SOUTH CHINA SEA
1. Context
Recently, The Philippines accused China’s coast guard of installing a “floating barrier” in a disputed area of the South China Sea, saying it prevented Filipinos from entering and fishing in the area.
2. China's South China Sea Escalation
- Amid the global pandemic, China is intensifying its presence in the South China Sea, particularly focusing on the disputed Spratly Islands and Paracel Islands.
- This move has raised concerns among neighbouring countries, such as Vietnam and the Philippines, who also claim sovereignty over these territories.
- China has unilaterally renamed 80 islands and geographical features in the South China Sea, a controversial action that has drawn criticism from neighbouring nations.
- This renaming effort exacerbates the ongoing territorial dispute and has the potential to strain diplomatic relations in the Asia-Pacific region.
- The Spratly Islands dispute involves China, Taiwan, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Malaysia, all vying for control over this archipelago and its surrounding features.
- Although these islands are largely uninhabited, they are believed to harbour significant untapped natural resources.
- However, due to the dispute, exploration and resource assessment efforts remain limited.
3. Historical Background
- The discovery of oil near the Palawan coast in the 1970s further fueled territorial claims, even though some reports suggest limited oil and gas reserves in the region.
- This historical context underscores the complexity of the Spratly Islands dispute.
- The Paracel Islands dispute is equally complex, with China and Vietnam both laying historical claims to this archipelago.
- Historical texts from various periods, including colonial-era records, have been cited to support these conflicting claims.
- Tensions escalated in 1974 when China took control of the islands, sparking a prolonged dispute involving Vietnam and, later, Taiwan.
Image Source: Forbes4. Contemporary Developments
- Since 2012, China, Taiwan, and Vietnam have pursued various strategies to bolster their territorial claims, including constructing government buildings, promoting tourism, reclaiming land, and expanding military presence on these islands.
- China's recent establishment of new administrative districts in both the Spratly and Paracel Islands prompted the Chinese government to rename numerous geographical features.
- This move is reminiscent of a similar initiative in 1983 when China renamed 287 features in the disputed region.
- China's increased military activity and the creation of artificial islands for military and economic purposes in the South China Sea have raised concerns among neighbouring countries and Western powers.
- Recent incidents, such as the sinking of a Vietnamese fishing trawler near the Paracel Islands and the construction of Chinese research stations on disputed Philippine territory, have further inflamed tensions.
5.What is the dispute between the Philippines and China over the South China Sea?
- The dispute between the Philippines and China over the South China Sea primarily revolves around territorial claims, maritime boundaries, and access to resources.
- China claims a significant portion of the South China Sea, demarcated by what's known as the "nine-dash line," a boundary that encompasses about 90% of the sea, overlapping with claims by several other nations, including the Philippines.
- The Philippines contests China's claims, particularly in areas that fall within its Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) and territorial waters as defined by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS).
- Tensions escalated due to China's construction of artificial islands and military installations in disputed waters, which the Philippines and other neighboring countries view as a violation of their sovereignty and a threat to regional stability.
- The Philippines filed a case against China in 2013 with the Permanent Court of Arbitration (PCA) in The Hague, challenging the legality of China's claims based on UNCLOS.
- In 2016, the PCA ruled in favor of the Philippines, declaring that China's claims had no legal basis. However, China has consistently rejected the ruling, asserting historical rights over the South China Sea.
- Despite the ruling, the situation remains contentious, with ongoing diplomatic efforts and occasional confrontations between the two countries' vessels in the region
6.What is the nine-dash line?
- The nine-dash line is a demarcation line used by China to outline its territorial claims in the South China Sea. It's a U-shaped boundary that encompasses about 90% of the South China Sea, covering various islands, reefs, atolls, and waters.
- Originally, the nine-dash line was drawn by the Republic of China (ROC, now Taiwan) in the late 1940s to illustrate its territorial claims over the South China Sea. After the Chinese Civil War, when the Communist Party took control of mainland China in 1949, the People's Republic of China (PRC) continued to uphold this demarcation.
- However, the line's legal basis and specifics have been ambiguous. It has never been clearly defined, and China has not provided precise coordinates or explanations for its claim. The line overlaps with the exclusive economic zones (EEZs) and territorial waters of several Southeast Asian nations, including Vietnam, the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, and Taiwan. This has led to territorial disputes and heightened tensions in the region.
- The international community, including the United States and many other countries, does not recognize China's nine-dash line claim as valid under international law, particularly the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), which outlines maritime entitlements and territorial claims based on geographical features and historical rights.
7. Conclusion
- The South China Sea remains a highly volatile region, with the potential for further diplomatic tensions and military escalations.
- The ongoing territorial disputes, fueled by historical claims and concerns over natural resources, pose a significant challenge to stability in the Asia-Pacific region and require careful diplomatic efforts to find peaceful resolutions.
