DAILY CURRENT AFFAIRS, 23 MARCH 2024

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI)

1. Context

The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) on Friday conducted a survey of the controversial Bhojshala/Kamal Maula Mosque complex situated in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh and made preparations for using carbon-dating equipment

2. What is a national monument?

A national monument is a protected area or site that has been designated by a government or other authority as having national significance. These monuments can be natural, cultural, or historical landmarks and are usually protected from development or other activities that could damage or destroy them. National monuments are often open to the public and may have visitor centers, trails, and other facilities to help people learn about and appreciate them. They are typically managed by government agencies or non-profit organizations that work to preserve and protect them for future generations.

3. About Archaeological Survey of India (ASI)

The ASI was founded in 1861 by Alexander Cunningham, when he realised the need for a permanent body to oversee archaeological excavations and conservation.
But while the body remained largely dysfunctional in the 19th century owing to fund crunch, in the decades preceding Independence, it became very active.
A bulk of the protected monuments were taken under the ASI’s wings during the 1920s and30s, up till the 50s.
But in the decades after independence, the focus of successive governments was on health, education and infrastructure, rather than protecting heritage.
Even within the scope of heritage, the aim was to uncover more monuments and sites, instead of conservation.

Powers

The ASI operates under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which empowers it to protect and manage monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.
The ASI formulates and enforces regulations related to archaeological activities, including excavations, conservation, and publication of findings.
The ASI issues licenses for excavations, export of antiquities, and trade in archaeological objects.

Functions

The ASI undertakes conservation and restoration of protected monuments and sites. This includes structural repairs, chemical preservation, and environmental management.
The ASI conducts archaeological excavations to uncover historical remains, understand past civilizations, and enrich our knowledge of history.
The ASI conducts research on various aspects of archaeology and publishes findings in reports, journals, and books.
The ASI studies ancient inscriptions and coins to understand language, history, and economic systems.
The ASI manages site museums at various monuments and archaeological sites to showcase artifacts and educate the public.
The ASI conducts educational programs and outreach activities to raise public awareness about India's cultural heritage.

Role

The ASI plays a vital role in preserving India's rich cultural heritage for future generations. It safeguards monuments and sites that represent diverse periods and cultures, fostering national identity and pride.
By protecting and promoting historical sites, the ASI contributes significantly to India's tourism industry. Well-maintained monuments attract visitors, generating revenue and local economic benefits.
The ASI's research activities contribute to our understanding of India's history, culture, and society. This knowledge enriches academic fields and informs public discourse.

Mandate

To protect and preserve monuments and archaeological sites of national importance.
To conduct research and excavations to understand India's past.
To educate the public about India's cultural heritage.
To promote tourism by developing and maintaining historical sites.

Significance

The ASI is responsible for protecting and preserving India's archaeological sites, monuments, and artifacts. This includes conducting conservation and restoration work to ensure that these cultural treasures are maintained for future generations.
India is home to numerous world-renowned archaeological sites and monuments, such as the Taj Mahal, Qutub Minar, and Ajanta and Ellora Caves. The ASI's efforts to preserve and promote these sites contribute to the country's tourism industry, attracting millions of visitors from around the world each year.
India's rich cultural heritage is an integral part of its identity. The ASI's work helps to preserve and promote this heritage, fostering a sense of pride and connection among the country's citizens.
The ASI conducts research and documentation on India's archaeological heritage, contributing to the understanding of the country's history and culture. It also plays a role in educating the public about India's archaeological sites and artifacts through exhibitions, publications, and educational programs.
The ASI enforces laws and regulations related to the protection and preservation of India's cultural heritage. This includes the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, which provides legal protection to ancient monuments and archaeological sites in India.

4. The Way Forward

The Archaeological Survey of India plays an indispensable role in safeguarding and interpreting India's rich cultural heritage. Their efforts not only preserve the past but also contribute to academic knowledge, national identity, and economic development. As India navigates the future, the ASI's work remains vital in ensuring that its cultural legacy continues to inspire and educate generations to come.

For Prelims: Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains Act, 1958, ASI,

For Mains:

1. Critically evaluate the role of ASI in fostering national identity and pride in India. How does their work contribute to social cohesion and understanding of diverse historical periods and cultures? (250 Words)

2. Evaluate the potential conflicts between preservation of cultural heritage and development projects. Suggest strategies for achieving a sustainable balance between economic progress and protection of historical sites. (250 Words)

Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:

1.The rock-cut architecture represents one of the most important sources of our knowledge of early Indian art and history. Discuss. (GS 1, 2020)
2. Safeguarding the Indian Art Heritage is the need of the moment. Discuss. (GS 1, 2019)

Source: The Indian Express

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

1. Context

India’s economy may well end up growing by about 8% this fiscal, outstripping the 7.6% real GDP growth projected by the National Statistical Office (NSO), the Finance Ministry signalled on Friday, citing the continuing momentum in economic activity in the ongoing final quarter of 2023-24

2. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

Gross domestic product (GDP) is the total monetary or market value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. It is often used as a measure of a country's economic health

GDP provides insight into the overall economic health of a nation and is often used for comparing the economic output of different countries.

There are three primary ways to calculate GDP:

Production Approach (GDP by Production): This approach calculates GDP by adding up the value-added at each stage of production. It involves summing up the value of all final goods and services produced in an economy.
Income Approach (GDP by Income): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the incomes earned in an economy, including wages, rents, interests, and profits. The idea is that all the income generated in an economy must ultimately be spent on purchasing goods and services.
Expenditure Approach (GDP by Expenditure): This approach calculates GDP by summing up all the expenditures made on final goods and services. It includes consumption by households, investments by businesses, government spending, and net exports (exports minus imports).

