MICROBIOME

Globally, about 135 million people have low vision. The World Health Organization (WHO) says that 80% of this visual loss can be prevented or cured. Hence WHO has joined hands with the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) for a programme called VISION 2020: The Right to Sight.

In India, 13 lakhs are born blind, and 76 lakhs are suffering from easily treatable methods. By setting up ‘vision centres’ in rural areas and towns, by setting up well-equipped ophthalmic hospitals with able ophthalmologists, these sufferers can have the Right to Sight. Indeed, this is happening across the country. In addition, some globally recognised ‘State of the Art’ eye institutions are actively working on Vision 2020, and it appears achievable—Pashyantu Sarvejanah, or ‘so that all may see’

2. What is a Microbiome?

The microbiome refers to the community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other tiny organisms, that live in or on a specific environment or organism. In the context of humans, the microbiome typically refers to the vast collection of microorganisms that reside in various parts of the body, such as the skin, mouth, gut, and reproductive tract.

The gut microbiome, in particular, has gained a lot of attention due to its crucial role in digestion, immune system function, and overall health. This complex ecosystem of microbes helps break down certain foods, produces vitamins, regulates metabolism, and interacts with the immune system.

Research on the microbiome has revealed its significance in influencing not just physical health but also mental health, with potential connections to conditions like obesity, autoimmune disorders, mental health disorders, and even neurological conditions. Scientists continue to study the microbiome to better understand its role in maintaining health and its potential implications for treating various diseases

3. How can the microbiome affect health?

The microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining health by influencing various aspects of the body's functions. Here are some ways the microbiome affects health:

Digestive and metabolic health: The gut microbiome aids in the digestion and absorption of nutrients, helps break down complex carbohydrates, and produces certain vitamins (like B vitamins and vitamin K) that the body needs. Imbalances in the gut microbiota can lead to digestive issues like irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), or malnutrition.

Immune system regulation: A healthy microbiome helps regulate the immune system, distinguishing between harmful pathogens and beneficial microbes. It plays a crucial role in training the immune system to respond appropriately to threats and reducing inflammation. Imbalances in the microbiome can lead to immune system dysfunction, potentially resulting in allergies, autoimmune diseases, or increased susceptibility to infections.

Mental health and brain function: There's a growing understanding of the gut-brain connection, often referred to as the gut-brain axis. The gut microbiome can influence brain function and mental health by producing neurotransmitters and communicating with the central nervous system. Imbalances in the gut microbiota have been linked to conditions like depression, anxiety, and even neurological disorders like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.

Weight and metabolism: Studies have shown that the composition of the gut microbiome can influence metabolism and weight regulation. Imbalances in gut bacteria may contribute to conditions like obesity and metabolic disorders by affecting how the body processes food and stores fat.

Skin health: The skin microbiome, composed of various bacteria, fungi, and other microorganisms, plays a role in maintaining skin health. Imbalances can contribute to skin conditions like acne, eczema, or infections.

Overall inflammation and disease risk: A balanced and diverse microbiome helps regulate inflammation in the body. Imbalances can lead to chronic inflammation, which is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular issues, diabetes, and certain cancers

4. What is the importance of microbiome for the Gut health?

The gut microbiome is incredibly important for gut health and overall well-being.

Here's why:

• The gut microbiome assists in breaking down complex carbohydrates, fibers, and other compounds that the human body can't digest alone. Certain gut bacteria produce enzymes that help in this breakdown, aiding in the extraction of nutrients and energy from food.
• A healthy microbiome helps maintain the integrity of the gut barrier, which prevents harmful substances, such as toxins and undigested food particles, from leaking into the bloodstream. This barrier function is essential for preventing inflammation and protecting against infections.
• The gut is a significant site for the immune system. The microbiome interacts closely with the immune cells in the gut, helping to train and regulate the immune response. A balanced gut microbiome promotes tolerance to harmless substances and prevents inappropriate immune reactions, reducing the risk of autoimmune diseases and allergies.
• Some gut bacteria produce beneficial compounds, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are crucial for gut health. SCFAs help maintain the health of the gut lining, provide energy to gut cells, and have anti-inflammatory properties.
• A diverse and balanced gut microbiome can inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria by competing for nutrients and space, thereby reducing the risk of infections and keeping the gut environment healthy.
• The gut-brain axis, the communication network between the gut and the brain, is influenced by the gut microbiome. Changes in the gut microbiota can impact brain function and mental health, influencing conditions like anxiety, depression, and even neurological disorders.
• Studies suggest that the gut microbiome plays a role in regulating metabolism and weight. Imbalances in gut bacteria may contribute to obesity and metabolic disorders by affecting how the body processes food and stores fat.