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For Prelims: South China Sea, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands,
For Mains:
1. Discuss the historical background of the territorial disputes in the South China Sea. How have historical claims contributed to the complexity of the issue? (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The South China Sea Dispute involves which of the following countries? (CDS GK 2019)
1. China
2. Vietnam
3. Malaysia
4. Indonesia
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 and 4 B. 1 and 2 only C. 1, 2 and 3 D. 2, 3 and 4
Answer: C
2. Which one of the following statements best reflects the issue with Senkaku Islands, sometimes mentioned in the news? (UPSC CSE 2022)
A. It is generally believed that they are artificial islands made by a country around South China Sea.
B. China and Japan engage in maritime disputes over these islands in East China Sea.
C. A permanent American military base has been set up there to help Taiwan to increase its defence capabilities.
D. Though International Court of Justice declared them as no man's land, some South-East Asian countries claim them.
Answer: B
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Source: The Indian Express
TANTALUM
1. Context
A team of researchers from the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Ropar has found the presence of tantalum, a rare metal, in the Sutlej river sand in Punjab.
2. What is tantalum?
- Tantalum, a scarce metal with atomic number 73, possesses distinctive properties. It appears as a dense, grey metal renowned for its robustness and resistance to corrosion, making it highly sought after in modern applications.
- This resistance is due to the formation of a resilient oxide layer when exposed to air, which remains resistant even in harsh acid environments.
- In its pure form, tantalum exhibits ductility, allowing it to be stretched into thin wires without breaking.
- The US Department of Energy highlights its exceptional resistance to chemical reactions at temperatures below 150°C, noting its vulnerability solely to specific acids like hydrofluoric acid, fluoride-containing acidic solutions, and free sulfur trioxide. Additionally, tantalum boasts an extraordinarily high melting point, second only to tungsten and rhenium.
- Tantalum was first discovered in 1802 by the Swedish chemist Anders Gustaf Ekeberg. He identified it while analyzing minerals from Ytterby, Sweden. Initially, it was mistaken for niobium due to their similar chemical properties
- The rare metal has been named after a Greek mythological figure Tantalus, the rich but wicked king of a town above Mount Sipylus in Anatolia. Tantalus is best known for the terrible punishment he received from Zeus after the former tried to serve his son at a feast with the gods
- The king was banished to the underworld, where he forever stood in a pool of water with clusters of fresh fruit hanging overhead. Whenever he tried to drink the water, it receded. Whenever he tried to pick the fruit, the branches drew back
- This name was selected because of the insolubility of tantalum in acids; thus, when placed in the midst of acids, it is incapable of taking any of them up
Image Source: Britannica
3. What are the uses of tantalum?
- It's a crucial component in electronics, particularly in capacitors used in devices like smartphones, laptops, and other electronic gadgets.
- Tantalum's high melting point and corrosion resistance make it valuable for manufacturing components in jet engines, missiles, and other aerospace and defense applications.
- It's used in surgical instruments, implants, and medical-grade equipment due to its biocompatibility and resistance to body fluids.
- Tantalum's resistance to corrosion makes it suitable for handling corrosive materials in chemical processing plants
- It's used in the production of high-performance alloys, enhancing their strength, durability, and resistance to corrosion
- Tantalum finds applications in the nuclear industry due to its resistance to corrosion by liquids like nitric acid and its ability to withstand high temperatures
- Tantalum is used in the production of superconducting magnets for applications in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machines and particle accelerators
- In some cases, tantalum compounds are used in lenses and other optical instruments due to their refractive properties
Rare earth elements or rare earth metals are a set of 17 chemical elements in the periodic table the 15 lanthanides, plus scandium and yttrium, which tend to occur in the same ore deposits as the lanthanides, and have similar chemical properties
| The 17 rare earths are cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), holmium (Ho), lanthanum (La), lutetium (Lu), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), promethium (Pm), samarium (Sm), scandium (Sc), terbium (Tb), thulium (Tm), ytterbium (Yb), and yttrium (Y) |
Despite their classification, most of these elements are not really “rare”. One of the rare earths, promethium, is radioactive
Source:Thermo Fisher Scientific
3. Applications of rare earth metals
- These elements are important in technologies of consumer electronics, computers and networks, communications, clean energy, advanced transportation, healthcare, environmental mitigation, and national defence, among others
- Scandium is used in televisions and fluorescent lamps, and yttrium is used in drugs to treat rheumatoid arthritis and cancer
- Rare earth elements are used in space shuttle components, jet engine turbines, and drones
- Cerium, the most abundant rare earth element, is essential to NASA’s Space Shuttle Programme
- In recent years, rare earths have become even more important because there has been an increase in demand for green energy
- Elements like neodymium and dysprosium, which are used in wind turbine motors, are sought-after more than ever as wind mills across the world continue to grow
- Moreover, the push for switching from internal combustion cars to electric vehicles has also led to a rise in demand for rare earth magnets made from neodymium, boron, and iron and batteries
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.