3. Measuring GDP

GDP can be measured in three different ways:

Nominal GDP: This is the raw GDP figure without adjusting for inflation. It reflects the total value of goods and services produced at current prices.
Real GDP: Real GDP adjusts the nominal GDP for inflation, allowing for a more accurate comparison of economic performance over time. It represents the value of goods and services produced using constant prices from a specific base year.
GDP per capita: This is the GDP divided by the population of a country. It provides a per-person measure of economic output and can be useful for comparing the relative economic well-being of different countries.

The GDP growth rate is the percentage change in the GDP from one year to the next. A positive GDP growth rate indicates that the economy is growing, while a negative GDP growth rate indicates that the economy is shrinking

The GDP is a useful measure of economic health, but it has some limitations. For example, it does not take into account the distribution of income in an economy. It also does not take into account the quality of goods and services produced.

Despite its limitations, the GDP is a widely used measure of economic health. It is used by economists, policymakers, and businesses to track the performance of an economy and to make decisions about economic policy

4. Gross Value Added (GVA)

Gross Value Added (GVA) is a closely related concept to Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and is used to measure the economic value generated by various economic activities within a country. GVA represents the value of goods and services produced in an economy minus the value of inputs (such as raw materials and intermediate goods) used in production. It's a way to measure the contribution of each individual sector or industry to the overall economy.

GVA can be calculated using the production approach, similar to one of the methods used to calculate GDP. The formula for calculating GVA is as follows:

GVA = Output Value - Intermediate Consumption

Where:

Output Value: The total value of goods and services produced by an industry or sector.
Intermediate Consumption: The value of inputs used in the production process, including raw materials, energy, and other intermediate goods.

5. GDP vs GNP

Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Gross National Product (GNP) are both important economic indicators used to measure the size and health of an economy, but they focus on slightly different aspects of economic activity and include different factors. Here are the key differences between GDP and GNP:

Definition and Scope:
- GDP: GDP measures the total value of all goods and services produced within a country's borders, regardless of whether the production is done by domestic or foreign entities. It only considers economic activities that take place within the country.
- GNP: GNP measures the total value of all goods and services produced by a country's residents, whether they are located within the country's borders or abroad. It takes into account the production of residents, both domestically and internationally.
Foreign Income and Payments:
- GDP: GDP does not consider the income earned by residents of a country from their economic activities abroad, nor does it account for payments made to foreigners working within the country.
- GNP: GNP includes the income earned by a country's residents from their investments and activities abroad, minus the income earned by foreign residents from their investments within the country.
Net Factor Income from Abroad:
- GDP: GDP does not account for net factor income from abroad, which is the difference between income earned by domestic residents abroad and income earned by foreign residents domestically.
- GNP: GNP includes net factor income from abroad as part of its calculation.
Foreign Direct Investment:
- GDP: GDP does not directly consider foreign direct investment (FDI) flowing into or out of a country.
- GNP: GNP considers the impact of FDI on the income of a country's residents, both from investments made within the country and from investments made by residents abroad.
Measurement Approach:
- GDP: GDP can be calculated using three different approaches: production, income, and expenditure approaches.
- GNP: GNP is primarily calculated using the income approach, as it focuses on the income earned by residents from their economic activities.

For Prelims: GDP, GVA, FDI, GNP

For Mains: 1.Discuss the recent trends and challenges in India's GDP growth

2.Examine the role of the service sector in India's GDP growth

3.Compare and contrast the growth trajectories of India's GDP and GNP

Previous Year Questions

1.With reference to Indian economy, consider the following statements: (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. The rate of growth of Real Gross Domestic Product has steadily increased in the last decade.
2. The Gross Domestic Product at market prices (in rupees) has steadily increased in the last decade.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer (b)
2.A decrease in tax to GDP ratio of a country indicates which of the following? (UPSC CSE, 2015)
1. Slowing economic growth rate
2. Less equitable distribution of national income
Select the correct answer using the code given below:
(a) 1 only
(b) 2 only
(c) Both 1 and 2
(d) Neither 1 nor 2

Answer (a)
Previous year UPSC Mains Question Covering similar theme:
Define potential GDP and explain its determinants. What are the factors that have been inhibiting India from realizing its potential GDP? (UPSC CSE GS3, 2020)
Explain the difference between computing methodology of India’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) before the year 2015 and after the year 2015. (UPSC CSE GS3, 2021)

Source: indianexpress

FACT-CHECKING UNIT (FCU)

1. Context

A day after the Centre notified a Fact Checking Unit (FCU) under the Press Information Bureau (PIB) to identify fake news about the government, the Supreme Court Thursday stayed the operation of the notification until the Bombay High Court takes a final decision on petitions challenging the 2023 amendments to the Information Technology Rules

