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General Studies 2 >> Governance

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WORLD SANSKRIT DAY

WORLD SANSKRIT DAY

 
 
1. Context
To mark the World Sanskrit Day , Prime Minister Narendra Modi asked people to share a sentence in Sanskrit on social media, following which several Union ministers tweeted in the language. “Greetings on World Sanskrit Day. I laud all those who are passionate about it. India has a very special relation with Sanskrit
 
2. About World Sanskrit day
  • The celebration of World Sanskrit Day aims to foster the promotion of Sanskrit, recognised as the world’s oldest language.
  • Additionally, this occasion serves as a commemoration of the birth anniversary of Pāṇini, a renowned scholar and grammarian in the field of Sanskrit.
  • Sanskrit is commonly referred to as Dev Vani, which translates to “the language of the Gods.” The Sanskrit language holds considerable importance within the context of Hinduism, as it serves as the medium of expression for numerous Hindu writings such as the Vedas, Upanishads, and Bhagavad Gita.
  • The first World Sanskrit Day was celebrated in 1969.
  • The day is marked on the last poornima (full moon) of the Hindu calendar month of Shravan, with an aim to raise awareness about the language used by scholars and saints in ancient India.
 
3. Sanskrit Language
  • Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language that is considered to be the "mother of all languages". It is a classical language belonging to the Indo-Aryan branch of the Indo-European languages.
  • It arose in South Asia after its predecessor languages had diffused there from the northwest in the late Bronze Age.
  • Sanskrit is the sacred language of Hinduism, the language of classical Hindu philosophy, and of historical texts of Buddhism and Jainism
  • The earliest known texts in Sanskrit are the Vedas, which are a collection of hymns, prayers, and rituals.
  • The Vedas are thought to have been composed between 1500 and 600 BCE. Sanskrit was also the language of the Upanishads, which are philosophical texts that explore the nature of reality.
  • The Bhagavad Gita, a philosophical poem that is part of the Mahabharata, is also written in Sanskrit.

Here are some key points about the Sanskrit language:

  1. Historical Significance: Sanskrit is one of the world's oldest languages and is often referred to as the "mother of all languages." It has a documented history spanning over 3,500 years.

  2. Classical Language: Sanskrit is considered a classical language of India and is revered for its precision, structure, and aesthetics. It has served as the medium for many classical Indian texts, including religious scriptures, philosophical treatises, poetry, and scientific writings.

  3. Religious Texts: Many of the most important religious texts in Hinduism, such as the Vedas (the oldest sacred scriptures), Upanishads, Bhagavad Gita, and various Puranas, were originally composed in Sanskrit. It also influenced the religious and philosophical thought of other Indian religions, such as Buddhism and Jainism.

  4. Linguistic Significance: Sanskrit has had a profound impact on the development of linguistics as a field of study. Ancient Indian grammarians, such as Panini and Patanjali, laid down comprehensive grammatical rules and structures for the language, which continue to be studied and admired by linguists.

  5. Pan-Indian Influence: Sanskrit served as a lingua franca for scholarly communication across the Indian subcontinent for centuries. It allowed scholars from different regions to access and contribute to a shared body of knowledge.

  6. Classical Literature: Some of the greatest literary works in Sanskrit include the Mahabharata and the Ramayana (epic poems), Kalidasa's plays and poems, and the works of Bhasa, a renowned playwright. Sanskrit literature encompasses a wide range of genres, from poetry and drama to philosophy and scientific treatises.

  7. Modern Relevance: While Sanskrit is no longer a widely spoken language, it continues to be studied and used for specific purposes. It remains the liturgical language for many Hindu rituals and ceremonies. Additionally, there are efforts to revive and promote Sanskrit as a classical language in contemporary education.

  8. Alphabet: Sanskrit is written in the Devanagari script, which is also used for several modern Indian languages, including Hindi, Marathi, and Nepali.

  9. International Interest: Sanskrit has garnered interest and respect worldwide, not only for its historical significance but also for its influence on linguistics, philosophy, and literature.

  10. Cultural Heritage: Sanskrit is considered a crucial part of India's cultural heritage, and its preservation and promotion continue to be a matter of national and cultural pride.

4.Classical Languages in India
India is home to a rich and diverse linguistic heritage, with several classical languages that have played pivotal roles in the country's history, culture, and literature. These classical languages are characterized by their antiquity, historical significance, and cultural importance

here are some of the classical languages of India:

  1. Sanskrit: Sanskrit, as mentioned earlier, is one of the most prominent classical languages of India. It has a rich literary tradition and has been the language of many ancient texts, including the Vedas, Upanishads, Mahabharata, Ramayana, and numerous philosophical and scientific treatises.

  2. Tamil: Tamil is one of the oldest classical languages in the world, with a history dating back over two millennia. It has a vast body of classical literature, including Sangam poetry, which is highly regarded for its literary and poetic excellence.

  3. Telugu: Telugu is another classical language known for its extensive literary tradition. Classical Telugu literature includes works like "Andhra Mahabharatam" and "Bhagavata Purana."

  4. Kannada: Kannada, the language of the southern state of Karnataka, has a rich literary tradition dating back to the 9th century. The works of poets like Pampa and Ranna are celebrated in Kannada classical literature.

  5. Malayalam: Malayalam, spoken in the state of Kerala, has a classical literary tradition known as "Sangam literature," which dates back to ancient times. It includes poetry and prose compositions.

  6. Odia (Oriya): The Odia language, spoken in the state of Odisha, has a classical literary heritage that includes works like the "Sarala Mahabharata" and the poetry of the Odia saint-poet Jayadeva.

5. Criteria for Classical language

The classification of a language as "classical" is typically based on specific criteria that recognize its historical, literary, and cultural significance. These criteria may vary from country to country, but in the Indian context, the following criteria are often considered when designating a language as classical:

  1. Historical Antiquity: The language should have a long and continuous history, dating back at least a thousand years or more. This criterion helps establish the language's ancient roots and its enduring presence in the culture.Languages has to be a minimum old of 2500 years

  2. Ancient Literature: The language should possess a substantial body of ancient literary texts, including religious scriptures, epics, poetry, and philosophical treatises. These texts should have had a significant impact on the culture and intellectual heritage of the region.

  3. Cultural Significance: The language should have played a pivotal role in the cultural, religious, and intellectual development of the region. It should have been a medium for the expression of ideas, beliefs, and artistic creativity.

  4. Recognition by Scholars: Recognition as a classical language often comes from scholars, linguists, and experts who acknowledge its historical importance and contributions to literature, philosophy, and other fields.

 
 
 
For Prelims: Eighth Schedule of Indian Constitution, Classical Languages
For Mains: 1.Explain the significance of the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. How does it promote linguistic diversity and cultural preservation in India? (15 marks)
2.Discuss the process and criteria for including languages in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Examine the challenges faced by languages seeking inclusion. (20 marks)
 
 
Previous Year Questions
1. As Per the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution How many languages are referred as scheduled languages (SSC CHSL 2020)
A.18
B.22
C.20
D.14
 
Answer (B) 
 
 
Source: indianexpress

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