For Mains: General Studies III: Science and Technology- developments and their applications and effects in everyday life
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Previous Year Questions
1.Recently, there has been a concern over the short supply of a group of elements called 'rare earth metals.' Why? (UPSC CSE 2012)
1. China, which is the largest producer of these elements, has imposed some restrictions on their export.
2. Other than China, Australia, Canada and Chile, these elements are not found in any country. 3. Rare earth metals are essential for the manufacture of various kinds of electronic items and there is a growing demand for these elements.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A.1 only
B.2 and 3 only
C.1 and 3 only
D.1, 2 and 3
Answer (C)
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Source: Indianexpress
OECD REPORT ON CLIMATE CHANGE
1. Context
The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) recently released a report highlighting the shortcomings of economically developed countries in meeting their commitment to mobilize $100 billion annually for climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries. The report, coming ahead of the COP 28 climate talks, sheds light on the financial contributions of major economies, revealing a gap between promises and actions.
2. About OECD
- The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, often abbreviated as OECD, is an international organization that was established in 1961.
- The OECD is comprised of 38 member countries, primarily from Europe and North America, which cooperate to promote economic growth, improve living standards, and address global challenges.
- The organization serves as a forum for member countries to discuss and coordinate policies, share information, and collaborate on a wide range of economic and social issues.
- The OECD is known for its comprehensive reports, including the OECD Economic Outlook, which provides economic analysis and projections for member countries, and the OECD Better Life Index, which assesses the well-being and quality of life in various countries.
- While the OECD primarily consists of high-income countries, it also collaborates with non-member countries and international organizations to achieve its goals. The organization plays a significant role in shaping international economic and social policies and promoting cooperation among nations.
2.1. Objectives of OECD
- The OECD conducts research and analysis on various economic topics and provides policy recommendations to member countries to support sustainable economic growth
- The organization works to reduce trade barriers and promote trade liberalization among its member countries, contributing to economic integration and cooperation.
- The OECD collects and analyzes data on economic and social trends, allowing member countries to compare their performance and learn from one another.
- The OECD produces reports, recommendations, and guidelines on various policy areas, such as taxation, education, health, environment, and more
- The OECD addresses pressing global challenges, such as climate change, income inequality, and social issues, by providing a platform for cooperation and policy development
3. Significance of the OECD Report
- The OECD comprises primarily rich nations, offering insights into their climate finance approach.
- The report gains prominence as it precedes the COP 28 talks, where climate finance is anticipated to be a crucial point of discussion.
- It also follows the commitment made at COP 26 in 2020, where developed nations pledged to double adaptation finance, acknowledging their failure to meet the $100 billion goal by 2020.
- The OECD report discloses that developed countries, including the U.S., the U.K., Germany, France, Switzerland, and Canada, mobilized $89.6 billion in 2021, falling short of the promised $100 billion.
- Moreover, finance for adaptation efforts experienced a 14% decline compared to the previous year.
4. Challenges in Climate Finance Accounting
- The report reveals that of the $73.1 billion mobilized in 2021 by the public sector, $49.6 billion was provided as loans.
- However, concerns arise as the report does not distinguish between concessional and commercial rates for these loans.
- Critics argue that the report's consideration of loans at face value, without the grant equivalent, may exacerbate debt stress in developing countries.
- A crucial aspect highlighted in the report is the concept of additionality. Developed countries are expected to provide "new and additional" financial resources for climate needs, without diverting funds from existing overseas development assistance (ODA).
- However, instances of double-counting, where countries categorize funding as both ODA and climate finance, raise questions about the adherence to the "new and additional" criterion.
5. Ambiguity in Defining Climate Finance
- The lack of a commonly agreed-upon definition for 'climate finance' allows developed countries to maintain vagueness.
- Efforts to define climate finance at COP 27 and COP 26 faced resistance from developed nations, leading to situations where funding for unrelated projects, such as chocolate stores and hotel expansions, could be labelled as climate finance.
- While the OECD report suggests that the $100 billion goal might have been met in 2022, scepticism arises due to the lack of finalized and published data.
- The figure of $100 billion, set at COP 15, lacks a comprehensive assessment of developing countries' actual climate investment needs.
- The report estimates that, by 2025, developing countries will require around $1 trillion annually in climate investments, emphasizing the shortfall in meeting these requirements.
- Despite the emphasis on the private sector's role by figures like U.S. climate envoy John Kerry and World Bank president Ajay Banga, the OECD report reveals that private financing for climate action has stagnated for a decade.
- The private sector's reluctance to scale up climate investments, particularly in adaptation, poses challenges, emphasizing the primary responsibility of public funding from governments and multilateral development banks.
6. Conclusion
The OECD report serves as a critical evaluation of the commitments and challenges in climate finance, providing a reality check on the actions of developed nations. As discussions on climate finance intensify at COP 28, the report underscores the importance of transparency, clarity in definitions, and increased efforts to bridge the financial gap for effective climate mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.
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For Prelims: OECD, COP 27, COP 26, COP28, climate finance, overseas development assistance
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the effectiveness of the current approach to climate finance, highlighting the challenges and potential solutions in ensuring that developed countries fulfil their commitments. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions 1. Consider the following statements with reference to Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): (RBI Grade B 2022) 1. OECD is an official Permanent observer to the United Nations and is referred to as a think-tank or as a monitoring group.