2. Background

According to the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961, the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting (MIB) is responsible for disseminating information regarding government policies, schemes, and programs through various communication channels.
In executing this duty, the Ministry promotes Government of India policies, initiatives, schemes, and programs via press releases, press conferences, webinars, publication of books, etc. To fulfill this essential role, the Ministry operates several attached and subordinate offices, including the Press Information Bureau (PIB).
A crucial aspect of the Ministry's responsibility in providing public information about the Government of India's operations is combating the spread of fake, false, and misleading information. The PIB has long been engaged in this task by widely distributing accurate and reliable information and issuing rebuttals, among other measures.
In the era of social media where information dissemination occurs rapidly, the proliferation of fake and manipulated information, particularly regarding the operations of a democratically elected government, poses significant risks to society.
Such misinformation has the potential to escalate social, economic, and political tensions, erode public trust in democratic institutions, and even jeopardize the safety of citizens

3. What is a Fact Checking Unit?

The Press Information Bureau has been proactive in addressing the issue of fake news concerning the Government of India.
In November 2019, the PIB established a Fact Check Unit (FCU) specifically aimed at tackling fake news related to the Government of India, its ministries, departments, public sector undertakings, and other central government organizations.
This unit is responsible for verifying claims regarding government policies, regulations, announcements, and measures. Utilizing a robust fact-checking process, the PIB Fact Check Unit works to dispel myths, rumours, and false claims, providing the public with accurate and reliable information.
The unit is led by a senior officer at the DG/ADG level of the Indian Information Service (IIS), with day-to-day operations managed by IIS officers at various levels.
The Unit reports to the Principal Director General of the PIB, who serves as the Principal Spokesperson for the Government of India

4. Fact Checking Mechanism

Users submit requests through WhatsApp, email, or a web portal. Each request received is treated as a 'Query.' These queries are categorized by the Unit based on their relevance to matters concerning the Government of India. Only queries related to the Government of India are considered actionable, while others are deemed irrelevant for action. The information in question undergoes rigorous verification through multiple layers of cross-checking, utilizing government open-source information, technological tools, and verification from the relevant Government of India organization.

If the Unit encounters information that it determines should be publicly debunked for the benefit of the Indian people, it publishes a 'Fact Check' on its social media platforms after thorough investigation and verification from official and authoritative sources. Often, a single fact check may stem from multiple queries.

Fact-checked content can be categorized into the following three groups:

Fake: Any factually incorrect news, content, or information related to the Government of India, deliberately or inadvertently spread, that may deceive or manipulate the audience, with or without the intention to potentially cause harm, is labeled as fake.
Misleading: Any information presented, whether partially true, with selective facts or figures, or distorted facts or figures, with the intention to deceive or mislead the recipient, is categorized as misleading.
True: Any information found to be factually correct after investigation is classified as true

5.Way Forward

The Ministry of Electronics and IT notified amendments to the Information Technology Rules, 2021, which allows the Ministry to appoint a fact-check body which will take a call on whether online information related to the Central Government is accurate. The final rules come months after the Ministry, in January, had first proposed that any piece of news that has been identified as “fake” by the fact-checking unit of the Press Information Bureau (PIB) – the Centre’s nodal agency to share news updates – will not be allowed on online intermediaries. However, the final draft has removed the reference to PIB

For Prelims: Current events of national and international importance.

For Mains: General Studies II: Government policies and interventions for development in various sectors and issues arising out of their design and implementation.

General Studies III: Awareness in the fields of IT

Previous Year Questions

1.Democracy's superior virtue lies in the fact that it calls into activity (UPSC 2017)

A.the intelligence and character of ordinary men and women.

B.the methods for strengthening executive leadership.

C.a superior individual with dynamism and vision.

D.a band of dedicated party workers.

Answer (A)

Source: Indianexpress

CHIEF MINISTER

1. Context

Arvind Kejriwal, whose campaign against corruption in 2011 birthed the Aam Aadmi Party and paved the way for his ascension as Delhi’s Chief Minister, was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate Thursday night in connection with the Delhi excise policy case

2. Who is called a Chief Minister?

In India, the Chief Minister is the head of the government in each of the states and union territories with legislatures. The Chief Minister is appointed by the Governor of the state, and they are typically the leader of the political party or coalition that has the majority of seats in the state legislative assembly. The Chief Minister is responsible for running the state government, implementing policies, and representing the state at various levels. They are assisted by a council of ministers who are also members of the state legislative assembly

3. How is a Chief Minister appointed?

In India, the Chief Minister is appointed through a process that involves several steps:

Election or Selection by the Party: Typically, the Chief Minister is the leader of the political party or coalition that has won the majority of seats in the state legislative assembly after a general election. In states where no single party secures a clear majority, alliances are formed with other parties to secure the necessary numbers to form the government.
Selection by the Governor: Once the election results are declared, the Governor of the state, who is the constitutional head, invites the leader of the majority party or coalition to form the government. In some cases, the Governor may use their discretion to appoint a Chief Minister if there's no clear majority, often based on factors like pre-poll alliances, post-poll alliances, and the ability to prove majority support in the legislative assembly.
Proving Majority Support: After being appointed as the Chief Minister, they must prove their majority on the floor of the state legislative assembly within a specified period. This is usually done by a vote of confidence or trust, where the Chief Minister's government needs to secure a majority of votes to continue in office.
Swearing-in Ceremony: Once the Chief Minister has demonstrated majority support, they are formally sworn in by the Governor, along with their council of ministers. This ceremony marks the beginning of the Chief Minister's term in office

4. What is the main function of the Chief Minister?

The main function of the Chief Minister is to serve as the head of the state government and to oversee its functioning.

