defense partnerships with various countries.
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Space Exploration and Technology: India's space program, led by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO), has achieved significant milestones, including successful missions to the moon and Mars. These achievements have enhanced India's global reputation in space exploration and technology.
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Soft Power and Cultural Influence: India's rich cultural heritage, including its arts, music, cinema, and yoga, has contributed to its soft power. Bollywood movies, Indian cuisine, and cultural festivals have garnered global popularity and have helped promote India's image abroad.
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Regional and Global Influence: India seeks to enhance its influence not only in its immediate neighborhood but also on the global stage. It aims to be a key player in shaping regional and international affairs and seeks permanent membership in the United Nations Security Council (UNSC).
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Security Challenges: India faces complex security challenges, including territorial disputes with neighboring countries (e.g., Pakistan and China) and the ongoing threat of terrorism. Balancing its security interests while pursuing its ambitions can be a significant dilemma.
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Economic Growth and Development: India's economic growth has been impressive, but it also faces the challenge of addressing socio-economic disparities and poverty. Striking a balance between focusing on development at home and projecting power abroad is a delicate task.
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Nuclear Status and Non-Proliferation: As a nuclear-armed state, India seeks recognition and integration into the global nuclear order. However, its nuclear status has complicated its relations with some countries and led to challenges related to non-proliferation commitments.
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Foreign Policy Alignment: India's non-alignment policy during the Cold War has evolved into a multi-aligned approach. It maintains strategic partnerships with various countries like the United States, Russia, and others, but it must carefully navigate the interests of these diverse partners.
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China Factor: India's rise as a great power is often compared with China's emergence. The complex relationship between the two countries, involving both cooperation and competition, adds further intricacies to India's foreign policy decisions.
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Climate Change and Energy: As a significant emitter of greenhouse gases, India faces the challenge of balancing economic growth with environmental sustainability. Its approach to climate change and energy policies can impact its international standing.
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Soft Power and Cultural Diplomacy: India possesses rich cultural and soft power resources. Promoting its cultural diplomacy can enhance its global image, but it may also face challenges in competing with other cultural powerhouses.
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Resource Constraints: India's capabilities are still constrained in some areas, such as military modernization and infrastructure development. Addressing these limitations requires careful resource allocation.
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For Prelims: BRICS, Liberalisation of 1991, Trade agreements
For Mains: 1.India's soft power resources, including its cultural heritage, have contributed to its global image. Discuss the role of soft power and cultural diplomacy in India's efforts to enhance its influence on the world stage. How can India leverage its cultural assets to address diplomatic dilemmas and strengthen international partnerships?
2.India's economic growth has propelled it into the ranks of major global economies. Analyze the role of economic reforms and trade partnerships in India's great power ambitions. How does economic development impact India's ability to address its domestic challenges while projecting its influence internationally?
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KING MIHIR BHOJ
1. Context
2. King Mihir Bhoj
- King Mihir Bhoj, also known as Mihir Bhoja, was a prominent ruler and a legendary figure in ancient Indian history. He reigned over the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, which was one of the most influential dynasties in North India during the 9th and 10th centuries.
- Mihir Bhoj was a skilled and ambitious king who expanded his empire through successful military campaigns and strategic alliances. He is credited with re-establishing the glory of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty after it faced several setbacks in the previous centuries. His rule was marked by stability, prosperity, and significant cultural advancements.
- One of the notable achievements of King Mihir Bhoj was his patronage of the arts and learning. He was a great patron of scholars, poets, and artists, and his court was renowned for its cultural richness and literary excellence. Many renowned scholars and poets thrived under his patronage, contributing to the development of Sanskrit literature and other arts during his reign.
- Mihir Bhoj's reign is also associated with significant architectural achievements. He commissioned the construction of several grand temples and buildings, showcasing the architectural prowess of the time. Some of the notable temples built during his reign were the Saraswati Temple at Thanesar and the Somnath Temple in present-day Gujarat.