2. India is not a member of OECD.
3. OECD is funded by its member countries.
Which of the statement given above is/ are correct? A.1 only B.1 and 2 only C.2 and 3 only D.1, 2 and 3 E.2 only Answer: D 2. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substance? (UPSC CSE 2015) A.Bretton woods conference
B. Montreal Protocol
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Nagoya Protocol
Answer: B
3. Headquarters of the World Meteorological Organization is located in (NDA 2017)
A. Washington
B. Geneva
C. Moscow
D. London
Answer: B
4. With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
5. A new type of El Nino called El Nino Modoki appeared in the news. In this context, consider the following statements: (UPSC 2010)
1. Normal El Nino forms in the Central Pacific ocean whereas El Nino Modoki forms in the Eastern Pacific ocean.
2. Normal El Nino results in diminished hurricanes in the Atlantic ocean but El Nino Modoki results in a greater number of hurricanes with greater frequency.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: B
6. La Nina is suspected to have caused recent floods in Australia. How is La Nina different from El Nino? (UPSC 2011)
1. La Nina is characterized by unusually cold ocean temperature in the equatorial Indian Ocean whereas El Nino is characterized by unusually warm ocean temperature in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
2. El Nino has an adverse effect on the south-west monsoon of India, but La Nina has no effect on the monsoon climate.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: D
7. Consider the following statements: (MPSC 2017)
a. La Nina is a little girl.
b. During the time of La Nina cold water in the ocean rises to the surface.
c. La Nina strengthens the Indian monsoon.
d. During the time of El Nino, trade winds weaken, and warm water moves east in the ocean. Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A. Only a and b B. a, b and c C. Only b and c D. All of the above
Answer: D
8. Which of the following statements regarding 'Green Climate Fund' is/are correct? (UPSC 2015)
1. It is intended to assist the developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
2. It is founded under the aegis of UNEP, OECS, Asian Development Bank and World Bank. Select the correct answer using the code given below.
A. 1 only B. 2 only C. Both 1 and 2 D. Neither 1 nor 2
Answer: A
9. In the context of any country, which one of the following would be considered as part of its social capital? (UPSC 2019)
A. The proportion of literature in the population
B. The stock of its buildings, other infrastructure and machines
C. The size of population in the working age group
D. The level of mutual trust and harmony in the society
Answer: D
10. The International Development Association, a lending agency, is administered by the (UPSC 2010)
A. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
B. International Fund for Development
C. United Nations Development Programme.
D. United Nations Industrial Development Organization
Answer: A
Mains
1. Describe the major outcomes of the 26th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). What are the commitments made by India in this conference? (UPSC 2021)
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Source: The Hindu
INDUSTRIAL AND COMMERICAL BANK OF CHINA (ICBC)
1. Context
The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC) recently faced a ransomware attack on its US arm, causing disruptions in the US Treasury market. This incident, though minimally impacting trades, has raised concerns due to the unprecedented nature of a large-scale financial institution falling victim to such an attack.
2. What is ICBC?
- ICBC stands for the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China was founded on January 1, 1984, as a result of the restructuring of the People's Bank of China.
- It is a state-owned commercial bank, and the majority of its shares are held by the Chinese government.
- ICBC consistently ranks as the world's largest bank by total assets and market capitalization.
- It has a significant presence not only in China but also internationally, with branches and operations in various countries.
- ICBC is renowned for its financial strength and stability. It has consistently reported high profits, making it one of the most profitable banks globally.
- ICBC provides a wide range of financial services, including retail banking, corporate banking, asset management, treasury operations, and more.
- The bank serves millions of customers, including individuals, small businesses, and large corporations.
- ICBC has expanded its presence globally, establishing branches and subsidiaries in key financial centres around the world.
- Its international expansion is part of China's broader strategy to enhance its influence in the global financial system.
- ICBC consistently ranks among the top banks in the world based on market capitalization.
- Its market capitalization reflects its significant role in the global financial landscape.
- ICBC has formed strategic partnerships with various international financial institutions, contributing to its influence in global financial markets.
- Like many modern banks, ICBC has invested in technology and innovation to enhance its digital banking services.
- It continues to adapt to changing financial landscapes and customer preferences.
- As a major state-owned bank, ICBC plays a crucial role in supporting China's economic development by providing financial services to businesses and individuals.
- ICBC has received numerous awards and recognitions for its financial performance, management, and contributions to the banking industry.
3. About Ransomware Attacks
- Ransomware attacks involve malicious software that either blocks access to sensitive data or threatens its public release unless a ransom is paid. This type of cyber attack has gained popularity among bad actors in recent years, posing a significant threat to organizations worldwide.
- While ICBC has not disclosed specific details about the attack or the perpetrators, it has confirmed ongoing investigations and collaboration with law enforcement agencies in the US and China.
- Reports suggest the involvement of the Lockbit 3.0 ransomware, a strain known for its prevalence in recent cyber incidents.