Some of the key functions and responsibilities of a Chief Minister in India include:

The Chief Minister is the head of the state government and is responsible for the overall governance of the state
The Chief Minister plays a crucial role in formulating policies and programs for the development and welfare of the state. They are also responsible for implementing these policies effectively
The Chief Minister oversees the functioning of various government departments and agencies to ensure efficient administration and delivery of public services
While the state legislature is responsible for making laws, the Chief Minister and their council of ministers play a significant role in formulating and introducing legislation in the state assembly
The Chief Minister represents the state government in dealings with the central government, other states, and international organizations. They may participate in inter-state councils, meetings with the Prime Minister, and other forums where state interests are discussed
During times of crisis, such as natural disasters, public emergencies, or civil unrest, the Chief Minister provides leadership and coordinates the government's response to ensure the safety and well-being of the people
The Chief Minister oversees the preparation and presentation of the state budget, which outlines the government's financial priorities and allocations for various sectors
The Chief Minister acts as the principal advisor to the Governor on matters relating to the administration of the state

5. Can a sitting chief minister be arrested?

Yes, a sitting Chief Minister can be arrested if they are accused of committing a crime and if due legal process is followed.
In India, like any other citizen, the Chief Minister is not above the law. However, there are certain procedures and protocols that must be followed when dealing with the arrest of a sitting Chief Minister due to their high constitutional position.
If a Chief Minister is accused of a crime, law enforcement authorities may investigate the allegations and gather evidence.
If there is sufficient evidence to establish probable cause that the Chief Minister has committed an offense, law enforcement agencies may seek permission from the appropriate legal authorities, such as a court or competent authority, to arrest the Chief Minister.
However, it's important to note that certain constitutional provisions and legal immunities may affect the process of arresting a sitting Chief Minister.
For example, under Article 361 of the Indian Constitution, the President, Vice-President, Governors, and certain other high-ranking officials enjoy immunity from criminal proceedings during their term of office. However, this immunity is subject to certain conditions and limitations

6. Can a chief minister run office from behind bars?

In most cases, it would be extremely challenging for a Chief Minister to effectively run their office from behind bars if they are arrested and incarcerated. Being in jail severely restricts their ability to carry out the duties and responsibilities of their position. Here are some reasons why:

Limited Communication: In jail, communication channels are highly restricted. The Chief Minister may not have access to phones, computers, or other means of communication necessary for conducting official business.
Restricted Movement: In jail, the Chief Minister's movement is limited, and they may not have the freedom to attend meetings, make public appearances, or engage in other activities essential for governing.
Legal and Administrative Challenges: Being in jail could result in legal challenges and administrative hurdles that hinder the Chief Minister's ability to govern effectively. Legal proceedings, court appearances, and other obligations related to their arrest and incarceration would demand their attention.
Delegation of Authority: Even if the Chief Minister attempts to delegate responsibilities to their deputies or other government officials, there are certain decisions and actions that only the Chief Minister can take. The absence of the Chief Minister's direct involvement could affect the decision-making process and governance.
Public Perception and Confidence: The public perception of a Chief Minister being in jail could significantly impact their ability to govern effectively. It could undermine public confidence in their leadership and create political instability

7. Why was Delhi CM Kejriwal Arrested?

The AAP Delhi government and its leaders are accused of receiving kickbacks from alcohol businesses for preferential treatment, such as discounts on license fees, waivers on penalties, and relief during the Covid-19 pandemic.
These funds were purportedly used to influence the Assembly elections in Punjab and Goa in early 2022, where the AAP subsequently formed the government in Punjab.
Following a report referring to these allegations, the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) arrested Sisodia, along with 14 others, including AAP communications in-charge Vijay Nair.
The Enforcement Directorate (ED) informed a court in March that the alleged proceeds of the crime exceeded Rs 292 crore, emphasizing the need to establish the modus operandi. According to the ED, the "scam" involved granting wholesale liquor business to private entities with a fixed 12% margin, in exchange for a 6% kickback.
The ED's initial prosecution complaint in November 2021 stated that the policy was deliberately formulated with loopholes to foster cartel formations benefiting AAP leaders. Furthermore, the ED alleged that AAP leaders received kickbacks totaling Rs 100 crore from a group known as the "South Group."