- The legacy of King Mihir Bhoj continues to be celebrated in Indian history and literature. Several ancient inscriptions and literary works refer to his contributions, portraying him as a just and benevolent ruler who brought prosperity to his people.
- However, the historical details of King Mihir Bhoj's life are sometimes clouded in myths and legends. Due to the scarcity of contemporary records, some aspects of his reign remain a subject of debate among historians and scholars.
- Nevertheless, King Mihir Bhoj remains an important figure in Indian history, symbolizing the greatness of ancient Indian kingdoms and their contributions to art, culture, and literature. His legacy endures as a reminder of the rich heritage and accomplishments of the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty during its golden era.
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3. What do historians say about his lineage?
- Mihir Bhoj belonged to the Gurjar Pratihara group, which is considered both Rajputs and Gurjars, according to M Rajivlochan, a history professor at Panjab University.
- Gurjars were initially a nomadic tribe in ancient India, mainly found in Rajasthan and Gujarat regions, and Mihir Bhoj was believed to belong to this tribe.
- Mihir Bhoj claimed Kshatriya status for himself, as it was thought that only a Kshatriya (warrior) could become a king in ancient India.
- Caste identities in ancient India were not as rigid as they are perceived today, and clear caste lines emerged much later in history.
- Recent controversies about ancient rulers' castes are a product of modern-day politics and do not have a significant historical basis, according to experts.
4. The current controversy in Haryana
- The Gurjar community in Kaithal, Haryana, planned to unveil a statue of Mihir Bhoj, calling him a Gurjar Pratihar Samrat (king).
- The Rajput community objected to this and held protests against the Gurjars' move.
- The local administration intervened and held meetings between both communities, but the situation remained unresolved.
- On July 19, the police lathi-charged the Rajputs who were opposing the unveiling of the statue.
- Despite protests, Gurjar community leaders unveiled the statue on July 20, leading to an upset among 35 BJP leaders who offered to quit.
- The BJP's Kaithal MLA, Lila Ram Gujjar, asserted that Mihir Bhoj was a Gurjar Samrat with historical evidence and criticized the Rajput community for attempting to alter history to prove their point.
5. About Prathihara Dynasty
- The Pratihara dynasty, also known as the Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty, was a prominent and powerful ruling dynasty in North India during the early medieval period. The dynasty reigned from the 6th to the 11th centuries, and its territory encompassed significant parts of present-day Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, and Gujarat.
- The origins of the Pratihara dynasty are traced back to the Gurjar tribe, which was believed to have been nomadic and spread across regions like Rajasthan and Gujarat. The founder of the dynasty was Harichandra, and later rulers expanded their influence and consolidated their power over a vast empire.
- Under the reign of Nagabhata I (730-756 CE), the Pratihara dynasty experienced a golden period of growth and military prowess. Nagabhata I successfully defeated the Arab invaders, known as the Umayyad Caliphate, and his victory was seen as a significant milestone in protecting India from foreign invasions.
- The most illustrious ruler of the Pratihara dynasty was Raja Bhoja, also known as Mihir Bhoj, who reigned during the 9th and 10th centuries. He is celebrated for his patronage of arts, culture, and literature, and his court was a center of learning and intellectual activity. Mihir Bhoj's reign is associated with notable architectural achievements, and his kingdom flourished economically and culturally.
| For Prelims: Prathihara Dynasty, King Mihir Bhoj, the Saraswati Temple at Thanesar, and the Somnath Temple in present-day Gujarat. |
Previous year Question1. Consider the following events in the history of India: (UPSC 2020)
1. Rise of Pratiharas under King Bhoja
2. Establishment of Pallava power under Mahendravarman I
3. Establishment of Chola power by Parantaka I
4. Pala dynasty founded by Gopala
What is the correct chronological order of the above events, starting from the earliest time?
A. 2 - 1 - 4 - 3
B. 3 - 1 - 4 - 2
C. 2 - 4 - 1 - 3
D. 3 - 4 - 1 - 2
Answer: C
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