4. What is Lockbit 3.0?
- Lockbit 3.0, created by the Lockbit group, is a widely used strain of ransomware, accounting for approximately 28% of all known attacks from July 2022 to June 2023.
- With a reported origin in Russia, the group has executed numerous attacks globally, with over $100 million in ransom demands, including recent attacks on Boeing.
5. Impact
- The ICBC ransomware attack is noteworthy as it represents a rare instance of a large financial institution facing a disruptive cyber incident.
- The financial sector, typically well-protected and invested in cybersecurity, is witnessing an unusual event that prompts questions about the vulnerability of even the most secure systems.
- US Treasury Secretary Janet Yellen assured the public that the attack minimally disrupted the US Treasury market.
- While some market participants reported unsettled trades through ICBC, the Treasury market appeared to function normally.
- The incident prompts considerations about the cyber security protocols of market participants.
6. Global Response to Ransomware Threats
- Ransomware attacks have become a global challenge, affecting companies across various industries.
- Authorities worldwide struggle to curb the rise of such incidents, leading to collaborative efforts to improve information-sharing and curtail the funding routes of ransomware gangs.
- The ICBC attack highlights the vulnerability of systems and underscores the importance of robust cybersecurity measures.
7. Conclusion
The ICBC ransomware attack serves as a wake-up call for financial institutions and organizations globally. While the immediate impact on the US Treasury market was minimal, the incident raises concerns about the evolving nature of cyber threats and the need for continuous improvement in cybersecurity protocols. As authorities work towards addressing the funding routes of ransomware gangs, the ICBC incident emphasizes the imperative for enhanced vigilance and proactive measures to safeguard critical systems in an increasingly interconnected world.
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For Prelims: The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, cyber security, ransomware attacks, US Treasury market, Lockbit 3.0, JPMorgan Chase, Bank of America,
For Mains:
1. Evaluate the effectiveness of current cybersecurity measures in protecting financial institutions from ransomware attacks. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the importance of international collaboration and information-sharing in combating ransomware attacks and protecting critical infrastructure. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. The terms 'WannaCry, Petya, and EternalBlue' sometimes mentioned in the news recently are related to (UPSC 2018)
A. Exoplanets
B. Cryptocurrency
C. Cyberattacks
D. Mini satellites
Answer: C
2. In India, under cyber insurance for individuals, which of the following benefits are generally covered, in addition to payment for the loss of funds and other benefits? (UPSC CSE 2020)
1. Cost of restoration of the computer system in case of malware disrupting access to one's computer
2. Cost of a new computer if some miscreant wilfully damages it, if proved so
3. Cost of hiring a specialized consultant to minimize the loss in case of cyber extortion
4. Cost of defence in the Court of Law if any third party files a suit
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A.1, 2 and 4 only
B.1, 3 and 4 only
C.2 and 3 only
D.1, 2, 3 and 4
Answer: D
3. In India, it is legally mandatory for which of the following to report on cyber security incidents? (UPSC 2017)
Select the correct answer using the code given below: (a) 1 only (b) 1 and 2 only (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3 Answer: D 4. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2018)
1. The Reserve Bank of India manages and services Government of India Securities but not any State Government Securities.
2. Treasury bills are issued by the Government of India and there are no treasury bills issued by the State Governments.
3. Treasury bills offer are issued at a discount from the par value.
Which of the statements give above is/are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 3 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: C
5. Consider the following statements: (UPSC 2022)
1. Tight monetary policy of US Federal Reserve could lead to capital flight.
2. Capital flight may increase the interest cost of firms with existing External Commercial Borrowings (ECBs).
3. Devaluation of domestic currency decreases the currency risk associated with ECBs.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 and 2 only B. 2 and 3 only C. 1 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: A
Mains
1. Keeping in view of India’s internal security, analyse the impact of cross-border cyber-attacks. Also, discuss defensive measures against these sophisticated attacks. (UPSC 2021) 2. Discuss different types of cybercrimes and measures required to be taken to fight the menace. (UPSC 2020) |
Source: The Indian Express
EMISSION GAP REPORT 2023
1. Context
As many as 86 days this year so far have already breached the 1.5 degree Celsius temperature threshold, as global greenhouse gas emissions scaled a record high in 2022, a new UN report stated
2. What is the emissions gap report?
- The Emissions Gap Report is an annual publication by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
- It assesses the gap between the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission levels that countries have pledged to achieve under international agreements and the emissions levels consistent with limiting global warming to specific targets, usually 1.5 or 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels.
- The report evaluates the disparity between current emission levels and those required to meet the goals set in international agreements like the Paris Agreement.
- It provides an analysis of national pledges and actions to reduce emissions, offering recommendations and highlighting the urgency of more ambitious climate action to bridge the gap between current commitments and the levels necessary to avoid the most severe impacts of climate change.
- Essentially, the Emissions Gap Report serves as an important tool for policymakers, stakeholders, and the public, emphasizing the need for accelerated efforts in reducing greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change and its associated risks.