8. Which other chief ministers have been arrested in the past in India?

Hemant Soren, the leader of the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha (JMM), was arrested by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) on January 31 in connection with a money laundering investigation related to an alleged land scam in Jharkhand. Prior to his arrest, Soren resigned from his position, and the party selected senior minister Champai Soren as the next Chief Minister. Although Hemant Soren's arrest by the Enforcement Directorate (ED) has stirred public discussion, it's worth noting that he is not the first sitting Chief Minister to face such circumstances. Hemant Soren is the third former Chief Minister of Jharkhand to be detained, following Madhu Koda and Shibu Soren. He is implicated in a money laundering case.
Lalu Prasad Yadav, a former Chief Minister of Bihar, was incarcerated in connection with the fodder scam, which involved the misappropriation of public funds intended for purchasing livestock feed. He was also accused of diverting significant amounts of public money over an extended period. The scheme entailed the creation of fraudulent bills to facilitate embezzlement. The scandal came to light in the 1990s, and Lalu Prasad was found guilty in one case in 2013, resulting in a five-year prison sentence and disqualification from holding elected office. He was named in the CBI chargesheet for the first time in 1997.
J Jayalalithaa, the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, faced a high-profile corruption case involving allegations of amassing assets beyond her known income during her tenure. The accusations included ownership of extensive properties, jewelry, and other assets believed to have been acquired through questionable means. In 2014, she was convicted and sentenced to four years in prison, leading to her removal as Chief Minister. She was acquitted in 2015 by the Karnataka High Court but was subsequently convicted by the Supreme Court in 2017. Jayalalithaa passed away before the verdict was delivered.
Om Prakash Chautala, a former Chief Minister of Haryana, was embroiled in a corruption case related to teacher recruitment in the early 2000s. Allegations pointed to irregularities and corrupt practices in the selection process. In 2013, he and his son Ajay were convicted on various charges, including cheating and forgery, and received 10-year prison sentences. Despite appeals, their convictions were upheld by both the Delhi High Court and the Supreme Court in 2015. He was also convicted in 2022 for amassing assets disproportionate to his known lawful sources of income during his tenure as Chief Minister.
Madhu Koda, the former Chief Minister of Jharkhand, was imprisoned for corruption during his tenure. He faced charges of money laundering and accumulating disproportionate assets, allegedly involved in a mining scandal and accused of granting mining contracts for bribes. He was arrested in 2009 and released on bail in 2013, but his properties worth Rs 144 crore were attached in a money-laundering case. In 2017, he was convicted and sentenced to three years in prison with a Rs 25 lakh fine.
Chandrababu Naidu, the former Chief Minister of Andhra Pradesh, was arrested in 2023 for allegedly misappropriating funds from the Skill Development Corporation, resulting in a purported loss of over Rs 300 crore to the state exchequer. He is currently out on interim bail, awaiting further legal proceedings.
Shibu Soren, the former Chief Minister of Jharkhand, was sentenced to life imprisonment in 2006 for his involvement in the abduction and murder of his private secretary in 1994. However, the Delhi High Court later acquitted him in 2007, and this decision was upheld by the Supreme Court in 2018

9. Way Forward

Two cases, one by CBI and one on alleged money laundering being investigated by ED, have been registered in relation to the excise policy. The case arose out of a report submitted by Delhi Chief Secretary Naresh Kumar to Lieutenant Governor (LG) Vinai Kumar Saxena in July 2022, pointing to alleged procedural lapses in the formulation of the policy

For Prelims: Indian Polity and Governance-Constitution, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy, Rights Issues, etc

For Mains: General Studies II: Structure, organization and functioning of the Executive and the Judiciary—Ministries and Departments of the Government; pressure groups and formal/informal associations and their role in the Polity

Source: Indianexpress

PERIYAR

1. Context

Three days after Chennai-based Music Academy awarded vocalist T M Krishna with the Sangita Kalanidhi, the highest recognition in the world of Carnatic classical music, an open war broke out in the Carnatic classical establishment with a number of musicians protesting against the move.

2. About Carnatic Music

Carnatic music is one of the two main classical music traditions of India, the other being Hindustani music. It is primarily associated with the southern part of India, particularly the states of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh, as well as parts of Sri Lanka.

The key features and aspects of Carnatic music

Melodic System: Carnatic music is a melodic music tradition, focusing heavily on melody and intricate improvisations. Ragas (melodic frameworks) are central to Carnatic music, and each raga is characterized by a specific set of notes, ascending (Arohanam) and descending (Avarohanam) patterns, and emotional or aesthetic associations.
Rhythmic System: Carnatic music also has a sophisticated rhythmic system known as tala. Talas are rhythmic cycles that provide the framework for rhythmic improvisation and compositions. Different talas have specific counts and patterns, and percussion instruments like the mridangam, ghatam, and kanjira play a crucial role in Carnatic music performances.
Compositions: Carnatic music has a vast repertoire of compositions ranging from ancient Vedic chants to compositions composed by medieval composers and contemporary musicians. The compositions are typically in classical languages such as Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, and Kannada. Some common forms of compositions include kritis, varnams, padams, javalis, and tillanas.
Performance Elements: Carnatic music performances often include vocalists, instrumentalists (like violin, flute, veena), and percussionists. The concert format usually includes a progression from slower, meditative pieces to faster-paced and more complex compositions. Improvisation, known as manodharma, plays a significant role, allowing musicians to showcase their creativity within the framework of ragas and talas.
Guru-Shishya Parampara: Carnatic music is traditionally passed down through a guru-shishya (teacher-disciple) parampara. Students learn not only the technical aspects of music but also the nuances, aesthetics, and emotional depth associated with different ragas and compositions.
Spiritual and Cultural Significance: Like Hindustani music, Carnatic music has deep spiritual and cultural roots. It is closely associated with temples, devotional music, and spiritual practices. Many compositions in Carnatic music are devotional in nature, expressing themes of bhakti (devotion) to various deities.

3. Types of Carnatic music

In Carnatic music, there are several types or categories of compositions and musical forms that contribute to its rich and diverse repertoire.