3. Emissions Gap Report 2023-What are the key takeaways?
- The report highlighted that under current national climate policies, the planet is projected to experience a minimum temperature increase of 3 degrees Celsius by the century's end.
- Global carbon dioxide emissions reached 57.4 billion tonnes in 2022, marking a 1.2% rise from the previous year and surpassing the 2019 record. This information comes from the Emissions Gap Report, an annual release by the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) ahead of the year-concluding climate summit.
- Although the Covid-19 pandemic temporarily reduced emissions in 2020 due to the abrupt economic slowdown, emissions rebounded in 2021, almost reaching 2019 levels. Notably, emissions from China, the United States, and India—the three largest emitters—increased in 2022, while the European Union, Russia, and Brazil saw slight decreases.
- Even if countries fulfill their current climate pledges with utmost ambition, the report projects global emissions in 2030 to exceed levels required for limiting global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels by at least 19 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent. To bridge this gap, global emissions need to decrease by at least 8.7% annually starting from 2024, contrasting with the 1.2% rise recorded in 2022.
- The report underlines that delayed action on climate has made achieving the 1.5 degrees Celsius target extremely challenging.
- Despite the Covid-19 disruption, emissions only dropped by 4.7% between 2019 and 2020. The report stresses the necessity to limit long-term temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius from pre-industrial levels, acknowledging that shorter-term fluctuations might surpass this threshold.
- It also highlights that had substantial climate action been initiated in 2010, the required annual emission reductions to align with the below 2 degrees Celsius and 1.5 degrees Celsius scenarios by 2030 would have been notably lower.
- However, the lack of significant emission cuts has escalated the required reductions. The impacts of this inaction are observable, with 2023 projected to surpass 2016 as the hottest year on record.
- The report notes numerous instances in 2023 where daily temperatures exceeded pre-industrial averages by more than 1.5 degrees Celsius. The World Meteorological Organization predicts that one of the upcoming four years is highly likely to breach the 1.5 degrees Celsius threshold for the annual average.
4. Global patterns of inequality
The Emissions Gap Report 2023 likely addresses global patterns of inequality concerning greenhouse gas emissions and their consequences. These patterns often reveal disparities in emissions between countries, regions, or socio-economic groups, highlighting how certain populations or areas contribute more to emissions or suffer disproportionately from the impacts of climate change despite having contributed less to the problem.
These inequalities can manifest in various ways:
Emission Contributions: Some countries or regions might contribute significantly more to global emissions due to industrial activities, consumption patterns, or economic development, while others emit considerably less.
Vulnerability to Climate Impacts: Economically disadvantaged or marginalized communities often face greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate change, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, or food insecurity, despite contributing minimally to global emissions.
Access to Resources and Adaptation: Discrepancies in access to resources, technology, and adaptation measures can create disparities in how communities or nations cope with and adapt to the effects of climate change.
Policy and Mitigation Efforts: Inequities can arise in the distribution of climate policies and mitigation efforts, where some regions or groups might bear a disproportionate burden of transitioning to cleaner technologies or reducing emissions.
The report likely delves into these inequalities, highlighting the need for more inclusive and equitable strategies to address climate change. It might emphasize the importance of considering these disparities in formulating global climate policies to ensure fairness and effectiveness in mitigating emissions and adapting to climate impacts
5. Fundamental areas where political action is required to mitigate global warming
These areas typically require political action to mitigate global warming:
Ambitious Emission Reduction Targets: Setting and implementing more ambitious and enforceable emission reduction targets is crucial. Countries need to commit to significantly reducing their greenhouse gas emissions, aiming for net-zero emissions by mid-century or soon after. This involves transitioning to renewable energy sources, enhancing energy efficiency, promoting sustainable transportation, and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.
Enhanced Climate Policies and Regulations: Political leaders must enact and enforce robust climate policies and regulations that drive emissions reductions across industries. This includes implementing carbon pricing mechanisms, investing in clean energy infrastructure, supporting research and development for green technologies, and incentivizing low-carbon practices.
Global Collaboration and Cooperation: Addressing climate change requires collaborative efforts among nations. Countries need to work together to share knowledge, resources, and technology to accelerate the global transition to a low-carbon economy. International cooperation is essential in tackling emissions from sectors such as shipping, aviation, and industry, which often transcend national boundaries.
Support for Vulnerable Communities and Adaptation Measures: Political action should prioritize supporting vulnerable communities that are disproportionately impacted by climate change. This involves investing in adaptation measures, providing financial and technical support to developing nations for climate resilience, and ensuring that climate policies are inclusive and considerate of social and economic disparities.
These fundamental areas often form the basis of recommendations in reports like the Emissions Gap Report, stressing the urgency of political action and emphasizing the need for comprehensive and coordinated efforts at local, national, and global levels to effectively address the challenges posed by climate change
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For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance For Mains: General Studies III: Conservation, environmental pollution and degradation, environmental impact assessment |
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Previous Year Questions
1. Which one of the following is associated with the issue of control and phasing out of the use of ozone-depleting substance? (UPSC CSE 2015) A.Bretton woods conference
B. Montreal Protocol
C. Kyoto Protocol
D. Nagoya Protocol
Answer: B
2.With reference to the Agreement at the UNFCCC Meeting in Paris in 2015, which of the following statements is/are correct? (UPSC 2016)
1. The Agreement was signed by all the member countries of the UN and it will go into effect in 2017
2. The Agreement aims to limit greenhouse gas emissions so that the rise in average global temperature by the end of this century does not exceed 2°C or even 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels.
3. Developed countries acknowledged their historical responsibility in global warming and committed to donate $ 1000 billion a year from 2020 to help developing countries to cope with climate change.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
A. 1 and 3 only B. 2 only C. 2 and 3 only D. 1, 2 and 3
Answer: B
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Source: Indianexpress
INDIAN MATERIALISM
1. Context
Materialism is neither new nor mystical. It has been around as a system of thought since the earliest records of human history. In ancient India, Materialism found grounding in the
Lokayata was pioneered by philosophers like Brhaspati, Ajita, and Jabali, among others. The early Greek philosophers who sought to explain the world by itself were materialists. The
atomism of Democritus, and Epicurus, as well as the preSocratic philosophers’ desire to find an explanation for the constituents of the cosmos, were the earliest examples of Materialism in the
Western tradition.
Lokayata was pioneered by philosophers like Brhaspati, Ajita, and Jabali, among others. The early Greek philosophers who sought to explain the world by itself were materialists. The
atomism of Democritus, and Epicurus, as well as the preSocratic philosophers’ desire to find an explanation for the constituents of the cosmos, were the earliest examples of Materialism in the
Western tradition.
2. What is Philosophy?
- Philosophy, as a unified theory of life, endeavours to unravel the mysteries of existence, encompassing the universe and its myriad components.
- It seeks to provide individuals with a comprehensive understanding of life, a framework upon which to base their actions and decisions.
- Manabendra Nath Roy, an Indian freedom fighter and radical Humanist philosopher, asserted that philosophy is intrinsically materialistic, the sole viable philosophical outlook.
- He believed that materialism represents true knowledge of nature, acquired through meticulous observation, contemplation, and investigation of natural phenomena.
- While the discoveries of the quantum realm and its intricate subatomic particles challenged the foundations of material sciences in the early 20th century, the concept of 'matter' as the fundamental substance of physical reality endures.
3. What is materialism?
- Materialism, in its essence, posits that the origin of everything that truly exists is matter. It asserts that nothing exists beyond matter and that all apparent phenomena, including intelligence, are manifestations of matter. These transformations are inherently governed by the laws of nature, establishing a fundamental material basis for the world.
- Despite its ubiquity, materialism often faces criticism and misunderstanding. In India, some argue that it is a Western import, while in the West, faith-based philosophers condemn it as a morally questionable way of life. However, the undeniable contributions of materialistic understanding to technological advancements and scientific developments underscore its significance in comprehending the core of nature.
- Contrasting the modern era with ancient times reveals stark differences in resource availability. Ancient societies, even if ruled by wealthy kings, largely subsisted on minimal resources. Ceremonies and rituals began to dominate lives as the early Vedic natural religion transitioned into dogmatic ritualism in ancient India. This shift prompted opposition, with the Upanishads critiquing the obsession with dogmatic sacramentalism.
- The Chandogya Upanishad reflects this profound thought, emphasizing the divine interconnectedness of everything. This worldview, perceiving God in all aspects of existence, leaves little space for traditional religious notions, fostering a philosophical opening for materialism. This period marked the emergence of Lokayatas, who asserted the reality of the world, grounded in observable elements, shaping the ethical principles based on these tangible facts.
- As Buddhism, Jainism, and other socio-political changes gained prominence in the post-Vedic era, Lokayata's dominance waned. However, the influence of materialism persisted, extending beyond popular conventions. This enduring legacy demonstrates the lasting impact of materialistic thought on shaping perspectives and understanding the world.
4. Names of Materialism in India
Materialism in India has been identified by various names, each reflecting different aspects of its philosophy. Familiar terms include Lokayata, Charvaka, Bhautikvad, Jadavada, and Dehatmavada.
- The term Lokayata derives from "loka," referring to the world, with an etymological root implying that which can be seen. In the Mahabharata, the expression 'lokesu ca samo bhava' advocates seeing all things with equanimity. Indian Marxist philosopher Debiprasad Chattopadhyaya defines Lokayata as the philosophy of the people, emphasizing its worldly and instinctive materialistic nature. Materialist philosophy, according to Chattopadhyaya, consistently relies on the practical test of reality and the necessity of change.
- The term Charvaka finds its origin in 'charv,' meaning 'to chew.' The expression 'carvatyatmanam carvakah' translates to 'Carvaka chews the self.' This term is associated with the purportedly hedonic life espoused by the Charvakas. The Taittiriya Upanishad captures their sentiment through a verse that emphasizes the individual as the 'eater of self.'