Kriti (or Kirtana): Kriti is one of the most important forms in Carnatic music. It is a structured composition with specific elements such as pallavi (main theme), anupallavi (second theme), and charanam (stanza). Kritis are composed in various ragas and talas and are often devotional or praise-oriented in content.
Varnam: Varnam is a challenging and elaborate form in Carnatic music that serves as both a musical exercise and a performance piece. It combines rhythmic complexity with melodic elaboration and is used by musicians to showcase their technical prowess.
Padam: Padam is a genre of Carnatic music that focuses on expressing deep emotions, especially love and devotion. Padams are typically slower in tempo and are known for their lyrical beauty and expressive rendition.
Javali: Javali is a lighter form of Carnatic music that often features themes related to love, humor, or social satire. It is characterized by its lively and playful melodies and is commonly performed in dance recitals, especially in the Kuchipudi dance tradition.
Tillana: Tillana is a rhythmic and lively composition in Carnatic music that is often performed towards the end of a concert. It showcases intricate rhythmic patterns and fast-paced melodies, providing a dynamic and energetic conclusion to the performance.
Keertanam: Keertanam is a form of devotional music in Carnatic tradition, typically associated with Bhakti (devotion) and sung in praise of deities. Keertanams are often performed in congregational settings, where the audience participates in singing along with the lead vocalist.
Raga Alapana: While not a separate composition type, Raga Alapana is an essential element in Carnatic music where the performer explores and elaborates on the melodic structure of a raga without rhythmic accompaniment. It is a form of improvisation that showcases the musician's understanding of the raga's nuances and emotional depth.

4. Hindustani Music and Carnatic Music-Compare and Contrast

Features	Hindustani Music	Carnatic Music
Geographical Origin	North India (e.g., Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra)	South India (e.g., Tamil Nadu, Karnataka)
Historical Development	Evolved from Vedic, Sanskrit, Persian, and Islamic traditions	Traces roots to ancient Tamil, Telugu, and Sanskrit traditions
Raga System	Emphasizes morning, afternoon, evening, and night ragas, with thumri, tappa, etc.	Features vast array of ragas, classified into melakarta and janya ragas
Tala System	Utilizes talas like teental, ektaal, jhaptaal, etc.	Has talam system with cycles like adi talam, rupaka talam
Instrumentation	Sitar, tabla, sarod, harmonium, flute, etc.	Veena, violin, mridangam, ghatam, flute, etc.
Emphasis on Improvisation	Alap, jor, jhala (instrumental), taans, sargams, bol alaps (vocal)	Raga alapana, neraval, swarakalpana, manodharma
Language and Lyrics	Urdu, Hindi, Persian; may include Sufi, Bhakti poetry	Sanskrit, Telugu, Tamil, Kannada; themes of devotion, mythology
Performance Style	Meditative, introspective, emotional exploration	Precision, rhythmic complexity, melodic ornamentation

5. Hindustani Music Gharanas

In the context of Hindustani classical music, the term "Gharana" refers to a lineage or school of musical thought and practice. A Gharana represents a particular style, repertoire, and approach to performing and teaching classical music that has been passed down through generations within a specific musical family or tradition.

The key points to understand about Gharanas in Hindustani music

Lineage and Tradition: A Gharana typically traces its origins back to a founding musician or a group of musicians who established a unique musical style and technique. The teachings and musical knowledge are passed down orally from guru (teacher) to shishya (student) within the Gharana lineage.
Distinctive Characteristics: Each Gharana is characterized by its own set of stylistic features, including nuances in melody (raga), rhythm (tala), ornamentation (gamak), improvisation (manodharma), and overall presentation. These characteristics differentiate one Gharana from another and contribute to the diversity and richness of Hindustani classical music.
Regional and Cultural Influences: Gharanas often have regional and cultural influences that shape their musical expressions. For example, Gwalior Gharana, with its roots in the city of Gwalior, may have distinct features compared to other Gharanas like Kirana Gharana or Patiala Gharana, each associated with different geographical areas and historical contexts.
Evolution and Adaptation: Over time, Gharanas evolve and adapt as new generations of musicians contribute to their development. While Gharanas maintain core principles and repertoire, they also incorporate innovations and creative expressions from successive generations, ensuring the continuity and relevance of the tradition.
Significance in Training: For aspiring musicians, learning within a Gharana provides a structured framework and mentorship under experienced gurus. Students not only learn the technical aspects of music but also absorb the aesthetics, emotional depth, and interpretative nuances specific to their chosen Gharana.
Prominent Gharanas: Some of the well-known Gharanas in Hindustani classical music include the Gwalior Gharana, Kirana Gharana, Agra Gharana, Patiala Gharana, Jaipur-Atrauli Gharana, Rampur-Sahaswan Gharana, and Banaras Gharana, among others. Each Gharana has contributed significantly to the development and preservation of Hindustani musical heritage.

6. About EV Ramasamy Naicker (EVR) or “Periyar”

Erode Venkatappa Ramasamy (17 September 1879 – 24 December 1973), commonly known as Periyar, also referred to as Thanthai Periyar, was an Indian social activist, and politician who started the Self-Respect Movement and Dravidar Kazhagam.
He is known as the ‘Father of the Dravidian Movement. He has done exemplary works against Brahminical dominance, caste prevalence and women oppression in Tamilnadu.
E.V. Ramasamy joined the Indian National Congress in 1919 but resigned in 1925 when he felt that the party was only serving the interests of Brahmins.
He questioned the subjugation of non-Brahmin Dravidians as Brahmins enjoyed gifts and donations from non-Brahmins but opposed and discriminated against non-Brahmins in cultural and religious matters. In 1924, E.V. Ramasamy participated in a non-violent agitation (satyagraha) in Vaikom, Kerala.
From 1929 to 1932 Ramasamy made a tour of British Malaya, Europe, and Russia which influenced him. In 1939, E.V. Ramasamy became the head of the Justice Party, and in 1944, he changed its name to Dravidar Kazhagam. The party later split with one group led by C. N. Annadurai formed the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) in 1949. While continuing the Self-Respect Movement, he advocated for an independent Dravida Nadu (land of the Dravidians).
E.V. Ramasamy promoted the principles of rationalism, self-respect, women’s rights and eradication of caste. He opposed the exploitation and marginalization of the non-Brahmin Dravidian people of South India and the imposition of what he considered Indo-Aryan India.