- Derived from the word Bhautika, meaning physical or material, Bhautikvad emphasizes the material aspect of existence. Bhautika, in turn, is linked to Bhu and its derivative Bhava, signifying being and becoming. In many Indian laboratories, Bhautika Vignyan continues to represent physical sciences. The theological term 'Prabhu,' often used for God, literally means 'prior to being,' reflecting the materialistic perspective.
- Jadavada highlights the Materialists' inclination to seek the jada or root of existence, asserting its material rather than spiritual nature. Jatavidya, the knowledge of the origin of all things, is extolled by Materialists, aligning with their ancient quest to understand the genesis of things.
5. The Essence of Materialism
In his 1947 treatise "Science and Philosophy," M.N. Roy addresses the nomenclature of Materialism, suggesting that it can be interchangeably called Objectivism, Naturalism, Realism, or any other name without altering its essential nature.
- The earliest philosophers were predominantly materialists. In the Indian philosophic tradition, the existence of the four classical elements Agni (fire), APA (water), Vayu (wind), and Prithvi (earth)paralleled their Hellenic counterparts. The Lokayatas attributed the variegated forms of reality to 'svabhava,' translating to 'self-becoming.' The Mahabharata articulates this concept with "svabhava-hetu-jah bhava," signifying that self-becoming causes becoming.
- Contrary to schools of thought embracing divine providence, the Lokayatas categorically rejected the belief in a world beyond our singular existence. Their stance is encapsulated in the assertion that "beyond this world, there is nothing; neither heaven nor hell. The notions of a world for deities like Lord Siva are the imaginings of fools."
- Ancient philosophy engaged in fervent debates about the existence of an atman (self) distinct from the deha (body). While the Bhagavad Gita posits a continuous soul journey, the Lokayatas countered, stating that attributes such as being fat, young, or old are mere adjectives. They boldly proclaimed, "The self is the body itself, and nothing distinct from the body," anticipating Nietzsche's declaration that the awakened recognize themselves entirely as the body.
- The Lokayatas, also known as Dehatmavadis, championed the unification of the body and self. In line with their philosophy, they declared that the body and self are inseparable, challenging dualistic perspectives.
- Materialist ontology rejects dualism, asserting that consciousness is fundamentally a physical phenomenon. The Lokayatas likened the mind to a state of physical composition, emphasizing that it is housed within the brain. This rejection of dualism aligns with D.D. Kosambi's assertion that the mind is a reflection of material processes upon human consciousness, itself being a material process.
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For Prelims: Materialism, M.N. Roy, Chandogya Upanishad, Buddhism, Jainism, Lokayata, Charvaka, Bhautikvad, Jadavada, Dehatmavada, Taittiriya Upanishad, Mahabharata, Bhagavad Gita,
For Mains:
1. Analyze Manabendra Nath Roy's perspective on philosophy as inherently materialistic and its alignment with the knowledge of nature. (250 Words)
2. Discuss the role of philosophy as a unified theory of life, unraveling the mysteries of existence. (250 Words)
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Previous Year Questions
1. Karl Marx explained the process of class struggle with the help of which one of the following theories? (UPSC 2011)
A. Empirical Liberalism B. Existentialism
C. Darwin's theory of evolution D. Dialectical materialism
Answer: D
2. Which of the following sentences is correct? (MPSC Rajyaseva Prelims 2022)
First sentence: M.N. Roy was the leader of the Liberal Party.
Second sentence: M.N. Roy was the leader of the Radical Democratic Party.
A. First sentence is correct.
B. Second sentence is correct.
C. Both sentences are correct.
D. Both sentences are incorrect.
Answer: B
3. chandogya upanishad is an Upanishad of which Veda? (GPSC AE CE 2018)
A. Rigveda B. Samaveda C. Yajurveda D. Atharvaveda
Answer: B
4. The national motto of India, 'Satyameva Jayate' inscribed below the Emblem of India is taken from (UPSC 2014)
A. Katha Upanishad B. Chandogya Upanishad C. Aitareya Upanishad D. Mundaka Upanishad Answer: D
5. Which one of the following pairs does not form part of the six systems of Indian Philosophy? (UPSC 2014)
A. Mimamsa and Vedanta B. Nyaya and Vaisheshika
C. Lokayata and Kapalika D. Sankhya and Yoga
Answer: C
6. Which is called Lokayata Darshan? (CGPSC Civil Service 2019)
A. Jain B. Buddh C. Charvaka D. Samkhya
Answer: C
7. Charvaka philosophical system was also called: (Jharkhand Civil Service 2021)
A. Astika system B. Mimansa system C. Vaisesika system D. Lokayata system
Answer: D
8. The Taittiriya Upanishad is related to which Veda? (UPRVUNL AE EE 2021)
A. Atharvaveda B. Samaveda C. Yajurveda D. Rigveda
Answer: C
9. According to the Mahabharata, in which Mahajanapada did the Pandavas live during their exile? (Rajasthan Police Constable 2020)
A. kuru B. kaushal C. mall D. matsya
Answer: D
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Source: The Hindu