7. Self Respect Movement

The Self-Respect Movement refers to a socio-political and cultural movement that emerged in the southern Indian state of Tamil Nadu during the early 20th century. Led by prominent social reformers and thinkers like E.V. Ramasamy (popularly known as Periyar), the movement aimed to uplift and empower the marginalized sections of society, especially the Dravidian communities, and promote social justice, equality, and rationalism.

The key features and objectives of the Self-Respect Movement

Social Reform: The movement sought to challenge and reform traditional societal norms, practices, and inequalities prevalent in Tamil society at that time. It focused on issues such as caste discrimination, gender inequality, superstitions, and religious orthodoxy.
Anti-Caste Stand: One of the central themes of the Self-Respect Movement was its staunch opposition to the caste system and the discrimination and injustices associated with it. The movement advocated for the annihilation of caste barriers and promoted the idea of social equality and dignity for all individuals irrespective of their caste background.
Empowerment of Dravidian Identity: The movement played a significant role in fostering a sense of Dravidian identity and pride among the Tamil-speaking people of South India. It emphasized the distinct cultural, linguistic, and historical heritage of the Dravidian civilization, countering perceived North Indian cultural dominance.
Promotion of Rationalism: The Self-Respect Movement emphasized rational thinking, scientific temper, and skepticism towards religious dogmas, rituals, and superstitions. It encouraged people to question traditional beliefs and practices based on reason and logic.
Women's Rights: The movement also focused on women's rights and empowerment. It advocated for gender equality, women's education, and the abolition of oppressive practices like child marriage and dowry.
Political Impact: The Self-Respect Movement had a lasting impact on Tamil Nadu's political landscape. It laid the foundation for the Dravidian political ideology, which later gave rise to political parties such as Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) and All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (AIADMK). These parties championed social justice, linguistic pride, and progressive policies in the state.
Legacy and Influence: The ideas and principles of the Self-Respect Movement continue to influence Tamil Nadu's social, cultural, and political spheres. The movement's emphasis on social justice, rationalism, and self-respect resonates with various social reform movements across India.

8. The Way Forward

The Self-Respect Movement in Tamil Nadu was a transformative social and cultural movement that aimed to combat social inequalities, promote Dravidian identity and pride, advocate for rational thinking, and empower marginalized communities, leaving a lasting impact on the region's history and society.

For Prelims: Self-Respect Movement, Periyar, Carnatic Music, Hindustani Music

For Mains:

1. Explain the key features and aspects of Carnatic music. How does it differ from Hindustani music? (250 Words)

2. Evaluate the contributions of E.V. Ramasamy (Periyar) to the socio-political landscape of Tamil Nadu. Discuss his advocacy for rationalism, self-respect, and women's rights within the context of the Self-Respect Movement. (250 Words)

Source: The Indian Express

WORLD INEQUALITY LAB REPORT

1. Context

A new working paper, titled “Income and Wealth Inequality in India, 1922-2023: The Rise of the Billionaire Raj”, by World Inequality Lab has estimated that “inequality declined post-independence till the early 1980s, after which it began rising and has skyrocketed since the early 2000s”

2. What is the World Inequality Lab report for India?

According to a recent paper from the World Inequality Lab, India's wealthiest 1% now holds record-breaking shares of both income and wealth, ranking among the highest globally. By the fiscal year 2022-23, the income share of India's top 1% stood at 22.6%, while their wealth share soared to 40.1%. Notably, India's top 1% income share surpasses that of countries like South Africa, Brazil, and even the United States.
Addressing this disparity requires a restructuring of the tax system to consider both income and wealth, alongside significant public investments in healthcare, education, and nutrition.
These measures are essential to ensure that all Indians, not just the privileged few, can truly benefit from globalization. Additionally, implementing a "super tax" of 2% on the net wealth of the 167 wealthiest families in 2022-23 could generate revenue equivalent to 0.5% of the national income, thereby creating fiscal room to support such investments while also combatting inequality
According to the paper, addressing the imbalance in wealth distribution and ensuring broader benefits from globalization requires a reform of the tax system to consider both income and wealth.
Additionally, significant public investments in healthcare, education, and nutrition are necessary to empower the average Indian citizen, not just the affluent, to derive meaningful advantages from global economic trends.
Introducing a "super tax" of 2% on the net wealth of the wealthiest 167 families in 2022-23 could generate revenue amounting to 0.5% of the national income, thereby creating fiscal flexibility to support such investments and combat inequality.
The paper utilized data extracted from annual tax reports published by Indian income tax authorities spanning from 1922 to 2020 to analyze the distribution of top income earners.
Over time, the proportion of national income accruing to the top 10% declined from 37% in 1951 to 30% by 1982 before steadily rising again.
Since the early 1990s, the share of the top 10% has notably increased, almost reaching 60% in recent years, while the bottom 50% received only 15% of the national income in 2022-23.
On average, the top 1% earns Rs 5.3 million, which is 23 times more than the average Indian income of Rs 0.23 million. Meanwhile, the bottom 50% and middle 40% have average incomes of Rs 71,000 (0.3 times the national average) and Rs 1,65,000 (0.7 times the national average), respectively.
The wealthiest 10,000 individuals out of 92 million Indian adults earn an average of Rs 480 million, which is 2,069 times the average Indian income.
The paper highlights the extreme skewness in income distribution, noting that one would need to be at nearly the 90th percentile to earn the average income in India.
In 2022, the top 0.1% of earners in India received nearly 10% of the national income, while the top 0.01% and top 0.001% received 4.3% and 2.1% shares of the national income, respectively.
The paper suggests that factors such as wage growth in the public and private sectors, particularly until the late 1990s, may have contributed to the sharp rise in the income shares of the top 1%.
Additionally, the paper attributes the sustained depression of income shares for the bottom 50% and middle 40% to the lack of quality, widespread education focused on the masses rather than just the elite

3. What are the reasons for Inequality?

Inequality, whether it be income, wealth, or opportunity, arises from a complex interplay of economic, social, and political factors. Here are some key reasons for inequality:

Education Disparities: Unequal access to quality education perpetuates inequality by limiting opportunities for socio-economic advancement. Individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds often lack access to quality schools, resources, and educational support systems, which can hinder their ability to acquire skills and secure well-paying jobs.
Labor Market Dynamics: Disparities in wages and employment opportunities contribute significantly to income inequality. Factors such as technological advancements, globalization, and shifts in labor market demand can lead to job polarization, where high-skilled workers benefit from increasing demand and wages, while low-skilled workers face stagnant wages and job insecurity.
Wealth Concentration: Wealth begets wealth through mechanisms like inheritance, asset appreciation, and investment income. Consequently, those who start with more wealth have greater opportunities to accumulate additional wealth, widening the wealth gap over time.
Tax Policies: Tax systems can either mitigate or exacerbate inequality. Regressive tax policies that disproportionately burden low-income households, coupled with loopholes and tax evasion among the wealthy, can contribute to wealth concentration. Progressive tax policies that redistribute wealth and income through measures like higher taxes on the wealthy and targeted social spending can help reduce inequality.
Social Mobility Barriers: Inequality is reinforced when social mobility is limited, meaning individuals' ability to move up or down the socio-economic ladder is constrained. Factors such as discrimination, lack of access to capital, inadequate social safety nets, and barriers to entrepreneurship can hinder social mobility, trapping individuals in cycles of poverty or privilege.
Discrimination and Bias: Discrimination based on factors like race, gender, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and disability perpetuates inequality by limiting opportunities and access to resources for marginalized groups. Structural biases embedded within institutions and societal norms can also exacerbate disparities in income, wealth, and opportunity.
Globalization and Trade Policies: While globalization can lead to economic growth and development, it can also exacerbate inequality within and between countries. Trade policies that prioritize corporate interests over labor rights and environmental protections can lead to job displacement, wage stagnation, and exploitation, particularly in developing countries.
Political Influence: Economic inequality often translates into unequal political influence, as wealthy individuals and corporations wield disproportionate power through campaign contributions, lobbying, and other forms of political influence. This can result in policies that favor the interests of the wealthy and perpetuate inequality

4. Some key findings of the paper include:

Inequality in India experienced a decline following independence until the early 1980s, but has since been on the rise, with a notable surge since the early 2000s.
Between the fiscal years 2014-15 and 2022-23, there has been a significant increase in top-end inequality, particularly concerning the concentration of wealth.
As of 2022-23, the shares of income and wealth held by the top 1 percent are at their highest historical levels, with India's top 1 percent income share ranking among the highest globally, even surpassing that of countries like South Africa, Brazil, and the US.
Wealth concentration is particularly pronounced within the top 1 per cent. In 2022-23, the top 1 per cent held 39.5 per cent of wealth, with 29 percentage points attributed to the top 0.1 per cent, 22 percentage points to the top 0.01 per cent, and 16 percentage points to the top 0.001 per cent.
The sharp rise in the shares of the top 10 per cent since 1991 has occurred at the expense of the bottom 50 per cent and middle 40 per cent. The shares of the bottom 50 per cent decreased from 11 per cent during 1961-1981 to 6.9 per cent by 2002, remaining between 6-7 per cent over the next two decades without signs of recovery.
In 1961, the shares of the bottom 50 percent and top 1 percent were identical; however, by 2022-23, the top 1 percent share had grown to over five times that of the bottom 50 percent.
The paper suggests that the Indian income tax system may exhibit regressive tendencies when considering net wealth.
To address these issues, a restructuring of the tax code to include both income and wealth, alongside broad-based public investments in health, education, and nutrition, is crucial to ensure that all Indians, not just the elite, can benefit from globalization.
Implementing a "super tax" of 2 per cent on the net wealth of the 167 wealthiest families in 2022-23 could generate revenue equivalent to 0.5 per cent of national income, providing valuable fiscal resources to support such investments.
Furthermore, it's noted that the quality of economic data in India is notably poor and has declined recently, suggesting that the estimates provided likely represent a lower bound to actual inequality levels

5. Way Forward

India’s richest people now have a larger share of national income than in more than a century. The top 1 per cent of Indians earns 22.6 per cent of the national income compared to 15 per cent earned by the bottom 50 per cent of the population, according to a study by the World Inequality Lab

Current Affair

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA (ASI)

GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT (GDP)

FACT-CHECKING UNIT (FCU)

CHIEF MINISTER

PERIYAR

WORLD INEQUALITY LAB REPORT

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